NSTP
Tuesday, 1 November 2022 5:14 pm
MODULE 1CI: CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate Change
- Any change in climate overtime, whether due to natural variability or as a result of
human activity. By Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Impact of Climate change
- Severe droughts, heavy downpours
- Ocean acidification
- Spread of vector-borne diseases
- IPCC fourth assessment report cited that coastal areas, heavily-populated
megadelta regions in South, East, and South-East Adsia, will be at greatest risk due to
increased flooding
- Rising sea levels
- Severely affect fisherfolks, and coastal communities
- Agricultural productivity
• WHAT ARE THE VULNERABILITIES OF PHILIPPINES ECOSYSTEMS TO CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Sea Level rise and flooding
- 70% of the country's infrastructure is located at Metro Manila, Cebu and Davao
2. Agriculture and Food Security
- Affects the growth of crops and may result to yield decrease.
- A study of Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research
and Development showed that in the case of selected municipalities, Pampanga,
Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Bulacan, and Zambales, where farming is the major
source of income, respondents experienced food shortages due to the El Nino
phenomenon.
- Some of the reasons were drying of crops and fishpond areas, reduction in fish catch
and absence of fish in catching areas, and an increase in the price of food
commodities.
○ In marine ecosystem, the rising sea level resulted in smaller coastal areas, marine
fish kill, occurrence of re tide, transfer of some marine fish species to safer
grounds as their new habitat, and the stranding of marine mammals in beaches
like the dolphins and whale.
3. Water scarcity
- Fresh water availability in Central, South, east and south-east asia is projected to
decrease.
- By 2050's, more than a billion people would be adversely affected by the rapid
decrease in water resources due to population growth and increasing demand for
water.
MODULE 1C-III: HURRICANE, TROPICAL CYCLONE (Typhoon)
A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone or severe tropical storm that forms in the
southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern Pacific
Ocean.
I see because cyclone this accompanied by thunderstorms, and in the northern
hemisphere, a counterclockwise circulation of winds near the Earth's surface.
In Philippines, tropical cyclones or typhoons are called Baguio. Tropical cyclones entering
the Philippine area of responsibility give a local name by the Philippine atmospheric
geophysical and astronomical services administration or pagasa, which also raises public
storm signal warnings as deemed necessary. Around 19 tropical cyclones or storms
entered the Philippine area of responsibility in a typical year and of this usually 6 to 9
makes landfall.
TROPICAL STORM THELMA (URING) 1991
- Deadliest tropical cyclone to impact Philippines which caused floods and killed
thousands of people.
Why does non tropical cyclone to impact the archipelago was the July 14 to 1819 eleven
cyclone which dropped over 2210 millimeters of rainfall within a three day, 15 hour for at
least 30% of the annual rainfall and the northern Philippines while being responsible for
less than 10% of the annual rainfall in the southern islands.
Activity reaches a minimum in may, before increasing steadily through June, and
spiking from July through September, with August being the most active month for
tropical cyclones in the Philippines. Activity falls off significantly in October.
the most active season since 1945, for tropical cyclones strikes on the island
archipelago was 1993 when 19 tropical cyclones moved through the country.
PAGASA released tropical cyclone warnings:
• Public Storm Warning Signal #1: Tropical cyclone means of 30 km/h (19 mph) to 60
km/h (37 mph) are expected within the next 36 hours.
• PSWS 2: Tropical cyclone winds of 60 km/h to 100 km/h (62 mph) are expected
within the next 24 hours
• PSWS 3: 100 km/h to 185 km/h (115 mph) are expected within the next 18 hours
• PSWS 4: Tropical cyclones winds of greater than 185 km/h are expected within 12
hours.
Signal 1: Classes for preschool are canceled
Signal 2: Highschool and below
Signal 3: Colleges and Universities and below are canceled
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Tropical Cyclone core non frontal synoptic scale cyclone, originating over
Natural Disasters
- Such as flood, fire, earthquake, tornado and windstorm affect thousands of people every
year.
- Recognizing an impending hazard and knowing what to do to protect yourself and your
family will help you take effective steps to prepare beforehand and aid recovery after
the event.
MODULE 1C-II: EARTHQUAKES
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth, caused by the breaking and shifting of
subterranean rock as it releases strain that has accumulated over a long time.
For hundreds of millions of years , the forces of plate tectonics have shaped the earth , slowly
move over, under and pass each other. Sometimes the movement is gradual. At other times,
the plates are locked together, unable to release accumulated energy. When the
accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break free. If the earthquake occurs in
a populated area, it may cause many deaths and injuries and extensive property damage.
TERMS AND DEFINITION
1. Aftershock - An earthquake of similar or lesser intensity that follows the main earthquake.
2. Earthquake - a sudden slipping or movement of a person of the earth's crust,
accompanied and followed by a series of vibrations.
3. Epicenter - A place on the earth surface directly above the point on the fault where the
earthquake rapture began. Once fall sleep age begins, it expands along the fold during
the earthquake and can extend hundreds of miles before stopping.
4. Fault - The fracture across which displacement has occurred during an earthquake. The
slippage may range from less than an inch to more than 10 yards in a severe earthquake.
5. Magnitude - The amount of energy released during an earthquake, which is computed
from the amplitude of the seismic waves.
a. A magnitude of 7.0 on the Richter scale indicates an extremely strong earthquake.
Each will number on the scale represents an increase of about 30 times more energy
and this then the previous hole number represents. Therefore an earthquake
measuring 6.0 is about 30 times more powerful than one measuring 5.0.
6. Seismic Waves - Vibrations that travel outward from the earthquake falls at speeds of
several miles per second period although fall slippage directly under a structure can
cause considerable damage, the vibrations of seismic waves cause most of the
destruction during earthquakes.
BEFORE AN EARTHQUAKE
• Build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan.
• Fasten shelves securely to walls.
• Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves
• store breakable items such as battle foods, glass, in low closed cabinets with latches.
• fasten heavy items such as pictures and mirrors security tools and away from beds,
couches and anywhere people sit.
• brace overhead light fixtures and top heavy objects.
• Repair defective electrical wiring and leaky gas connections.
• Install flexible pipe fittings to avoid gas or water leaks. Flexible fittings are more resistant to
breakage
• secure your water heater, refrigerator, furnace and gas appliances by strapping them to
the wall studs and bolting to the floor
• be fair any deep cracks in ceilings or foundations
• be sure the residence is firmly anchored to its foundation
• store weed killers, pesticides, and flammable products securely enclosed cabinets with
latches and on bottom shelves.
• Locate safe spots in each room under a sturdy table or against an inside wall.
• Hold earthquake deals with your family members. Drop cover and hold on.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
- Drop cover and hold on. Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place
and if you are indoors, stay there until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is
safe.
In Indoors
• Drop to the ground, take over by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture,
and hold on until the shaking stops. Cover your face and head with your arms and
Crouch in an inside corner of the building.
• Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall such
as lighting fixtures or furniture.
• Stay in bed if you are there when the earthquake strikes hold on and protect your head
with a pillow unless you are under a heavy light fixtures that could fall. In that case move
to the nearest place
• do not use a door way except if you know it is a strongly supported, load bearing
doorway and it is close to you. Many inside their ways are lightly constructed and do not
offer protection.
• Stay inside until the shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Do not exceed a building
during the shaking. Research has shown that most injuries occur when people inside
buildings attempt to move to a different location or try to leave.
• be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or fire alarms might turn
on.
• do not use the elevators
If Outdoors:
• Stay there
• move away from buildings, St lights, and utility wires.
• Once in an open. Stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger exists directly
Signal 2: Highschool and below
Signal 3: Colleges and Universities and below are canceled
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Tropical Cyclone - a warm-core non frontal synoptic scale cyclone, originating over
tropical or subtropical waters, with organized deep convection and closed surface
wind circulation about a well defined center. Once formed, a tropical cyclone is
maintained by the extraction of heat energy from the ocean at high temperature
and heat export at the low temperatures of the upper troposphere.
2. Tropical Depression - A tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface
winds spin is 38 MPH or less
3. Tropical Storm - a tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface winds
speed ranges from 39 mph to 73 mph
4. Hurricane - a tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind is 74
MPH or more
5. Storm surge - An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other
intense storm, and whose height is the difference between the observed level of the
sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of the cyclone.
It is estimated by subtracting the normal or astronomic high tide from the observed
storms tide. Storm surge can reach heights well over 20 feet and can span hundreds
of miles of coastline.
6. Storm tide - The actual level of seawater resulting from the astronomic tide
combined with the storm surge
7. hurricane warning is an announcement that hurricane conditions are expected
somewhere within that specific area. Issued 36 hours in advance
8. Hurricane watch - an announcement that hurricane conditions are possible within
the specified area. Issued 48 hours in advance
9. Tropical storm warning - An announcement this tropical storm conditions are
expected somewhere within the specified area within 36 hours
10. Tropical Storm watch - are possible within the specified area within 48 hours.
11. Short- term watches and warnings - This watches, warnings provide detailed
information about specific hurricane threats, such as flash floods and tornadoes.
MODULE 1C-IV: FLOODS
Some floods develop slowly, while others such as flash floods, can develop in just a few
minutes and without visible signs of brain. Additionally floods can be local, impacting a
neighborhood or community, or very large, affecting entire river basins and multiple
provinces.
Flash floods can occur within a few minutes or hours of excessive rainfall, A dam or levee
failure, or a sudden release of water. Flash floods often have a dangerous wall of Rory
water carrying rocks, mud and other debris.
Overland flooding, the most common type of flooding event typically occurs when water
weights such as rivers or streams overflow their banks as a result of rain water or a possible
living bridge and can cause flooding in surrounding areas.
Flights is based on a number of factors including rainfall, topography, flood control
measures, river flow, and tidal surge data and changes due to new construction and
development
CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. TROPICAL STORMS AND CYCLONES
- Cyclone spark a triple punch, high winds, soaking rain, and flying debris.
- They can cause storm surge to coastal areas and create heavy rainfall causing
flooding hundreds of miles inland.
2. HEAVY RAINS
3. MONSOON RAINS
- Amihan (north-west monsoon) refers to the season dominated by the trade winds
experienced as a cool NE wind . It is characterized by moderate temperatures and
a prevailing wind from the east. Amihan weather in patterns begin sometime in
September or October and end sometime in may or June.
- Habagat (south-west) And this experience throughout the rest of the year. It is
characterized by hot and humid weather. Frequent heavy rainfall, and of prevailing
wind from the West.
4. LEVEES AND DAMS
- They are designed to protect hold back a certain level of water.
5. FLASHFLOODS AND LANDSLIDES
- Caused by intense rainfall from a thunderstorm or several thunderstorms
6. NEW DEVELOPMENT
- Construction and development can change the natural drainage and create
brand new flat risks. That's because new buildings, parking lots, and roads mean less
land to observe excess precipitation from heavy rains.
If Outdoors:
• Stay there
• move away from buildings, St lights, and utility wires.
• Once in an open. Stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger exists directly
outside buildings, at exits and alongside exterior walls.
○ Many of the 120 fatalities from the 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred when
people ran outside of the buildings only to be killed by falling debris from collapsing
walls. Ground movement during an earthquake is seldom by the direct cause of
death or injury. Most earthquake related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying
glass, and falling objects.
If in moving vehicle:
• Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under
buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.
• Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges, or ramps
that might have been damaged by the earthquake.
If trapped under debris:
• Do not light a match.
• Do not move about or kick up dust.
• Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
• Stop on a pipe or wall so request rescuers can locate you. Use a whistle if available. Shout
only as a last resort. Shouting can cause you to inhale dangerous amounts of dust.
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
• Look around to make sure it is safe to move. Exit the building.
• Expect aftershocks. The secondary shockwaves are usually less violent than the main
quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to weekend structures and
can occur in the first hours, days, weeks or even months after the quake.
• Help injured or trapped persons. Help your neighbors who may require special assistance
such as infants, orderly and people with access and functional needs. Give first aid were
appropriate. Do not move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger
of further injury and call for help.
• Look for an extinguish small fires.
• Listen to a battery operated radio or television
• be aware of possible tsunamis if you live in coastal areas. There are also known as sismic
sea waves or tidal waves stay away from the beach
• use the telephone only for emergency calls.
• Go to a designated public shelter if your home had been damaged and is no longer
safe.
• Stay away from damaged areas return home only when authorities say it is safe.
• Be careful when driving after an earthquake and anticipate traffic light outages.
• After it is determined that it is safe to return, your safety should be your primary priority as
you begin clean up and recovery.
• Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.
• Put on long pants, a long sleeve shirt, sturdy shoes and work gloves to protect against
injury from broken objects.
• Clean up spilled medicines, bleachers, gasoline or other flammable liquids immediately.
• Leave the area if you smell gas or fumes from other chemicals.
• Inspect the entire length of chimneys for damage
• inspect utilities
○ check for gas leaks. if you smell gas or hear blowing or hissing noise, open a window
and quickly leave the building. Turn off the gas at the outside main valve if you can
and call the gas company. If you turn off the gas for any reason it must be turned
back on by a alright professional.
○ Look for electrical system damage. If you see sparks or broken or frayed wires, or if
you smell hot insulation, turn off that electricity.
○ Check for sewage and water lines damage. If you suspect sewage lines are
damaged, avoid using toilets and collar plumber. You can obtain safe water by
melting ice cubes.

MODULE V: THUNDERSTORMS AND LIGHTNING

Facts about thunderstorms

• All thunderstorms are dangerous period every thunderstorm produces lightning.
• They may occur singly, in clusters or in lines.
• some of the most severe occur in when a single thunderstorm affect 1 location for
an extended time.
• Thunderstorms typically produce heavy rain for a period. Anywhere from 30
minutes to an hour.
• Warm, humid conditions are highly favorable for thunderstorm development.
• About 10% of thunderstorms are classified as severe one produces hail at least an
inch or larger in diameter, has been so 58 mph or higher or produces a tornado.
FACTS ABOUT LIGHTNING
• Lightnings unpredictability increases the risk to individuals and property.
• Lightning often strikes outside of heavy rain and may occur as far as 10 miles away
from any rainfall.
• Heat lightning is usually lightning from a Thunder thunderstorm too far away from
Thunder to be heard. However the storm may be moving in your direction.
• Most lightning deaths and injuries occur when people are called outdoors in the
summer months during the afternoon and evening.
• Your chances of being struck by lightning are estimated to be one in 600,000 but
could be reduced even further by following safety precautions.
• Lightning strike victims carry no electrical charge and should be attended to
immediately.

TERMS
1. Severe Thunderstorm Watch - Tells you when and where severe thunderstorms are
likely to occur. What should the sky stay tuned to weather radio, commercial radio
or television for information.
2. Severe thunderstorm warning is issued when severe weather has been reported by
sponsors or indicated by radar. Warnings indicate imminent danger to life and
property to those in the path of the storm.