EFFECTS OF STUDENT’S EXTRACURRICULAR

ACTIVITIES TO SCHOOL’S INTERNAL

EFFICIENCY: BASIS FOR SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT
MANAGEMENT PLAN

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

2023
Volume: 7
Pages: 898-908
Document ID: 2023PEMJ610
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7772746
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-25-3
Psych Educ, 2023, 7: 898-908, Document ID:2023 PEMJ610, doi:10.5281/zenodo.7772746, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Effects of Student’s Extracurricular Activities to School’s Internal Efficiency: Basis for

School Improvement Management Plan
Arnielyn B. Caparros*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the effects of students’ extracurricular activities to school’s internal efficiency as
basis for formulating School Improvement Management Plan. The researcher utilized the self-made
questionnaire among the ten (10) secondary schools of DepEd Alabat, Perez and Quezon in the 4th
Congressional District of Quezon, with six teacher participants comprised of school heads and organization
advisers in each school. Regression Analysis and Descriptive Evaluative method were used as statistical tool.
Hence, it was revealed that the extracurricular activities implemented in school are generally more practiced. For
the last three school years 2018-2019, 2019-2020, 2020-2021, and 2021-2022, school enrolment rate is 838.00,
829, 824.30 and 828.30, respectively. The school dropout rate is 0.78%, 1.58%, 0.81% and 0.51%, respectively.
The school completion rate is 98.86%, 97.46%, 96.71% and 96.78%, respectively. The significant effect of the
conduct of extracurricular activities to the school internal efficiency for enrolment rate for student governance
(0.463), community service (0.550), youth formation (0.634), and academic clubs (0.950); dropout rate for
student governance (0.630), community service (0.924), youth formation (0.919), and academic clubs (0.736);
completion rate for student governance (0.857), community service (0.235), youth formation (0.192) and
academic clubs (0.804) failed to reject the null hypothesis and mark as not significant. It can be noted that
extracurricular activities and school efficiency foster both benefit to the learners and the school. Further,
school management need to focus more on developing strategies to promote the school efficiency and craft more
interactive activities to create harmonious learning environment to learners and build a strong pedagogy for the
community.

Keywords: extracurricular activities, management plan, school’s internal efficiency, school

improvement

Introduction However, extracurricular activities do not fully support

Schools value extracurricular participation because
activities outside of the classroom help the
d ev elop m en t of the "whole stud en t," but
extracurricular activities benefit all students, regardless
of their future plans. Furthermore, the Philippines
provides a variety of extracurricular activities such as
student governance, community service, educational
clubs, youth formation, arts and music, and sports.
Students can learn the values of leadership, teamwork,
individuality, physical strength and endurance,
competition, diversity, and a sense of culture and
community through these activities, in addition to
academic growth. Furthermore, extracurricular
activities serve as a channel for reinforcing classroom
lessons, giving students the opportunity to apply
academic skills in a real-world context, and are thus
considered part of a well-rounded education. Apart
from the school's internal strategies to promote
enrolment, dropout, and completion rates, this may
also help the school's internal efficiency.
Participation in extracurricular activities may boost
students' sense of engagement in their academic
performance and school, decreasing the likelihood of
academic failure and dropping out (Finn, 2013).
the school internal efficiency. Ngari (2020) stated that
aside from governments’ initiatives to improve school
internal efficiency, research shows that school-based
solutions play a key role in enabling students to stay in
school until the end of their studies.
A study by Lamb and Rice (2018) on effective
strategies for increasing the school completion rate in
the State of Victoria established several effective
student-focused strategies. These strategies include
mentoring students, career guidance, family outreach,
targeted financial support, and assistance for skill
development among low achievers. Hence,
extracurricular activities may not affect the school's
internal efficiency.
However, extracurricular activities promote and
practice students' pro-social and interpersonal
relationships by allowing them to participate in
extracurricular activities both inside and outside of
school. Hilbert (2015) discovered that involvement in
after-school youth organizations provided students
with awareness and options in their lives outside of
their urban environments. As a result, extracurricular
activities assist them in avoiding the negative
influence of their "barkada" for extracurricular
activities made them ecstatic and excited to attend

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Research Article

school every day, they are interested in doing the

things as they learn from it.

Consequently, DepEd Order No. 34 series of 2022
strictly prohibits the conduct of extracurricular
activities for School Year 2022-2023. It is stated that
the number of school days shall solely be dedicated to
academics and related co-curricular activities. The
conduct of extracurricular
activities shall be strictly prohibited. However, the
National Schools Press Conference (NSPC), National
Science and Technology Fair (NSTF), National
Festival of Talent, and other similar endeavors are
some of the allowed extracurricular and co-curricular
activities.
Nonetheless, the students constantly exposed to school
activities, such as school governance and youth
formation, become fully aware of society and other
social issues. Also, maintain a cooperative relationship
among students, faculty, staff, and the outside
community and work to ensure students' social needs
and responsibilities. In accordance with the
Dangerous Drugs Board Regulation No. 5, s. 2007
entitled “Institutionalizing the Barkada Kontra Droga
(BKD) Program, the School Governance and
Operations Division – Youth Formation Section”
strengthen its implementation beginning the school
year 2022-2023 by widening its coverage in the
elementary level and supporting and collaborating with
the National Drug Education Program (NDEP). BKD
was implemented previously for the secondary level
only, but this regulation was established for the center
of development for the BKD program at the
elementary level.
Meanwhile, extracurricular activities may motivate
students to pursue excellence in school, yet the school
should not rely on them. Ngari (2020) mentioned that
to safeguard the internal efficiency of schools,
appropriate strategies should be established to ensure
students' access, progression, and completion of their
studies.
Department of Education (DepEd) Director IV of the
Curriculum and Instruction Delivery, Leila Areola
(2022), stated that learners need outlets through co-
curricular or extra-curricular activities to ease their
stress, tension, and anxieties on by the health crisis.
Co-curricular activities have been shown to improve
learners' health and well-being. As a teacher adviser,
the researcher assisted in ad min istrating
extracurricular activities by facilitating and monitoring
them. Moreover, classroom teachers' key role is to
ensure that every learner.
In connection with this study, the researcher wanted to
assess the significant effect of the conduct of
extracurricular activities on the school's internal
efficiency and the extracurricular types, objectives and
functions among secondary schools in the three (3)
municipalities of Alabat Island, namely Alabat,
Quezon, Perez, Quezon and Quezon, Quezon.
Research Questions
This study aimed to find out the effect of students’
extracurricular activities to the schools’ internal
efficiency as basis for the development of school
improvement management plan. Specifically, it sought
to answer the following questions:
1. Is the level of practice of the Extracurricular
Activities has significant effect to school’s internal
efficiency in terms of:
1.1. Enrolment Rate;
1.2. Dropout Rate;
1.3. Completion Rate?
2. What school improvement management plan can be
developed based from the result of the study?
Methodology
This section presents the research design, research
locale, population and sample of the study and the
research instrument to be utilized, data gathering
procedure, and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
The descriptive-evaluative technique of research was
used to obtain information about the current state of
the study since it is concerned with existing practices,
situations, and prevalent conditions. The researcher
can determine the solution necessary for the study by
first conducting an analysis of the current conditions.
In light of this, Best and Kahn (2014) asserted that
descriptive research explains "what is" by describing
and interpreting it. It concerns the current condition or
relationship, opinions that are held, processes currently
taking place, visible effects, or trends currently
developing. Even though it focuses primarily on the
present, it frequently takes into account events and
influences from the past to see how they relate to the
circumstances of the here and now. To determine the

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Research Article
different kinds of extracurricular activities that
secondary students participate in, quantitative data
analysis was performed on their responses.
Research Population and Sample
The school heads and the teacher-advisers of the
different extracurricular organizations of the secondary
schools of Alabat, Perez, and Quezon District are the
respondents of the study. The respondents were
purposively chosen since they are the key persons in
school management and extracurricular organizations
in their school.
Research Instrument
The researcher used a survey questionnaire to
determine the extracurricular activities implemented in
school in terms of: extracurricular types and its
functions, sponsoring agency/organization, number of
student participants, conduct period, activities and its
objectives; internal efficiency of the extracurricular
activities in school in terms of enrolment rate, dropout
rate, and completion rate. This was done so that the
researcher could determine the effects of
extracurricular activities implemented in schools. The
researcher also asked for a copy of the school's internal
efficiency report for the past three years, which
included data on the number of students enrolled, the
number of students who graduated, the number of
students who dropped out, and the number of students
who completed their education. Before being used in
the administration, the instrument had been through a
variety of processes. In the first step of the process, the
researcher will try to get the approval of the researcher
adviser. In the second step, the instrument will be
validated by one School Head, one Public Schools
District Supervisor, and one Master Teacher II. In the
end, the pilot testing was carried out in the school that
did not serve as the rooster for the participants in the
school.
Data Gathering Procedure
Prior to its use, the self-made questionnaire underwent
both validation and pilot testing in order to ensure its
accuracy. Before beginning the study, the researcher
ensured its legitimacy by obtaining a letter of consent
from the schools division superintendent. After
obtaining the necessary letters, permission from the
research adviser was sought in order to proceed with
the administration of the questionnaires. In addition,
the approval letter was delivered to the head of the
school, and prior to the actual research being done at
the aforementioned school, the respondents who would
Arnielyn B. Caparros
be targeted for the survey were determined. The
researcher personally distributed the self-made
questionnaire to the school respondents after receiving
approval from the heads of the respective schools. This
allowed for the calculation of the school's internal
efficiency like enrolment, dropout, and completion
rates for three consecutive years.
Results and Discussion
Significant effect of the level of practice of the
Extracurricular Activities to school’s internal
efficiency
Table 1. Regression Analysis: Significant Effect of the
level of practice of the Extracurricular Activities to
School Internal Efficiency in terms of Enrollment Rate
The regression analysis in Table 1 shows the
significant effect of extracurricular activities on school
internal efficiency in terms of enrolment rate. Since
the p value in student governance 0.463, community
service 0.550, youth formation 0.634, and academic
clubs 0.950 is greater than the level of significance,
extracurricular activities have a significant effect on
the internal efficiency practiced by the Alabat District,
Perez District, and Quezon, Quezon Secondary School
in the Division of Quezon in terms of enrolment rate.
The table also shows that the p values are greater than
the level of significance of.05, indicating that the null
hypothesis is accepted. This means that the school can
continue to offer extracurricular activities to encourage
students to participate in school; however,
extracurricular activities have no effect on the school's
enrolment rate performance. The school's internal
efficiency performance, strategies, and policies may be
a factor in the school's enrolment rate. Nonetheless,
participation in extracurricular activities is strongly
encouraged in order to enhance the other aspects of
students' development. Furthermore, extracurricular
activities focus on student motivation, whereas school-
based management focuses on school efficiency and
student welfare. Buckley and Lee (2018) emphasized
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Research Article
that the impact of extracurricular activities on the lived
student experience can be long lasting, encouraging
students to continue attending school. In studies
conducted in developed countries, Edmonds (2011),
Kirk and Jones (2017), Daggett (2019), and Lezotte
(2012) found that the quality of learning is found in
what they refer to as 'effective schools,' which are
characterized by: strong instructional leadership, clear
and focused mission, safe and orderly schools, climate
of high expectations for success, frequent monitoring
of learner progress, positive home-school relations,
and opportunity. Furthermore, according to Lezotte
(2012), these Correlates of Effective Schools as
enrolment rate are powerful indicators of successful
places where all children learn, regardless of
socioeconomic status or ethnicity.
Table 2. Regression Analysis: Significant Effect of the
level of practice of the Extracurricular Activities to
School Internal Efficiency in terms of Dropout Rate
The regression analysis is shown in Table 2, manifest a
significant relationship between extracurricular
activities and school internal efficiency in terms of
dropout. This further reveals that student governance
has a p-value of 0.630, community service has a p-
value of 0.924, youth formation has a p-value of 0.919,
and academic clubs have a p-value of 0.736, indicating
that extracurricular activities have no significant effect
on the internal efficiency practiced by the Alabat
District, Perez District, and Quezon, Quezon
Secondary School in the Division of Quezon in terms
of dropout rate. Furthermore, the null hypothesis
"extracurricular activities have no significant effects
on the internal efficiency practiced by the Alabat,
Perez, and Quezon, Quezon Secondary Schools in the
Division of Quezon" is accepted. This implies that
extracurricular activities at school have no impact on
students' motivation to continue studying because they
enjoy learning. According to Temple University
psychologist Laurence Steingberg, "grades improve
not because of what kids learn in any extracurricular
activities, but because the ECA makes them enjoy
school more, so they show up more frequently, find a
Arnielyn B. Caparros
circle of like-minded friends, and become more
engaged in school." Steinberg (Steinberg, cited in
Kronholz, 2012, p.11). Furthermore, Larson et al.,
(2016) state that extracurricular activities have a
positive, albeit indirect, effect on academic
performance due to the non-academic and social
benefits of participation, but school strategies remain
the most important factor in student participation, so
the reason for students to stay in school cannot be
determined specifically. However, some forms of
school inefficiency continue to be reported,
particularly in secondary schools, with some cases of
dropouts and repeaters remaining prominent despite
school interventions. According to the Republic of
Kenya (2014), the country's public secondary repeaters
totaled 370 and 432 for boys and girls, respectively.
According to Mwangi (2012), internal efficiency in
Machakos District has yet to be realized due to high
rates of repetition, drop out, and thus low progression
rates in the schools. Okungu et al. (2014) discovered
that dropping out in Kisumu County public secondary
schools was influenced by school category, fee
payment, student sex, and examination performance.
Murumbakiveu et al. (2017) discovered that factors
influencing internal efficiency in public secondary
schools included the cost of education, pregnancy,
discipline, and drug use, among others.
Table 3. Regression Analysis: Significant Effect of the
level of practice of the Extracurricular Activities to
School Internal Efficiency in terms of Completion Rate
The regression analysis is shown in Table 3,
extracurricular activities have a significant effect on
school internal efficiency in terms of completion rate.
Because the p-values for student governance (0.857),
community service (0.235), youth formation (0.192),
and academic clubs (0.804) are higher than the level of
significance, extracurricular activities have no
significant effect on the internal efficiency practiced
by the Alabat District, Perez District, and Quezon,
Quezon Secondary School in the Division of Quezon
in terms of completion rate. The null hypothesis
"extracurricular activities have no significant effects
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on the internal efficiency practiced by the Alabat (SPT) organize to ensure the success of all learners for
District, Perez District, and Quezon, Quezon the fulfillment of the DepED mission emphasizing the
Secondary Schools in the Division of Quezon" is stewardship of the school administrators and staff of
accepted. This implies that extracurricular activities the institution that will ensure an enabling and
can increase students' motivation to complete their supportive environment for effective learning to
studies; therefore, schools should develop fun learning happen and actively engaged sharing the responsibility
activities that include both academic and leisure for developing life-long learners. Moreover, the
activities. Furthermore, involvement in extracurricular
Republic Act 9155 – Governance of Basic Education
activities has a positive impact on student success.
Act of 2001 (Section 6.2.4) states that the School Head
Over 80% of young people par ticip ate in
shall have authority, accountability and responsibility
extracurricular activities (Fredricks, 2011).
Participating in extracurricular activities provides in “Developing the School Education Program and
important opportunities for adolescent development, School Improvement Plan”. Hence, the crafted school
such as peer relations, appropriate social behavior, and improvement management plan as the blueprint of
basic academic achievement skills, all of which action may be expected to enhance the school internal
contribute to students' motivation to complete their efficiency through the intervention of extracurricular
studies (Blomfield & Barber, 2009). (Metsapelto & activities.
Pulkkinen, 2012). However, Scheerens (2004 in Zamir
2020) stated that school effectiveness, which includes Furthermore, the plan aims to create long lasting effect
aspects of teaching, learning, motivation, and to the school internal efficiency while maximizing the
community involvement, may influence students to extracurricular activities benefits. The activities
pursue their learning. As a result, many of the factors embedded were surely gave impact to the students’
related to the study of school effectiveness contribute participants while the school benefits from their
to the internal efficiency of the school. Bakirci, performance. This is considered a win-win action.
Turkdogan, and Guler (2012) discovered that the Further, the proposed action will be a program to
leader's involvement in classroom teaching activities is maintain and/or increase the enrolment rate,
one of the factors that improves the school's internal enhancement activities anchor in extracurricular
efficiency performance. Involvement of teachers in
activities for dropout rate and lastly the crafted
decision-making, as well as high-level communication
campaign exemplars to maintain and/or increase the
between principals and teachers, all contribute to
completion rate, these actions will not only benefit the
school effectiveness, from which students benefit.
school internal efficiency rather help the students
More researchers agree that an effective school exists
when there is a relationship between principals, perform well whether academic and non-academic
teachers, students, curriculum and teaching process, activities. In addition, the school organization such as
climate and school culture, school and parents, social, SSG, YES-O, BKD, School publication and Academic
and environmental relationships (Bakirci et. al, 2012). Clubs will be part in the conduct of the improvement
As a result, extracurricular activities and school plan.
internal efficiency are two distinct factors that assist
learners in continuing their pedagogical journey while The Development School Management plan aim to
also establishing the school's internal efficiency improve and maintain the school internal efficiency.
stability. This is a collaborative project of the school and the
community which is in line to Department of
School Improvement Management Plan Educations pedagogical objectives. Furthermore, the
the programs embedded in it will cater learners with
According to the issuance of DepED Order 44 s. 2015, difficulties. The "Gamit mo, Sagot ko" program will
entitled Guidelines on the Enhanced School
open an opportunity to some underprivileged students.
Improvement Planning (SIP), the school Improvement
Through providing basic school supplies, the parents
Plan is a 3-year roadmap of interventions undertaken
and the students will be assured that the school is a
with the help of the community and other stakeholders.
It serves as a basis for the Annual Implementation Plan step closer to them. The program "Pananghalian mo,
(AIP) and Annual Procurement Plan (APP) formulated sagot ko" will also help the students to go further and
based on evidences, results and intended outcome for perform well in classroom. Further, the "Huntahan
the learners. As a requirement of the School Based tayo dito sa Paaralan" will be the students confidante.
Management (SBM) School Improvement Plan is This will break the cold air and make the teacher and
prepared by the School Community Planning Team students build camaraderie as they explore.

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Research Article
Conclusion
From the results of the study, the following
conclusions are drawn: (1) The extracurricular
activities conducted in school are generally most
practiced by every school. (2) The school efficiency of
the school in terms of enrolment rate, dropout rate and
completion rate remain stable though in enrolment rate
a decrease of 0.01% is discovered yet the efficiency is
maintained and the students’ participation in school
still continues. (3) Extracurricular activities have no
significant effects to the school’s efficiency in terms of
their enrolment rate, dropout rate and completion rate.
Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted. (4) The School
Improvement Management Plan for further
enhancement of the school internal efficiency through
intervention of extracurricular activities has been
crafted as an output of the study.
Based on findings and conclusions, the following
recommendations are offered: (1) The findings
revealed that the extracurricular activities conducted in
school are generally most practiced by every school.
The researcher suggested that they may further
practice the extracurricular activities but with more
innovations and interactive learning to encourage the
learner’s participation and stakeholders continue
support. (2) Though the School Internal Efficiency
remain stable, the researcher suggest to continue the
strategies implemented in school to maintain their
enrolment rate, dropout rate and completion rate and to
adapt and further improve the research output
"Improvement Plan of School’s Internal Efficiency
Performance" to help increase the Schools Internal
Efficiency. (3) Since extracurricular activities have no
significant effects to the school’s internal efficiency in
terms of enrolment rate, dropout rate and completion
rate, the researcher suggest that extracurricular
activities may further practice in school as it motivates
the students while the school administrations should
further enhanced their internal efficiency performance
through development plan and innovations to maintain
and increase their efficiency. (4) The school
improvement management plan may further improve
to suit the school internal efficiency needs.
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