CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Background
To get production fluid that has economic value, the fluid has gone through several
processes. Starting from lifting, separating, collecting, shipping to processing. Here will be
discussed the process of fluid separation which is a mixture of gas, oil, water, and solids.
The separation process is very important in oil and gas production activities. Therefore,
sufficient knowledge and experience are needed regarding the fluid separation process. In
addition, high-tech equipment is needed to support the separation process so that the
separation process will produce optimal products. This is the background of the author to
discuss the process of fluid separation using a separator.

1.2 Problem Limitation

Limitations of the problem while I was doing the Field Work Practice at PPSDM
Migas Cepu, the material provided by the supervisor was quite a lot, but all the material was
not fully discussed because there were limited time and knowledge.

1.3 Purpose of Writing

The purpose of writing this Field Work Practice report is as follows:
1. Understand and understand the operation of the test separator in the
Menggung Production field.
2. Knowing the existing equipment in the production separator.
3. Knowing the problems and solutions in the production separator.

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 CHAPTER II
OVERVIEW OF PPSDM OIL AND GAS
2.1 General Explanation
PPSDM Migas Cepu is a government installation that has the task of carrying out education
and training in the field of oil and gas. Based on the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral
Resources number 150 dated March 2, 2001, PPT Migas has changed its name to Pusdiklat Migas
based on the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation number 18 of 2010 dated
November 22, 2010.

Figure 2.1 Profile of Cepu Oil and Gas PPSDM

Agency Name : Center for Human Resources Development, Oil and Gas
Address : Jalan Sorogo 1, Kec. Cepu Kab. Blora Central Java
Tel. (0296) 42188 Fax. (0296) 421891
E-mail : information@pusdiklatmigas.com
Website : https://www.pusdiklatmigas.com
Date of establishment : January 4, 1966
Facilities : CDU Refinery, Basic Science Lab, Petroleum Lab, Electronics Lab,
Process Lab / Pilot Plant, Technical Lab, Computer Lab, Lab
Mechanics, Production Simulator, drill simulator and library.

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2.2 History of Cepu Oil and Gas PPSDM

2.2.1 The Dutch East Indies Period (1870-1942)

Petroleum exploration in Indonesia was started in 1870 by P. Van Dijk, a Dutch engineer
who was in the Purwodadi area of Semarang, by observing seepages on the surface.
In the Cepu area, Central Java, there is an oil concession, named Panolan, the discovery of
oil wells began in Ledok village by Mr. Adrian Stoop followed the Solo aristocracy on a raft
from Ngawi to Ngareng Cepu, then followed the discovery of an oil well in the Ngareng area
and finally chose Ngareng where the oil refining factory and wells were drilled in July 1893.
The area was then known as the Cepu Refinery.
Cepu refinery was inaugurated on 28 May 1893 under the name of AB. Versteegh. Then
AB. Versteegh contracted it to the Dordtsche Petroleum Maatschappij (DPM) company in
Surabaya by paying compensation of F. 10000 and F. 0.1 for each crate (37.5 Liters of kerosene
from the excavation). In January 1893, then based on deed No. 56 dated March 17, 1923 DPM
was taken over by Bataafach Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM), a Dutch oil company.
2.2.2 The Japanese Period ( Years 1942-1945 )
World War II (March 1942) Japanese troops invaded Indonesia in the East Asia War, the
aim was to control areas rich in oil resources, for war purposes and Japan's domestic oil needs.
On March 1, 1942 the Japanese landed on the island of Java and there was a seizure of
Japanese power against the Dutch, and forced the Dutch to surrender. The island of Java
changed hands to Japan, including all oil fields on the island of Java. However, before being
captured by the Japanese, all the fields on the island of Java on earth were scorched by the
Dutch to prevent the Japanese attack.
But in the end, after rebuilding the oil resources by Japanese civilians, drill drills for
prisoners of war and Indonesian workers who were experienced and skilled in the field of oil,
as well as manual labor were taken from the population of Cepu and other areas in large
numbers. Cepu oil was still able to operate optimally as usual and at that time Japan had carried
out new drilling in the Kawengan, Ledok, Ngelobo and Semanggi oil fields.
2.2.3 Period of Independence (Year 1945 to Present)
At the time of independence, the oil refinery in Cepu underwent several developments as
follows, namely:
a)The period 1945-1950
on 15 August 1945 Japan surrendered to the allies. This led to power in Indonesia.
On August 17, 1945, Indonesia proclaimed independence so that the refinery in Cepu was
taken by Indonesia. The government then established a mining company National Oil
(PTMN) based on the Decree of the Minister of Prosperity No.5.

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 b) Period 1950-1961
Other Oil Fields such as Ledok, Lobo, and Semanggi The implementation was
carried out by the Oil Resources Administration (ASM), In 1951 it was handed back to the
Government
RI.In 1957 the Republic of Indonesia Oil Mining Company (TMRI) was
established, but later replaced with the Nglobo CA Oil Mine (Combi Aneksis).
c) Period 1951-1955
In 1951, the Ngelobo Oil Mine was changed to the State Oil and Gas Company
(PERMIGAN). Then the oil in the Ledok and Ngelobo Oil Fields was stopped. In 1962,
the Cepu Refinery and the Kawengan Oil Field were purchased by the Government of the
Republic of Indonesia from Shell and handed over to the PN MIGRATION.
d)The period 1965-1978
On January 4, 1966, the Cepu Refinery and Kawengan Oil Field were used as
education and training centers for the Oil and Gas Industrial Field (PUSDIK MIGAS).
Then on February 7, 1967, the Cepu Oil and Gas Academic (AKAMIGAS) was
inaugurated.
e) Period 1978 – 1984
Based on the Decree of the Minister of Mining and Energy No. 646 dated
December 26, 1977 LEMIGAS was changed to become part of the Directorate General of
Oil and Gas LEMIGAS (PPT MGB LEMIGAS). And based on Presidential Decree No.
15 dated March 15, 1984 article 107, Cepu was designated as the Center for the
Development of Oil and Gas Power (PPT MIGAS).
f)Period 1984-2001
Based on the Decree of the Minister of Mining and Energy No. 0177/1987 dated
March 5, 1987, where the PPT MIGAS area used for Operational Training/Laboratory
Production Fields was handed over to PERTAMINA UP III in the Cepu field, so that the
Cepu refinery operates the processing of crude oil owned by PERTAMINA.
g) Period 2001-Present
On March 2, 2001, PPT MIGAS changed to Pusdiklat Migas based on the Decree
of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 150 of 2001. With the issuance of
the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 1196/K/60/2003 dated
October 16, 2003, the Diploma IV Study Program was officially integrated into the
Higher Education Diploma Program (PTK) AKAMIGAS/School of Energy and Minerals
(STEM). However, based on Ministerial Regulation (PerMen) No. 0003 of 2005 on April
4, 2005, the Energy and Minerals College (STEM) was officially independent and
separated from the organizational structure of the Oil and Gas Education and Training
Center.

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 Then the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 18 of 2010
replacing the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 30 of 2005.
2.3 Location of Oil and Gas PPSDM
The Oil and Gas Human Resources Development Center is located at JL. Sorogo NO 1,
Karangboyo Village, Cepu District, Blora Regency, Central Java Province, with a mining area of
445,460 x 106 m2. From a geographical and economic point of view, the location is quite strategic
because there are several supporting factors, namely:
1.Close to the source of raw materials, With close to the factory location with
oil field, transportation becomes easier and relatively cost-effective
cheaper.
2. Close to transportation facilities
3. Close to rail and road lines, making it easier for product marketing transportation to
consumers and transportation of needed materials.
4. Close to water sources, namely the Bengawan Solo river, so it is easy to obtain water that
is used to support production in both the rainy and dry seasons.
5. Located on the border of Central Java and East Java so that it has
wide marketing area.

2.4 Organizational Structure of PPSDM Migas

PPSDM Migas has the task of carrying out resource development, this unit's human in the
oil and gas sector is under and directly responsible to the Head of the Energy and Mineral
Resources Training Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Minister of Energy and
Mineral Resources Regulation No. 0030 of 2005 20 July 2005). The organizational structure of the
Cepu Migas PPSDM was determined based on the Decree of the Minister of Mines and Energy NO.
1095 dated November 5, 1984 and updated by Regulation no. 0030 of 2005 dated June 20, 2005.
Updated by the Government. ESDM No. 18 of 2010 dated November 22, 2011. The Cepu Oil and
Gas PPSDM is led by a Head of Center who is directly responsible to the Head of the Energy and
Mineral Resources Training Agency (ESDM). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources. The
Head of PPSDM Migas Cepu is assisted by 3 heads of fields, 1 head of division, and functional
groups.

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 Figure 2.2 organizational structure of PPSDM MIGAS Cepu
2.4.1 Bussines and Functions of the Oil and Gas PPSDM
Based on the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 13 of
2016 PPSDM Migas Cepu has the following Duties and Functions:
1, Main Task"Implementing human resource development in the oil and gas sector"
2. Function
a. Preparation of the preparation of technical policies for the development of human
resources in the oil and gas sector.
b. Program provider, performance accountability and evaluation and management of
information on human resource development in the oil and gas sector
c. Preparation of planning and standardization of human resource development in the
field of oil and gas.
d. Implementation of education and training in the field of oil and gas.
e. Implementation of management of infrastructure facilities and information on
human resource development in the oil and gas sector
f. Monitoring, evaluating and reporting on the implementation of tasks in the
development of Oil and Gas human resources
g. Administration of the Oil and Gas Human Resources Development Center
2.5 Unit Orientation in PPSDM Migas
2.5.1 Definition of Occupational Health and Safety
The definition of occupational safety and health is all efforts or thoughts aimed at
ensuring the integrity and perfection of both physical and spiritual, labor in particular and
humans in general, to improve the welfare of the workforce towards a just and prosperous
society.

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 Work safety is the responsibility of every worker, which implies an effort to change
working conditions that were originally unsafe to be safe, so that workers in carrying out
their duties can avoid the dangers of work accidents. Cepu is based on:
1.PP No. II 1979, article 32 .
2. Law No. I of 1970, Chapter III, Articles 3 and 4

2.5.2 Boiler Unit (Wipe Boiler)

The Boiler Unit at PPSDM Migas Cepu is a provider of superheated steam and
compressed air for use in several refinery processes. The superheated steam produced by the
boiler. I unit with a capacity of 6600 kg/hour and Boiler AL-LSB-6000 as many as 2 units
each with a capacity of 6000 kg/hour. The three are horizontal fire pipe boilers. There are 3
types of fuel used, namely LPG, diesel and residue. IPG and solai are used for initial
ignition.
Pressurized air in this boiler unit is produced by a compressor. This compressed air
is used as an instrument drive in the back wash refinery unit in the water filtration tank in
the water treatment unit and water filter cleaner. There are 4 compressors, namely 2 screw
types and 2 piston types.

2.5.3 Library Unit

The laboratory is one of the important supporting units, especially for analyzing
yields and feeds from refineries, water drink regularly. At PPSDM Migas Cepu there are 2
quality control laboratories that is:
a.Oil Analysis Laboratory
b.Water Analysis Laboratory
This laboratory serves to test the characteristics of raw materials and the quality of
the products produced at PPSDM Migas Cepu, whether they comply with the standards and
specifications of the materials that have been set.

2.6 Definition of Separator

The reservoir fluid can consist of a mixture of gas, oil and water. The fluid must be
separated and measured before going to the flow line or reservoir (tank), because consumers only
buy oil (after water and gas are separated) or gas (after oil and water are separated).
The separator is an oil and gas separation device that uses the principle of flash separation at a
constant pressure and temperature. Production from oil wells is in a vertical separator while
production from gas wells is processed in a horizontal separator. This is because the horizontal
separator has a wider and longer separation area than the vertical separator. The separation of gas

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and oil in the field is carried out with a separator, which is a pressure tube and a certain temperature
to separate the gas and oil phases optimally.
2.7 Main Functions of the Separator
Separate the first phase of liquid hydrocarbons and free water from gas or liquid, whichever
is more dominant.
Carry out further work on the separation of the first phase by precipitating most of the liquid
droplets involved in the gas stream.
Remove gas and liquid that has been separated from the separator separately and ensure that
there is no back process from one direction to the other.

2.8 Types of Separators

Separators are divided into several types based on the shape and phase of separation of the
fluid that passes through it. Separators can generally be divided into 3 forms, namely:
1)Horizontal separator
This separator is very suitable to be used if the production well has a high Gas Oil
Ratio (GOR) and requires a long storage time for gas and liquid separation. Vertical
separator: Used for fluids with low GOR. Horizontal separators are easy to install, especially
those mounted on top of the skid, and also easy to maintain. Several horizontal separators
can easily be stacked upwards, to form a single, space-saving stage separation assembly.
In a horizontal separator, the fluid flows horizontally and at the same time is tangent
to the surface of the liquid. Some separators have horizontal baffle plates arranged close
together equidistantly over most of the length of the arranged vessel at an inclination of
about 45° to the horizontal plane. The gas flows within the surfaces of the baffles and the
liquid droplets adhere to the sealing plate and form a film which then flows into the liquid
section of the separator.

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 Figure 2.3 Horizontal Separator
Pros:
1.Cheaper than vertical separator
2. Can accommodate crude in the form of foam
3.Easy to transport
4.It is more economical and efficient to process large amount of gas
5. A smaller diameter is required for a certain gas capacity

Deficiency:
1.If the fluid contains sand, it is more difficult to clean
2. Its installation requires a wider space, unless it is arranged in layers

2)Separator Vertical (upright)

In operation, the inlet diverter will cause the incoming liquid to touch the separator
wall in the form of a film, and at the same time provide centrifugal motion to the fluid. This
provides the desired reduction in momentum and allows the gas to escape from the liquid
film. The gas rises to the top of the vessel, and the liquid goes down to the bottom.
In operation, the inlet diverter will cause the incoming liquid to touch the separator
wall in the form of a film, and at the same time provide centrifugal motion to the fluid. This
provides the desired reduction in momentum and allows the gas to Figure 3.1 Horizontal
Separator

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 out of the liquid film. The gas rises to the top of the vessel, and the liquid goes down
to the bottom.
A few of the liquid particles will be carried up with the rising gas to trap the liquid
droplets that will follow the gas flow, a mist extractor or mist eliminator is used, which is an
arrangement of wire mesh and some are more sophisticated with a certain thickness,
mounted transversely to the surface. direction of gas flow at the top of the gas section. This
kind of separator is commonly used for working pressures between 50 to 150 psig.
Pros:
1.In controlling the liquid level is not too complicated Can handle large amounts of
sand
2.Easy to clean because the bottom has a conical design.
3.Has a large liquid surge capacity

Disadvantages:
1.It is more difficult to maintain the safety equipment installed above.
2.Installation of gas outlet is more difficult
3. The price is more expensive
4.Requires a larger diameter for a certain gas capacity

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 Figure 2.4 Vertical Separator
3)Pherical Separator
Used in locations that produce small.

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 Figure 2.5 Separator Pherical

The picture above is a schematic of a spherical separator. The parts are similar to the
vertical separator or horizontal separator. This type has advantages in pressure containment,
but because of the limited capacity of surges and difficulties in fabrication, this type of
separator is not widely used in the field. Pros:
1.Cheaper than horizontal and vertical separators
2.Easier to clean than vertical type

Disadvantages:
1.Separation space is very limited
2.Controlling the liquid level is more complicated.
3. Less economical for large gas capacity Figure 3.3 Separator Pherical

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2.9 Separation Process
There are two kinds of processes of gas formation (vapour) from pressurized liquid
hydrocarbons. The process is Flash separation and Differential separation. Flash separation occurs
when the pressure in the system is lowered with the liquid and gas remaining in contact, in which
case the gas is not separated from its contact with the liquid as the pressure drop allows the gas to
escape from the solution. This process produces a lot of gas and a little liquid. Differential
separation occurs when a gas is separated from its contact from a liquid at a pressure drop and
allows the gas to escape from the solution. This process produces a lot of liquid and a little gas. An
ideal oil/gas separator, which is based on the maximum liquid revenue, is a construction designed in
such a way, so as to reduce the fluid flow pressure from the well at the separator inlet, to or close to
the atmospheric pressure at the separator outlet. The gas is moved/expelled from the separator
continuously as soon as it separates from the liquid, this is known as differential separation, but the
arrangement as above is not practical.
Separation depends on the effect of gravity to separate liquids, for example the results of the
separation of oil, gas and water will separate when placed in one container because they have
different densities from each other. The separation process due to differences in fluid density and
the effect of gravity can be seen in the image below:

Figure 2.6 Separation Principle

a) When the fluid from the well enters the separator, where the pressure has decreased
compared to the time from the reservoir, the fluid with different density, gravity begins to
separate naturally.
b) Water, where the specific gravity is greater than oil, will settle to the bottom. Oil, which
is lighter in density than water, will be in the middle.
c) Gas, the lightest fluid will be at the top.
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 32.9.1 Factors that can affect fluid separation include;
a) Viscosity of the fluid
b. Density of oil and water
c.Type of equipment in the separator
d) The velocity of the fluid flow Diameter of the water droplets (droplets)
2.10 Separator Qualification
The separator classification depends on the division of the type of scope, in general it is
classified as follows:
A. Based on the results of the separation
1.2 (two) phase to separate formation fluid into gas and liquid (oil and water)
2.3 (three) phases to separate the formation fluid into gas, oil and water

B. According to Working Pressure

1.High Pressure (HP) Separator 650-1500 psi
2.Medium Pressure (MP) Separator 225-650 psi
3.Low Pressure (LP) Separator 10-225 psi

C. Phase Separator Equipment

Inner
1.Inlet diverter: Inlet diverter serves to break the flow coming from the well, change
the direction of flow, and start the separation process
2.Mist extractor: This tool serves to move the liquid from the gas before the gas
comes out of the separator
3.Baffles:Baffles keep the liquid surface calm (not choppy)
4.Equalizer: If the baffle is installed in the separator, the equalizer is used to prevent
gas vapor from expanding under the baffle. This expanding vapor can cause level
control problems.

Outside
1.Pressure gauges: Used to measure the pressure of the separator
2.Sight glasses: To show the level of liquid in the separator.

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 3.Relief valve: Works when there is more pressure than the separator
4.Level controller: Regulates that the liquid level is always stable.
5.Pressure controller:To keep the pressure according to the setting
6.Safety head or Rupture Disc: to protect the separator if the pressure is too high and
the safety relief valve does not work (separator pressure will break the plate inside
the rupture disc).
D. Phase Separator Equipment
Inner
1.Inlet Diverter: Inlet diverter serves to break the flow coming from the well, change
the direction of flow, and start the separation process
2.Mist extractor: This tool serves to separate the liquid from the gas before the gas
exits the separator.
3.Baffles:Baffles keep the liquid surface calm (not choppy)
4.Weirs:Weir is used in 3-phase separators. When the oil and water separate, the oil
will spill into the separator section of the separator.
5.Separation section: This section is equipped with space and
6.The time for the gas to rise up and the liquid (with a small amount of gas) to fall
down
7.Straightening vanes: Generally found in horizontal separators, these parts change
the direction of gas flow and reduce turbulent flow.

Outside
1.Pressure gauges: Used to measure the pressure of the separator
2.Sight glasses: To show the level of liquid in the separator.
3.Relief valve: Works when there is more pressure than the separator
4.Level controller: so that the liquid does not go into the gas outlet so that the gas
does not enter the tank giving the liquid a chance to liberate the gas
5. Pressure controller: To keep the pressure according to the setting
6.Safety head or Rupture Disc: to protect the separator if the pressure is too high and
the safety relief valve does not work (rupture disc)

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2.11 Liquid Level Control (LLC)
Liquid Level Control (LLC) is a tool to adjust the liquid level in the separator automatically.
With the intention of :
1.To prevent liquid from entering the gas outlet
2. So that gas is not wasted into the tank
3. Give the liquid a chance to stop for a moment to release the gas
Liquid level control consists of a floater that is connected to a valve mechanically or
pneumatically, in such a way that if the liquid level in the separator rises (the floater rises)
then the oil outlet valve opens. And vice versa if the liquid level in the separator drops
(floater drops), then the oil outlet valve will close the Floater (float) when it drops it must
not be as high as the oil outlet, or at least it must be above the oil outlet so that gas does not
enter the tank.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
4.1 Conclusion
From the results of the Field Work Practice at PPSDM MIGAS Cepu for 2 months, I draw
the following conclusions:
1. separator is used to separate fluids
2. can find out the parts of the separator
4.2 Suggestions
1. Because the supervisor cannot divide the time, students should be given material so that
they can be studied on their own.

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 REFERENCES
Pixabay, 2022, sejarah laboratorium, Https;//www.spmbpemakamigas.

Sampling 2019 density, SG , API, Gravity

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ATTACHMENT

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