Lecture 03

Classes and Objects
Rizoan Toufiq1
1 Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
rizoantoufiq@yahoo.com
Course Title: Object Oriented Programming
Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 1 / 64

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Defining Classes and Member Functions
Public and Private
Programming Tip: Make All Member Variables Private
Programming Tip: Define Accessor and Mutator Functions
Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator with Objects
Summary of Some Properties of Classes
Constructors for Initialization
Programming Tip: Always Include a Default Constructor
3 Abstract Data Types
Classes to Produce Abstract Data Types
4 Introduction to Inheritance
5 Resources
Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Structures
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//Structure for a bank certificate of deposit:

struct CDAccount
{
double balance;
double interestRate;
int term; //months until maturity
};

Structures
//Program to demonstrate the CDAccount structure type.

#include <iostream>
//Structure for a bank certificate of deposit:
struct CDAccount
{
double balance;
int term; //months until maturity
void getData(){
cout << "Enter account balance: $";
cin >> balance;

Structures
cout << "Enter account interest rate: ";

cin >> interestRate;
cout << "Enter the number of months until maturity\n"
<< "(must be 12 or fewer months): ";
cin >> term;
}
};

Structures
int main( )
{
CDAccount account;
account.getData();
double rateFraction, interest;

rateFraction = account.interestRate / 100.0;
interest = account.balance * rateFraction
*(account.term / 12.0);
account.balance = account.balance + interest;

Structures
cout << "When your CD matures in "

<< account.term << " months,\n"
<< "it will have a balance of $"
<< account.balance << endl;
return 0;
}

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Classes
A class is a data type whose variables are objects.

Classes
#include <iostream>
class DayOfYear
{
public:
void output( );
int month;
int day;
};

Classes
//Uses iostream:
void DayOfYear::output( )
{
cout << "month = " << month
<< ", day = " << day << endl;
}

Classes
int main( )
{
DayOfYear today, birthday;
cout << "Enter today’s date:\n";

cout << "Enter month as a number: ";
cin >> today.month;
cout << "Enter the day of the month: ";
cin >> today.day;

Classes
cout << "Enter your birthday:\n";

cout << "Enter month as a number: ";
cin >> birthday.month;
cin >> birthday.day;

Classes
cout << "Today’s date is ";

today.output( );
cout << "Your birthday is ";

birthday.output( );

Classes
if (today.month == birthday.month
&& today.day == birthday.day)
cout << "Happy Birthday!\n";
else
cout << "Happy Unbirthday!\n";
return 0;
}
exampleClass01.cpp

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Public and Private
#include <iostream>
class DayOfYear
{
public:
void input( );
void output( );
void set(int newMonth, int newDay);
int getMonth( );
int getDay( );

Public and Private
private:
void checkDate( );
int month;
int day;
};
void checkDate( ) ⇒ Private Member Functions

int month⇒ Private Member Variable
int day⇒ Private Member Variable

Public and Private
void DayOfYear::checkDate( ){
if ((month < 1) || (month > 12) || (day < 1) ||
(day > 31)){
cout << "Illegal date. Aborting program.\n";
exit(1);
}
}
Private members may be used in member function definitions (but

not elsewhere)

Public and Private
void DayOfYear::input( )
{
cout << "Enter the month as a number: ";
cin >> month; //Private Member Variable
cin >> day;//Private Member Variable
checkDate( ); //Private Member Function
}

not elsewhere)

Public and Private
void DayOfYear::output( ){
<< ", day = " << day << endl;
}

not elsewhere)

Public and Private
void DayOfYear::set(int newMonth, int newDay){

month = newMonth;
day = newDay;
checkDate();
}

not elsewhere)

Public and Private
int DayOfYear::getMonth( ){
return month; //Can’t access directly by object
}
int DayOfYear::getDay( ){
return day; //Can’t access directly by object
}

not elsewhere)

Public and Private
int main( ){
DayOfYear today, bachBirthday;
cout << "Enter today’s date:\n";

today.input( );
cout << "Today’s date is ";
today.output( );
bachBirthday.set(3, 21);
cout << "J. S. Bach’s birthday is ";
bachBirthday.output( );

Public and Private
if (today.getMonth( ) == bachBirthday.getMonth( ) &&

today.getDay( ) == bachBirthday.getDay( ) )
cout << "Happy Birthday Johann Sebastian!\n";
else
cout << "Happy Unbirthday Johann Sebastian!\n";
return 0;
}

Encapsulation
Encapsulation is also known as data hiding.

It is the technique of making the variables in a class private and accessi-
ble only by a controlled interface of public or protected functions.
This allows you to modify the internal variables and data structures
without breaking the code that uses your class.

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
When defining a class, the normal practice is to make all member

variables private.

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Member functions that allow you to find out the values of the private
member variables of a class are called accessor functions.
Member functions that allow you to change the values of the private
member variables of a class are called mutator functions.
Good Practice: the names of accessor functions normally include
the word ’get’
Good Practice: the names of mutator functions normally include
the word ’set’

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Programming Tip: Use the Assignment Operator
DayOfYear dueDate, tomorrow;

dueDate = tomorrow;

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Classes have both member variables and member functions.

A member (either a member variable or a member function) may be
either public or private.
Normally, all the member variables of a class are labeled as private
members.
A private member of a class cannot be used except within the defini-
tion of another member function of the same class.
The name of a member function for a class may be overloaded just
like the name of an ordinary function.
A class may use another class as the type for a member variable.
A function may have formal parameters whose types are classes.
A function may return an object.

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
A constructor must have the same name as the class.

A constructor definition cannot return a value. Moreover, no return
type, not even void, can be given at the start of the function decla-
ration or in the function header.
A constructor is called automatically when an object of the class is
declared.
Constructors are used to initialize objects.
Remember:
BankAccount account2(); //WRONG! DO NOT DO THIS!
Correct:
BankAccount account2;

#include <iostream>
class DayOfYear{
public:
DayOfYear();
DayOfYear(int m, int d);
void output();
private:
int month;
int day;
};

DayOfYear::DayOfYear(){
month = 7;
day = 6;
}
DayOfYear::DayOfYear(int m, int d){

month = m;
day = d;
}

void DayOfYear::output(){
<< ", day = " << day << endl;
}

int main(){
DayOfYear yourBirthday(5,10),testbirthday;
cout << "Your birthday is ";
yourBirthday.output( );
testbirthday.output();

//Explicitly call constructor

yourBirthday = DayOfYear(10,10);
yourBirthday.output();
DayOfYear *ptr;
ptr = new DayOfYear(6,6);
ptr->output();
return 0;
}

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
class DayOfYear{
public:
DayOfYear();
DayOfYear(int m, int d);
void output();
private:
int month;
int day;
};
DayOfYear(); ⇒ Default Constructor

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Abstract Data Types
ADT
A data type is called an abstract data type (abbreviated ADT) if the
programmers who use the type do not have access to the details of how
the values and operations are implemented.
The predefined types, such as int, are abstract data types (ADTs). You
do not know how the operations, such as + and *, are implemented
for the type int.
Even if you did know, you would not use this information in any C++
program.

Abstract Data Types
Programmer-defined types, such as the structure types and class types,

are not automatically ADTs.
In C++, achieve ADT’s properties by classes but not every class is an
ADT.

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
class BankAccount
{
public:
BankAccount(int dollars, int cents, double rate);
BankAccount(int dollars, double rate);
BankAccount();
void set(int dollars, int cents, double rate);
void set(int dollars, double rate);
void update();
double getBalance();
double getRate();
void output(ostream& outs);

private:
double balance;
double fraction(double percent);
};

The programmer who uses the type BankAccount need not know how
you implemented the definition of BankAccount::update or any of
the other member functions.
void BankAccount::update()
{
balance = balance + fraction(interestRate) * balance;
}

How to write an ADT
Make all the member variables private members of the class.

Make each of the basic operations that the programmer needs a public
member function of the class, and fully specify how to use each such
public member function
Make any helping functions private member functions.

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Introduction to Inheritance
When one class is inherited by another,

The class is inherited is called the base class.
The inheriting class is called the derived class.

#include <iostream>
//define base class
class BankAccount{
double balance;
public:
void set_balance(double bal);
double get_balance();
};

//define derived class

class SavingsAccount:public BankAccount{
double savingsbalance;
public:
void set_savingsbalance(double sbal);
void output();
};

void BankAccount::set_balance(double bal){

balance = bal;
}
double BankAccount::get_balance(){
return balance;
}

void SavingsAccount::set_savingsbalance(double sbal){

savingsbalance = sbal;
}
void SavingsAccount::output(){
cout<< "Bank Balance: "<<get_balance()<<"\n";
cout<< "Saving Balance: "<<savingsbalance<<"\n";
}

int main( ){
SavingsAccount account;
account.set_balance(2000.00);
account.set_savingsbalance(3000.00);
account.output();
return 0;
}
The keyword public tells the compiler that BankAccount will be in-
herited such that all public elements of the base class will be public
element of the derived class.
All private elements of the base class remains private to it and are not
directly accessible by the derived class.

Overview
1 Structure
2 Classes
Public and Private
5 Resources
Read
Walter Savitch,
Problem Solving with C++
- Chapter 10

Resources
Walter Savitch
Problem Solving with C++
Herbert Schildt
Teach Yourself C++

The End

Lecture 03

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Classes and Objects

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Course Title: Object Oriented Programming

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 1 / 64

//Structure for a bank certificate of deposit:

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 4 / 64

//Program to demonstrate the CDAccount structure type.

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 5 / 64

cout << "Enter account interest rate: ";

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 6 / 64

double rateFraction, interest;

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 7 / 64

cout << "When your CD matures in "

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 8 / 64

A class is a data type whose variables are objects.

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 11 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 12 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 13 / 64

cout << "Enter today’s date:\n";

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 14 / 64

cout << "Enter your birthday:\n";

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 15 / 64

cout << "Today’s date is ";

cout << "Your birthday is ";

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 16 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 17 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 19 / 64

void checkDate( ) ⇒ Private Member Functions

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 20 / 64

Private members may be used in member function definitions (but

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 21 / 64

Private members may be used in member function definitions (but

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 22 / 64

Private members may be used in member function definitions (but

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 23 / 64

void DayOfYear::set(int newMonth, int newDay){

Private members may be used in member function definitions (but

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 24 / 64

Private members may be used in member function definitions (but

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 25 / 64

cout << "Enter today’s date:\n";

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 26 / 64

if (today.getMonth( ) == bachBirthday.getMonth( ) &&

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 27 / 64

Encapsulation is also known as data hiding.

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 28 / 64

When defining a class, the normal practice is to make all member

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 30 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 32 / 64

DayOfYear dueDate, tomorrow;

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 34 / 64

Classes have both member variables and member functions.

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 36 / 64

A constructor must have the same name as the class.

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 38 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 39 / 64

DayOfYear::DayOfYear(int m, int d){

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 40 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 41 / 64

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 42 / 64

//Explicitly call constructor

Rizoan Toufiq (Assistant Prof.,CSE,RUET) Classes and Objects 43 / 64