NAME: DAVIES-EKE EMMANUEL

CHUKWUEMEZUOKE

REG NO: RNU/LAW/TR2022/0015

COURSE NAME: INTRODUCTION TO

NATURAL SCIENCE

COURSE CODE: GST 104

TOPIC: HOUSEHOLD HAZARDS

 ABSTRACT

Abstract:

The objective of this term paper is to provide an extensive list of household

hazardous products, along with their hazardous ingredients and potential

hazards. By organizing the information in a tabular form, this paper aims to

increase awareness and promote safety practices among individuals and families

within a household setting. Recognizing these hazards is crucial for taking

preventive measures, reducing risks, and ensuring the well-being of occupants.

This comprehensive compilation serves as a valuable resource for understanding

the potential dangers associated with everyday household items.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Definition

3. What makes Household product hazardous?

4. Household Hazard List and Analysis

5. Federal government concern

6. Preventive measures to household accident particularly: impact accident, fire

and poisoning.

7. Economic cost of household accident

8. Conclusion

9. References
 INTRODUCTION

Introduction:

Households contain numerous products that, if used improperly or

inappropriately, can pose risks to human health and the environment. This paper

seeks to identify common household hazardous products, outline their hazardous

ingredients, and shed light on the potential hazards they may present. By

providing this information in a structured and easily accessible format, we aim to

increase awareness and encourage safe handling and storage practices.

Everyone uses hazardous chemicals in the home. These include products such as

household cleaners, paints and solvents, pesticides, automotive products, hobby

supplies, and batteries. When these chemicals are no longer needed, they are

Classified as household hazardous waste. According to national estimates, each

home generates more than 20 pounds of hazardous waste each year and can

accumulate as much as 100 pounds in the kitchen, bathroom, garage and

Basement combined.

Household hazardous products represent a small Percentage of the waste stream.

However, they are of concern to health officials and solid waste planners because,

even in small amounts, they can be harmful to people and the environment.
Products, such as pesticides and drain and oven cleaners, can cause poisoning or

respiratory problems, or burn the skin or eyes. Long-term use of items, such as

paint strippers, adhesives, spot removers and waxes may cause cancer, nerve

damage or reproductive failures. In 2013, 7.6% of all calls to poison control

centers around the country were regarding household cleaning substances.

Children were more greatly affected— with 10.4% of calls regarding children’s

exposure being from household cleaning substances. Wastes thrown in the

garbage, if not properly prepared, may threaten sanitation workers who can be

injured by acids, fumes, fires and explosions. Hazardous wastes which reach the

landfill may ultimately leach into groundwater. Those that go down the drain can

cause serious problems for the sewage treatment system. Some chemicals--

metals, for example--may pass through the treatment system to pollute the river.

Many storm drain wastes get no treatment at all, flowing directly into streams.

And of course those wastes that flow off the ground, such as pesticides or oil, go

directly into streams. The significance of household hazardous wastes compared

to commercial and industrial sources may be greater than imagined. Water

treatment officials say that heavy metals and solvents from household cleaning

products are comparable to industrial sources. Homeowners who use pesticides

often over-apply them. In fact one study showed that suburbanites apply heavier

doses to their lawns than farmers do to their fields.

Leftover products are often stored indefinitely in the garage or basement. Labels

may fall off or deteriorate, and someone may inadvertently be exposed to the

product. Storing also increases fire hazards.

This work is designed to familiarize the reader with the different types of

household hazardous products. The work includes identification of Hazardous

products by looking for clues on the label. It also offers alternatives that are less

hazardous. Pulling weeds by hand, for example, is a less hazardous alternative to

using chemical herbicides to kill weeds. Finally, there are guidelines for safe use

and disposals.
 DEFINITION

Household hazards refer to potential dangers or risks that exist within a home

environment and have the potential to cause harm or injury to the residents,

particularly children, pets, and vulnerable individuals.

The term “household hazards” refers to a variety of potential risks or dangers

that can occur in a residential setting and can endanger the residents’ health,

safety, and wellbeing. These hazards could be found in a number of locations

throughout the house, including the kitchen, bathroom, living areas, and outdoor

areas. They may result from the use or misuse of particular products, the

presence of risky circumstances or substances or the careless handling of

everyday objects
 WHAT MAKES HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS HAZARDOUS

Household products can become hazardous due to various reasons, including

their chemical composition, improper use, storage, or disposal. Here are some

factors that can make household products hazardous:

1. Toxic Chemicals: Many household products contain toxic chemicals that can

pose risks to human health and the environment. These chemicals may

include corrosive substances, flammable materials, pesticides, solvents, or

volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exposure to these substances can lead

to poisoning, respiratory problems, skin irritation, or other health issues.

2. Improper Use: Using household products in ways other than intended can

create hazards. For example, mixing different cleaning chemicals can result

in toxic fumes or explosions. Using excessive amounts of certain products

or applying them in poorly ventilated areas can also increase the risk of

exposure.

3. Flammability: Some household products, such as aerosol sprays, gasoline,

lighter fluid, or certain cleaning agents, are highly flammable. If not stored

or used properly, they can ignite easily and cause fires or explosions.
 4. Physical Hazards: Certain household products can present physical hazards.

For instance, sharp objects like knives or broken glass can cause cuts or

injuries. Heavy objects or improperly secured furniture can lead to falls or

crushing accidents. Electrical appliances or faulty wiring can cause electric

shocks or fires.

5. Lack of Childproofing: Household products that are not adequately

childproofed can pose significant risks to children. For example, cleaning

solutions, medications, or sharp objects left within reach of children can

result in accidental ingestion, poisoning, or injuries.

6. Improper Storage and Disposal: Inadequate storage or disposal of

household products can also create hazards. Storing chemicals near heat

sources or in incompatible containers can lead to leaks, spills, or chemical

reactions. Improper disposal, such as pouring chemicals down drains or

throwing them in regular trash, can contaminate water sources or harm the

environment.

To mitigate these hazards, it's important to carefully read and follow product

labels and instructions, store products in their original containers, use them in

well-ventilated areas, keep them out of reach of children, and dispose of them
according to local regulations. Additionally, maintaining a clean and organized

household, regularly inspecting and maintaining electrical appliances, and

practicing general safety precautions can help prevent accidents or injuries

related to household products.

 HOUSEHOLD HAZARD LIST AND ANALYSIS

HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS POTENTIAL

HAZARD INGREDIENTS HAZARDS
PRODUCTS
1. Bleach Sodium Skin and eye
hypochlorite irritation,
respiratory
irritation

Sodium hydroxide Corrosive to skin

and eyes

Sodium chlorate Harmful if

ingested or
inhaled

Sodium chloride Irritates the

respiratory system

2. Pesticides Chemical Toxicity,

insecticides poisoning,
skin/eye irritation

3. Oven Cleaner Sodium hydroxide Skin and eye

burns, respiratory
irritation

4. Drain Cleaner Skin and eye Skin and eye

burns, respiratory burns, respiratory
irritation irritation

5. Paint Volatile Organic Eye, skin, and

Compounds respiratory
(VOCs) irritation,
environmental
pollution
6. Ammonia-based Ammonia Irritation of eyes,
cleaners nose, throat, and
lungs

7. Aerosol Sprays Propellants, VOCs Inhalation risks,

respiratory
irritation

8. Furniture Polish Petroleum Skin and eye

distillates irritation,
respiratory
problems

9. Dishwashing Phosphates, Skin irritation, eye

Detergent surfactants damage, water
pollution

10. Laundry Detergent Phosphates, Skin irritation, eye

surfactants damage, water
pollution

11. Air Freshener VOCs, fragrances Respiratory

irritation, allergic
reactions

12. Battery Lead, acid Poisoning, burns,

environmental
pollution

13. Antifreeze Ethylene glycol Toxic if ingested,

harmful to pets

14. Cigarettes Nicotine, tar, Inhalation risks,

toxins respiratory
irritation
15. Aerosol Paint Propellants, Inhalation risks,
pigments respiratory
irritation

16. Window Cleaner Ammonia, Eye and skin

isopropanol irritation,
respiratory
problems

17. All-Purpose Surfactants, Skin and eye

Cleaner fragrances, dyes irritation,
respiratory issues

18. Floor Cleaner Surfactants, Skin and eye

ammonia, irritation,
fragrances respiratory
problems

19. Toilet Bowl Cleaner Hydrochloric acid, Skin and eye

bleach burns, respiratory
irritation

20. Dishwasher Phosphates, Skin and eye

Detergent chlorine irritation, toxic if
ingested

21. Fabric Softener Fabric Softener Skin irritation,

allergic reactions
22. Carpet Cleaner Solvents, Skin and eye
detergents irritation,
inhalation risks

23. Insect Repellent DEET, permethrin Skin irritation,

allergic reactions,
toxicity if ingested
24. Oven Cleaner Sodium hydroxide Skin and eye
burns, respiratory
irritation

25. Hand Sanitizer Isopropyl alcohol, Skin irritation, eye

ethanol irritation, toxicity
if ingested

26. Paint Thinner Petroleum Skin and eye

distillates, irritation,
solvents respiratory
problems

27. Painkillers Acetaminophen, Acetaminophen,

NSAIDs NSAIDs

28. Glass etching Hydrofluoric acid Skin and eye

solution burns, respiratory
irritation

29. Instant glue cyanoacrylate Skin and eye

irritation, bonding
skin to objects

30. Leather cleaner Solvents, Skin and eye

detergents burns, respiratory
issues

31. Shoe polish Petroleum Skin and eye

distillates, irritation,
solvents flammability
 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CONCERNS

The federal government has several concerns regarding household hazards and

works to address them through various initiatives. Here are some common

concerns and actions taken by the federal government to address household

hazards:

1. Home Safety Standards: The federal government sets safety standards and

regulations for household products to ensure they meet certain safety

requirements. This includes appliances, electronics, toys, furniture, and other

commonly used items. Agencies such as the Consumer Protection Council (CPC)

establish and enforce these standards to protect consumers from potential

hazards.

2. Chemical Safety: The federal government regulates and monitors the use of

hazardous chemicals in household products. The Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) is responsible for assessing and managing the risks associated with

chemicals, including those found in cleaning products, pesticides, and other

household chemicals. They provide guidelines for safe use, labeling requirements,

and restrictions on certain substances.

3. Indoor Air Quality: The federal government addresses concerns related to

indoor air quality in households. The EPA provides guidelines and regulations to

minimize exposure to pollutants such as radon, mold, volatile organic compounds

(VOCs), and secondhand smoke. They also promote ventilation and proper

maintenance of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to

ensure healthier indoor environments.

4. Lead and Asbestos: The federal government has taken significant steps to

reduce exposure to lead and asbestos, which are hazardous materials commonly

found in older homes. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates the

removal, handling, and disposal of asbestos-containing materials.

5. Fire Safety: The federal government promotes fire safety in households through

the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the Federal Emergency

Management Agency (FEMA). They develop and disseminate guidelines and

resources on fire prevention, smoke alarms, escape planning, and safe practices

to reduce the risk of fires and improve overall household safety.

6. Education and Awareness: The federal government plays a role in educating the

public about household hazards and promoting awareness. Agencies like the CPSC

and FEMA provide educational materials, campaigns, and resources to inform

individuals about potential hazards and how to mitigate risks. They also

collaborate with other organizations and local authorities to raise awareness and

implement safety measures.

It's important to note that while the federal government has a significant role in

addressing household hazards, individual responsibility and local regulations also

play a crucial part in ensuring household safety.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO HOUSEHOLD ACCIDENTS PARTICULARLY IMPACT

ACCIDENT, FIRE AND POISONING

Impact Accidents:

Secure heavy furniture and appliances: Use wall anchors, brackets, or safety

straps to secure bookcases, cabinets, TVs, and other heavy items to prevent them

from toppling over.

Use safety gates: Install safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs to prevent

falls, especially for households with young children or elderly individuals.

Keep floors clear: Remove tripping hazards such as loose rugs, cords, and clutter

from walkways.

Install window guards and safety netting: Particularly important for households

with young children, these safety measures can prevent falls from windows or

balconies.

Use non-slip mats: Place non-slip mats or strips in bathtubs, showers, and on

slippery surfaces to reduce the risk of slips and falls.

Fire Prevention:
Install smoke detectors: Place smoke detectors on every floor of your home,

especially near bedrooms. Test them regularly and replace batteries as needed.

Have fire extinguishers: Keep fire extinguishers in easily accessible areas, such as

the kitchen and garage. Ensure everyone knows how to use them correctly.

Create a fire escape plan: Establish and practice a fire escape plan with your

family. Identify multiple exits and a meeting point outside the house.

Avoid electrical hazards: Regularly inspect electrical cords for damage, don't

overload outlets, and unplug appliances when not in use.

Practice safe cooking habits: Never leave cooking unattended, keep flammable

items away from heat sources, and have a fire-resistant blanket or extinguisher in

the kitchen.

Poisoning Prevention:

Store chemicals and cleaning products safely: Keep hazardous substances,

including cleaning agents, medications, and pesticides, out of reach of children.

Lock them in cabinets or use childproof latches.

Properly label substances: Ensure all substances are correctly labeled, including

homemade cleaners or items transferred to different containers.

Store food properly: Keep food items in sealed containers to prevent accidental

ingestion or contamination.

Educate children about potential dangers: Teach children about the dangers of

consuming unknown substances and instruct them to ask for permission before

eating or drinking anything.

Be cautious with plants: Some household plants can be poisonous if ingested.

Research which plants are hazardous and keep them out of reach or choose non-

toxic alternatives.

Remember, these are general preventive measures, and it's essential to assess

your specific household and its unique risks. Regular maintenance, awareness,

and supervision are crucial for accident prevention.

ECONOMIC COST OF HOUSEHOLD ACCIDENT

Household accidents can have substantial economic costs, which include both

direct and indirect expenses. Here are some factors that contribute to the

economic cost of household accidents:

1. Medical Expenses: When household accidents result in injuries, medical

expenses can quickly accumulate. This includes costs for emergency room visits,

doctor consultations, hospital stays, surgeries, medications, medical supplies,

rehabilitation, and follow-up appointments. The severity of the injuries and the

required medical interventions can significantly impact the overall medical

expenses.

2. Loss of Income: Household accidents may lead to temporary or permanent

disabilities that affect an individual's ability to work. This can result in a loss of

income, especially if the injured person is the primary earner in the household.

The duration of the income loss will depend on the recovery time and any

necessary adjustments in employment or career.

3. Property Damage and Repairs: Accidents such as fires, floods, or structural

damage can cause property damage, requiring repairs or replacements. The costs

associated with fixing damaged structures, repairing household items, replacing

furniture, appliances, or electronic devices can be substantial. Additionally, the

need for temporary accommodations during repairs can further add to the

economic burden.

4. Legal and Insurance Costs: In some cases, household accidents may involve

legal proceedings, such as liability claims or insurance disputes. Legal

representation and associated fees can contribute to the economic costs.

Insurance deductibles, premium increases, or the need to find alternative

insurance coverage can also impact the household budget.

5. Rehabilitation and Therapy: Depending on the nature of the accident and the

resulting injuries, rehabilitation services or specialized therapies may be

necessary for recovery. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, psychological

counseling, or other forms of rehabilitation can involve significant costs.

6. Home Modifications and Safety Upgrades: Following a household accident,

modifications to the home may be needed to prevent future incidents or

accommodate the needs of an injured individual. These modifications can include

installing safety equipment, such as handrails, ramps, grab bars, or alarm systems.

The cost of these modifications will depend on the extent of the changes required

and the specific needs of the household.

7. Psychological and Emotional Impact: Household accidents can have

psychological and emotional consequences for the individuals involved. This may

require therapy, counseling, or mental health support, which can incur additional

costs.

It's important to note that the economic costs of household accidents can vary

widely depending on the severity of the accident, the extent of the injuries or

damage, the healthcare system in place, insurance coverage, and individual

circumstances. Taking preventive measures, maintaining a safe home

environment, and having adequate insurance coverage can help mitigate the

economic impact of household accidents.

CONCLUSION

Household hazardous products can present risks to human health and the

environment if not handled, stored, and disposed of properly. This term paper

aimed to raise awareness about some commonly found household hazardous

products, their hazardous ingredients, and potential hazards. It is important for

individuals to educate themselves about these hazards, follow safety precautions,

and seek safer alternatives to minimize risks. Proper labeling, safe storage, and
appropriate disposal methods are crucial steps to protect ourselves, our families,

and the environment from the potential dangers associated with these products.

REFERENCES

1. Free Research Preview. ChatGPT

2. https://fa.oregonstate.edu>resouces>MR