Robert Noyce

Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990),

Robert Noyce
nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", was an American
physicist and entrepreneur who co-founded Fairchild
Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968. He was
also credited with the realization of the first monolithic integrated
circuit or microchip, which fueled the personal computer
revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.[nb 1][1]

Early life Noyce in 1959

Born Robert Norton Noyce
Noyce was born on December 12, 1927, in Burlington, December 12, 1927
Iowa[2][3][4][5][6] the third of four sons[4] of the Rev. Ralph Burlington, Iowa, U.S.
Brewster Noyce.[7] His father graduated from Doane College, Died June 3, 1990
Oberlin College, and the Chicago Theological Seminary and was
(aged 62)
also nominated for a Rhodes Scholarship.[8]
Austin, Texas, U.S.
His mother, Harriet May Norton, was the daughter of the Rev. Education Grinnell College (BA)
Milton J. Norton, a Congregational clergyman, and Louise Hill. Massachusetts
She was a graduate of Oberlin College and prior to her marriage, Institute of Technology
she had dreams of becoming a missionary.[9] Journalist Tom (PhD)
Wolfe described her as "an intelligent woman with a commanding
Occupation Physicist
will".[10]
Known for Co-founder of
Noyce had three siblings: Donald Sterling Noyce, Gaylord Fairchild
Brewster Noyce and Ralph Harold Noyce.[4][11] His brother Semiconductor and
Donald would go on to become a respected professor and Intel
associate dean of undergraduate affairs in the UC Berkeley
College of Chemistry; Robert later created the Donald Sterling Spouses Elizabeth Bottomley
Noyce Prize to reward excellence in undergraduate teaching at (m. 1953; div. 1974)
Berkeley.[12] His brother Gaylord would go on to become a Ann Bowers (m. 1974)
respected professor of practical theology and dean of students at
Children 4
Yale Divinity School; in 1961, while a young professor, he was
arrested for being one of the Freedom Riders of the civil rights Awards Faraday Medal (1979)
movement.[13] Harold Pender Award
(1980)
Noyce's earliest childhood memory involved beating his father at
John Fritz Medal
ping pong and feeling shocked when his mother reacted to the
(1989)
news of his victory with a distracted "Wasn't that nice of Daddy to
let you win?" Even at the age of five, Noyce felt offended by the Website www.ncfp.org/people
notion of intentionally losing. "That's not the game", he sulked to /the-noyce-foundation
his mother. "If you're going to play, play to win!"[11] / (https://www.ncfp.or
g/people/the-noyce-fo
When Noyce was twelve years old in the summer of 1940, he and
undation/)
his brother built a boy-sized aircraft, which they used to fly from
the roof of the Grinnell College stables. Later he built a radio from
scratch and motorized his sled by welding a propeller and a motor from an old washing machine to the
back of it.[14] His parents were both religious but Noyce became an agnostic and irreligious in later life.[15]

Education
Noyce grew up in Grinnell, Iowa. While in high school, he exhibited a talent for mathematics and science
and took the Grinnell College freshman physics course in his senior year. He graduated from Grinnell High
School in 1945 and entered Grinnell College in the fall of that year. He was the star diver on the 1947
Midwest Conference Championship swim team.[10] While at Grinnell College, Noyce sang, played the
oboe and acted. In Noyce's junior year, he got in trouble for stealing a 25-pound pig from the Grinnell
mayor's farm and roasting it at a school luau. The mayor wrote to his parents stating that “In the agricultural
state of Iowa, stealing a domestic animal is a felony which carries a minimum penalty of a year in prison
and a fine of one dollar.” Noyce faced expulsion from school but Grant Gale, Noyce's physics professor
and president of the college, did not want to lose a student with Noyce's potential. They compromised with
the mayor so that Grinnell would compensate him for the pig, and suspend Noyce for one semester. He
returned in February 1949.[16] He graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a BA in physics and mathematics in
1949. He also received a single honor from his classmates: the Brown Derby Prize, which recognized "the
senior man who earned the best grades with the least amount of work".[17]

While Noyce was an undergraduate, he was fascinated by the field of physics and took a course in the
subject that was taught by professor Grant Gale. Gale obtained two of the very first transistors ever
produced by Bell Labs and showed them off to his class. Noyce was hooked.[10][18][19] Gale suggested
that he apply to the doctoral program in physics at MIT, which he did.[20]

Noyce had a mind so quick that his graduate school friends called him "Rapid Robert".[21] He received his
doctorate in physics from MIT in 1953.

Career
After graduating from MIT in 1953, Noyce took a job
as a research engineer at the Philco Corporation in
Philadelphia. He left in 1956 to join William Shockley,
a co-inventor of the transistor and eventual Nobel Prize
winner, at the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory[22]
in Mountain View, California.

Noyce left a year later with the "traitorous eight"[23]

upon having issues with Shockley's management style,
and co-founded the influential Fairchild Semiconductor
corporation. According to Sherman Fairchild, Noyce's
impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason
Noyce and Gordon Moore in front of the Intel SC1
Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor
building in Santa Clara in 1970.
division for the traitorous eight.

After Jack Kilby invented the first hybrid integrated

circuit (hybrid IC) in 1958,[24] Noyce in 1959 independently invented a new type of integrated circuit, the
monolithic integrated circuit (monolithic IC).[25][26] It was more practical than Kilby's implementation.
Noyce's design was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made of germanium. Noyce's invention was
the first monolithic integrated circuit chip.[27] Unlike Kilby's IC which had external wire connections and
could not be mass-produced, Noyce's monolithic IC chip put all components on a chip of silicon and
connected them with copper lines.[26] The basis for Noyce's monolithic IC was the planar process,
developed in early 1959 by Jean Hoerni.

Noyce and Gordon Moore founded Intel in 1968 when they left Fairchild Semiconductor.[21][28] Arthur
Rock, the chairman of Intel's board and a major investor in the company, said that for Intel to succeed, the
company needed Noyce, Moore and Andrew Grove. And it needed them in that order. Noyce: the
visionary, born to inspire; Moore: the virtuoso of technology; and Grove: the technologist turned
management scientist.[29] The relaxed culture that Noyce brought to Intel was a carry-over from his style at
Fairchild Semiconductor. He treated employees as family, rewarding and encouraging teamwork. Noyce's
management style could be called "roll up your sleeves". He shunned fancy corporate cars, reserved
parking spaces, private jets, offices, and furnishings in favor of a less-structured, relaxed working
environment in which everyone contributed and no one received lavish benefits. By declining the usual
executive perks he stood as a model for future generations of Intel CEOs.

At Intel, he oversaw invention of the microprocessor as a concept by Ted Hoff and design of the first
commercial microprocessor Intel 4004 by Federico Faggin, which was his second revolution.[30][31][32]

Personal life
In 1953, Noyce married Elizabeth Bottomley,[33] who was a 1951 graduate of Tufts University. While
living in Los Altos, California they had four children: William B., Pendred, Priscilla, and Margaret.
Elizabeth loved New England, so the family acquired a 50-acre coastal summer home in Bremen, Maine.
Elizabeth and the children would summer there.[34] Robert would visit during the summer, but he
continued working at Intel during the summer. They divorced in 1974.[35]

On November 27, 1974, Noyce married Ann Schmeltz Bowers. Bowers, a graduate of Cornell
University,[36] also received an honorary Ph.D. from Santa Clara University, where she was a trustee for
nearly 20 years. She was the first Director of Personnel for Intel Corporation and the first Vice President of
Human Resources for Apple Inc. She currently serves as chair of the Board and the founding trustee of the
Noyce Foundation.[37]

Noyce kept active his entire life. He enjoyed reading Hemingway, and he flew his own airplane and also
participated in hang-gliding and scuba diving. Noyce believed that microelectronics would continue to
advance in complexity and sophistication well beyond its current state; this led to the question of what use
society would make of the technology. In his last interview, Noyce was asked what he would do if he were
"emperor" of the United States. He said that he would, among other things, "...make sure we are preparing
our next generation to flourish in a high-tech age. And that means education of the lowest and the poorest,
as well as at the graduate school level."[38]

Death

Noyce suffered a heart attack at age 62 at home on June 3, 1990, and later died at the Seton Medical Center
in Austin, Texas.[39]

Awards and honors

In July 1959, he filed for U.S. Patent 2,981,877 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US2981877)
"Semiconductor Device and Lead Structure", a type of integrated circuit. This independent effort was
recorded only a few months after the key findings of inventor Jack Kilby. For his co-invention of the
integrated circuit and its world-transforming impact, three presidents of the United States honored him.

Noyce was a holder of many honors and awards. President Ronald Reagan awarded him the National
Medal of Technology in 1987.[40] Two years later, he was inducted into the U.S. Business Hall of Fame
sponsored by Junior Achievement,[41] during a black tie ceremony keynoted by President George H. W.
Bush.[42] In 1990 Noyce – along with, among others, Jack Kilby and transistor inventor John Bardeen –
received a "Lifetime Achievement Medal" during the bicentennial celebration of the Patent Act.

Noyce received the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1966.[43] He was awarded the IEEE
Medal of Honor in 1978 "for his contributions to the silicon integrated circuit, a cornerstone of modern
electronics."[44][45] In 1979, he was awarded the National Medal of Science. He also received Faraday
Medal in 1979. Noyce was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980.[46]
The National Academy of Engineering awarded him its 1989 Charles Stark Draper Prize.[47]

The science building at his alma mater, Grinnell College, is named after him.

On December 12, 2011, Noyce was honored with a Google Doodle celebrating the 84th anniversary of his
birth.[48]

In 2000, Kilby received the Nobel Prize in Physics; in his acceptance ("Nobel Lecture"), he mentions a
small number of people whose work contributed to the success of integrated circuits, mentioning Noyce
three times.[49]

Legacy
The Noyce Foundation was founded in 1990 by his family. The foundation was dedicated to improving
public education in mathematics and science in grades K-12.[37] The foundation announced that it would
end operations in 2015.[50]

In 1990, Congress established the Robert Noyce National Math and Science Teachers Corps Act which
authorizes awards up to 5,000 scholarships annually to assist individuals in obtaining a teaching degree.[51]
These awards are granted to institutions of higher education who administer the projects after successful
proposal submissions through the National Science Foundation's Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship
Program ("Noyce").[52] Pre-service teachers are recruited by their college/university and must be STEM
majors. Scholarship recipients to agree to teach science or mathematics in a high-need school districts for at
least two years for each fiscal year the recipient received such a scholarship. The American Association for
the Advancement of Science (AAAS) works with the NSF Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program to
identify and disseminate information about effective practices and strategies for attracting, selecting, and
preparing new K-12 STEM teachers and retaining them in the STEM teacher workforce.[53]

Patents
Noyce was granted 15 patents. Patents are listed in order issued, not filed.

U.S. Patent 2,875,141 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US2875141) Method and

apparatus for forming semiconductor structures, filed August 1954, issued February 1959,
assigned to Philco Corporation
U.S. Patent 2,929,753 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US2929753) Transistor structure
and method, filed April 1957, issued March 1960, assigned to Beckmann Instruments
U.S. Patent 2,959,681 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US2959681) Semiconductor
scanning device, filed June 1959, issued November 1960, assigned to Fairchild
 Semiconductor
U.S. Patent 2,968,750 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US2968750) Transistor structure
and method of making the same, filed March 1957, issued January 1961, assigned to
Clevite Corporation
U.S. Patent 2,971,139 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US2971139) Semiconductor
switching device, filed June 1959, issued February 1961, assigned to Fairchild
Semiconductor
U.S. Patent 2,981,877 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US2981877) Semiconductor
Device and Lead Structure, filed July 1959, issued April 1961, assigned to Fairchild
Semiconductor
U.S. Patent 3,010,033 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3010033) Field effect transistor,
filed January 1958, issued November 1961, assigned to Clevite Corporation
U.S. Patent 3,098,160 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3098160) Field controlled
avalanche semiconductive device, filed February 1958, issued July 1963, assigned to
Clevite Corporation
U.S. Patent 3,108,359 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3108359) Method for fabricating
transistors, filed June 1959, issued October 1963, assigned to Fairchild Camera and
Instrument Corp.
U.S. Patent 3,111,590 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3111590) Transistor structure
controlled by an avalanche barrier, filed June 1958, issued November 1963, assigned to
Clevite Corporation
U.S. Patent 3,140,206 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3140206) Method of making a
transistor structure (coinventor William Shockley), filed April 1957, issued July 1964,
assigned to Clevite Corporation
U.S. Patent 3,150,299 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3150299) Semiconductor circuit
complex having isolation means, filed September 1959, issued September 1964, assigned
to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
U.S. Patent 3,183,129 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3183129) Method of forming a
semiconductor, filed July 1963, issued May 1965, assigned to Fairchild Camera and
Instrument Corp.
U.S. Patent 3,199,002 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3199002) Solid state circuit with
crossing leads, filed April 1961, issued August 1965, assigned to Fairchild Camera and
Instrument Corp.
U.S. Patent 3,325,787 (https://patents.google.com/patent/US3325787) Trainable system,
filed October 1964, issued June 1967, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.

Note: In 1960 Clevite Corporation acquired Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, a subsidiary of Beckman
Instruments, for whom Noyce worked.[54]

Notes
1. While Kilby's invention was six months earlier, neither man rejected the title of co-inventor.

Citations
1. Lécuyer, p. 129
2. Jones, 86
3. Jones, 142
4. Berlin, p. 10
5. Burt, 71
 6. Welles Gaylord, p. 130
7. Jones, p. 625
8. Berlin, p. 14
9. Berlin, p. 9
10. Wolfe, Tom (December 1983). "The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20090227111808/http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/content/noyce.html). Esquire
Magazine: 346–74. Archived from the original (http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/co
ntent/noyce.html) on February 27, 2009. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
11. Berlin, p. 12
12. Subramanian, Yvette (November 8, 2004). "Donald Noyce, professor emeritus of chemistry,
dies at age 81" (https://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/11/08_noyce.shtml).
UC Berkeley News (Press release). Berkeley, CA. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
13. "Prof. Gaylord Noyce Dies at 83" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090818155859/http://www.
yale.edu/divinity/news/090813_news_noyce.shtml). Yale Divinity School. August 13, 2009.
Archived from the original (http://www.yale.edu/divinity/news/090813_news_noyce.shtml) on
August 18, 2009. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
14. Berlin, p. 7
15. Leslie Berlin (2005). The Man Behind The Microchip: Robert Noyce And The Invention Of
Silicon Valley (https://archive.org/details/manbehindmicroc000berl/page/235). Oxford
University Press. p. 235 (https://archive.org/details/manbehindmicroc000berl/page/235).
ISBN 9780195163438. "The minister, who had hidden himself in a closet, stepped forward
to marry the couple in a ceremony from which Bowers had excised every reference to God.
"Bob agreed to that. Neither of us could decide about God," Bowers says. "I remember Bob
saying, 'Some people who believe in God are good, and some people who believe in God
are not good. So where does that leave you?' He had [also] looked around and decided that
religion is responsible for a lot of trouble in the world." Noyce, always pushing against the
limits of accepted knowledge, told Bowers that what bothered him most about organized
religions was that "people don't think in churches." "
16. Berlin, Leslie. "Adrenaline and Gasoline." The Man behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and
the Invention of Silicon Valley. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. 22–23. Print.
17. Berlin, p. 27 (https://books.google.com/books?id=YLd3RBUrDlkC&pg=PA27)
18. Berlin, p. 22
19. Berlin, p. 24
20. Berlin, p. 106
21. Berlin, p. 1
22. Shurkin, p. 170
23. Shurkin, p. 181
24. Saxena, Arjun N. (2009). Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=-3lpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140). World Scientific. p. 140.
ISBN 9789812814456.
25. "1959: Practical Monolithic Integrated Circuit Concept Patented" (https://www.computerhistor
y.org/siliconengine/practical-monolithic-integrated-circuit-concept-patented/). Computer
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26. "Integrated circuits" (https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/ic-pg3.html). NASA. Retrieved August 13,
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28. Shurkin, p. 184
29. Tedlow, p. 405
30. Creation of Microprocessor (February 19, 2014). "Interview with Gordon Moore on First
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atch?v=Qt1PCLZAPyk). YouTube. Archived from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved
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31. One-time Intel CEO Andy Grove on the other hand, believed in maximizing the productivity
of his employees, and he and the company became known for his guiding motto: "Only the
paranoid survive". He was notorious for his directness in finding fault and would question his
colleagues so intensely as occasionally to border on intimidation.
32. Garten, Jeffrey E. (April 11, 2005). "Andy Grove Made The Elephant Dance" (https://www.blo
omberg.com/news/articles/2005-04-10/andy-grove-made-the-elephant-dance). Bloomberg.
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33. Thomas, Robert Meg. Jr. (September 20, 1996). "Elizabeth B. Noyce, 65, Benefactor of
Maine With Vast Settlement From Her Divorce" (https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/20/us/eliz
abeth-b-noyce-65-benefactor-of-maine-with-vast-settlement-from-her-divorce.html). The New
York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
34. Berlin, Leslie (2005). The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of
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University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516343-8., pp. 
35. Berlin, Leslie (2005). The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of
Silicon Valley (https://archive.org/details/manbehindmicroc000berl/page/200). Oxford:
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age/200). ISBN 0195163435. OCLC 57201649 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57201649).
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0to1959.asp). Cornell Alumni Magazine. September–October 2007. Retrieved January 4,
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37. "Noyce Foundation: About Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111225100910/http://www.no
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62" (https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/04/obituaries/an-inventor-of-the-microchip-robert-n-no
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v/about/nmti/recipients/1987.jsp). United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved
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41. "U.S. Business Hall of Fame – Robert N. Noyce" (https://archive.today/20120904210416/htt
p://www.ja.org/hof/viewLaureate.asp?id=138&induction_year=1989). Junior Achievement.
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42. "President Bush to honor Noyce and other laureates at U.S. Business Hall of Fame
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51. Levine, Mel (July 11, 1990). "H.R.5248 – 101st Congress (1989–1990): Robert Noyce
National Math and Science Teachers Corps Act" (https://www.congress.gov/bill/101st-congre
ss/house-bill/5248). www.congress.gov. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
52. "Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program (nsf21578) | NSF – National Science
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53. "The Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program" (https://www.nsfnoyce.org/).
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References
Berlin, Leslie. The man behind the microchip: Robert Noyce and the invention of Silicon
Valley. Publisher Oxford University Press US, 2005. ISBN 0-19-516343-5
Burt, Daniel S. The chronology of American literature: America's literary achievements from
the colonial era to modern times. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004. ISBN 0-618-16821-4
Jones, Emma C. Brewster. The Brewster Genealogy, 1566–1907: a Record of the
Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which
 founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. (https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052212/http://ww
w.williambrewster.com/brewstergenealogy.htm) New York: Grafton Press, 1908.
Lécuyer, Christophe. Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–
1970 Published by MIT Press, 2006. ISBN 0262122812
Shurkin, Joel N.. Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the
Electronic Age Publisher Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ISBN 0-230-55192-0
Tedlow, Richard S. Giants of enterprise: seven business innovators and the empires they
built Publisher Harper Collins, 2003. ISBN 0-06-662036-8

Further reading
Gaylord, Mary M. Welles. Life and Labors of Rev. Reuben Gaylord (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=PvYEAAAAYAAJ&q=Life+and+labors+of+Rev.+Reuben+Gaylord) Omaha:
Rees Printing Company, 1889.
Wolfe, Tom. Hooking Up (https://books.google.com/books?id=_O-7s31ficcC&q=hooking+up
+and+tom+wolfe) New York. Publisher: Macmillan, 2001.
Wolfe, Tom. The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022613/
http://www.brightboys.org/PDF/Wolfe_Noyce.pdf), How the Sun Rose on the Silicon Valley,
Esquire Magazine, December 1983, pp. 346–374.

External links
Noyce biography on PBS.org (https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/addlbios/noyce.html)
Noyce biography on IdeaFinder.com (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/noyce.htm)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190823122737/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/in
ventors/noyce.htm) August 23, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
Noyce Foundation website (https://web.archive.org/web/20111231214245/http://www.noycef
dn.org/)
Guide to the Robert Noyce Papers at Stanford University (http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId
=kt3m3nc61v&&chunk.id=did-1.3.1&brand=oac)
Robert Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program (https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2021/nsf21578/nsf21
578.htm)

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