FOUNDATION COURSE

F O R J E E (MAIN & ADV.)| NEET| K V P Y | N T S E | O LY M P I A D S |

CHEMISTRY |STD. X
ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [3]

CHAPTER–2

ACIDS, BASES & SALTS

SYLLABUS
 Acids  Salts
 Bases  Some important compounds
 pH Scale

Classification of acids
INTRODUCTION
(I) On the basis of their source acids are of two
A wide variety of materials consists essentially of type :
elements and compounds hav i ng diff erent (i) Mineral acids ; (ii) Organic acids
characteristics exist around us. Some of them are (i) Mineral Acids (Inorganic acids) :
sour, some are bitter, while some are salty in taste. The acids which are usually obtained from minerals
are known as inorganic acids.
Example : Sour and bitter tastes of food are due
Name Chemical Where found or used
to acids and bases, respectively, present in them. Formula
Acids react with bases to produce salt whose Hydrochloric acid HCl In purification of common salt,
in textile industry as bleaching
properties are different from acid and base. agent, to make aqua regia.

ACIDS Sulphuric acid H SO

2 4
Commonly used in car batteries,
in the manufacture of fertilizers
(Ammonium phosphate, Super
The term "acid" is derived from the latin word phosphate detergents etc, in
"acidus" meaning sour to taste. paints, plastics, drugs)
manufacture of artificial silk, in
petroleum refining.
Example : Sour taste of lemon, unripened grapes,
Used in the manufacture of
Vinegar, tomatoes etc. Nitric acid HNO 3
explosives (TNT, Nitroglycerine)
and fertilizers (Ammonium
According to Arrhenius theory : nitrate, Calcium nitrate,
Purification of Au, Ag.
"An acid is a substance which dissolved in water, Carbonic acid H CO In soft drinks and lends fizz,
2 3

it ionizes and releases hydrogen ions [H+(aq.)] in In stomach as gastric juice,

used in tanning industry
solution".
Phosphoric acid H PO
3 4
Used in antirust paints and
HCl(aq.)  H+ (aq.) + Cl –(aq.) in fertilizers

Note : Aqua regia is a mixture of (3 part HCl & 1

Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen ion Chloride ion
part HNO 3) which dissolves even noble metals
or HCl(g) + H2O ()  H3O (aq.) + Cl –(aq.) like Au, Pt.
(ii) Organic Acids :
Note : Hydrogen ion do not exist as H+ ions in
The acids which are usually obtained from plants
solution, they attach themselves to the polar water and animals are known as organic acids.
molecules to form hydronium ions or hydroxonium Name Where found or used
ions, (H3O or H+(aq.)) Formic acid (HCOOH) Found in the stings of ants and bees,
H+ + H2O  H3O + Used in tanning leather, in medicines
for treating gout.
Hydrogen ion Water Hydronium ion Acetic acid (CH COOH)
3
Found in vinegar, used as solvent
in the manufacture of dyes
H2SO 4(aq.)  2H+ (aq.) + SO2–4 (aq.)
and perfumes
Lactic acid Responsible for souring of milk in curd
Sulphuric acid Hydrogen ion Sulphate ion
Benzoic acid Used as a food preservative
Present in lemon, orange and citrus fruits
HNO 3(aq.)  H+ (aq.) + NO 3–(aq.) Citric acid

Nitric acid Hydrogen ion Nitrate ion Tartaric acid Present in tamarind.

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 [4] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

(ii) On the Basis of their Basicity : (III) Classification on the basis of their strength –
"The basicity of an acid is the number of (i) Strong Acid :
replaceable hydrogen atoms present in a molecule The acid which undergoes complete ionisation in
that can be produced by the complete ionisation of aqueous solution are known as strong acids.
one molecule of that acid in aqueous solution." Example : Complete ionised
or HCl + Water  H+(aq) + Cl –(aq)
H 2SO 4 + Water  2H+(aq) + SO42–(aq)
"Basicity of an acid is determined by number of
HNO 3 + Water H+(aq) + NO 3– (aq)
hydronium ions (H 3 O + /H + (aq)) produced per
(ii) Weak Acid :
molecule of an acid on ionisation."
The acid which undergoes partial or incomplete
(i) Monobasic Acids :
ionisation in aqueous solution are known as weak
The acid on ionisation produce one hydronium ion acids.
in aqueous solution.
Example :


CH3COOH + Water 
 CH3COO– (aq) + H+ (aq)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Hydrobromic acid (HBr) Acetic acid Acetate ion

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) Hydroiodic acid (HI) Example :

Nitric acid (HNO 3) Acetic acid (CH3COOH) Formic acid (HCOOH), Oxalic acid (COOH)2
Carbonic acid (H2CO 3), phosphoric acid (H3PO 4)
Formic acid (HCOOH)
(IV) Classification on the basis of concentration of
HCl +H2O 
 H3O  + Cl – the Acid :
Hydronium ion (Chloride ion) (i) Concentrated Acid :
 H3O
CH3COOH + H2O  + CH3COO – The acids which contains very small amount of
water is called a concentrated acid.
Hydronium ion Acetate ion
(ii) Dilute Acid :
 H3O 
HNO 3 + H2O  + NO 3– The acids which contains more amount of water is
Hydronium ion Nitrate ion called a dilute acid.
(ii) Dibasic Acid : "Strength of an acid does not depend upon the
The acid on ionisation produces two hydronium ions concentration of an acid"
in aqueous solution. Strength of an Acid  Concentration of hydronium ion.
Example : Sulphuric acid (H2SO 4)  Chemical Species which can act as Lewis
Carbonic acid (H2CO 3) Base electron pair acceptors are called
Oxalic acid (COOH) 2 Lewis acids.
— Electron rich neutral compounds i.e. molecules with
 H3O + +
H2SO 4 + H2O  HSO 4– (Step – I)
at least one lone pair of electrons, e.g.,
Bisulphate ion NH3 , R–O – H, R – NH2, etc.
–
HSO 4 + H2O 
 H3O +
+ SO 4 2–
(Step – II) — All negatively charged ions, e.g., CN–, OH–, Cl–, etc.
Sulphate ion BASES
(iii) Tribasic Acid : Substances with bitter taste and give a soapy touch
The acid on ionisation produces three hydronium are known as bases but many bases have corrosive
nature. So bases are defined as "
ions in aqueous solution.
 According to Arrhenius : Those substances which
Example :
giv e hydroxide or hydroxyl ion (OH – ) in their
H3PO 4 + 3H2O  3H O+
 + PO 4–3 aqueous solution are called bases.
3
NaOH (aq.)  Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Hydronium ion Phosphate ion
KOH(aq.)  K+(aq) + OH–(aq)

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [5]

Example : Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Zinc oxide  All the alkalies are bases but all bases are not
(ZnO), Copper oxide (CuO), Calcium hydroxide alkalies.
[Ca(OH)2], Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH)3].
Examples : [Fe(OH)3] ferric hydroxide and cupric
 The compounds which are either metallic oxides or hydroxide [Cu(OH) 2] are base, but not an alkali.
metallic hydroxides. Which combines with acids to
form salts and water only. CLASSIFICATION OF BASES
CuO + 2HCl  CuCl 2 + H2O (I) Classification on the basis of their strength :
Base Acid Salt Water (i) Strong alkalies or bases :
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O The alkalies or bases which undergo almost
Base Acid Salt Water complete ionisation in aqueous solution are known
Mg(OH)2 + H2SO 4  MgSO 4 + 2H2O as strong alkalies or bases.
Examples :
Base Acid Salt Water
Complete ionised
Illustration 1 :
–
Classify the following acids and bases in the NaOH(aq.)  Na+ (aq) + OH (aq)
categories of weak and strong : Sodium hydroxide
+ –
(i) HNO 3 (ii) H2SO 4 (iii) HClO 4 KOH(aq.)  K (aq) + OH (aq)
(iv) KOH (v) CH3COOH (vi) NH4OH Potassium hydroxide
+2 –
Solution : Ba(OH)2 (aq.)  Ba (aq) + 2OH (aq)
Weak acids (v), Barium hydroxide

Weak base (vi) (ii) Weak alkalies or bases :

Strong acids (i), (ii), (iii) The alkalies or bases which undergo only partial
ionisation in aqueous solution are known as weak
Strong base (iv)
alkalies or Bases.
Illustration 2. Example –
Write the equation for dissociation of hydrochloric Complete ionisation
acid (HCl) in water. 
 Ca  aq   2OH  aq. 
2
Ca  OH 2  aq.  

Calcium hydroxide 
Solution : 

 2 
Mg  OH 2  aq.   Mg  aq   2OH  aq. 

HCl + H2O  H3O + + Cl – Magnesium hydroxide

or it can also be written as
(II) Classification on the basis of their concentration :
H2 O
HCl  + –
  H (aq) + Cl (aq) (i) Concentrated Base or Alkali : The bases or
alkalies which contain very small amount of water
Illustration 3.
is called concentrated bases or alkalies.
Which one of these has a higher concentration of
(ii) Dilute Base : The bases or alkali which contain
H+ ions ?
more amount of water is called a dilute bases or alkalies.
1M HCl or 1M CH3COOH
(III) Classification on the basis of their acidity :
Solution : Acidity of a base is determined by the number
1M HCl will have higher concentration of H + ions. o f hyd ro xyl (OH – ) i o ns pro du ced by per
molecule of a Base or Alkali on complete
ALKALIES dissociation in water.
Bases which completely dissolve in water are called "or"
alkalies. The "number of hydrogen ions of an acid with which
Examples : KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2 a molecule of that alkali or base react to produce

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 [6] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

salt and water is known as acidity of an alkali or 3. CuO + (X)  CuSO4 + H2O. Here (X) is
Base".
(A) CuSO4 (B) HCl (C) H2SO4 (D) HNO3
(i) Monoacidic Bases or Alkali :
4. Arrhenius acid gives
The base or alkali on complete ionisation produce
one hydroxyl (OH–) ion in aqueous solution. (A) H+ in water (B) OH– in water

Example : (C) both (a) and (b) (D) none of these

NaOH(aq.)Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) 5. The equation between an acid and a base is

Hydroxyl ion XOH + HY  XY + H2O
KOH(aq.) K+(aq) + OH–(aq) Here the metallic ion is
Hydroxyl ion (A) X (B) OH (C) H (D) Y
(ii) Diacidic Bases (or alkalies) : 6. Which acid is used in flavoured drinks?
The base or alkali on complete ionisation produce (A) Boric acid (B) Carbonic acid
two hydroxyl ion (OH–) in aqueous solution
(C) Sulphuric acid (D) Oxalic acid
Example :
7. Sour milk contains
Ca(OH)2(aq.)  Ca2+(aq.) + 2OH–(aq.)
(A) lactic acid (B) acetic acid
Mg(OH)2(aq.)  Mg2+(aq.) + 2OH–(aq.)
(C) tartaric acid (D) citric acid
Ferrous hydroxide [Fe(OH) 2]
Fe(OH)2(aq.)  Fe2+ + 2OH–(aq.) 8. Choose one example of inorganic acid (mineral
acid) from the following.
Fe+2 2(OH)– + 2H+Cl –(aq.)FeCl 2 + 2H2O
(A) Oxalic acid (B) Acetic acid
(iii) Triacidic Bases :
The base or alkali on ionisation produce three hy- (C) Nitric acid (D) Formic acid
droxyl ion (OH) – in aqueous solution. 9. Acids like lactic acid, uric acid which are obtained
Example : usually from plants and animals are
Aluminium hydroxide [Al(OH) 3], (A) organic acid (B) inorganic acid
Ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH) 3] (C) oxy acid (D) hydra acid
Al(OH)3(aq.) Al 3+(aq.) + 3OH–(aq.) 10. Which of the following statements is true regarding
3+ –
Al (OH)3 + 3HCl(aq.) AlCl 3 + 3H2O acids and bases?
(A) Acids and bases don’t react with each other.
Daily Practice Problem-1 (B) Acids mixed with bases neutralise each other.
(C) Acids mixed with bases make stronger acids.
1. What is the term for a water molecule that gains
(D) Acids mixed with bases make weaker acids.
an extra hydrogen ion?
(A) hydroxium ion PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
(B) Hydronium ion (1) Physical properties of Acid :
(C) hydroxide ion (I) Taste : Acids have sour test.
(D) none of the above (II) Physical state : Some acid are solids while other
2. Which is not a dibasic acid? are liquid at room temperature.

(A) Carbonic acid (H2CO3) Example: Solid –Oxalic acid (COOH)2, Boric acid
(H3BO3)
(B) Sulphurous acid (H2SO3)
Liquid– Acetic acid (CH3COOH), Formic
(C) Formic acid (HCOOH) acid (HCOOH),
(D) Oxalic acid [(COOH)2] Sulphuric acid (H2SO 4)

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Volatile liquid– Carbonic acid (H2CO3),
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Nitric acid (HNO 3)
(III) Indicator :
 Indicator is a chemical compound which is added
to the solution in very small amount to detect their
acidic or basic nature.”
As they show colour change in acidic and basic
medium, they are also called acid-base indicators.
In other words,
 An acid-base indicator is that substance which
possesses one colour in acidic medium and a
different colour in alkaline medium.”
 Litmus
– Litmus is a mixture of water soluble dyes extracted
from Lichens, especially Roccella tinctoria. It is the
most commonly used indicator to detect acids and
bases.
– Litmus solution is a purple coloured dye and most
commonly used in the laboratory.
– In the neutral solution, it has purple colour. In the
acidic solution, it turns red whereas in the basic
solution, it turns blue.
In nutshell:
(i) An acid turns blue litmus into red
(ii) A base or an alkali turns red litmus into blue.
 Effect of Indicator :
They affect the indicators as given below
Indicator Change in acidic medium
Blue litmus paper Blue to Red
Methyl orange Orange to pink
Phenolphthalein Remains colourless
Turmeric paper Remains colourless
 Carbonic acid (H2CO3) turns blue litmus to pink.
Because this is weak mineral acid.
 Litmus : A water soluble purple dye, extracted from
certain lichens, a plant belonging to the division
thallophyta and is commonly used as an indicator.
The pH range for litmus is 4.5 – 8.3 at room
temperature.
QUESTION : You have been provided with three
test tubes. One of them contains distilled water and
the other two contain an acidic solution and basic
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[7]
solution, respectively. If you are given red litmus
paper, how will you identify the contents of each test
tube ?
ACTIVITY : Take small amount of finely chopped
onions along with some strips of clean cloth in a
plastic bag. Tie up the bag tightly and leave it as
such in a refrigerator for a night. In the morning,
take two of these strips and check their odour. Now
put a few drops of dilute HCl solution on one strip
and a few drops of dilute NaOH solution on the
other. Rinse both the cloth strips with water and
again check their odour and note down in your note
book. You will see that onion will give different
odour in HCl and NaOH.
You can repeat the activity by taking dilute vanilla
essence. Smell dilute vanilla essence. Now take
some dilute HCl solution in one test tube and dilute
NaOH solution in another test tube add a few drops
of dilute vanilla essence to both the test tubes and
shake well. Check the odour once again. You will
feel different smells in both the test tubes.
Lastly, you can repeat the activity by taking clove
oil in place of vanilla essence.
From this activity, we conclude that vanilla, onion
or clove oil can also be used as olfactory indicators
since these change their odour in acidic and basic
media.
(IV) Effect on Skin : All strong mineral acids have a
corrosive action on skin and cause painful burns.
Example : Concentrated sulphuric acid stains the
skin black.
Concentrated nitric acid & hydrochloric acid stains
the skin yellow.
(V) Electrical Conductivity : All mineral acids are good
conductors of electricity and conduct electricity in
their aqueous solution. On electrolysis, they
decompose liberating hydrogen at cathode.
(2) Chemical Properties of Acids :
(I) Reaction with metals :
Dilute acids like hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric
acid (H2SO4) react with certain active metals to
evolve hydrogen gas and form their metallic salt.
Zn(s) + H2SO 4  ZnSO 4 (aq) + H2 (g)
dilute
2Na(s) + 2HCl 2NaCl (aq) + H2 (g)
dilute
 [8] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

ACT IVITY: To study the reaction of sodium

carbonate and sodium hydrogen carbonate with
dilute acids.
 Materials required : Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3),
Sodium hydrogencarbonate, Hydrochloric acid (dil.),
Limewater, Boiling tubes, Delivery tube.
 Procedure : Take about 0.5g of sodium carbonate
in a boiling tube, and 2-3 mL of freshly prepared
Reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium carbonate limewater in another test tube. Set a delivery tube
(washing soda) and testing the gas evolved as shown in fig. given alongside. Add about 2mL
of dilute hydrochloric acid into the boiling tube
Mg(s) + H2SO4 MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g) containing sodium carbonate. A brisk effervescence
dilute is seen in the reaction mixture. Pass the gas
evolved through limewater with the help of a
Fe(s) + H2SO4 FeSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
delivery tube. What do you observe? The limewater
dilute turns milky. When excess of carbon dioxide is
ACTIVITY : To study the reaction of acids, with passed, the milkyness disappears. Repeat similar
metals. experiment with sodium hydrogencarbonate
 Materials required : Granulated zinc, Dilute (NaHCO3), and if desired with other acids also.
sulphuric acid, Boiling tube, Matchbox.  Conclusion : All acids decompose carbonates and
 Procedure : Take about 5 ml of dilute sulphuric hydrogencarbonates with the liberation of carbon
acid in a boiling tube. Add a few piece of zinc metal dioxide gas.
into it and place an inverted boiling tube over its Illustration 4 :
mouth . Your can see the bubbles of hydrogen gas Metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric
coming out of the mixture in the lower tube. After acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved
a few minutes, remove the upper boiling tube extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced
(Keeping its mouth downwards) near to its mouth. chemical equation for the reaction if one of the
What do you see? The gas in the upper boiling tube compounds formed is calcium chloride.
burns with a blue flame producing popping sound.
Solution :
Repeat similar experiment with different acids and
a few other metals. Write down your observations. CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl 
 CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) 
Calcium Dilute Calcium
 Observation : Colourless, odourless gas is
carbonate chloride
evolved. It burns explosively with a 'pop' sound.
Zn(s) + H2SO4 (dil)   ZnSO4 (aq) + H2(g) Ca(HCO 3)2 (s) + 2HCl 
 CaCl2(aq)+2H 2O(l)+2CO2(g)
 Conclusion : Reactive Metals react with dilute acid Calcium Dilute
hydrogen Carbonate
to liberate hydrogen gas.
 Metals which can displace hydrogen from dilute acid K 2CO 3 (s) + 2HCl 
 2KCl(aq)+H 2O (l)+CO2(g)
are known as active metals. Potassium Dilute Potassium chloride
carbonate
e.g. : Na, K, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg etc.
(II) Reaction with Metal Carbonates and Metal KHCO 3 (s) + HCl 
 KCl(aq) + H 2O (l) + CO 2(g)
Hydrogen Carbonates : Potassium Dilute
Both metal carbonates and hydrogen carbonates hydrogen Carbonate

(bicarbonates) react with dilute acids to evolve CO2 Na2CO 3 (s) + 2HCl 
 2NaCl(aq) + H 2O (l) + CO 2(g)
gas and form salt. Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [9]

NaHCO 3 (s) + HCl 

 NaCl(aq)+H 2O (l) + CO2(g) Metallic sulphides and hydrogen sulphides react
Sodium hydrogen Sodium chloride with dilute acid to liberate hydrogen sulphide gas.
carbonate FeS + H 2 SO 4 FeSO 4 (aq)+H 2 S (g)

(III) Reaction with metallic oxides : Iron (II) Dilute Iron sulphate

Metal oxides react with dilute acids to form salt and sulphide
water. KHS + HCl  KCl (aq) + H 2 S (g)

Activity : To study the reaction of dilute acid with Potassium Dilute Potassium chloride
metal oxides (or basic oxides). Hydrogen
sulphide
 Materials required : Copper (II) oxide, Dilute
ZnS + H 2 SO 4  ZnSO 4 (aq) + H 2 S (g)
hydrochloric acid , Test tube
Zinc sulphide Dilute Zinc sulphate
 Procedure : Take about 0.5g of copper (II) oxide
(bl ack i n colour) in a test tube.Add dil ute (VI) Reaction with metal chlorides :
hydrochloric acid dropwise with occasional shaking Metal chlorides react with concentrated acids to
till copper (II) oxide dissolves.Note the colour of the produce hydrogen chloride gas. Which give white
solution.Is not it bluish-green ? It is the solution of dense fumes with ammonia.
copper (II) chloride.

 Conclusion : Acids react with metal oxides to 2NaCl (s) + conc. H 2 SO 4   Na2 SO4 (aq)+2HCl(g)
give the corresponding salt & water. Sodium Sodium
chloride sulphate
Na2O (s) + 2HNO 32NaNO 3(aq) + H2O (l) 
Sodium Dilute Sodium 2KCl (s) + conc. H 2 SO 4   K2 SO4 (aq) + 2HCl(g)
oxide Nitrate Potassium Potassium
chloride sulphate
CuO (s) + 2HCl  CuCl 2(aq) + H2O (l)
(VII) Reaction with metal nitrates :
Copper Dilute Copper
(II) oxide (II) chloride Metal nitrates react with concentrated acids to
produce more volatile nitric acid.
PbO (s) + 2HNO 3Pb(NO 3)2(aq) + H2O (l)
Lead Dilute Lead 
2NaNO 3(s)+ conc. H2SO 4 
 Na2SO4 (aq)+ 2HNO 3
(II) oxide (II) Nitrate
Sodium Sodium
FeO (s) + 2HCl  FeCl2(aq) + H2O (l) nitrate sulphate
Iron (II) oxide Dilute Iron (II) chloride (VIII) Reaction of Acid and Base with each other :
All metallic hydroxides (Bases) react with acids to
(IV) Reaction with metallic sulphites and hydrogen
sulphites : form their metallic salt and water. This reaction is
also known as acid-base neutralisation reaction.
Metallic sulphites and hydrogen sulphites react with
dilute acids to liberate sulphur dioxide. Activity : To study a reaction of an acid say,
hydrochloric acid with an alkali or base.
CaSO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 CaSO 4 (aq)+H 2 O()+SO 2 (g)
 Materials required : Hydrochloric acid solution,
Calcium Dilute
sulphite sodium hydroxide solution, phenolpht halein
indicator, Boiling tube, dropper, trough.
NaHSO 3 (s) + HCl  NaCl(aq)+H 2 O ()+SO 2 (g)
 Procedure : Take about 5 mL of dilute solution of
Sodium Dilute
hydrogen
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a test tube. Add 2
sulphite drops of phenolphthalein indicator in it. The solution
(V) Reaction with metallic sulphides and hydrogen in the test tube turns pink. Now,add dilute solution
sulphides : of hydrochloric acid (HCl) when the pink colour of
the solution just disappears.

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 [ 10 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

Now, add a drop of sodium hydroxide solution and Methyl orange Orange to yellow
shake the test tube to mix the solution. What do Phenolphthalein Colourless to pink
you see? The solution turns pink. Add a drop of HCl Turmeric paper Yellow to red brown
to the solution in the test tube. The pink colour
(4) Chemical Properties of Bases :
disappears. Keep repeating the addition of sodium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid solution one after (I) Reaction with Metals :
the other and wat ch t he appearance and Bases react with some metals to liberate hydrogen
disappearance of pink colour. gas.

 Conclusion : This experiment shows that the Zn (s) + 2NaOH Na2ZnO 2 (aq) + H2 (g) 
addition of HCl solution destroys the alkaline nature Zinc Dilute Sodium Hydrogen
of NaOH.On the other hand,the addition of NaOH zincate gas
solution destroys the acidic nature of HCl.That is,
both NaOH and HCl appear to cancel the effect of 2Al (s)+ 2NaOH+2H2O ()  2NaAlO 2+3H2 (g)
each other. Such a reaction between an acid and Dilute Dilute Sodium Hydrogen
alkali is called neutralisation. aluminate gas
(II) Reaction of Bases with Non-metallic oxide :
Illustration 5 :
Base react with non-metallic oxide to form their
W hat is a neutralisation reaction ? Give two
respective carbonates and water.
examples.
2NaOH (aq) + CO 2 (g)  Na2 CO 3 (aq)+ H 2 O ()
Solution :
Sodium Carbon Sodium water
KOH (aq) + HCl  KCl (aq) + H 2 O ()
hydroxide dioxide carbonate
Potassium Dilute Potassium
hydroxide chloride 2KOH (aq) + CO 2 (g)  K 2 CO 3 (aq)+ H 2 O ()
Potassium Carbon Potassium water
NaOH (aq) + HCl  NaCl (aq) + H 2 O ()
hydroxide dioxide carbonate
Sodium Dilute Sodium
hydroxide chloride  Some of the alkalis like sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
are called deliquescence because they absorb
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2HNO 3 Ca(NO 3 )2 (aq)+2H 2 O ()
carbon dioxide from the air and its strength
Calcium Dilute Calcium
hydroxide nitrate decreases with time.

Mg(OH)2 (s) + H 2 SO 4 MgSO 4 (aq) + 2H2O () (III) Reaction of Bases with Acids :
Magnesium Dilute Magnesium
They neutralise the acids to form salt and water.
hydroxide sulphate

Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2HNO 3  Cu(NO 3 )2 (aq) +2H 2 O ()

Acid + Base  Salt + Water
Copper(II) Dilute Copper(II) (IV) Reaction of Bases with ammonium salt :
hydroxide nitrate
Bases react with ammonium salt to evolve ammonia
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BASES gas.

(I) Taste : They are sharp bitter in taste. NaOH (aq) + NH 4 Cl(g)  NaCl (aq)+H 2 O ()+NH 3 (g) 

(II) Effect on skin : They give a feeling of soapy touch Sodium Sodium
and all alkali have a mild corrosive action on skin. hydroxide chloride

(III) Effect on Indicator : They effect the indicators as Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2NH4Cl(g)  CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O () +NH3 (g) 
given below : Calcium Calcium
Indicator Change in acidic medium hydroxide chloride

Red Litmus Red to Blue

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 11 ]

(V) Reaction of Bases with Salt : 3. Iron filings were added to solution of copper
Bases react with salt solution to form another base sulphate. After 10 minutes, it was observed that the
and another salt. blue colour of the solution changed and layer got
deposited on iron filings. The colour of the solution
3NaOH (aq) + FeCl3 (aq)  Fe(OH)3 (aq) +3NaCl(aq)
and that of the layer would respectively be
Sodium Iron (III) Iron (III)
(A) yellow and green
hydroxide chloride hydroxide
(B) brown and blue
Base–1 Salt–1 Base–2(Brown ppt.) Salt–2
(C) red and greenish blue
2NaOH (aq) + ZnSO 4 (aq)  Zn(OH)2 (s) +Na2 SO 4 (aq)
(D) green and reddish brown
Sodium Zinc sulphate Zinc Sodium
4. Which of the following compounds is neutral to
hydroxide hydroxide sulphate
litmus?
(W hite ppt.)
(A) NaNO3 (B) CuSO4.5H2O
Comparison Between Properties of ACIDS & BASES
Acids Bases (C) NaHCO3 (D) Ca(OH)2
(i) Sour in taste. (i) Bitter in taste.
5. W hen dil ute hydrochlori c aci d is added to
(ii) The properties are due to (ii) The properties are due to
the presence of the presence of granulated zinc placed in a test tube, the
hydrogen ion (H+ ) in hydroxide ion (OH– ) in observation made is that
water solution of an water solution of a base.
(A) the surface of the metal turns shining
acid.
(iii) Turns blue litmus to red. (iii) Turns red litmus to blue. (B) the reaction mixture turns milky
(iv) Aqueous solution (iv) Aqueous solution
conducts electricity. conducts electricity.
(C) odour of chlorine is observed
(v) Reacts with active metals (v) Does not react with (D) a colourless and odourless gas is evolved with
like Na, K, Ca and Zn to metals except with Zn, Al bubbles.
give hy drogen gas. and Sn.
(vi) Acidic properties (vi) Basic properties 6. Acetic acid was added to a solid X kept in a test
disappear when react disappears when react tube. A colourless and odourless gas was evolved.
with bases with acids The gas was passed through lime water which
(Neutralization). (Neutralization).
turned milky. It was concluded that
(vii) Reacts with carbonates (vii) Absorbs carbon dioxide to
to give carbon dioxide. f orm carbonate. (A) solid X is sodium hydroxide and the gas
(viii) Frequently corrosive to (viii) Frequently corrosive to evolved is CO2
skin skin and slippery in
(B) solid X is sodium bicarbonate and the gas
nature.
evolved is CO2
(ix) The pH value is less than (ix) The pH value is greater
7 at 25°C. than 7 at 25°C. (C) solid X is sodium acetate and the gas evolved
is CO2
Daily Practice Problem-2 (D) solid X is sodium chloride and the gas evolved
1. Phenolphthalein is is CO2.
(A) yellow in acidic medium, pink in basic medium 7. A blues litmus paper was first dipped in dil. HCl and
(B) pink in acidic medium, colourless in basic then in dil. NaOH solution. It was observed that the
medium colour of the litmus paper
(C) colourless in acidic medium, pink in basic
(A) changed to red
medium
(D) pink in acidic medium, yellow in basic medium (B) changed first to red and then to blue
2. Moist sodium bicarbonate was placed on a strip of (C) changed blue to colourless
pH paper. The colour of the strip
(A) turned blue (B) did not change (D) remained blue in both the solutions.
(C) turned green (D) turned light pink

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 [ 12 ]
8. W hich of the following metals can displace
hydrogen from the aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide?
(A) Mg (B) Cu (C) Al (D)
9. When two molecules of NaOH react with one
molecule of sulphuric acid, one molecule of
.....................and .....................molecules of water
are formed.
(A) sodium sulphate, 2 (B) sodium sulphite, 2
(C) sodium sulphate, 1 (D) sodium sulphate, 1
10. Mark the correct statement.
(A) Both bases and alkalies are soluble in water.
(B) Alkalies are soluble in water but all bases are
not.
(C) C2H5OH is a base because it has OH group.
(D) Bases are soluble in water but alkalies are not.
What do All Acids and Bases have in Common ?
A common thing for all the acids is that they
produce hydrogen ions [H+ (aq.)] when dissolved in
water.
For Example : Acids like HCl, H 2SO 4 , HNO 3 ,
CH3COOH etc. show acidic character because they
dissociate in aqueous solution to produce hydrogen
ions.
But all the compounds containing hydrogen are not
acids such as glucose (C 6H 12O 6) and alcohol
(C2H5OH) also contain hydrogen but they do not
show acidic character.
Activity : To find the characteristics common
between acids and bases.
 Materials required : Dilute hydrochloric acid,
Dilute sulphuric acid, Dilute solution of sodium
hydroxide, Ethanol, Glucose solution & Beaker,
Carbon electrodes , Dry cells, bulb 1.5 V, Key.
 Procedure : Take a beaker and place two carbon
electrodes into it.
Acid solution in water
conducts electricity
C H E M I S T RY | STD. X
Connect the electrodes to a battery bulb through a
key and a dry cell. Pour dilute hydrochloric acid into
the beaker and press the key. Did the bulb glow?
Perform similar experiment with all the given
Ag
solutions, and record your observation.
 Observation :
Solution Bulb Bulb does Nature of
glows not glow solution
Dil. Hydrochlori c  × Conducting
acid
Dil.Sulphuric acid × Conducting

Dil.Sodium  × Conducting
hydroxide
Ethanol ×  Non-Conducting
Glucose soluti on ×  Non-Conducting
 Conclusion : The solutions of acids and bases are
good conductors of electricity. The solution of
glucose and ethanol are nonconductor of electricity.
A common thing for all the bases (or ) is that they
all produce hydroxide ions (OH–) when dissolved in
water.
For Example : NaOH, Mg(OH) 2, Ca(OH) 2 and
NH4OH are all bases because they dissolve in
water to produce hydroxide ion (OH–)
ACIDS OR BASES (ALKALI) IN WATER
SOLUTION
The acidic behaviour of acids is due to the
presence of hydrogen ions,H+(aq) ions,in them.The
acids produce hydrogen ions only in the presence
of water. So, in the absence of water, a substance
will not form hydrogen ions and hence will not show
its acidic behaviour.
Activity : To show that acids furnish H+ (aq) ions
only in the presence of water.
 Materials required : Common salt, Conc.
sulphuric acid, anhydrous calcium chloride, blue
litmus paper, boiling tube, delivery tube packed with
anhydrous calcium chloride.
 Procedure : Take 0.5g of dry common salt in a
dry boiling tube. Add a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid over common salt in the boiling tube.
What do you see ? A colourless, irritating gas is
evolved. Fit a cork carrying a calcium chloride
packed delivery tube into the mouth of the boiling
tube.
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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
Bring a dry blue litmus paper near the opening of
the calcium chloride tube. Observe, if there is any
change in colour. Colour of the litmus paper
remains unchanged. Now, bring a moistened blue
litmus paper near the mouth of the calcium chloride
tube. Do you observe any change in the colour of
litmus paper ? Yes, blue litmus has changed to red.
Preparation of HCl gas
From the above activity, following conclusion can be
drawn –-
 Conclusion : Dry HCl gas on coming in contact
with dry blue litmus
paper does not produce H+ ions, and hence the
colour of litmus paper does not change. So,we can
say that separation of H+ ions from acid takes place
only in the presence of water.
Important Point : Why should water be never
added to dilution of an Acid ?
Ans. Mixing of water in acid is an exothermic
process and more heat is produced with splashing
of water. In order to avoid this, we must add acid
into water and not water into acid.
Warning Sign displayed
on containers containing
concentrated acids and bases
Moreover, acid must also be added to water in
small lots and not in one instalment.
HOW STRONG ARE ACID OR BASE
SOLUTION
Acids and bases on dilution with water, decreases
the concentration of H+(aq) or OH–(aq) ions in the
acidic and basic solutions respectively.
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[ 13 ]
If we find quantitatively, the amount of H+(aq) / OH–
(aq) ions present in a solution, we can judge how
strong an acid or a base is ?
We can do this by the help of a universal indicator,
which is a mixture of several indicators. The
universal indicator shows different colours at
different concentration of hydrogen ions or pH
values in solution.
pH SCALE :
S.P.L. sorenson, a Danish Chemist in 1909
int roduced t he concept of m easuring the
concentration of hydrogen ions [H + (aq)] in a
particular solution., The p in pH stands for 'potenz'
in German, meaning power. On the pH scale we
can measure pH from "0" (very acidic) to 14 (very
alkaline).
Variation of pH with the change in concentration of
H+(aq) and OH (aq) ions
The concentration of H+ (aq) and OH– (aq) ions in
pure water is 1 × 10–7 mol litre–1. This means that
all aqueous solutions contain both H+(aq) and OH–
(aq) ions. The product of concentration of H+(aq)
and OH–(aq) in water is constant (equal to 1 × 10–
14 mol 2 litre–2 at 25°C) and is known as ionic
product of water (KW ).
KW = [H+(aq)] [OH– (aq)]
= (1 × 10–7) (1 × 10–7) = 1 × 10–14 mol2 litre–2 at 25°C
 If [H+(aq)] = [OH–(aq)] = 1 × 10–7 mol litre–1, then
the solution is neutral.
 if H+(aq) > OH– (aq)
(H+ (aq) > 1 × 10–7 mol litre–1), then the solution
should be acidic
 and if H+(aq) < OH–(aq) or
H+(aq) < 1 × 10–7 mol litre–1, then the solution
should be basic or alkaline.
 [ 14 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

Illustration 6 : Importance of pH in everyday life :

Calculate pH of following solution.
(1) Plants and Animals are pH Sensitive : The pH
(i) 10–5 M HCl (ii) 5 × 10–4 M H2SO4 plays an important role in the survival of animals,
including human being. Our body works well within
Solution : a narrow pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. The aquatic
animals (Fish) can survive in river water within a
(i) pH   log[H ]   log 105   5 narrow range of pH change.
Example : When the pH of rain water is about 5.6,
(ii) Concentration of H2SO 4 = 5 × 10–4, it is called acid rain. Too much acid rain can lower
the pH of river water to such an extent and make
H2SO4  2H  SO24 , so [H ]  2  5  104
it so acidic that the survival of aquatic animals
becomes difficult or kill the aquatic animals.
pH = – log [2 × 5 × 10–4 ] = 3
Soil pH and Plants : Most of the plants grow best
Illustration 7 : when the pH of soil is close to 7. If the soil is too
acidic or too basic (too alkaline), the plants grow
Calculate H+ concentration in the HCl solution
badly or do not grow at all.
having pH = 2 ?
Treatment of Acidic or Basic Soil : The pH of
Solution : acidic soil can reach as low as 4 and that of the
basic soil can go up to 8.3. Chemicals can be
pH = – log [H+] added to soil to adjust its pH and make it suitable
for growing plants. If the soil is too acidic, then it
2 = – log [H+] is treated with materials like quicklime (calcium
oxide) or slaked lime (Calcium hydroxide) or chalk
[H+] = antilog (–2) = 10–2 M (Calcium carbonate). All these materials are bases
and hence react with the excess acid present in soil
Table : pH Value of Some Common Substances and reduce its acidity. If the soil is too basic (or too
alkaline) then its alkalinity can be reduced by adding
Solution pH Solution pH Value
decaying organic matter (manure or compost).
Value
Which contains acidic materials.
Conc. 0 Dil. 1.0
Hydrochloric Hydrochloric (2) Importance of pH in our digestive system : As
acid acid we know our stomach produces gastric juice which
Conc. Sodium 14.0 Dil. Sodium 13.0 contains large amount of hydrochloric acid (pH
hydroxide hydroxide about 1.4). The acid so produced does not harm
Gastric Juice 1.4 Lemon juice 2.5 the stomach walls, but kills germs and bacteria
Vinegar 4.0 Tomato 4.1 which enter in our digestive system along with food,
juice thus in a way it protects us from diseases and helps
Saliva (before 7.4 Saliva (after 5.8 in digestion. Sometimes excess of acid is produced
meals) meals) in the stomach due to overeating or eating spicy
Coffee 5.0 Soft drinks 6.0 foods. This stage is called acidity. To get relief from
Blood 7.4 Eggs 7.8 this pain, we take tablets known as antacids. These
Toothpaste 8.0 Baking Soda 8.5 contain bases to neutralise the excess acids.
Solution Example : Magnesi um hydrox ide (milk of
Washing Soda 9.0 Pure Water 7.0 magnesia).Mg(OH)2, NaHCO3 (Baking soda)
Solution
(3) pH change as the cause of tooth decay :
Generally, the pH in the mouth is more than 7, as
the saliva produced in the mouth is basic in nature.

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 15 ]

However, when we take food, some food particles Example :

remain in the mouth after eating and bacteria
present in the mouth produce acids by degradation
of food particles. This acid lowers the pH in the
mouth, tooth decay starts when the pH of acid
formed in the mouth falls below 5.5. Therefore to
prevent tooth decay, it is advised to clean the mouth
and use toothpastes which are generally basic, for
cleaning the teeth. It neutralises the excess acid
and prevents tooth decay.
(4) Self defence by animals and plants through
chemical Warfare : The sting of the honey bee
contains formic acid, this acid causes a lot of
irritation and pain. The pain can be reduced by
applying baking soda paste on the affected region
as the acid gets neutralised.
In plant ki ngdom nettle (Bichu Boot i) i s a
herbaceous plant which grows in wild. The nettle
leaves have stinging hair. When a person happens
to touch the leaves of a nettle plant accidently, the
stinging hair of nettle leaves inject methanoic acid
(HCOOH) into the skin of the person causing
burning pain. The nettle sting, being acidic can be
neutralised by rubbing baking soda on the skin.
Nature provides remedy for the nettle sting in the
form of a 'dock' plant, which often grows besides
the nettle plants. The leaves of dock plant contain
some basic chemicals which neutralises methanoic acid.
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O
Acid Base Salt Water
 A salt is an ionic compound which dissolved in
water dissociate to positive ions other than
hydrogen ions (H+) and negative ions other than
hydroxyl ions (OH–) are called salts.
Example :
NaCl + Water  Na+(aq) + Cl –(aq)
CuSO 4 + Water  Ca2+(aq)+ SO4 2– (aq)
Naming of Salts
(A) Salts obtained from "Sulphuric acid" are called
"Sulphates". e.g. Na2SO4, CuSO4.
(B) Salts obtained from "nitric acid" are called "Nitrates"
e.g. KNO3, NaNO3.
(C) Salts obtained from "hydrochloric acid" are called
"Chlorides" e.g. NaCl, CaCl2, KCl.
(D) Salts obtained from "phosphoric acid" are called
"Phosphates" e.g. Ca3(PO4)2, Na3PO4, Mg3(PO4)2.
(E) Salts obtained from "carbonic acid" are called
"Carbonates" e.g. Na2CO3, K2CO3, CaCO3.
(F) Salts obtained from acetic acid are called "Acetates"
e.g. CH3COONa, (CH3COO)2Ca, CH3(COO)2Pb.
Classification of Salts
The salts may be classified in the following ways –
(1) Normal Salts :

SALTS The salts whi ch are obtained by compl ete

replacement of the ionisable hydrogen atoms or
 A substance formed by the partial or complete hydroxyl ion by a metallic or an ammonium ion are
replacement of H+(aq) ions of an acid by a metal called normal salts.
or electropositive ion, is called a salt.
"OR" A salt that does not contain any replaceable
For Example : hydrogen atoms or hydroxyl groups is called a
H2SO 4 + NaOH  NaHSO 4 + H2O normal salt.
Sodium
hydrogen Examples :
sulphate HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
(Partial replacement – only one hydrogen atom is (Normal salt)
replaced)
Sodium chloride
H2SO 4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO 4 + 2H2O
Sodium sulphate
H2SO 4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO 4 + 2H2O
(Complete replacement – Both the hydrogen atom
(Normal salt)
are replaced)
Sodium sulphate
 A substance formed by neutralization of an acid with
a base is called a salt. Pb(OH)Cl + HCl  PbCl 2 + H2O

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 [ 16 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

Some normal salts with their parent acids

S.No. Parent Acid Normal Salts
1 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) NaCl, KCl, MgCl 2, AlCl3, ZnCl2, CaCl2 and NH4Cl

2 Nitric acid (HNO3) NaNO3, KNO3, Mg(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3, Zn(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2

3 Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Na2SO4, K 2SO4, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, ZnSO4, CaSO4

4 Acetic acid (CH3COOH) CH3COONa, CH3COOK, (CH3COO)2Ca, (CH3COO)2Pb,

5 Carbonic acid (H2CO3) Na2CO3, K 2CO3, MgCO3, ZnCO3, CaCO3, (NH4)2CO3
6 Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) Na3PO4, K 3PO4, Mg3(PO4)2, Zn3(PO4)2, Ca3(PO4)2

(2) Acidic Salts :

The salts which are obtained by the partial replacement of ionisable hydrogen atoms of a polybasic acid by a metal
or an ammonium ion are called Acidic Salts.
H2SO4 + NaOH  NaHSO4 + H2O
hydrogen
sulphate
(acid salt)
NaHSO4Na+ + H+ + SO42–

Some acid salts with their parent acids

S.No. Parent Acid Acid salts
1 Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) NaHSO4, KHSO4, Ca(HSO4)2

2 Carbonic acid (H2CO3) NaHCO3, KHCO3, Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2

3 Sulphurous acid (H2SO3) NaHSO3, KHSO3, Ca(HSO3)2, Mg(HSO3)2

4 Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) NaH2PO4, Na2HPO4, KH2PO4, K2HPO4, Ca(H2PO4)2, CaHPO4

(3) Basic Salt : (A) Potash alum :

The salt which are formed by partial replacement K SO
2 4  Al2  SO 4 3 .24H2O  K 2SO4 .Al2  SO4 3 .24H2O
Potassium sulphate Potash alum Double salt 
of hydroxyl (–OH) groups of a polyacidic base by Aluminium sulphate

an acid radical are called basic salts.

(B) Mohr's Salt – FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
Pb(OH)2 + HCl  Pb(OH)Cl + H2O
(C) Dolomite – CaCO3.MgCO3
Lead hydroxide Lead oxychloride
(Basic salt) (D) Carnallite – KCl.MgCl2.6H2O
(4) Double salt :
(E) Ferric alum – Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O
The salt which are obtained by the crystallisation of
two simple salts, from a mixture of their saturated (5) Mixed Salt :
salt solutions are known as double salts. The salts containing more than one cations or
anions other than H+ or OH– ions are called mixed
For Example :
salts.

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 17 ]

For Example : General methods of preparation of insoluble salts :

So di u m Po tassi u m Carb o n ate – NaKCO 3
(contains two cations) (VI) By direct combination of elements :
Bleaching powder – CaOCl 2 (contains two anions
When metal powder is heated with sulphur, we get
Cl – and OCl –) or
corresponding metal sulphides which are insoluble
Disodium potassium phosphate – (Na2KPO 4)
salts.
Microcosmic salt – NaNH4HPO 4
General methods of preparation of soluble salts Pb + S  PbS

(I) By direct combination of elements : By heating Lead Sulphur Lead sulphide

two elements together
(2) By double decomposition of two soluble salts :

2Na + Cl 2   2NaCl
Soluble + Soluble  Insoluble + Soluble
Molten Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride
(metal) (non-metal) salt salt salt salt
Zn + Cl 2  ZnCl 2 (I) (II) (Precipitate)
(metal) (non-metal) Zinc chloride
NaCl + AgNO 3  AgCl () + NaNO 3
(II) By the action of dilute mineral acids on active
metals : (Sodium (Silver (Silver (Sodium
Zn + dil. H2SO 4  ZnSO 4 + H2(g)
chloride) nitrate) chloride) nitrate)
2Al + dil 6HCl  2AlCl 3 +3H2 (g)
2Na + dil. 2HCl  2NaCl + H2 (g) BaCl2 + Na2SO 4  BaSO 4 () + 2NaCl
(III) By Decomposition – (Barium (Sodium (Barium (Sodium
(a) By Decomposition of metal hydrogen
chloride) sulphate) sulphate) chloride)
carbonates :
NaHCO 3(s) + HCl (dil)  NaCl + H2O + CO 2(g) Pb(NO 3 )2 + Na2SO 4  PbSO 4 () + 2NaNO 3
(b) By Decomposition of metal carbonates :
(Lead (Sodium (Lead (Sodium
CuCO 3(s) + 2HCl (dil)  CuCl 2 + H2O + CO 2(g)
nitrate) sulphate) sulphate) nitrate)
Copper
carbonate FAMILY OF SALT
(c) By decomposition of metal chloride :
The salts having the same positive radical (or

2NaCl + H2SO4 (conc.) 
200 C
 Na2SO4 + 2HCl (g)
 cation) or negative radical (or anion) are said to
Sodium sulphate belong to the same family. For example,
(IV) By the process of neutralization :  NaCl (sodium chloride) and Na 2SO 4 (sodium
Acid + Base (alkali) Salt + water sulphate) belong to the family of sodium salts
HNO 3+ NaOH  NaNO 3 + H2O because both contain the same radical (or cation),
Nitric Sodium Sodium that is Na+. These may be called sodium salts.
acid hydroxide nitrate
 Copper sulphate (CuSO 4) and sodium sulphate
(V) By the action of alkalis on metals :
(Na2SO4) belong to the family of sulphates because
Zn + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO 2 + H2(g) 
both contain the same acid radical (or anion), that
Sodium
is sulphate (SO42–).
zincate

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 [ 18 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

The salts belong to certain families are listed belong

Sulphate family Sodium family Chloride family

Potassium sulphate (K 2SO 4) Sodium sulphate (Na2SO 4) Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Sodium sulphate (Na2SO 4) Sodium bromide (NaBr) Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)

Magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4) Sodium nitrate (NaNO 3) Calcium chloride (CaCl 2)

Calcium sulphate (CaSO 4) Sodium carbonate (Na2CO 3) Potassium chloride (KCl)

Copper sulphate (CuSO 4)

pH OF SALT : Activity
 Collect the following salt samples - sodium chloride, potassium nitrate , aluminium chloride, zinc sulphate,
copper sulphate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate.
 Check their solubility in water.
 Check the action of these solutions on litmus and find the pH using a pH paper.
 Which of the salts are acidic, basic or neutral ?
 Identify the acid or base used to form the salt.

S.No. Salt Solubility Action on litmus pH Nature Acid Base

1. Sodium Chloride soluble No action 7 Neutral HCl NaOH

2. Potassium Nitrate soluble No action 7 Acidic HNO 3 KOH
3. Aluminium Chloride soluble Turns red Less than 7 Acidic HCl Al(OH)3
4. Zinc Sulphate soluble Turns red Less than 7 Acidic H2SO 4 Zn(OH)4
5. Copper sulphate soluble Turns red Less than 7 Acidic H2SO 4 Cu(OH)2
6. Sodium acetate soluble Turns red More than 7 Basic CH3COOH NaOH
7. Sodium Carbonate soluble Turns red More than 7 Basic H2CO 3 NaOH
8. Sodium soluble Turns red More than 7 Basic H2CO 3 NaOH
Hydrogencarbonate

inland lakes, such as Sambhar lake in Rajasthan

SODIUM CHLORIDE (COMMON SALT/
TABLE SALT)
We know that hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide combine with each other to form sodium
chloride (NaCl) which in common language is also
known as common salt. This is the salt which you
sprinkle on your salads and use in your kitchens.
Common salt is an ionic compound of sodium and
chlorine (Na+Cl–)n.
The main source of common salt (sodium chloride)
is the sea water. Sea water contains about 3.5%
of soluble salts, the most common of which is
sodium chloride (2.7 to 2.9%). Saline water of
is also a good source of common salt.Sodium
chloride is also found as rock salt. Beds of rock salt
were formed when lakes/Seas dried up in past.
CHEMICALS FROM COMMON SALT
Common salt is a raw material for chemicals and
plays an important role for making various materials
of daily use. Such as sodium hydroxide. baking
soda, washing soda, bleaching powder and many
more.
(i) Sodium hydroxide : Commercially , sodium
hydroxide is also called caustic soda because of
its corrosive action on animal and vegetable tissues.

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 19 ]

Chlor-alkali process for obtaining sodium 4. Mixed salts contains two distinct cations or anion.
hydroxide – When we pass electricity through a Example - CaOCl2.
solution of sodium chloride, commonly called brine.
5. Double salts are stoichiometric combination of two
It decomposes to form sodium hydroxide according
simple salts Example K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O.
to the following equation–
Illustration 9 :
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
What is the neutralisation reaction ? Give two
On electrolysis, chlorine gas is formed at anode and
examples.
hydrogen at cathode.Sodium hydroxide solution is
formed near the cathode. All these products are Solution :
commercially important. The process of production When an acid reacts with a base to form salt and
of sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride is known water, it is called neutralisation reaction. Two
as chlor-alkali process because of products formed examples are
– chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.
(i) The reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium
Pure salt hydroxide and (ii) the reaction between sodium
carbonate and sulphuric acid.
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Na2CO3+ H2SO4  Na2SO4+ H2O+ CO2

(ii) Bleaching powder : We know that chlorine is

HYDROGEN

CHLORINE

Produced
Produced produced during the electrolysis of aqueous sodium
NaOH

at at
cathode anode chloride (brine). This chlorine gas is used for the
manufacture of bleaching powder. Bleaching powder
is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked
Uses
Uses Uses
(As fuels, for
(In water treatment,
(in decreasing metals, in lime [Ca(OH)2]. Bleaching powder is represented as
swimming pools,
manufacturing the manufacture of soap
ammonia
and manufacturing
and detergents, paper making CaOCl 2, though the actual composition is quite
PVC, disinfectants,
for fertilisers) and artificial fibres)
CFCs, pesticides) complex.
Ca(OH)2 + Cl 2 CaOCl 2 + H2O
Hydrogen and Chlorine Chlorine and Sodium
Combine to give
Hydrochloric acid
hydroxide combine
to give Bleach
Slaked lime Bleaching powder
Uses of bleaching powder
Uses Uses
(In cleaning steel, in (In household bleaches,
the preparation and bleaching fabric) (a) For bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry,
of ammonium chloride,
medicines) for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories and for
Illustration 8 : bleaching washed clothes in laundry.
What are the types of salts on the basis of nature (b) As an oxidising agent in many chemical industries,
of acid and base combined. and
Solution : (c) For disinfecting drinking water to make it free of
Salts may be of following types on the basis of germs.
nature of acid base combined. (iii) Baking soda : (NaHCO 3)
1. Acid Salts contains replaceable hydrogen, Example- The chemical name of baking soda is sodium
NaHSO4 . hydrogencarbonate or sodium bicarbonate. Baking
soda (or sodium bicarbonate) is represented by the
2. Basic salts contains replaceable hydroxyl group, formula NaHCO 3. The soda commonly used in the
Example = Pb(OH)NO3. kitchen for making tasty crispy pakoras is baking
3. Normal salts does not contain replaceable hydrogen soda. Sometime it is added for faster cooking. It is
or hydroxyl ion, Example NaCl. produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw
materials.

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 [ 20 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X
NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) + NH3(g)NH4Cl(aq) + NaHCO3(s) Step-II Dry sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated strongly
common Ammonium Sodium to produce sodium carbonate.
salt chloride hydrogen
carbonate Heat
NaHCO 3(s)   Na2CO 3 (s) + H2O(l) + CO 2(g)
It can be used to neutralise an acid because it is sodium carbonate
mild non-corrosive base due to the hydrolysis of soda ash
HCO3– ion. Step-III Washing soda (Na2CO3·10H2O) is obtained by
The following reaction takes place when it is heated crystallisation from a saturated solution of soda ash
(Na2CO3)
during cooking.
crystallisation
Na2 CO3 (s) + H2 O(l)Na2 CO3 (aq)   Na2 CO3 ·10H2 O
Heat
2NaHCO 3(s)  Na2CO 3(s)+ H2O(g) + CO2(g) sodium water washing soda
carbonate
Uses of sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO 3)
Uses of washing soda :
(a) For making baking powder which is a mixture of
(a) Washing soda (or sodium carbonate) is used for
baking soda (sodium hydrogencarbonate) and a
washing clothes (laundry purposes).
mild edible acid like tartaric acid. When baking
powder is mixed with water, the following reaction (b) Washing soda is used for softening hard water.
takes place (c) Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is used for the
manufacture of detergents.
NaHCO3  H 
 CO2  H2O  Sodium salt of the acid
From acid (d) Sodium carbonate is used for the manufacture of
Carbon dioxide so produced during the reaction is many important compounds, such as borax
responsible for making the bread and cake to rise (Na2B4O7), Hypo (Na2S2O3·5H2O), etc.
making them soft and spongy. (e) Sodium carbonate is also used in paper and paint
(b) As an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it industries.
neutralises excess acid in the stomach and Are the crystals of salts really dry ?
provides relief.
Crystals of some salts contain certain amount of
(c) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguisher. associated water. The water associated the crystal
(iv) Washing soda (Sodium carbonate): (or molecule) of any salt is called water of
(Na2CO3. 10H2O) crystallisation.

The chem ical f orm ula of washing soda is The salt containing water of crystallisation are called
Na2CO3·10H2O, (sodium carbonate decahydrate). hydrated salts.
Anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is generally Activity : To show that water of crystallisation can
called soda ash. Washing soda is manufactured by be removed by heating.
Solvay process. This process is also known as
Ammonia soda process. The raw material needed
for the process are sodium chloride, lime stone
(CaCO 3 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ). The reactions
involved are.

Step-I

NaCl aq   H2 O  l  CO2  g   NH3  g   NH4Cl aq  NaHCO3  s 

ammonium Sodium
common salt chloride hydrogencarbonate
Removing water of
The CO2 required in this reaction is obtained by crystallisation
heating limestone.  Materials required : CuSO4·5H2O (Blue vitriol),
Heat
boiling tube, burner,
CaCO 3   CaO + CO 2(g)
cork, delivery tube, test tube, clamp stand.
limestone quicklime

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
 Procedure : Take 2 g of CuSO4·5H2O in a boiling
tube fitted in a clamp stand.
Observe its colour. Fit it with cork and delivery tube
bent at two right angles which dips into a test tube.
 Heat crystals in boiling tube.
 Observe vapours being condensed in test tube.
 Cool the crystals and add few drops of water into it.
 Observation : Water vapours get condensed in a
test tube and colour of blue crystals changes into
white. On adding water to anhydrous copper
sulphate it changes into blue again.
Heat
CuSO 4·5H2O  CuSO 4+ 5H2O
Blue vitriol W hite
 Conclusion : Crystalline substances have water of
crystallization which is lost on heating.
 Water of crystallization – It is fixed number of
water molecules present in crystalline salt, eg.,
Blue vitriol CuSO 4 + 5H 2 O Green vitriol FeSO 4 +7H 2 O
Glauber's salt Na2 SO 4 +10H 2 OW hite vitriol ZnSO 4 + 7H 2 O
Gypsum CaSO 4 + 2H 2 O Epsom salt MgSO 4 +7H 2 O
Plaster of Paris : (CaSO4 1/2 H2O)
 Plaster of paris is hemihydrate (hemi means half
and hydrate means water) of calcium sulphate. Its
molecular formula is CaSO4.1/2H2O or(CaSO4)2 .H2O
 In plaster of paris one molecule of water is shared
by two CaSO4
Preparation of Plaster of Paris :
Plaster of paris is obtained by heating gypsum
(CaSO4.2H2O) at 373K (or 100°C).
373K ,(100 ºC)
2[CaSO 4 .2H 2O](s)   (CaSO4 )2 .H2O(s)+3H 2 O(g)
heat
gypsum Plaster of paris
or
373K ,(100 º C) 1 3
CaSO 4.2H2O(s)     CaSO4. H 2 O(s)  H 2 O(g)
heat 2 2
gypsum Plaster of paris
During t he preparation of plast er of paris,
temperature should be controll ed caref ully.
Otherwise, anhydrous calcium sulphate (CaSO4) will
be formed. Anhydrous calcium sulphate does not
set into hard mass when mixed with water. So, if
temperature is not controlled carefully, the plaster
of paris obtained will have poor setting property.
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[ 21 ]
Properties of Plaster of Paris :
 Plaster of paris is a white, odourless powder.
 At ordinary room temperature, plaster of paris
absorbs water and a large amount of heat is
liberated.
 When mixed with a limited amount of water (50%
by mass), if forms a plastic mass, evolves heat and
quickly sets to a hard porous mass with in minutes.
This is called the setting process.
During setting, a slight expansion in volume occurs.
It is due to this that it fills the mould completely
and gives sharp impression. The reaction during
process is
CaSO 4 .0.5H2O(s) + 1.5 H2O() CaSO4 . 2H2O(s)
Plaster of paris Water Gypsum (Hard mass)
Uses of Plaster of Paris :
 Plaster of paris is used in making casts and
patterns for moulds and statue.
 Plaster of paris is used as cement in ornamental
casting and for making decorative materials.
 Plaster of paris is used as a fire proofing material
and for making chalks.
 Plaster of pairs is used in hospitals for immobilising
the affected part in case of bone fracture or strain.
 Plaster of paris (POP) is used to fill small gaps on
walls & roofs.
Illustration 10 :
What is dead plaster ?
Solution :
At 200°C Plaster of Paris looses all water molecules
and this anhydrous form is called as dead plaster.
Illustration 11 :
How is Plaster of Paris chemically different from
gypsum ? How may they be interconverted ? Write
one use of Plaster or Paris.
Or
How is Plaster of Paris obtained ? What reaction
is involved in the setting of a paste of Plaster of
Paris?
Or
State the chemical difference between Plaster of
Paris and gypsum. Describe their either way inter
conversions.
 [ 22 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

Solution : Anhydrous sodium carbonate, anhydrous copper

Plaster of Paris is chemically different from gypsum sulphate, concentrated sulphuric acid are examples of
in terms of water of crystallisation. Gypsum has 2 hygroscopic substances.
mol es of water per mole of CaSO 4 ,
 CaSO4.2H2O  . But plaster of paris has the Daily Practice Problem-3
1 1. pH is a measure of .........ions in a solution.
formula (CaSO4 . H O). It can also be written as
2 2 (A) hydrogen (B) hydroxide
if one mole of water of crystallisation is present for
(C) ammonium (D) carbonium
two moles of CaSO4, (2CaSO4 . H2O). Gypsum on
2. On diluting solution of pH of 4, its pH will
heating at 373 K gets converted into Plaster of
Paris. (A) remain same
(B) increase
Heat 1 1 (C) decrease
CaSO 4 . 2H 2 O   CaSO 4 . H O + 1 H 2 O.
373 K 2 2 2 (D) undergo a chemical change.
Gypsum Plaster or Paris 3. Why should Plaster of Paris be stored in a moisture
When Plaster of Paris is mixed with water, it gets proof container?
converted into gypsum. (A) On mixing with water it changes into a hard
solid
1 H O + 11 H O Heat (B) On mixing with water it becomes diluted
CaSO 4 . 2   CaSO 4 . 2H 2 O
2 2 2 373 K
(C) It evaporates in moisture
Plaster of Paris Gypsum
(D) It breaks into its component in water.
Plaster of Paris is used for making statues and for 4. When ferrous hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric
setting of fractured bones. acid, which salt is produced?
EFFLORESCENCE (A) FeCl3 (B) FeCl2 (C) FeCl4 (D) FeCl
5. Which salt can be classified as an acid salt
Certain hydrated crystalline salts when exposed to
(A) Na2SO4 (B) BiOCl
atmosphere lose their water of crystallisation
(C) Pb(OH)Cl (D) Na2HPO4
spontaneously and change into amorphous powder.
6. On electrolysis of brine solution, the products
The spontaneous loss of water of crystallisation, formed are
completely or partially, when crystals with water of (A) sodium and chlorine
crystall isat ion are ex posed to air i s cal led (B) hydrogen, chlorine and oxygen
eff lorescence and the substances exhibiting (C) hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide
efflorescence are called efflorescent substances. (D) sodium hydroxide, chlorine and oxygen
For Example – Washing soda (Na2CO 3.10 H2O), 7. The concentration of hydroxide [OH–] in neutral
Glauber's salt (Na2SO 4.10 H2O), blue vitriol water at 25°C in mol/L is
(CuSO 4.5H2O) (A) 7 (B) 10–7 (C) 14 (D) 10–14
DELIQUESCENCE 8. A compound whose aqueous solution will have the
highest pH is
Certain crystalline substance when exposed to
(A) NaCl (B) Na2CO3
atmosphere absorb moisture and change into
(C) NH4Cl (D) NaNO3
solution.
9. If tartaric acid is not added in baking powder, the
The absorption of moisture from air by crystals to cake will taste bitter due to the presence of
form a solution is called deliquescence.
(A) sodium hydrogen carbonate
Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium
(B) sodium carbonate
chloride etc. are deliquescent substances.
(C) carbon dioxide
HYGROSCOPIC SUBSTANCES (D) some unreacted tartaric acid
Certain substance absorb water from the atmos phere 10. Calculate the pH of 10–5 M NaOH solution.
without undergoing change in physical state. Such (A) 7 (B) 9 (C) 8 (D) 6
substances are known as hygroscopic substances.

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 23 ]

ADD ON CONCEPT BOOSTERS (FOR COMPETITIVE EXAM.)

Bronsted-Lowry Concept Conjugate pair
The Arrhenius concept of acids and bases was
extended further by Johannes Bronsted and HA + B– 
 B–H + A–
Thomas M.Lowry (1923). acid1 base 2 acid2 base1
According to Bronsted-Lowry concept, an acid is
Conjugate pair
a substance which can donate proton (H+) while
For example,
a base is a substance which can accept a Conjugate pair
proton (H+).
In other words, according to Bronsted-Lowry HCl + NH3 
 NH+4 + Cl–
concept, acid is a proton donor and base is a acid1 base 2 acid2 base1
proton acceptor. For example, in the following
reaction, HCl loses a proton and is an acid whereas Conjugate pair
NH3 accepts a proton and is a base. A conjugate pair of acid and base differ by a proton
  only.
HCl(aq)  NH3(aq)  NH4(aq)  Cl (aq)

Acid   Base + H
+
The main advantage of this concept is that it is not
restricted to neutral molecules. In this concept acid- — A strong acid gives a weak conjugate base and vice
base reactions are regarded as proton transfer versa.
reactions. There are certain substances such as — If two acids (with respect to water) are mixed
together then the weaker acid will act as a base
H2O,HCO3 ,HSO4 , etc. which are capable of with respect to the stronger acid.
For example,
donating as well as accepting the proton. These
substances are called amphiprotic substances.
For example, water behaves as an acid as well as HClO4 + H2SO4 
 +
H3SO4 + ClO4
–

base as illustrated below : acid base

As a base :


   — Acid base reactions always proceed in the direction
HCl(aq)  H2O(l) 
 H3O (aq)  Cl (aq) from the stronger to weaker acid-base combination.
acid base For example,
As an acid : Water
H2SO4  NH3 
 NH4  HSO4


H2 O(I)  NH3(aq)   
 NH4(aq)  OH (aq)
stronger acid stronger base weaker acid weaker base

acid base
Lewis Concept of Acids and Bases
According to Lewis concept, an acid is a substance
Similarly, bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) behaves as an which can accept a pair of electrons, whereas a
acid and a base as : base is a substance which can donate a pair of
electrons i.e., acids are electron acceptors and


HCO3 aq  NH3(aq)   2
 NH4(aq)  CO3 (aq) bases are electron donors.
acid base  Chemical Species which can act as Lewis Acid
— Electron deficient neutral compounds i.e. molecules

HCl(aq)  HCO3(aq) 



 H2CO3(aq)  Cl (aq) in which central atom has incomplete octet,
acid base e.g., BF3, FeCl3, AlCl3, etc.
— All simple cations, e.g., H+, Mg2+, Ag+, Fe3+, etc.
All Arrhenius acids are also Bronsted acids but
— Molecules having a multiple bond between atoms
Arrhenius bases are not Bronsted bases.
of different electronegativities, e.g., SO3, CO2, etc.
CONJUGATE ACID-BASE PAIR — In coordinate complexes, metal atoms act as Lewis
In case of acid-base reaction, the reverse reaction is acid e.g., in Ni (CO)4, Ni acts as Lewis acid.
also an acid-base reaction. Every acid forms a — Molecules having a central atom with empty d-
conjugate base by the loss of a proton while every base orbitals, e.g., SiF4, SnCl4.
forms a conjugate acid by the gain of a proton (H+).

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 [ 24 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration 11 :
Find the Basicity of the following acids
Illustration 8 :
HCl, HNO 3, H2SO 4, H3PO 4, H3PO 3, H3PO 2
(i) Identify strong and weak acid from the following
Solution :
HCl, H2SO4 CH3 COOH, HCOOH, HNO3, C6H5COOH
HCl 1 H3PO 4 3
(ii) What do all Acids have in Common?
Solution : HNO 3 1 H3PO 3 2
(i) Strong Acid Weak Acid H2SO 4 2 H3PO 2 1
HCl C6H5COOH Illustration 12 :
HNO3, H2SO4 CH3COOH, HCOOH (i) The [H+] of an acid solution be 10-3 M. what is its
(ii) An acid is a substance which dissociates (or pH ?
ionizes) on dissolving in water to produce hydrogen
(ii) Find the pH of the given solution
ions [H+(aq) ions].
(iii) An aqueous solution has hydrogen ion concent-
For example, an aqueous solution of hydrochloric
ration [H+] = 1.0 × 10–7mol L–1. Calculate its pH
acid dissociates (or ionizes) to form hydrogen ions
value.
(along with chloride ions):  
HCl (aq) 
 H (aq)  Cl (aq) (iv) (a) The pH of NaOH solution is 10. What is the
Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen ion Chloride ion concentration of NaOH?
It is the presence of hydrogen ions [H+(aq) ions]
in hydrochloric acid solution which makes it behave (b) What is molar concentration of Ca(OH)2 if its
solution has pH 12?
like an acid.
Solution :
Illustration 9:
(i) What do you mean by active metals? (i) pH = – log [H+]= – log [10-3] = (–) (–3) log 10 = 3.
(ii) What is Antacid? (Please remember that log 10 = 1).
Solution : (ii) For neutral solution: pH = 7, and [H+] = 10–7
(i) Metals which can displace hydrogen from dilute For acidic solution: pH < 7 and [H+] > 10–7
acids are known as active metals
For basic solution: pH > 7 and [H+] < 10–7
e.g. Na, K, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg etc.
 Note : Just as the [H + ] of a solution can be
2Na(s) + 2HCl (dilute)  2NaCl(aq) + H2 (g)
expressed in terms of pH value, the [OH–] can be
(ii) Antacid is called as ‘Milk of Magnesia’ which
expressed as pOH.
is used to remove indigestion (caused by too
much hydrochloric acid in the stomach) is a Mathematically, pOH = – log [OH–] Moreover, [H+]
metal hydroxide called ‘magnesiumhydroxide’. [OH–] = 10–14 and pH + pOH = 14
Magnesium hydroxide is basic in nature. It Thus, if pH value of solution is known, its pOH
reacts with the excess hydrochloric acid value can be calculated.
present in the stomach and neutralizes it. (iii) [H+]=10–7molL–1 =10–7M
Illustration 10 : pH = – log [H+] = –log [10–7] = (–) (–7) log 10 = 7.
(i) Is it true that non–metal oxides are acidic in
nature? (iv) (a) [H+] = 10–pH ;[OH–] = 10 pOH
(ii) What do you mean by alkali? NaOH is strong base, hence [OH–] = [NaOH]
Solution :
(i) Yes, because generally the reaction of non–metals In pH = 10, pOH = 4
oxides with bases form salts and water so it shows [OH–] = 10–4 = [NaOH]
that non–metal oxides are acidic in nature. (b) pH of Ca(OH)2 = 12
(ii) A base which is soluble in water is called an alkali.
pOH = 2
Some of the common water soluble bases (or
alkalis) are : Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium [OH–] = 10–2 M
hydroxide (KOH), Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. [Ca(OH)2] = M = 0.5 × 10–2 M


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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS
NCERT SECTION
PRACTICE CORNER
1. You have been provided with three test tubes. One
of them contains distilled water and the other two
contain an acidic solution and a basic solution,
respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper,
how will you identify the contents of each test
tubes?
2. Why should curd and sour substances not be kept
in brass and copper vessels?
3. Which gas is usually liberated when an acid reacts
with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will
you test for the presence of this gas?
4. A metal compound A reacts with dilute hydrochloric
acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved
extinguishes a burning candle. Write a balanced
chemical equation for the reaction if one of the
compounds formed is calcium chloride.
5. Why do HCl, HNO3, etc. show acidic characters in
aqueous solutions while solutions of compounds like
alcohol and glucose do not show acidic character?
6. Why does an aqueous solution of acid conduct
electricity?
7. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour of the
dry litmus paper?
8. While diluting an acid, why is it recommended that
the acid should be added to water and not water
to the acid?
9. How is the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+)
affected when a solution of an acid is diluted?

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[ 25 ]
10. How is the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–)
affected when excess base is dissolved in a
solution of sodium hydroxide?
11. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH of solution
A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which solution
has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which of this
is acidic and which one is basic?
12. What effect does the concentration of H+(aq) ions
have on the nature of the solution?
13. Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions? If yes,
then why are these basic?
14. Under what soil condition do you think a farmer
would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime
(calcium oxide) or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
or chalk (calcium carbonate) ?
15. W hat is the common name of the compound
CaOCl2?
16. Name the substance which on treatment with
chlorine yields bleaching powder.
17. Name the sodium compound which is used for
softening hard water.
18. What will happen if a solution of sodium hydrogen
carbonate is heated? Give the equation of the
reaction involved.
19. Write an equation to show the reaction between
plaster of Paris and water.
20. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH is likely to
be
(a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 10
 [ 26 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

CORNER
8. Acetic acid is a weak acid because
EXERCISE -1 (A) its aqueous solution is acidic
(BASED ON JEE MAIN/NEET) (B) it is highly ionized
(C) it is weakly ionized
1. Which one of the following will turn red litmus blue?
(D) it contains – COOH group
(A) Vinegar (B) Baking soda solution
9. Partial neutralization of a polybasic acid gives
(C) Lemon juice (D) Soft drinks
(A) acid salt (B) basic salt
2. Which one of the following will turn blue litmus red?
(C) normal salt (D) double salt
(A) Vinegar
10. Which of the following can form more than one acid
(B) Lime water salt?
(C) Baking soda solution (A) CH3COOH (B) H3PO4
(D) Washing soda solution (C) CH3CH2COOH (D) ZnO

3. W hen zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide, the 11. A solution turns blue litmus red. The pH of the
products formed are solution is probably

(A) zinc hydroxide and sodium (A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) 6

12. The type of medicine used to treat indigestion is
(B) sodium zincate and water
(A) antihistamine (B) sulpha drug
(C) sodium zincate and hydrogen
(C) antacid (D) antibiotic
(D) sodium zincate and oxygen
13. Washing soda has the formula
4. pH of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution will be
(A) Na2CO3.7H2O (B) Na2CO3.10H2O
(A) 7 (B) > 7 (C) < 7 (D) 1
(C) Na2CO3.H2O (D) Na2CO3
5. Change of Na 2CO 3.10H 2O to Na2CO 3.H2O on 14. Which of the following acid is present in vinegar?
exposure to air is called
(A) Lactic acid (B) Malic acid
(A) efflorescence (B) effervescence (C) Acetic acid (D) Tartaric acid
(C) fluorescence (D) luminescence 15. Basic salts are formed by neutralisation of
(A) strong acid and strong base
6. Which of the following is a strong base?
(B) strong acid and weak base
(A) Ammonium hydroxide (C) weak acid and weak base
(B) Sodium hydroxide (D) strong base and weak acid
16. When bitten by an ant, the sting causes irritation
(C) Magnesium hydroxide due to the presence of
(D) Copper hydroxide (A) a base in the sting
7. Which of the following is not a base? (B) formic acid in the sting
(C) poisonous chemicals
(A) KOH (B) ZnO (C) Al(OH)3 (D) NaCl (D) both (a) and (b)

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 27 ]

17. Plaster of Paris is obtained 6. Which of the following gas(s) is (are) acidic?
(A) by adding water to calcium sulphate
(A) CO2 (B) SO2 (C) SO3 (D) CO
(B) by adding sulphuric acid to calcium hydroxide
(C) by heating gypsum to a very high temperature 7. Which of the following is (are) not acidic in nature?
(D) by heating gypsum to 120°C (A) Lime juice (B) Human blood
18. Which of the following is ‘quick lime’?
(C) Lime water (D) Antacid
(A) CaO (B) Ca(OH)2
(C) CaCO3 (D) CaCl2.6H2O 8. Which of the following statements is correct about
19. Which of these choices is considered to be a an aqueous solution of an acid and of a base?
Bronsted-Lowry base? (A) Higher the pH, stronger the acid
(A) Proton donor (B) Proton acceptor
(B) Higher than pH, weaker the acid
(C) Electron acceptor (D) None of these
20. In the reaction, CO32– + H2O  HCO3–+ OH– water (C) Lower the pH, stronger the base
is a
(D) Lower the pH, weaker the base
(A) Bronsted acid (B) Bronsted base
9. Which among the following is(are) base(s)?
(C) conjugate acid (D) conjugate base
(A) NaOH (B) KOH (C) NH4OH (D) C2H5OH
EXERCISE -2
10. Sodium hydrogencarbonate when added to acetic
(BASED ON JEE ADVANCED/AIIMS) acid ev olv es a gas. W hich of the f ollowing
statements are true about the gas evolved?
1. Which of the following is (are) strong acid(s).
(A) It turns lime water milky
(A) H2SO4 (B) CH3COOH
(C) HNO3 (D) HCl (B) It extinguishes a burning splinter
2. The salts which will give basic solution on dissolving (C) It dissolves in a solution of sodium hydroxide
in water are : (D) It has a pungent odour
(A) KCl (B) NH4Cl
11. Which of the following is/are mineral acid(s)?
(C) Na2CO3 (D) CH3COONa
(A) Hydrochloric acid (B) Citric acid
3. The salts whose aqueous solution will have a pH
of more than 7 will be : (C) Sulphuric acid (D) Nitric acid
(A) K2CO3 (B) NaHCO3 (C) NaCl (D) NH4Cl
12. Which of the following is(are) true when HCl(g) is
4. The salts whose aqueous solution will affect litmus passed through water?
paper are :
(A) It does not ionise in the solution as it is a
(A) potassium sulphate (B) sodium carbonate
covalent compound
(C) ammonium sulphate (D) sodium acetate
(B) It ionises in the solution
5. What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed
with a solution of a base in a test tube? (C) It gives both hydrogen and hydroxyl ion in the
(A) The temperature of the solution increases solution
(B) The temperature of the solution decreases (D) It forms hydronium ion in the solution due to
(C) The temperature of the solution remains the the combination of hydrogen ion with water
same molecule

(D) Salt formation takes place

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 [ 28 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

MATRIX MATCH TYPE :

In this section each question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched.
Statements (A, B, C, D) in Column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in Column-II. The answers
to these question have to be appropriately bubbled as illustrated in the following example. If the correct
matches are A-q, A-r, B-p, B-s, C-r, C-s and D-q, then the correctly bubbled matrix will look like as shown.
p q r s
A p q r s
B p q r s
C p q r s
D p q r s

1. Column-I Column-II
(A) HCl (p) Strong, acid
(B) HCN (q) Weak acid
(C) NaOH (r) Weak base
(D) NH4OH (s) Strong base
2. Column-I Column-II
(A) KNO3 (p) Nitric acid, silver hydroxide
(B) AgNO3 (q) Hydrochloric acid, Magnesium hydroxide
(C) MgCl2 (r) Carbonic acid, Ammonium
(D) (NH4)2CO3 (s) Nitric acid, Potassium hydroxide
3. Column-I Column-II
(A) Acid-base indicator (p) Na2SO4
(B) Acid used in soft drinks (q) Phenolphthalein
(C) Salt formed by neutralisation (r) Carbonic acid
of strong acid and weak base
(D) Salt whose aqueous solution (s) CuSO4
is neutral
4. Column-I Column-II
Solution pH
(A) Vinegar (p) 6.8
(B) Milk (q) 7.4
(C) Human blood (r) 2.4 - 3.4
(D) Lime water (s) 10.5
5. Column-I Column-II
Anhydrous salt Water of crystallisation
(A) CaSO4 (p) 5H2O
(B) CuSO4 (q) 10H2O
(C) FeSO4 (r) 2H2O
(D) Na2SO4 (s) 7H2O

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 29 ]

6. Column-I Column-II
(A) Baking soda (p) NaCl
(B) Washing soda (q) NaOH
(C) Caustic soda (r) Na2CO3
(D) Common salt (s) NaHCO3
7. Column-I Column-II
(A) Simple buffer (p) CH3COONa + CH3COOH
(B) Acidic buffer (q) NH4OH + NH4Cl
(C) Basic buffer (r) CH3COONH4
(D) Basic solution (s) CH3COONa
8. Column-I Column-II
(A) Mono basic (p) KOH
(B) Dibasic (q) Ca(OH)2
(C) Diacidic (r) H2SO4
(D) Monoacidic (s) HNO3
9. Column-I Column-II
Salt solution pH
(A) Na2SO4 (p) < 7
(B) NH4Cl (q) 7
(C) Na2CO3 (r) = 7
(D) CH3COONH4 (s) > 7
10. Column-I Column-II
(A) Metal + acid (p) Water
(B) Acid + base (q) Hydronium ion
(C) Metal carbonate + acid (r) Hydrogen gas
(D) Acid + water (s) Carbon dioxide

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE : Reason : In acid-base titration, it is used as an

indicator.
DIRECTIONS : In each of the following questions, a
statement of Assertion (A) is given followed by a 2. Assertion : pH of our body is about 7.4 and it
corresponding statement of Reason (R) just below it. remains almost constant inspite the
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as variety of foods we eat.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason Reason : Blood is a buffer.
is the correct explanation of assertion. 3. Assertion : pH of ammonium nitrate solution is
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason acidic.
is not correct explanation of assertion. Reason : Solution of a salt of weak base and
(c) If assertion is true and reason is false. strong acid is acidic.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true. 4. Assertion : pH = 7 signifies pure water.
1. Assertion : Phenolphthalein is an acid-base Reason : At this pH, [H+] = [OH–] = 10–7
indicator.

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 [ 30 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

5. Assertion : A solution of pH = 1 has hydrogen ion 4. The pH of 10–5 M NaOH solution is.
concentration 3 times than that of 5. A solution has pH = 2
solution of pH=3. It is diluted 10 times what is the pH of the solution
after dilution.
1
Reason : pH = log PASSAGE COMPREHENSION
[H3O  ]
6. Assertion : Strength of the acid or the base PASSAGE 1 : The following reactions are occurring
increases with dilution. in a process used for manufacture of sodium
Reason : Ionisati on of an acid or a base carbonate.
increases with dilution. Heat
(A)   B   CO 2
7. Assertion : W hen rain is accompanied by a
thunderstorm, the collected rain water
(B) + H2O   C
will have pH value slightly lower than
that of rain water without (C) + NH4Cl  (D) (a gas which is soluble in water)
thunderstorm. (D) + H2O  (E) solution
Reason : Tem perature increases due to (E) + CO2  (F)
thunderstorm and so [H+] increases. (F) + NaCl  (G) + (H)
8. Assertion : Acetic acid does not act as an acid in Heat
benzene solution. (G)   Na2CO3  CO2  H2O
Reason : Benzene does not accept proton. Answer the following questions :
9. Assertion : H 3 PO 4 and H 2SO 4 are known as 1. The name of the process is
polybasic acids. (A) Solvay (B) Salt cake
Reason : They have two or more than two (C) Haber (D) Chlor-alkali
protons per molecule of the acid. 2. (A) is
(A) Ca(HCO3)2 (B) NaHCO3
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE : (C) CaCO3 (D) Ca(OH)2
This section contain 5 questions. The answer to 3. (C) is
each of the questions is a single digit integer, (A) Ca(OH)2 (B) NaOH
ranging from 0 to 9. (C) CaO (D) CaCO3
If the correct answers to questions numbers X,Y, Z 4. (E) is
and W (say) are 6, 0, 9 and 2 respectively, then the (A) NaOH (B) NaCl (C) NH4OH (D) NH4Cl
correct darkening of bubbles will look like the 5. (F) is
following. (A) NH4HCO3 (B) Na2CO3
(C) NaHCO3 (D) (NH4)2CO3
X Y Z W 6. (G) is
0 0 0 0 (A) NaCl (B) NH4Cl
1 1 1 1 (C) NH4OH (D) NaHCO3
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
PASSAGE 2 : A solid compounds X on heating
4 4 4 4 gives CO 2 gas and a solid residue. The residue
5 5 5 5 mixed with water forms Y. On passing an excess of
6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7 CO 2 through Y in water a clear solution Z is
8 8 8 8 obtained.
9 9 9 9
1. Identify the compound X.
(A) CaCO3 (B) Na2CO3
1. Calculate the pH of 10–5 KOH solution (C) CaO (D) Ca(OH)2
2. Equal volumes of solutions with pH = 4 and pH = 2. Identify the compound Y.
10 are mixed. The pH of the resulting solution is. (A) CaCl2 (B) CaO (C) Ca(OH)2 (D) CO2
3. A solution of HCl has pH = 5. If one mL of it is
3. Identify the compound Z.
diluted to 1 litre. The pH of resulting solution will
(A) Ca(HCO3)2 (B) Ca(OH)2
be.
(C) CaCO3 (D) CaO

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ACIDS, BASES & SALTS [ 31 ]

KEY & ANSWERS

DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM-1 MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (A) 6. (B) 1. A  p, B  q,C  s, Dr

7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (B) 2. A  s, B  p,C  q, Dr

DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM-2 3. A  q, B  r,, C  s, Dp

1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B) 4. A  r,, B  p,C  q, Ds

7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (B) 5. A  r,, B  p C  s, Dq

DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEM-3 6. A  s; B  r,, C  q, Dp

1. (A) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (D) 6. (C)
7. A  r; B  p,C  q, Ds
7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (A) 10. (B)
8. A  s; B  r,, C  q, Dp
Exercise -1
9. A  q; B  p,C  s, Dr
(BASED ON JEE MAIN/NEET)
10. A  r; B  p,C  s, Dq
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (B)
Assertion and Reason Type Question
7. (D) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (B) 11.(D) 12.(C)
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (D)
13. (B) 14.(C) 15.(D) 16. (B) 17.(D) 18. (A)
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A)
19. (B) 20.(A)
Integer Type questions
Exercise -2 1. (9) 2. (7) 3. (7) 4. (9) 5. (3)
(BASED ON JEE ADVANCED/AIIMS)
1. (ACD) 2. (CD) 3. (AB) 4. (BCD) 5.(AD) Passage Comprehension
6. (ABC) 7. (BCD) 8. (BD) 9. (ABC) 10.(ABC) PASSAGE – 1
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (D)
11. (ACD) 12. (BD)
PASSAGE – 2
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (A)

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[ 32 ] C H E M I S T RY | STD. X

Important Notes

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