ACIDS,BASES & SALTS

PROPERTIES
ACIDS & BASES
STRUCTURES
REACTIONS
pH & pOH
INDICATORS
 PROPERTIES OF ACIDS & BASES
ACIDS BASES

Turn blue litmus paper to red Turn red litmus paper to blue

Conduct electricity Conduct electricity

Taste sour Taste bitter

Irritative and corrosive Have a slippery or soapy feel

Involved in drinks and foods Involved in industrial products

Kept in glass or plastic containers

 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
 ACID: The substance that give H+ (hydronium)
ion to water.
 BASE: The substance that give OH-(hydroxide)
ion to water.
 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES

Ex: Identify acids and bases for the given rxns.

1. HCl(l) + H2O(l)  Cl-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

2. HNO3(l) + H2O(l)  NO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

H2O

3. NaOH(s)  HNa
O
+
(aq) + OH -
(aq)
2

4. Mg(OH)2(s)  Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES

 In general;
the substances including H+ ion is defined as acids,
including OH- is defined as bases.

Ex: HBr, H2SO4, H3PO4, CH3COOH, HF are acids.

Ex: Ca(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, KOH, NaOH are bases.

 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES

 Exceptions;
 Some substances including no H+ ion can be

classified as acids.
 Some substances including no OH- ion can
be classifed as bases.
 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES

 Ex:

 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)  HCO3-(aq) + H3O+(aq)

 NH3(l) + H2O(l)  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

 CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)

 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
 NOTE:

 Important acids: HI, HCl, HF, HClO4, HIO4,

HCN, HCOOH, H2CO3, H2S, H2SO4, HNO2, HNO3,

H3PO3, H3PO4, CH3COOH, N2O5…etc.

 Important bases: KOH, NaOH, LiOH, CsOH,

Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 , CaO, K2O…etc.
 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
 NOTE:

 Metal oxides are defined as base.

 Nonmetal oxides (with richer amount of

oxygen) are defined as acid.
 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
 EX: Complete the following table.
Substance Ions when dissolved in water Acidic or Basic
Li2O
KOH
Ca(OH)2
H2SO4
HI
N2O5
 DEFINITIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
 Shielding Effect:
 The number or H +
ions for acids.
 Ex: HCl1 H2SO4 2

The number of OH- ions for bases.

 Ex: NaOH1 Ca(OH)2  2
 INDICATORS
 Complex substances which change color as pH
changes.
INDICATOR ACID COLOR BASE COLOR pH INTERVAL
Litmus Red Blue 5.0-8.0
Methyl Orange Red Yellow 3.1-4.5
Phenolphtalein Colorless Red 8.3-10
Thymol Blue Red Yellow 1.2-2.8
Alizarine Yellow Yellow Lilac 10.0-12.1
Methyl Red Red Yellow 4.2-6.3
Bromthymole Yellow Blue 6.0-7.6
Blue
Bromkresol Green Yellow Blue 3.8-5.5
 INDICATORS
 Indicators in our daily life:

INDICATOR ACID COLOR BASE COLOR

Cabbage Pink-Red Yellow-Green
Tea Light Brown Brown
Lavander Colorless Brown
Rose-hip Red Dark Green
Rose Leaf Light Pink Yellow
Red Onion Peel Light Red Light Brown
 REACTIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
1. Acids and bases react with each other to
form salt and water.

 Ex: H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O

 REACTIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
 Ex: Write the products for the given
reactions.
1. HCl + KOH 

2. HBr + Ca(OH)2 

3. H3PO4 + NaOH 

4. H2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 
 NOTE
 The other name for the acid-base reactions is
neutralization reaction.
 Neutralization means all of the acid and base is
consumed during the reaction.
 Reaction is used in order to decide the amount of
acids and bases required for neutralization.
 EXAMPLES
 Find the mass of HCl required to neutralize 2 mol
KOH. (H:1, Cl:35.5)

 The mol of a base that neutralizes 2 mol of H3PO4

is given as 3. So, what is the shielding effect of
the base.

 Find the mass of Mg(OH)2 required to neutralize

126 g HNO3. (H:1, N:14, O:16, Mg:24)

ACIDS & BASES IN OUR LIVES
ACIDS BASES
Lemon (Citric Acid) Soap
Orange (Citric Acid) Detergent
Tomatoe (Folic Acid) Toothpaste
Apple (Malic Acid) Soda
Milk (Lactic Acid) Chocolate
Coffee Hot Pepper
Yoghurt (Lactic Acid)
Grape (Tartaric Acid)
Strawberry (Folic Acid)
Cola (Carbonic Acid)
 REACTIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
2. Acids and bases react with metals with a gas
evolving reaction.
METALS

ACTIVE AMPHOTER NOBLE

METALS METALS METALS

Na, Li, Ca, Zn, Al, Sn, Cu, Ag, Hg,

Mg, Fe Cr, Pb Au, Pt
 REACTIONS OF ACIDS & BASES
 Active metals react with acids to form H2(g).

 Amphoter metals react with both acids and

bases to form H2(g).

 Semi noble metals only react with oxy-acids.

 Noble metals only react with aqua regia.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF ACIDS
 Hydrochloric Acid(HCl):
 It is used in PVC formation, Iron-Steel Industry, food
industry (for the formation of organic compounds).
 It is a useful, but harmful chemical.(corrosive)

 Precautions should be taken into account when

working with HCl.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF ACIDS
 Nitric Acid(HNO3):
 It is used in explosion industry (TNT formation from
the reaction with glycerin ), plastic and fertilizer
industry.
 It is useful, but harmful chemical.

 Precautions should be taken into account when

working with HCl.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF ACIDS
 Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4):
It is also defined as oil of vitriol or battery acid.

It is used in fertilization, dye, inorganic salt,

explosive, petroleum refinery, metallurgical
industry.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF ACIDS
 Acetic Acid (CH3COOH):
It is a weak acid and known as vinegar acid.

It can be produced by synthetic and organic

reactions.
It is used in medicine industry.
The salts come from acetic acid is defined as
acetates.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF ACIDS
 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4):
It is a weak acid.

It is used in HCl and HBr formation, iron-steel

industry (for cleaning rust), cosmetic industry,
detergent formation and food industry (for
improving the taste).
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF ACIDS
 Acetic Acid (HCOOH):
It is a weak acid known as ant acid.
It avoids the rotting of food by increasinf its shelf
life.

 Sorbic Acid (C6H8O2):

 It avoids the fermantation and rotting of the

foods.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF BASES
 Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH):

It is known as sudcostic.

It is used in the formation of soaps, papers,
synthetic silk, detergents, dye, petroleum
refinery.
It absorbs the humidity.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF BASES
 Potassium Hydroxide (KOH):

It is known as potascostic.

It is used in the formation of soft soap,
fertilizer, battery, medicine, pesticide, paper.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF BASES
 Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2):

It is known as slaked lime.

It is used for cleaning wastes in water,

balancing the pH of soil, bleaches, mortar,
concrete, cement, petroleum refinery,
densitry.
 DAILY LIFE USAGE OF BASES
 Ammonia (NH3)

It is a colorless, sniffy, weak base.

 It is known as anhydrous base.

It is used for fertilization, medicine, dye,
perfume, cleansing agents.
It is poisinous for living organisms.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ACIDS & BASES

 Acidic gases (SO3, CO2, NO2) cause acid rains.

 Acids and bases help digestion.

In mouth: Acidic saliva

In stomach: Basic environment

In gut: Basic lipas enzyme

 Acidic and basic medicines. (stomach and burn)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ACIDS & BASES

 The acidic and basic properties of some

substances are important in our daily lifes.
 Ex: Basic property of tothpaste
(NaHCO3),acidic property of lime cleaning
agents.
IMPORTANT SIGNS FOR ACIDS&BASES

FLAMMABLE HIGHLY FLAMMABLE OXIDIZER

IRRITANT HIGHLY IRRITANT EXPLOSIVE

IMPORTANT SIGNS FOR ACIDS&BASES

DANGEROUS TO
ENVIRONMENT TOXIC HIGHLY TOXIC

RADIOACTIVE CORROSIVE
 SALTS
 Ionic structures formed from the reaction of acids
and bases.
 Conductive when dissolved in water or molten.
 Solid at room temperature.

 Crystalline solids.
 Have high melting points.
 Formula Name Usage
NaCl Sodium chloride (Table Salt) Nutrient, used in tanning
Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate (Çamaşır Detergents, bleachings, glass, additive,
Sodası) softening
NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate Baking soda, tothpaste, stomach medicine
Na2SO4 Sodium sulfate (Glauber Salt) Glass, detergent, paper
KNO3 Potassium nitrate (Güherçile) Additive, fertilizer, rocket, gunpowder
CaSO4 Calcium sulfate Formation of sulfuric acid
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate (lime stone) Medicine for calcium enforcement
NH4Cl Ammonium chloride Fertilizer, additive
NH4NO3 Ammonium nitrate Fertilizer, explosive
(NH4)3PO4 Ammonium phospate Fertilizer
Al2(SO4)3 Ammonium sulfate Water refinery, fire extinguisher
KAl(SO4)2. Potassium aluminum sulfate Water refinery, antibacterial, deodorant,
12H2O dodecahydrate (Şap) food industry, preservative