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Name: paula akram

ID: 221017681
Pages 1 to 11

 The Toolkit for Young Climate Activists in the Middle East and North Africa was created by young
people to provide clear, concise, and easily understandable information on global, regional, and
national climate action.
 The toolkit is divided into four volumes: Climate Glossary for Young People, Tools for Climate
Action, What is Climate Governance?, and The Paris Agreement for Young People.
 The Climate Glossary for Young People provides definitions of important concepts related to climate
change and climate action.
 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) distinguishes climate
change from climate variability, with the former being attributed to human activities.
 The primary greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.
 The Kyoto Protocol commits industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, while the Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2
degrees Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels.

Pages 11 to 14

 Climate change has consequences on social, economic, and ecosystem aspects, affecting goods and
services.
 Resilience refers to the ability of human and natural systems to respond and maintain their
functionality and capacity for adaptation, learning, and transformation.
 Biodiversity is the diversity of living organisms within and among species and ecosystems.
 Ecosystems are units made up of living organisms and non-living components and their interactions,
providing services that benefit people.
 Carbon footprint measures the amount of greenhouse gases produced to support a person's lifestyle
and activities.
 Climate finance refers to financing drawn from public, private, and alternative sources to support
mitigation and adaptation actions addressing climate change.
 Mitigation refers to actions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance sinks of greenhouse
gases at international, national, or local levels.
 Sinks are reservoirs where greenhouse gases are stored, either naturally or resulting from human
activity.
 Carbon markets trade reduced emissions or captured concentrations of greenhouse gases, regulated or
voluntary.
 Cooperation actions focus on inter-country cooperation for mitigation, adaptation, financing,
technology transfer, and capacity-building measures.
 Adaptation is the process of adjusting human and natural systems to the actual or expected climate and
its effects, taking place at international, national, or local levels.
 Adaptive capacity is the ability of human and natural systems to adapt to potential damage or take
advantage of opportunities.
 Adaptation limits refer to the point at which the objectives or needs of a system cannot be protected
from risks through adaptive actions, either hard or soft.
 Nature-based solutions seek to protect, sustainably manage, and restore ecosystems, providing
benefits for human well-being and biodiversity, including ecosystem-based adaptation.
 Reforestation and afforestation refer to planting trees in a decreasing forest or creating a new forest,
respectively.
 Green entrepreneurship addresses environmental and social problems and supports climate action.
 Co-benefits refer to the positive effects that climate action aimed at one objective may have on others.
  Climate ambition refers to the collective commitment of countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
and concentrations, prevent further temperature increases, and promote sustainable development and
environmental integrity.
 Energy transition refers to the global energy sector's shift from fossil-based systems.

Pages 14 to 19

 Net zero emission means removing all man-made greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere
through reduction measures, making humankind carbon neutral and stabilizing global temperature.
 Water scarcity exists where demand exceeds supply and resources are overexploited or access is
limited due to poor governance, limited capacity, weak infrastructure, and limited investments.
 Desertification is land degradation resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and
human activities, impacting the socio-economic conditions of millions of people living in drylands.
 Heat islands are urbanized areas that experience higher temperatures than outlying areas due to
structures like buildings, roads, and other infrastructure absorbing and re-emitting the sun's heat.
 Acid rain results from the burning of fossil fuels, causing sulfuric and nitric acids to mix with water
and other materials before falling to the ground.
 Extreme events are weather, climate, or environmental conditions that rank above a threshold value
near the upper or lower ends of the range of historical measurements, made more likely, intense,
longer-lasting, or larger in scale by climate change.
 Climate governance is a multi-level process that includes local, national, and international levels,
enabling social actors to participate in decision-making processes and the implementation of climate
actions.
 Just transition is a set of principles, processes, and practices that develop the economic and political
power to move from an extractive economy to a regenerative one in a fair and equitable manner.
 Sustainable development seeks a balance between social, economic, and environmental issues,
meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
 The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a universal call for action to end poverty, protect
the planet, and improve the lives and prospects of all people throughout the world, including climate
action.
 Climate justice links human rights and development, proposing that the burdens, impacts, and benefits
of climate change be shared in an equitable and fair manner.
 Intergenerational equity recognizes that past and current emissions, vulnerabilities, and policies
impose costs and benefits on people in the future and across generations, requiring present generations
to ensure sound management of resources.
 Intragenerational equity refers to reducing inequalities between people, especially through poverty
reduction.
 Child-sensitive climate policy guarantees the protection and enjoyment of children's rights, paying
special attention to their specific risks and vulnerabilities.

Pages 19 to 24

 Children should be involved in the formulation, implementation, and monitoring of climate action
plans.
 Gender perspective should be considered in climate action to tackle inequalities and inequities in
society.
 Environmental democracy involves the participation of social actors in environmental decision-
making.
 Multilateralism involves diplomatic interaction among three or more countries to create policies and
take joint action in line with certain principles and values.
 Globalization is the increasing integration of economies, societies, and cultures worldwide.
  Youth engagement involves the inclusion of adolescents and youth in areas that affect their lives and
communities.
 Business as usual projections assume that operating practices and policies remain the same.
 Climate action is closely related to human rights, and a human rights-based approach should be
applied to climate change policies and practices.
 Children's rights should be protected in climate action plans.
 Access to information, participation in decisions, and access to justice are important access rights in
climate governance.
 Indigenous peoples should be considered in climate action plans, and their rights to prior consultation
on the use of resources in their territories should be respected.
 The Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform was created to integrate indigenous peoples'
considerations into climate change policies.

Pages 24 to 27

 Text discusses challenges and opportunities related to climate change and environmental protection
 Young entrepreneurs are important in advancing climate action
 Challenges faced by entrepreneurs include financial setbacks, communication difficulties, and lack of
support
 Opportunities for action include development of alternative energy sources, reforestation, and just
transition policies
 Importance of child-sensitive climate policies and environmental democracy
 Examples of successful projects, such as Bio Treasure in Yemen
 Emphasis on need for continued action and collaboration to address urgent issue of climate change.

Pages 27 to 28

 The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of multilateralism and global cooperation in
addressing global challenges.
 A human rights-based approach should be applied to climate change negotiations, policies, and
measures.
 Climate change disproportionately affects children, particularly those in low-income and vulnerable
communities.
 Access to justice is crucial in ensuring that communities affected by climate change have a voice in
decision-making processes.
 The Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples recognize the rights of indigenous peoples in relation to climate change.
 COP24 has strengthened climate action of local communities and indigenous peoples.