CWTS 1

Module 4
SY 2021-2022
Lesson 4 : Definitions of
environment protection,
climate change, and solid
waste management.
Chapter 5 : Environmental
Protection
Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the
natural environment by individuals, organizations and governments. Its
objectives are to conserve natural resources and the existing
natural environment and, where possible, to repair damage and reverse
trends. Every one knows that there is only one life to live. Life is
perceived to be immediate or close to our humanity the reason why its
significance is easily recognized and understood. But only a few realize
that life is lived in no other place but the word. A simple logic dictates
that if life is lived only in the world hence, the latter has the same
significance as to what, why and how life is supposed to live by the
human beings. It must be of the same understanding and concern on
how we should make this world livable. Saving the world and its
physical structure is more than a social responsibility because human
connection of nature and life transcends mere obligations of human to
nature.
What is meant by environmental protection?
Environmental protection has always been practiced by humans in one
form or another. However, as anthropogenic pressures on the
environment have escalated over the past century, the need for
systematic environmental protection has increased. This has led to
considerable experimentation with the domestic and international
measures that are used to achieve environmental protection objectives.
Some of these have been successful, but the overall picture is one of
failure. Due to the failings of the past and greater awareness of the
complexity of environmental problems, there is a growing acceptance
that environmental protection is best achieved through the use of a
multipronged approach. This requires the use of a combination of
regulatory, economic, voluntary, and information instruments, where the
policy mix is determined on the basis of the available evidence
regarding cost-effectiveness.
Environmental Protection includes programs that are aimed at reducing
risks to the environment from contaminants such as hazardous materials
and wastes, fuels, and oils.  These programs address pollution prevention
measures and regulatory compliance by providing procedures for safely
working with these materials, inspecting the storage vessels and locations,
and designating preventative maintenance procedures.  Also included are
environmental emergency plans, which provide the appropriate actions to
be taken in the event of a spill or release.
The international challenge lies in the development of effective and
equitable approaches to global environmental problems that are supported
by a well-resourced bureaucracy and appropriate financial mechanisms.
The threat posed by climate change has added greater urgency to the push
for effective international environmental governance arrangements.
 
What is Climate change?
Climate Change is the defining issue of our time
and we are at a defining moment. From shifting
weather patterns that threaten food production,
to rising sea levels that increase the risk of
catastrophic flooding, the impacts of climate
change are global in scope and unprecedented in
scale. Without drastic action today, adapting to
these impacts in the future will be more difficult
and costly.
 Greenhouse gases occur naturally and are essential to
the survival of humans and millions of other living
things, by keeping some of the sun’s warmth from
reflecting back into space and making Earth livable.
But after more than a century and a half of
industrialization, deforestation, and large scale
agriculture, quantities of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere have risen to record levels not seen in three
million years. As populations, economies and standards
of living grow, so does the cumulative level of
greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions.
There are some basic well-established scientific links:
The concentration of GHGs in the earth’s atmosphere is
directly linked to the average global temperature on Earth;
The concentration has been rising steadily, and mean global
temperatures along with it, since the time of the Industrial
Revolution;
The most abundant GHG, accounting for about two-thirds of
GHGs, carbon dioxide (CO2), is largely the product of burning
fossil fuels.
 The entire world is affected by its and its effects are
undauntedly far reaching in nature causing damages in
propertied and lives not only of humans but all other living
species in this world, The presidential task force on climate
change proposed the following solutions:
Consumers may do their share through climate-friendly energy
supply mix, energy generation and energy efficiency
adaptation.
Policy incentives for renewal schemes, climate-friendly
technologies.
Subsidies for lowering costs for power generation using solar,
wind and other natural-based related technologies.
What is solid waste management?
Solid-waste management is collecting, treating, and
disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has
served its purpose or is no longer useful. Improper
disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary
conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to 
pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-
borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and 
insects. The tasks of solid-waste management present
complex technical challenges. They also pose a wide
variety of administrative, economic, and social problems
that must be managed and solved.
Lesson 5 :Causes and
Impact of Climate Change
Chapter 5: Environmental
Protection
Climate Change leads to changes in
geophysical, biological and socio-economic system
of our environment. It includes changes in wind-
pattern, precipitation, temperature, ocean pH, and
changes in weather extremes, sea ice and sea-level
which will then impact natural ecosystem and
human societies. Some examples of geo-physical
changes are warming over land, increase in
frequency extremes of heat and precipitation and
increase in tropical cyclone intensity.
Lesson 6: Different
medium of Solid Waste
Management
Chapter 5: Environmental
Protection
Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid
materials generated from combined
residential, industrial, and commercial
activities in a given area. A waste in solid
forms like papers, glass, plastic, scrap iron
and other trash. It also includes garbage,
rubbish, demolition products, sewage
treatment residue, dead animals, and manure
and other discarded materials.
What is solid waste
management?
Solid waste management
means managing the solid
waste for the betterment of
environment and all living
being.
What are the medium of solid waste management?
1. Sanitary Landfill. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an
engineered facility used for disposing of solid wastes on land without
creating nuisances or hazards to public health or safety, such as the
breeding of insects and the contamination of ground water. Municipal
solid waste can be used to generate energy.This is the most popular solid
waste disposal method used today.
2. Incineration. Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves
the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.
Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are
described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials
converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heatThis method involves the
burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are turned
into ashes.
3. Recovery and Recycling. Reuse is the process, which
involves reusing items by repairing them, donating them to
charity and community groups, or selling them. Reusing
products is an alternative to recycling because the item does
not need to be reprocessed for its use again. Using durable
glassware, steel using cloth napkins or towels, reusing bottles,
reusing boxes, purchasing refillable pens and pencils are
suggested. The process of recycling, including composting, has
diverted several million tons of material away from disposal.
Recycled materials include batteries, recycled at a rate of 93%,
paper and paperboard at 48%, and yard trimmings at 56%.
These materials and others may be recycled through drop off
centers, buy-back programs, and deposit systems.
4. Composting. Compost is organic material that can be
added to soil to help plants grow. Food scraps and yard waste
together currently make up more than 28 percent of what we
throw away, and should be composted instead. Making
compost keeps these materials out of landfills where they take
up space and release methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
5. Pyrolysis.It is the thermal decomposition of materials at
elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. It involves a
change of chemical composition. The word is coined from the
Greek-derived elements pyro "fire" and lysis "separating".
Pyrolysis is most commonly used in the treatment of organic
material.