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I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

WATER CLOSET
PLUMBING FIXTURES AND COMPONENTS • It is a plumbing fixture used convey
organic body waste to the plumbing
I. Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings
system.
II. Pipe Fittings
Water Closet is classified according to:
III. Plumbing Valves 1. Design
2. Quality
3. Shape
Prepared by: ENGR. KYRA BAUTISTA 4. Color

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

Design. With respect to design, water closet comes
“Plumbing” is often denotes the supply in various types, they are:
and waste system of an individual 1. The Pail Flush type
2. The Squat type
building, distinguishing it from water
3. Wash Down type
supply and sewage systems that serve a 4. The Reverse type
group of buildings. 5. The Siphon Jet
6. The Siphon Vortex
7. Direct Flush Valve type

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

PLUMBING FIXTURES are receptacles intended to receive water, 1. The Pail Flush type
liquid or water-carried waste and discharge them into the drainage • The pail flush type water closet is
system. the cheapest, the smallest, and the
Plumbing fixtures comes in varieties of style and accessories simplest form of water closet
designed to match with the room for cosmetic reasons. Connected designed without water tank. The
with this, it is imperative to buy plumbing fixtures of the best flushing action can be agitated by a
quality. Best quality carries with it the name or brand of reputable
manufacturers. Quality fixtures are especially designed and built to
small quantity of water using basin
take a lot of abuse, and yet, expected to last for years. or pail.
• Some called this type as mini-
Quality is always associated with cost. But cost of this particular
construction item is always considered a good investment.
closet, intended for installation in a
Comparatively, cheaper fixtures wear out faster than those that cost very limited space and budget.
higher but last for years.

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I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

2. The Squat type 4. The Reverse trap
• The squat type is another simple • Also known as the washout toilet
type of water closet Without water • The reverse trap bowl discharges into a
tank installed flat on the floor. trapway at the rear of the bowl. Most
• The flushing action can be agitated manufactures’ models have a large
similar with the pail flush type water exposed water surface, thereby
closet. This type is commonly seen reducing fouling and staining of the
installed in a public toilet for ladies. bowl interior. The trapway is generally
round, providing a more efficient
flushing action.

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

3. Wash Down type 4. The Reverse trap
• In a wash down action toilet, the The reverse trap water closet has the following characteristics:
water from the tank pours into the 1. It flushes through a siphon action created in the trapway located
bowl and washes the material down at the rear of the bowl.
the outlet. It is a “pushing” action 2. It retain large amount of surface water as compared with the
only, and does not evacuate the wash down type, fouling and staining of the interior bowl is
bowl. unlikely to occur.
• The waste is simply “pushed” by 3. It is efficient but moderately noisy. The trap-way is round and
free flowing water out of the less likely to be clogged.
trapway. 4. This type of water closet is little more expensive than the wash
down type.

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

3. Wash Down type
 The wash down type water closet has the following characteristics:
1. It flushes through a simple wash down action.
2. It discharge waste into a trap-way located at the front of the bowl.
3. It is more subject to clogging than the other types The trap-way is
irregular in shape because of its exterior design, and the methods of
manufacturing
4. It is recognized by the bulging shape in front.
5. It has small amount of standing, water with large exposed surface at
the inside front of the bowl. It is susceptible to fouling, staining and
contamination.
6. It cost less but least efficient and the noisiest of all types.

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I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

5. The Siphon Jet
• Water enters through rim punchings
and jets placed in an up-leg of the rear
trap, filling the trapway and creating
an instant siphon action without rise of
water level. The result is quick water
withdrawal. Large water surface
provides an efficient and clean
operation. With quiet flushing and
moderate cost, this is the most popular
residential model.
6. The Siphon Vortex
The siphon vortex is another type of water closet considered as
sanitary and efficient in service. It has the following
characteristics:
1. Although it is acceptably expensive type of water closet bowl,
yet, proven to be less noisy and very efficient in its performance.
2. The flushing action of the siphon vortex water closet is through a
whirlpool motion of water inside the bowl, followed by a flush
down of the liquid and waste completely.
3. Siphon vortex retain a large amount of standing water covering
almost the entire interior surface of the bowl.
4. Considering the large amount of standing water retained inside
the bowl, it is very sanitary and easy to clean.

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

5. The Siphon Jet
The siphon jet water closet has also the following
characteristics
1. The siphon jet water closet is costlier than the way
down and the reverse trap type, but is more efficient in
service.
2. Siphon jet water closet retain larger amount of standing
water that mostly cover the bowl interior
3. It has larger trap-way making it less likely to clog and
the flushing action is silent than the other types
4. It is very sanitary and easier to clean.

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

6. The Siphon Vortex
• Water enters through diagonal punching
around the rim of the bowl, creating a
vortex that draws the water down into
the rear trap with a swirling action that
scours the walls of the bowl. Water
strikes two parallel ridges and folds over
forming a jet, producing siphonic action.
Large water surface provides a very
efficient and clean process, and the
flushing is extremely quiet. This model is
mostly of one-piece construction with a
low profile. Expensive.
7. The Direct Flush Valve type
• This type is installed in places
where poor supply is sufficient and
pressurized The DFV water closet
eliminates the use of toilet water
tank. It is preferred in commercial,
hospitals, industrial and institutional
comfort rooms for efficiency of
service and ease of cleaning.

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I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

Quality. With respect to quality, water closet must Setting:
• water closet shall be set 0.375 meter from its center to any side wall or
possess the following characteristics. • 0.75 meter center to center to any similar fixture
1. Flush down quietly
2. Flush down the liquid and waste completely 750mm
3. Must function efficiently
4. Must retain large amount of standing water
surface area inside the bowl to prevent fouling
and contamination

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

Shape. With respect to shape, water closets are
classified into two types, namely:
1. The Round Type is intended for installation on a
limited space.
2. The Elongated Type is more comfortable but
occupies a larger space. This type has a large
amount of standing water inside the bowl that is
more sanitary and easier to maintain.

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

Color. With respect to color, various kinds of LAVATORIES

pastel and bright colors are available for the • Also known as a lavatory, lav, or
designers and users freedom of choice. basin
• It is a bowl or basin used for
washing face and hands and
brushing teeth.

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I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

KITCHEN SINK BATHTUBS
• Bath tubs are the plumbing fixtures
provided in the bath rooms for taking
bath. These are usually made of
glazed earthenware or vitreous china,
cement concrete finished with
terrazzo or glazed porcelain tiles or
marble titles and enameled iron. The
bath tubs are provided with a circular
waste hole at the bottom for draining.

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

KITCHEN SINK BIDET
• A bowl or receptacle designed to be
sat on in order to wash one’s
personal body part. The modern
variety has a plumbed-in water
supply and a drainage opening, and
is thus a plumbing fixture subject to
local hygiene regulations.

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

KITCHEN SINK URINAL
• A plumbing fixture provided for
the purpose of urinating.

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I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS

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I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS II. PIPE FITTINGS

Pipes comes in several types and sized. They can be divided
into Three main categories:
1. METALLIC PIPES includes steel pipes, GI and CI pipes
2. CEMENT PIPES includes RCC pipes and asbestos cement
pipes
3. PLASTIC PIPES includes PVC and PPR pipes

I. PLUMBING FIXTURES AND FITTINGS II. PIPE FITTINGS

1. Cast Iron (CI) Pipe
• It is used as a pressure pipe for
transmission of water, gas, or
sewage or as a water drainage
pipe. It comprises predominantly
a gray cast iron tube historically
used uncoated, with newer types
having various coatings and
linings to reduce corrosion and
improve hydraulics.

II. PIPE FITTINGS II. PIPE FITTINGS

There are numerous kind of materials available for plumbing 2. Steel Pipe
installation but so far, the most popular and commonly used are: • The most commonly used pipes in
1. Cast Iron (CI) Pipe water supply systems. They are also
2. Steel Pipe used in pipelines for natural gas, and
sewerage systems.
3. Galvanized Iron (GI) Pipe
• Comparatively expensive to other
4. Copper Pipe
pipes, they hold the advantage of
5. Plastic/ Synthetic Pipe being able to withstand high pressures
6. Bituminous fiber Pipe and are available in more convenient
7. Lead Pipe lengths, and can also be welded
easily, thereby resulting in lower
8. Asbestos Pipe
installation and transportation costs.

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II. PIPE FITTINGS
3. Galvanized Iron Pipe
• Pipes that have been coated with
a layer of zinc to prevent rusting
and increase its durability and
lifespan. This protective barrier
also resists corrosion and wear
and tear from constant exposure
to harsh environmental elements
and indoor humidity.
II. PIPE FITTINGS
4. Copper Pipe
• Copper is durable and corrosion
resistant. It can also withstand
high temperatures — this is why
it was so popular for the
transportation of hot and cold
water.
• Cost a little more than steel
pipes
II. PIPE FITTINGS
5. Plastic/ Synthetic Pipe
• It is a new concept in the
field of plumbing used for
supply of cold water pipe line
and sewer line.
• 2 types of plastic synthetic
pipes
1. Rigid Type 2. Flexible Type
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II. PIPE FITTINGS
5. Plastic/ Synthetic Pipe
a. Rigid Types are: b. Rigid Types are:
- Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - Polyethylene (PE)
- Polypropylene random - Polybutylene (PB)
copolymer (PPR) – used
for HW
- Chlorinated Polyvinyl
Chloride (CPVC) – used for
HW
- Unplasticized Polyvinyl
Chloride (uPVC)
II. PIPE FITTINGS
6. Bituminous fiber Pipe
• It is the cheapest among the sewer
pipes.
• Used for house sewer and septic tank
installation
• Light in weight, slightly flexible
which could take slightly soil
movement without danger in
cracking or pulling out from its joint.
But, hot water or chemical flow may
soften or damage the pipe.
II. PIPE FITTINGS
7. Lead Pipe
• One of the most oldest plumbing
materials used by Egyptians,
Greeks and Roman builders as soil
and waste pipe.
• Lead is highly resistant to acid and
is suitable for underground
installation.
• It is never used to convey water for
human consumption because lead
is poisonous and injurious to
human health.
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II. PIPE FITTINGS
8. Asbestos Pipe
• It is made of asbestos fibers and
Portland cement.
• Can be used as soil, waste,
ventilation and downspout.
• This kind of pipe is remarkably
superior for embedment in
concrete structure for having the
same material properties.
II. PIPE FITTINGS
PIPE FITTINGS are used in pipe plumbing
systems to connect straight pipe or
tubing sections, to adapt to different
sizes or shapes, and for other purposes,
such as regulating or measuring fluid
flow.
II. PIPE FITTINGS
ELBOW
• An elbow provides a change in
flow direction.
• This adds pressure losses to the
system due to impact, friction and
re-acceleration.
• Installed between two lengths of
pipe or tubing to allow a change
of direction, usually 45° and 90°
angle.
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II. PIPE FITTINGS
EQUAL TEE
• A tee, the most common pipe fitting, is
used to combine (or divide) fluid flow.
• It can connect pipes of different diameters
or change the direction of a pipe run, or
both
• It can also be used to combine the flow
from two inlets to one outlet.
• If the 3 sides of T-fitting are similar in size
then it is called as equal tee otherwise it is
called as unequal tee.
II. PIPE FITTINGS
CROSS TYPE
• Also called four-way fittings.
• Contains 4 opening in 4 directions
• It has one inlet and three outlet or vice
versa.
• These fitting generates more amount of
stress on pipe as the temperature changes,
because they are located at the center of
four connection points.
• Commonly used in fire sprinkler system.
II. PIPE FITTINGS
ADAPTORS
• It is used to extend or terminate pipe runs.
They are used to connects two pipes.
• These fittings are somewhat similar to pipe
couplings, with the difference that they
threads. The Male threads and Female
threads
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II. PIPE FITTINGS II. PIPE FITTINGS

CAPS/ END CAP UNIONS
• Used to close the end of a dead-end pipe. • It is a type of fitting, which functions as
similar to coupling. But coupling cannot be
• It provide a tight seal and stop the flow direction of a
removed after fixing but in this case we
piping system.
can remove the union whenever we
needed.
• Unions consists nut, male and female
ended threads. When the female and male
ends are joined, the nuts then provide the
necessary pressure to seal the joint

II. PIPE FITTINGS II. PIPE FITTINGS

PLUG
• Plug is a component of plumbing component which is
generally used to close pipe opening during inspections
and repairs.
• Plug generally contains male threads.
REDUCER
• A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet
hydraulic flow requirements of the systems, or to adapt to
existing piping of a different size.

II. PIPE FITTINGS III. PLUMBING VALVES

VALVES
COUPLING
• A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the
• It is used to connect the pipes of same
diameter. flow of a fluid by opening, closing or partially obstructing

• Coupling are also useful if the pipe is broken various passageways.

or leakage occurs. Valve Functions
• Stopping and starting fluid flow
• Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow
• Controlling the direction of fluid flow
• Regulating downstream system or process pressure

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III. PLUMBING VALVES
1. GATE VALVE
• Also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a
round or rectangular gate out of the path of the fluid.
• Gate valves are linear valves and belong to the family of the
shut-off valves.
III. PLUMBING VALVES
1. GATE VALVE
• Wheel or knob at the top of the gate valve is present that
controls the height of the gate – this, in turn, affects the
flow of water. But unfortunately, the wheel doesn’t
provide any indication of whether the valve is open or
closed.
• Gate valves are not usually used to regulate flow because
the valving element can be damaged when in the partially
open position.
III. PLUMBING VALVES
2. GLOBE VALVE
• Unlike the gate valve, globe valve can change the flow
direction and flow rate which causes high pressure drops as
well as complete shutoff of flow.
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III. PLUMBING VALVES
3. CHECK VALVE
• A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is
a valve that normally allows to flow through it in only one
direction.
• Check valves are designed to prevent backflow. Backflow simply
means flow that has reversed itself within a pipe and begins to
flow backwards.
III. PLUMBING VALVES
4. BALL VALVE
• A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a
hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it.
• In open position, hole in the sphere is in line with the pipe.
• Lever handle operates the valve and also serves as an indicator
for whether the valve is open or closed.
III. PLUMBING VALVES
5. BUTTERFLY VALVE
• It is a rotary motion valve that is used
to stop, regulate, and start fluid flow.
• Compact, lightweight design
• The closing mechanism takes the
form of a disk. Operation is similar to
a ball valve, which allows for quick
shut-off.
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III. PLUMBING VALVES III. PLUMBING VALVES

6. DIAPHRAGM VALVE
• A diaphragm valve is a linear motion valve that is used
to start, regulate, and stop fluid flow. The name is
derived from its flexible disk, which mates with a seat
located in the open area at the top of the valve body to
form a seal.
9. ANGLE VALVE
• These oval-handled valves are located on
the water supply lines of plumbing fixtures.
• A quarter turn of the handle on an angle
valve will quickly shut off the water being
supplied to a fixture and help prevent an
overflow. This allows repair work to be
performed without interrupting water flow
to other areas.
• Angle valves are named because they sit on
a water line at an angle.

III. PLUMBING VALVES

7. PINCH VALVE
• A pinch valve is the simplest
valve design. It is a linear
motion valve that is used to
start, regulate, and stop fluid
flow. It uses a rubber tube
(pinch tube) to control the
fluid.

III. PLUMBING VALVES

8. NEEDLE VALVE
• Also known as plunger valves
• They are used to make relatively fine adjustments
in the amount of fluid flow.

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