ARC 454: WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE LECTURE NOTE

Categories of discharge pipe in buildings

1. Waste pipes- carry waste water is from showers, bath tubs, kitchen sinks, wash hand basin,
washing machine. This is also called grey water. 50-75mm diameter pipes are used for drainage
of waste water.

2. Soil pipes- carry liquid and solid wastes from wcs, bidets and urinals. This is also called black
water. Minimum of 100mm diameter pipes are used for soil water.

Important qualities of waste water appliances

1. It should be clean and permit easy cleaning

2. It should be strong and durable to withstand wear and tear

3. It should have smooth and non-absorbent surface

4. It should be economical in initial and maintenance costs.

5. It should be accessed easily

Waste water appliances

a. Sinks – sinks are made of stainless steel sinks which usually have bowl(s) and drainer(s). There
are varieties of it in the market- single bowl and drainer, double bowl and double drainer; they are
designed to fit into kitchen units. They usually have their overflows connected to the waste outlet
and there are holes for taps (or mixers). A seal trap is connected to the sink waste which is then
connected to waste pipe.

Sink

b. Wash Basins- they come in 2 forms – wall hung supported by wall brackets or by a pedestal
secured to the floor. The standard wash basins comprises bowl, soap tray, outlet, water overflow
connected to the outlet and holes for fixing taps. The pedestal is used to hide the trap, waste and
service pipes. A pad is sometimes fitted between the bottom of the basin and top of the pedestal,
for ones that do not make a close fit.

Most wash basins are made of vitreous china which comes with different sizes and designs. Hot
and cold taps are connected to hot and cold distributing (or supply pipes) pipes which are fixed to
the wash basins. An overflow (a hole in the side of the basin that can drain to the outlet) is usually
formed during the manufacture of basins. A waste outgo with slot to drain the overflow is formed
in the basin. A waste is fitted to the outgo and secured with a back nut. A trap is connected is
connected to the outgo and waste pipe.

Pedestal wall hung

c. Baths- are made of porcelain-enameled cast iron or enameled pressed sheet steel. The usual
form of bath tub are free standing or set against a dwarf wall of partition. The discharge from bath
is under, a seal trap is fitted to the bath waste and then connected to waste pipe. An overflow pipe
is connected to the bath and then linked to the outlet. The walls over and around the baths should
be finished with impermeable materials like tiles. They are available in range of designs and sizes.
d. Showers- It is becoming common to install showers which are more economical in water, more
hygienic and easier as well as safer for elderly and Physically challenged than bathtubs. Disabled
people in particular often find it easier to shower than to get in and out of a tub. Showers allow
washing to be performed quickly in limited space and the conventional shower consists of a shower
tray with a fixed or hand-held shower head/mixers. Showers come with and without trays and
enclosures, the walls around the shower should be lined with impermeable material.

Soil water appliances

a. WCs- The principal appliance in any toilet installation is the water closet or WC. This may be
free-standing within a bathroom, or placed in a compartment or cubicle by itself, or with a hand-
rinse basin. The compartment should have its own lighting and ventilation system. WC consists of
Cistern and pan

Parts of WC
Types of WC

1. Squatting Type

2. Siphon Type

b. Urinals- Although a number of female urinal designs have been produced, none have been
successful. However, they are abundant in public and semi-public facilities for men, and research
shows that there is often over-provision of WCs for men. Urinals are of two types: slab, stall and
bowl. Slabs are rarely used these days because they are more difficult to service and repair than
bowls. It is also desirable to have small modesty screens between bowls. Urinal bowls are usually
fixed with their forward rims 610 mm above floor level. One in each range should be lower at 510
mm for use by small boys.

Slab Bowl Stall

c. Bidets- it is used for washing the lower excretory organ of the body in a thorough and convenient
manner sitting by the appliance. Bidets consists of a glazed ceramic pedestal bowl which secured
to the floor (pedestal or wall hung variety). It has flushing rim, an overflow connected to the waste
and an inlet for a spray or hand-held spray. Bidets can also be used as a foot bath

ASSIGNMENT
Draw the plan and section of the appliance with dimensions of all the waste water and soil
appliances. NB: submit on or before the 7/6/2023