Bharati Vidyapeeth

Deemed To Be University, Pune, India

College of Engineering

REPORT ON

Introduction to Water Supply and Sanitary Fitting and

Appliances

Effort By:- Shalini singh

PRN:- 2114110754
Roll No:- 29
Class:- B. Tech Civil Engineering
Year:- Sem- IV Second Year
Subject:- CPCE
Guided by:- Prof. Pooja Pawar
INTRODUCTION
Absolutely pure water is never found in nature but the
water found in nature contains number of impurities in
varying amounts. The rainwater which is originally
pure, also absorbs various gases, dust and other
impurities while filling. This water when moves on the
ground further carries silt, organic and inorganic
impurities. Wholesome water is defined as the water
which containing the minerals in small quantities at
requisite levels and free from harmful impurities. The
water that is fit for drinking safe and agreeable is called
potable water. The following are the requirements of
wholesome water.
 It should be free from bacteria
 It should be colourless and sparkling
 It should be tasty, odour free and cool
 It should be free from objectionable matter
 It should not corrode pipes
 It should have dissolved oxygen and free from
carbonic acid so that it may remain fresh.

sanitary Fitting
The fittings or appliance used for collection and
discharge of soil waste or waste matter is termed as
sanitary fittings. Different types of sanitary fittings are
required in a building to perform different type of
function. These fittings are glazed chinaware. These
fittings are so designed and shaped that they have non
absorbent surface which can be easily cleaned.

Materials used in making Sanitary fittings

1. Metallic Materials
 Stainless steel
 Iron
 Copper
2. Metallic Alloys
 Steel and Chromium
  Nikel
 Carbon
 Manganese
3. Non Metallic Materials
 PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC)
 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
 Rubber
 Polyethylene

Types of Sanitary Fittings

Some of the different types of sanitary fittings are as
follows:-
 Wash Basin
 Urinals
 Water Closet
 Flushing
Cisterns
 Faucets

Wash Basin
A wash basin is usually made of pottery or white glazed
earthware or enamelled iron, etc. Sometimes, they are also
made of pressed steel or plastic. An ordinary wash basin is
mounted on brackets fixed on wall. While a pedestal type
basin is mounted on pedestal rising from wall. They are
available in different shapes and sizes.
There are two types of wash basin namely:-
 Flat Back Wash Basin
 Angle Back Wash Basin
The Standard sizes for flat back wash basins are:-
630 x 450 mm
550 x 400 mm
450 x 300 mm

Standard sizes for angle back wash basins are:-

600 x 480 mm
400 x 400 mm

Angle Back Wash Basin Flat Back Wash Basin

Urinals
It fall under the category of soil appliance and the discharge
from urinals is connected to soil pipe either directly or
through trap provided with gun metal or brass domed shaped
removable grating. From hygienic considerations it is
desirable to provide glazed tiles on walls of urinals preferable
upto door height. They are generally made of stainless steel
and glazed earthen ware, fire clay or white vitreous
chinaware.
There are two types of urinals namely:-
Bowl Type or Lip Type Urinal Stall Type Urinal

Water Closet
A water closet is a sanitary fitting which is designed to
receive human excreta directly and convey to the septic
tank or underground sewer through a trap. It is
connected to flushing cistern to flush the excreta from
the closet to the soil pipe. It is usually made of glazed
earthen ware, fire clay or white vitreous chinaware.
The three type of water closet are namely :-
 Indian or Squatting Water Closet
 Anglo Indian Water Closet
 European Type Water Closet
 Wash Down Type
 Siphonic Type
 Indian or
Squatting Anglo Indian
Water Closet Water Closet

European Type Water Closet European Type Water Closet

Wash Down Type Siphonic Type

Flushing Cisterns
It is used for storage and discharge of water for flushing
of W.C. or urinals. It is made of cast iron vitreous china
or pressed steel plates or plastic. The capacity varies
from 10 to 15 litres. When the cistern is fixed at a
height of 1.8 to 2 m from floor it is termed as high level
cistern made of cast iron. The European W.C. is
generally provided with low level cistern made up of
porcelain and it operated at a height of not more than 30
cm between top of pan and under side of cistern.
The three types of flushing cisterns are namely:-
 Valve less siphonic type or bell type
 Valve fitted type or piston type
 Automatic flushing type

Valve fitted type or Valve less siphonic type or

piston type flushing bell type flushing

Automatic flushing type

Faucets
It's a device with a nozzle that releases a good flow of water. They
elevate the look & hygiene quotient of your bathroom. They are easy
to clean and make maintaining hygiene easier.
The four different type of faucets are:-
 Ball Faucet
 Disc Faucet
 Cartridge Faucet
 Compression Faucet

Disc Faucet Ball Faucet

Cartridge Faucet Compression Faucet

Some of the sanitary Fitting in our college

Introduction to Water Supply

The pipes used to transport potable drinking water in a Home
Plumbing use different materials than those used for the pipes
carrying drain water. Your home may have a plumbing system
that uses all one type of material for the water supply pipes, but
don't be surprised to find several types of pipes, especially in
older homes that have had many plumbing repairs or updates.
Galvanized Steel
Galvanized pipe is steel pipe that has been treated with a zinc
coating. This galvanized coating keeps the water from
corroding the pipe. It was once the most common type of pipe
for water supply lines, but because labour and time that goes
into cutting, threading, and installing galvanized pipe, it no
longer used much, except for limited use in repairs. However,
galvanized pipe for water distribution is still seen in larger
commercial applications. Galvanized piping has a functional
life of about 40 years, according to home inspection agencies.

Copper
Copper pipe is mostly used for hot and cold water distribution, as well
as being regularly used in HVAC systems for refrigerant lines. It
works in both underground and above-ground applications, but copper
can be affected by some soils and it should have a protective sleeve if
used underground. Copper was the gold standard for water supply
pipes, as galvanized steel fell from favour. Copper plumbing pipes
can last for up to 50 years, but as it ages, copper thins out, eventually
leading to pinhole leaks. Due to the price of copper and the longer
labour needed to install, many builders have switched to alternative
water distribution piping, especially PEX. Copper comes in different
thicknesses which are labelled M, L, and K. M is the thinnest grade of
copper. Copper can be connected in different ways, including
compression fittings, push-fit fittings, or sweat-soldering. K copper is
used in underground applications and high-pressure situations. M
copper tube is used in heating applications and isn't allowed for water
lines in some jurisdictions because it cannot withstand high pressure
water.

PVC
It is an acronym that stands for polyvinyl chloride. The
different types of plastic pipe used for water supply, PVC
pipe has a wide variety of plumbing uses but is mostly used
for drainage. It is rarely used in potable water applications,
and in many jurisdictions, it is not considered safe for
drinking. It is also very common in pool and spa systems.
This pipe is often white, but it can also come in other colours.
It also comes in a variety of thicknesses, called schedules.
Schedules 40 is common for pipes used in water distribution.
The connections are made by using a primer that softens the
PVC and then applying PVC glue that melts the joints and
pipe together.
CPVC
The acronym CPVC stands for chlorinated polyvinyl
chloride. It is often (but not always) cream-colored or off-
white plastic. This type of pipe can stand temperatures up to
about 180 degrees Fahrenheit or so (this depends on the
schedule), so it can be used for both hot and cold-water lines.
According to the International Association of Certified Home
Inspectors (InterNACHI), CPVC and PVC pipes generally
last for 50 to 80 years under perfect conditions, though early
failure is also reported in some circumstances. CPVC pipe
should always be clearly labelled if used for potable
(drinkable) water.
PEX

PEX
PEX stands for cross-linked polyethylene. It is sometimes
known as XLPE. It have good resistance to both hot and cold
temperatures, PEX is commonly used for both hot and cold
water lines in homes, and for hydronic heating systems (such
as radiant under-floor systems). It is considered more durable
than copper, with a likely lifespan of more than 50 years. PEX
are preferred because of its low cost, and because it comes in
long rolls of tubing that are easy to transport. Because the
flexible tubing can be bent around corners, fewer elbows and
other fittings are required, speeding up installation.
Adaptor

Adaptors are
mainly used
for extending
pipe runs in
the forward
direction with
the same or
different
diameters. By
using an
adapter, we
can connect two dissimilar pipes in the same run. It’s function
is generally similar to pipe couplings, with the difference that
they connect pipes of different types, one of which is an IPS
(Iron Pipe Size). It may have female or male IPS or threads on
one end of the opposite gender on the other end, which needs
to be welded or soldered onto a smaller pipe.

Barb

A barb is generally used to connect hoses to pipes. It is

essential to have a male at one end and on the other end a
barbed tube, which is a ridged and tapered cone. Plastic barbs
are used when it needs to carry cold water and brass if they
carry hot water.

Coupling
It is mainly used to connect two piles of the same diameter. It can also
be used to fix pile leakage or broken problem. It have two main types
named compression coupling and slip coupling. Compression
coupling is mostly used to connect two pipes and it can prevent
leakage by the arrangement of gaskets or rubber seals on both sides,
otherwise, glue is provided. Slip coupling has two pipes that are
arranged as one another. It is made up such that the inner pipe can
slide up to some length. So, we can solve the problem of long-length
damaged pipe by slip coupling.

Cross-type

Cross-type pipe fitting has 4

vents or openings in all 4
directions and there are perpendicular to each other. This type of
fitting is used when there are 4 pipes that are meeting at the same
point. These types of pipe fitting must be made from strong material
as it has to bear more stress. These stresses come from the point
where all 4 pipes connect from different directions. These types of
pipe fitting are majorly used in the sprinkler system.

Double-Tapped Bushing

The double-tapped bushing is one type of nipple itself, but it must

thread on both the inside and the outside. It is named double-tapped
bushing because its centre hole is threaded (tapped) from both the top
and bottom.

Elbow

It is generally used to change the direction of the pipe run. They are
available at different angles 22.5º 45 º and 90 º. Normal types of
elbows are used for a pipe of the same diameter and reducer types of
elbows are used when diversion is to be done for a pipe of different
diameters. They are made from different materials. Elbows are mostly
available with female threads, and we can fix them by butt or socket
welding also.

Mechanical Sleeve

Mechanical pipe sleeves are generally used to connect two pipes by a

screw or other fixtures. This arrangement makes it easy to fix and
repair. The mechanical sleeves are mostly manufactured from a
rubber material that is inserted inside a metal jacket (stainless steel
clamp). As we tighten the mechanical sleeves claim, it compresses the
rubber inside to make a tight seal.