Volume 3

Master Plumber
Review Book
Volume 3
 Plumbing Tools
 Pipes and Fittings
 Water Supply System
 Valves
 Symbols for Pipe Fittings and
Valves
Marvin “The Legend” Kalngan

Civil Engineer, Master Plumber
This exam review book was written to help those who want to pass the
Master Plumber Licensure Examination (MPLE) given by the
Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). This can also be used by
students and by practicing professionals as a reference book or textbook.
Author’s Profile:
Marvin “The Legend” Kalngan earned his Bachelor’s

Degree in Civil Engineering at Mountain Province
State Polytechnic College – College of Engineering
and Technology, Tadian Mountain Province. He is a
Licensed Civil Engineer and Licensed Master Plumber. He passed the
Civil Engineer Licensure Examination on November 2006 and Master
Plumber Licensure Examination on July 2019. He has work experiences
in the Philippines, Libya, and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He is a former
College Instructor, Architectural/Structural Draughtsman, and Math
Tutor.
__________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
Plumbing Tools ……………………………… 1
Pipes and Fittings ………..………………….. 23
Water Supply System………………………... 32
Valves ……………………..………………… 38
Pipe Symbols ……………..…………………. 44

Plumbing Tools
Hammer - A hammer is a tool consisting of a weighted head and a handle used for pounding.
Curved Claw Hammer - A curved Ripping Claw Hammer - A
claw hammer is a tool primarily ripping claw hammer has a flatter
used for driving nails into an object claw than curved claw hammer and
or pulling nails out from an object. is usually used to rip apart wood
that has been nailed together.
Hand Drilling Hammer - It is a Ball Peen Hammer - Ball peen

short handled sledge hammer used hammer is commonly used for metal
for light demolition work. It is used working. It has two heads. One is flat
with steel chisel when cutting stone and the other is rounded. The rounded
or metal head is called peen.
Sledge Hammer - It is a tool with Mason’s Hammer – This

large, flat, often metal head, is used in brickworks and
attached to a long handle. It is use masonry works.
for heavy jobs such as driving in
stakes or to break up concrete,
stone or masonry.
Welder’s Hammer - A tool used Rubber Mallet - A general tool

to remove welding slag from a used for many different jobs. It is
weld and welding spatter from normally used for striking another
along side welds. object and applying force to it.
Framing Hammer – Framing Prospector’s Hammer – It is

hammer is a heavy duty ripping also called Geologist Hammer.
claw hammer used for framing It is used for splitting and
houses. It is heavier than a breaking rocks
standard hammer.
1
Marvin “The Legend” Kalngan, Licensed Civil Engineer, Licensed Master Plumber
Plumbing Tools
Shovel - A tool consisting of a blade attached to a handle used to dig, lift, and move materials
such as soil, coal, gravel, snow and sand. Round pointed shovels are primarily use for digging.
Square point and scoop shovels are primarily use for moving or transferring materials. Trench
shovels are good for trenching.
D-Handle Round D-Handle Square D-Handle Drain D-Handle Steel
Point Shovel Point Shovel Spade Scoop Shovel
Long Handle Square Long Handle Round Trench Shovel Garden Trowel
Point Shovel Point Shovel
Snow Shovel
Tape Measure or Hacksaw –

Measuring Tape –It is Used to cut
used to measure distances. pipes and other
thin materials.
2
Plumbing Tools
Screwdriver - A screwdriver is a tool used for screwing or unscrewing screws. The two most
used screwdrivers are the flathead screwdriver and the Philips head screwdriver.
Philips Head Screwdriver – Also called

cross-head screwdriver. When viewed in front,
Slotted Screwdriver or Flathead the tip of the head look like a cross.
Screwdriver – The first type of screwdriver to
be developed. It has a chisel shaped blade used
to drive or turn a slotted screw head.
Torx Screwdriver – Used to

Spanner Head Screwdriver – Used to drive
drive torx screw (screw with a
spanner screw (screw with two round holes).
hole in the shape of a 6-pointed star).
Wrench - Used for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts and turning pipes and fittings.
Adjustable Wrench – Also Combination Wrench – Also called

called adjustable spanner. It is an combination spanner. A double-ended
open-end wrench with a movable tool with one end being like an open-
jaw, allowing it to be used with end wrench and the other end being like
different sizes of fastener head a box-end wrench. Both ends fit the
(nut, bolt, etc.) same size of bolt.
3
Plumbing Tools
Open-end Wrench – Also called Offset Box-end
open-end spanner. A wrench Wrench – Also called
having fixed, open jaws on one or ring spanner. A wrench
both ends. with an enclosed
opening that grips the
faces of the bolt or nut.
Allen Wrench - Also Crowfoot Wrench – This is

called allen key. It is an an open end wrench with no
L-shaped wrench with handle. It is designed to be
hexagonal cross-section attached to a ratchet handle
used to turn bolts and and socket extension.
screws with hexagonal
sockets in their heads.
Hex Pipe
Wrench – The
hex jaw design
gives multi-sided,
Pipe Wrench –A pipe wrench is designed to
secure grip on all
turn threaded pipes and pipe fittings for
hex nuts, square nuts, unions and valve
assembly or tightening and disassembly or
packing nuts. The extra-wide opening offset
loosening.
model is ideal for securing drain nuts on sinks
and tubs.
Spud Wrench/Smooth Jaw

Wrench – It has smooth and
toothless jaws. Used for square,
rectangular, hex, or octagonal
shapes where toothed pipe wrench
is not a good option. Features
narrow jaws to fit into tight places. Offset Pipe Wrench - Features a jaw opening
parallel to the handle and a narrower hook jaw
head. Provides easy entry into tight spots.
Strap Wrench –
A type of wrench
that grips an object
by way of a strong
woven nylon strap
without scratching
or deforming the Chain Wrench – An adjustable chain circles
object. Best for the pipe with its ends connected to the head
polished metal whose teeth engage the pipe. A double jaw
pipes. gives fast,ratchet-like action in either direction.
4
Plumbing Tools
Inner Tube
Core Barrel
Wrench -
This wrench
is used for
Mineral Rapid Grip Wrench - Quick one-handed
Exploration, operation makes your jobs move faster. The
Geotechnical spring-loaded jaw design provides rapid
and Environmental Core Drilling and Soil ratcheting action.
Sampling.
Raprench Wrench – Also called rap wrench.

End Pipe Wrench - An ideal wrench for pipe A deep and broad hook jaw housing provides a
work close to a wall, in tight quarters or in smooth, flat surface that is ideal for occasional
closely spaced parallel lines. use as a hammer.
Chain Tong -
Designed and
sized to
provide extra
leverage for
the toughest
Compound Leverage Wrench - Offers a jobs. Chain
unique design that multiplies the turning force tong has a
applied to a pipe. Ideal for freeing locked longer handle
couplings and joints frozen by age or damage. than chain wrench.
Basin Wrench -
An ideal tool for
use in tight spaces
and under sink
applications.
Telescoping Basin Wrench - Has built-in

water-resistant LED light that provides direct
illumination of your work.
One Stop Internal Wrench -

Wrench - Is two Holds closet spuds
wrenches in one. and bath, basin and
It provides the sink strainers through
exact size 2". Use to install or
wrench you need extract Schedule 40
to install angle 1" through 2" nipples.
stops and compression couplings.
5
Plumbing Tools
Torque Wrench – The plumbing torque Cheater Adaptable Pipe Wrench – A 3 in 1
wrench has a T-shaped handle that is preset to pipe wrench. Interchangeable handles make a
the desired level of torque strength, eliminating 10 - inch, 18 - inch, and 24-inch pipe wrench.
guesswork in No Hub soil pipe installations.
Portable Tristand Vises – Each tristand pipe vise features integral folding legs for easy
transport and setup, tool hangers and a base which overhangs the front legs for clear tool swing.
Portable Tristand Chain Portable Tristand Yoke
Bench Chain
Vise – The
crank handle is
anchored to
the base. The
rugged cast-
iron base has
handy pipe rest
and bender.
Stand Chain Vise – It has sturdy cast-iron

frame. It is equipped with pipe rest, pipe
bender, and tool tray.
6
Plumbing Tools
Bench Yoke Vise - The yoke and base are Portable Yoke Vise -
made of strong, dependable iron. Easily attaches to plank,
workbench or post.
Top Screw Post Chain Vise – The light and strong portable post-chain vise fits any shape or
kind of post.
Pipe Welding Vise – It is made of durable performance-proven material designed to resist strain,
heat and warping during tacking
Angle Pipe Welding Vise Elbow Pipe Welding Vise
Flanged Pipe Welding Vise Straight Pipe Welding Vise
7
Plumbing Tools
Pipe Stands – Used to hold pipes in place while cutting, threading, roll grooving, etc …
V-Head Pipe Stand – It has locking ring that Roller Head Pipe Stand – It has rollers that
allows for quick vertical height adjustments. centers the pipe and allow rotation.
Conveyor Head Pipe Stand – Conveyor head Adjustable Stand with Steel Rollers – Feed
allows the pipe to move back and forth for screw quickly adjusts sizes and keeps pipe
moving material on the jobsite or loading into centered on stand.
a threading machine.
Ball Transfer Head – The ball heads allow Large Diameter Pipe Stand – It can hold 6"
pipe to slide and rotate easily. to 24" (15 to 61 cm) diameter pipe up to 4,500
lbs. (2,041 kg).
8
Plumbing Tools
Adjustable Pipe Support Quick-Acting Pipe Welding Clamp – It is
designed for quick setup and easy alignment of
pipe from 2 to 12 inches.
Pipe Cutter – A tool used for cutting pipe. It can be manual or power operated.
Heavy Duty 4-Wheel Pipe Cutter – It is equipped with 4
Pipe Cutter - heavy-duty wheels.
Features an
extra-long
shank that
protects
adjustment
threads.
Hinged Pipe Cutter Wide Roll Pipe Cutter – It features extra-

– Designed for rapid wide rolls, this cutter is especially designed for
cutting of 2" (50 mm) use with power drives.
to 12" (300 mm) steel
pipe, heavy-wall steel
pipe and cast-iron
pipe.
Powered Soil Pipe Cutter No Hub – Designed to

Soil Pipe effectively cut no hub soil pipe.
Cutter –
Cuts cast
iron pipe
quickly and
easily in
tight spaces.
9
Plumbing Tools
In Place Soil Pipe Cutter – Designed to cut Soil Pipe Assembly Tool – Easy assembly of
hub and no hub soil pipe in tight quarters. Y, tee and elbow fittings, as well as straight
lengths from any angle.
Pipe Extractors – Pipe extractors easily Dry Cut Saw – Designed to cut steel, copper,
remove broken threaded ends of pipe, pipe aluminum and plastics with a maximum wall
plugs and fittings. thickness of 6 mm.
Power Pipe Cutter – Designed to cut steel and Copper Cutting and Prep Machine – This
stainless steel pipes with diameter that ranges machine is designed to cut, clean, ream, and
from 8” to 12”. deburr copper and stainless tubing and fittings
quickly and professionally.
10
Plumbing Tools
Tubing Cutter - A tool used for cutting tube.
Close Quarters Tubing Cutter – Designed 2-in-1 Close Quarters Autofeed Cutter –
for use in restricted spaces on small diameter, Includes a self-feeding autofeed cutter wheel that
hard and soft copper, aluminum, brass and automatically cuts after tightening the knob only
plastic tubing. once.
Constant Swing Tubing Cutter – Features Enclosed Feed Tubing Cutter – Features an
an enclosed feed screw to eliminate clogging enclosed feed screw to eliminate clogging and
and jamming, grooved rollers for close-to- jamming.
flare cuts, and a fold-away reamer.
Quick Acting Tubing Cutter – feature a Screw Feed Tubing Cutter – Large, ergonomic
quick-acting design, I-beam construction, X-CEL knob provides a firm grip so you can cut
hardened wear surfaces and thrust bearing tubing quickly and easily.
slide assemblies for smooth operation.
C-Style Close Quarters Copper Tubing Internal Tubing

Cutter – Cut 1/2 and 3/4 tubing with one Cutter – For
cutter with quick change feature. trimming tubing
below floor level for
shower/floor drain
installations, or above
the ceiling for
sprinkler head
installations.
11
Plumbing Tools
Reamers and Deburring Tools – These tools are used to remove burrs inside and outside the
edge of the pipe/tubing after cutting or threading
Straight Pipe Reamer – Designed for Spiral Pipe Reamer – Designed for accuracy
dependable reaming. It has a long, tapered and ease of use. It features a self-feeding design
design that will not dig in. Suitable for use that allows for extra-fast and easy hand reaming
with power drives. and deburring on pipe.
Inner - Outer Reamer – Used for inner Deburring Tool – Used to removes the outside
reaming and outer deburring copper, stainless ridges and inside burrs on plastic pipe and
steel tubing, aluminum, and brass. tubing.
Pipe Thread - It is a spiral ridge at the end of a pipe. There are two types of pipe thread: (1)Male
thread – the thread is outside the pipe. (2)Female thread – the thread is inside the pipe.
Pipe Threader – A tool used to cut threads at the end of a pipe.
Three-Way Pipe Threader – Cuts three thread Enclosed Ratchet Threader Set
sizes.
Pipe Taps – It is used to cut internal threads. Exposed Ratchet Bolt Threader Set
12
Plumbing Tools
Power Threading Machine Manual Roll Groover – Used to create

grooves in pipe ends in preparation for a
mechanical joint.
Pliers – It is a hand tool used for

1. gripping and holding objects
2. cutting wires, ropes, and cables
3. bending and compressing some materials
Toungue and Groove Pliers – Also called Crimping Pliers – A device used to conjoin
Channel Lock pliers. It is commonly used to two pieces of metal by deforming one or both
grip irregularly shaped objects. in a way that causes them to hold each other.
Diagonal Cutting Pliers - Used to cut wires, Lineman’s Pliers – Also called Combination
screws and nails up to 5mm in diameter. It is Pliers. It is used by linemen, electricians and
also used to skin wires. other tradesmen for the purpose of bending,
gripping, twisting, and cutting cable and wire.
13
Plumbing Tools
Slip Joint Pliers - Pliers whose pivot point or Locking Pliers – Also called Vise Grip. These
fulcrum can be moved to increase the size are pliers that can be locked in position.
range of the jaws.
Long Nose Pliers – Also called Needle-nose End Cutting Pliers – Use to cut wire, springs,
Pliers. Because of the long shaped jaws, this is nails, rivets and bolts. It is also used to pull
useful for reaching into small areas which objects.
cannot be reached with fingers or other means.
Bolt Cutter - Also called bolt cropper. A tool Water Pump Pliers – Commonly used to grip
used for cutting chains, padlocks, bolts, wire irregularly shaped objects.
mesh, steel bars and other similar materials.
Flat Nose Fencing Pliers – It is a multipurpose tool. It

Pliers – It is can be a wire cutter, a hammer and staple
designed for remover (out of the wood).
making sharp
bends and right
angles in wire
and small
metal parts. It
can also grip
flat objects and
can be used to straighten a bent wire.
14
Plumbing Tools
Aviation Snips and Offsets Snips – Ideal for cutting 18-gauge or lighter cold-rolled sheet steel.
Color coded green is used to cut to the right direction (clockwise). Color coded red is used to cut
to the left direction (counterclockwise). Color coded yellow are for straight cutting. Offset snips
have slightly offset blades.
Bulldog Aviation Snip – Used to make Straight Cut Aviation Snip – Used to make
straight cuts or slightly curve on thick straight cuts or slightly curve.
materials.
Right Cut Aviation Snip – Used to make Right Cut Offset Snip - Used to make straight
straight or right cuts. or right cuts.
Left Cut Offset Snip - Used to make straight Left Cut Aviation Snip - Used to make
or left cuts. straight or left cuts.
Lever Bender - Designed to bend copper Tri-Bender - Designed to bend three different
tubing and stainless steel to a maximum of sizes of soft copper tubing with one tool
180°. 1 5 3
�4 in. , 16 in. and 8 in. �.
Heavy Duty Instrument Bender – Designed Geared-Ratchet Tube Bender - High-geared

to bend mechanical ratios bend heavy-wall steel tube,
stainless stainless steel tube and hard copper water tube.
steel and
titanium.
15
Plumbing Tools
Spring Type Tube Bender – Fast, free-form Swagging Tools – Use for joining copper and
bending of soft copper and aluminum tube. other thin-walled tubing.
Simply insert tubing into spring, make your
bend, then slide spring off.
Plastic Pipe Cutter – A tool used for cutting plastic pipe.

Single Stroke Cutter – Designed for plastic Ratchet Cutter with Ergonomic Grips–
(PVC, CPVC, PP, PEX, PE) and multilayer Designed for plastic (PVC, CPVC, PP, PEX,
tubing. Features a spring-loaded handle for PE, rubber hose) and multilayer tubing. Handy
faster positioning. Single stroke, easy cut. ergonomic grips on the bottom handle are
spaced at 1⁄2-inch increments to act as a quick
pipe measuring scale.
PTEC Plastic Drain Pipe Cutter – This cutter Inner-Outer Copper Cleaning Brush –
automatically deburrs in parallel to the cutting Combines tube cleaning and fitting brush into
action so there's no need for a second tool to one hand tool.
deburr.
16
Plumbing Tools
Bench Vise – Used to secure an object to allow Anvil – A large block of metal upon which
work to be performed on it. another object is struck or worked.
Level - Designed to indicate whether a surface Folding Rule – Also called zig-zag rule. It is a
is horizontal, vertical or inclined to a certain series of two or more smaller rule strips joined
angle. with hinges.
Files - Used to smooth the edges of metal, Putty Knife - Used for scraping putty or
wood, or plastic. It can also be used to caulk from fixtures (or appliances) and
remove burrs from the insides of pipes. other similar applications.
Plunger – Also known as force cup, plumber's friend, or plumber's helper. It is a tool used to
clear blockages in drains and pipes. It consists of a rubber suction cup with an attached stick,
usually made of wood or plastic.
Common Sink Plunger / Flat

Accordion Plunger Plunger Toilet Flange Plunger
17
Plumbing Tools
Reciprocating Saw – A machine- PVC/ABS Saw – Designed for fast and
powered saw in which the cutting action is accurate plastic pipe cutting.
achieved through a push-and-pull
(reciprocating) motion of the blade.
Flaring Tool – Used to expand the end of Toilet Auger – Also called water closet auger
tubing in preparation for a flared joint. or plumbing snake. It is a tool that can
maneuver through the drain of the toilet to
remove obstructions.
Hand Spinner – Used to unclogged traps of Sink Machine - Ideal for cleaning small
sinks, bath tubs, floor drains and other similar secondary drain lines from ¾” to 1 ½”.
applications. Ideal for ¾” to 1 ½” drain lines.
This is not recommended for water closets.
Drum Machine – Used to unclogged 1 ½” to 4” drain lines.
18
Plumbing Tools
Tool Attachments for Drain Cleaning Machines
Drop Head Auger - For Straight Auger - For use in Funnel Auger - For use as
cleaning back to back exploring and breaking up second tool in line. Breaks up
mounted fixtures e.g.,sinks stoppages or returning sample remains of stoppage left by
where cable needs to be led to surface to determine correct straight auger.
into down pipe. tool.
Hook Auger - For heavy and Retrieving Auger - For Bulb Auger - For breaking up
dense root stoppages in pipes searching for cable which is tough clogs and blockages.
that require hooking and broken or lost in line.
breaking up.
Spade Cutter - For following Four Blade Saw Tooth Grease Cutter - For lines
up after augers have been used Cutter - For blockages caused which have become badly
and to open up floor drains. by hardened, glazed material greased with detergents and
such as chemical deposits. have to be opened.
Spiral Saw Tooth Cutter - Saw Tooth Cutter - For Spiral Bar Cutter - For main
For clearing any stoppage, cleaning lines blocked heavily sewers blocked by roots, leaf
roots, rags, sticks, etc. with roots. Unique design debris, sticks, sawdust, cloth,
permits cutter to be removed and sacking.
from damaged pipe without
locking.
19
Plumbing Tools
Sharktooth Cutter - For use Grease “C” Cutter - For Expanding Finish Cutters -
in cleaning pipes of general grease blockage in lines For final removal of material
material clinging to pipe leading from garbage disposal adhering to walls and certain
walls. unit or waste pipe. roots of fibrous nature.
Chain Knocker - For use Flue Brush - For use for H – Cutter – It is a back to
when vigorous action is finish cleaning required of back Grease “C” Cutter.
required for cleaning of scale boiler tubes and heat
in pipes and boiler tubes. exchangers.
Lead Caulked Joint Tools and Materials

Melting Pot – Used to melt lead. Ladle - Used to transfer molten lead to the
joint from the melting pot.
Oakum – Oakum is tightly packed in the bell Joint Runner – A piece of rope with clamps
of the bell-and- placed around a pipe to serve as a dam for the
spigot joint retention of poured molten lead and later to
before molten be caulked in.
lead is poured.
20
Plumbing Tools
Yarning Iron – Used to packed oakum tightly Caulking Iron – Also called packing iron.
into the bell before pouring molten lead in a Used to packed the poured molten lead around
bell-and-spigot caulked joint. the joint.
Styles of Yarning Irons and Caulking Irons
Ceiling Iron Left Iron (Square End) Inside Stub Iron
Outside Stub Iron Long Nose Offset Iron Curved Offset Iron (Square
(Square End) End)
Spring Yarning Iron Offset Yarning Iron Midget Curved Nose Offset
Iron
Outside Straight Iron Inside Straight Iron Water Main Caulking Iron
Tools and Materials Used in Soldering
Solder Soldering Flux or Paste – The primary

purpose is to prevent oxidation of the base and
filler materials.
Emery Cloth or Sand Paper – Used to clean Propane Gas with Flame Burner Torch –
the portion of the pipe that will penetrate the Used to heat the joint and to melt the solder so
fitting. that it will stick to the joint.
21
Plumbing Tools
Personal Notes:
22
Pipes and Fittings
Types of Pipe
1. Asbestos Cement Pipe. Made of combined asbestos fibers and Portland cement (with or
without silica). Two types of asbestos cement pipe are: pressure type and non-pressure type.
Joints are compression gasket joints or asbestos-cement/rubber-gasket joints.
2. Cast Iron Pipe. Made of gray cast iron. Cast iron is used primarily in building construction
for sanitary, waste, storm drain, and vent piping applications. Joints can be caulking (for hub and
spigot pipes) and compression coupling (for hubless pipes)
Types of Cast Iron Pipe
A. Single Hub. It has a hub at one end and a spigot at the other end.
B. Double Hub. It has a hub at each end.
Types of Single Hub and Double Hub
a. XH (Extra Heavy) - Generally used for underground piping.
b. SV (Service) - Generally used for above ground piping.
Fig. 1 Single Hub and Double Hub Cast Iron Pipe
C. Hubless. Manufactured without a hub. Hubless pipe can be with spigot bead or without a
spigot bead. Hubless pipe is used primarily to convey waste
product and storm water.
Fig. 2 Hubless Pipe without Spigot Bead and with Spigot Bead
3. Acid-resistant Cast Iron Pipe. Composed of an alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is used to
serve chemical laboratories and other installations through which acid waste flows.
23
Pipes and Fittings
4. Ductile Iron Pipe. Pipes made of ductile cast iron. This pipe can be assembled with
mechanical, gasketed, or flanged joints.
5. Brass Pipe. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. The proportion varies from 85% copper to
67% copper. Joints for this pipe can be either threaded, flanged, brazed, or soldered.
6. Concrete Pipe. This pipe is made of concrete. Concrete pipe is used primarily for
underground piping. Concrete pipes can be used for drainage, sewer lines, storm drainage and for
gravity-flow water supply lines.
Types of Concrete Pipe
A. Non-reinforced Concrete Pipe. Made of plain concrete.
B. Reinforced Concrete Pipe (RCP). Made of plain concrete with the addition of steel wire or
reinforcing bars.
7. Copper Pipe. Made of minimum 99.9% copper (Cu) and maximum 0.04% phosphorus (P).
Copper pipe is commonly used for water piping, drain, waste, and vent (DWV), boiler feed lines
and refrigeration in HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning). Joints are made by
soldering, and brazing, and with flared and flanged fittings.
Types of Copper Pipe
A. Type K. It is the thickest and color coded green. It is used for domestic water service and
distribution, fire protection, solar, fuel oil, and HVAC.
B. Type L. It is thinner than type K and color coded blue. It is used for domestic water service
and distribution, fire protection, solar, fuel oil, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
C. Type M. It is thinner than type K and L and color coded red. It is used for domestic water
service and distribution.
D. Type DWV (Copper Drainage Tube). It is color coded yellow. It is used for drain, waste and
vent (DWV) applications.
8. Glass Pipe. Glass pipe is made of low expansion borosilicate glass with a low alkali content.
It is most commonly used for chemical waste drain lines, vent piping, and purified water piping.
Glass pipe is used in the mechanical industry in two ways: as pressure pipe and as drainage pipe.
9. Steel Pipe. This pipe is made of steel. Steel is created when carbon is added to iron. Steel pipe
may be either seamless (extruded) or welded. Steel pipe may be black iron or galvanized (zinc
coated). Galvanized pipe is coated with zinc inside and outside by the hot-dip process. Steel pipe
is produced in three basic weight classifications: standard weight, extra strong and double extra
strong. The primary use of steel pipe is in the transport of products – including oil, gas, and
water over long distances.
10. Lead Pipe. Lead pipe was made of 99.7 pig lead and various alloys for special applications.
Joints for this pipe are either wiped, burned, or mechanically flanged.
11. Vitrified Clay Pipe. Vitrified clay pipe is extruded from a suitable grade of shale or clay and
fired in kilns at approximately 2000°F (1100°C). Because of its outstanding corrosion and
abrasion resistance, clay pipe is used for industrial wastes in addition to its wide use in domestic
sewer and drainage systems. Clay pipe is not intended for pressure service. It is available in bell
and spigot ends, with compression gaskets used for joint assembly.
24
Pipes and Fittings
12. Plastic Pipe. Plastic pipe is available in compositions designed for various applications,
including DWV, water supply, gas service and transmission lines, and laboratory and other
chemical drainage and piping systems.
Types of Plastic Pipe
A. Thermoset Plastic. It has the property of being permanently rigid (cannot be reshaped).
Examples of thermoset plastic are epoxy resin and phenolics.
B. Thermoplastic. It has the property of softening when heated and hardening when cooled.
Examples of thermoplastic are ABS, PVC, PB, PE, polypropylene (PP), cross-linked
polyethylene (PEX), and CPVC.
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). ABS is used for interior and exterior sanitary and
industrial drainage and vent systems and pressurized liquid lines such as those used for salt
water, irrigation, crude oil, and pumped waste. It is approved material for potable water systems.
Joints are made by solvent cement, threaded, or compression joints.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). PVC is the strongest and the most widely used plastic pipe.
Polyvinyl chloride is rigid, pressure or drainage type pipe that resists chemicals and corrosion.
PVC water service piping is a different material than PVC drainage pipe. PVC is used for water
distribution, irrigation, storm drainage, sewage, laboratory and hospital wastes, chemical lines,
chilled water lines, heat pumps and gray water piping. PVC pipe can be joined by threading,
solvent cement, or elastomeric seals.
Polybutylene (PB). PB is a polyolefin having slightly less stiffness than regular PE, but with a
higher strength than HDPE. Joining methods include butt and socket heat-fusion, insert fittings
with hose clamps, flared joints, and compression fittings with sleeve inserts.
Polyethylene (PE). PE is the best known polyolefin. Polyethylene is available in two resins:
MDPE (medium density) or HDPE (high density). It is joined by socket and butt heat-fusion and
insert fittings for water irrigation systems.
Polypropylene (PP). PP is manufactured in a wide variety of systems. The DWV systems are
for chemical, special waste, or acid waste systems, both buried and aboveground applications.
Fittings are made in both pressure type and DWV configurations. Jointing methods include
solvent-welded socket joints, heat-fused socket-welded joints, heat-fused butt-welded joints,
threaded joints, or proprietary mechanically threaded joints.
Crossed-linked polyethylene (PEX). PEX is essentially a polyethylene which has undergone a
chemical or physical reaction that causes the molecules of the PE chains to link together. It is
used for plumbing and heating applications and has demonstrated excellent characteristics at
elevated temperatures.
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). CPVC is a chemical modification of PVC, with an
extra chlorine atom in its structure. CPVC finds application in hot and cold water distribution
and chemical process piping.
25
Pipes and Fittings
Fittings
Fittings. Fittings are used to connect pipes to one another and to change the direction of straight
runs of pipe. An alternative to fittings is bending the pipe to allow changes in direction.
1. Bend or Sweep. It is a fitting used to change the direction of a pipe.
2. Elbow. An elbow is installed between two lengths of pipe or tube to allow a change of
direction of piping or tubing. Some types of elbow are 90° elbow or 1/4 bend, 45° elbow or 1/8
bend, street elbow and reducing elbow.
3. Coupling/Socket. A coupling or coupler is a very short length of pipe or tube that connects
two pipes. If the ends differ in opening size, the fitting is called reducing coupling.
4. Tee. A T-shaped fitting with three openings that allow another pipe to be joined at a 90° angle.
Tee is the most important and widely used branch fitting. Tees with unequal opening size are
called reducing tees.
5. Union. A three piece fitting that connects two pipes. It allows future disconnection of pipes
for maintenance. The three parts of a union are: nut, female end and male end.
6. Bushing. A pipe fitting used to join two pipes of different sizes. A threaded bushing is
threaded both in the inside and outside circumferences.
7. Nipple. An externally threaded short length of pipe installed between couplings or other
fittings. A nipple which is threaded in its entire length is called a close nipple.
8. Cap. A fitting used to close the end of a pipe or any male threaded fitting. A cap is internally
threaded or female threaded.
9. Plug. A fitting used to close the end of a female threaded fitting. A plug is externally threaded
or male threaded. Most plugs have square heads.
10. Wye. A Y-shaped fitting with three openings used to create branch lines. It is a waste-fitting
tee in which the side inlet pipe enters at a 45° angle. A wye allows one pipe to be joined to
another at a 45° angle.
11. Clean-out. A pipe fitting with a plug that can be removed for the purpose of inspecting,
examining and cleaning the interior of the pipe.
12. P-trap. It is a P-shaped trap that holds water to prevent sewer gases in entering the building.
13. Dielectric Union. Used to join pipes made from dissimilar metals to prevent electrolysis or
galvanic action.
14. Return Bend. A pipe fitting that changes the direction of passing fluid by 180°.
15. Street Elbow. An elbow with a male thread on one end and a female thread on the other end.
16. Side Outlet Tee. It is a tee with an extra outlet coming out of the side.
17. Adapter. A fitting that connects two pipes of different threads (male to female), materials or
diameters.
18. Reducer. A fitting that reduces the pipe size from a larger diameter to a smaller diameter.
26
Pipes and Fittings
19. Sanitary Tee. A fitting for sanitary designed with a slight curve at the 90° transition to
channel flow from a branch line to a main line.
20. Cross. A type of fitting that is used when four pipes meet together.
21. Compression Fitting. A fitting that compresses a component of the fitting into another
component to create a watertight seal between two different lines. It has three parts: the
compression ring, the compression nut and the compression seat.
22. Side Outlet Elbow. It is an elbow with an extra outlet coming out of the side.
23. Closet Flange. A fitting that mounts a water closet to the floor and connects the water closet
to a drain pipe.
24. Closet Bend. A 90° shape fitting that is connected to the closet flange just below the water
closet.
Copper Pipe Fittings
45° Elbow 90° Elbow Long 90° Elbow Cap

Radius
Coupling Plug Reducing Coupling Return Bend
Tee Union Suction Line P-trap
27
Pipes and Fittings
Galvanized Steel Pipe Fittings
45° Elbow 90° Elbow 90° Street Elbow Bushing
Cap Cross Equal Tee or Straight Flange

Tee
Side Outlet Tee Hexagon Nipple Nipple Plug
Reducing Socket Reducing Tee Socket Lateral
Swage Nipple Union Elbow Union Dielectric Union
28
Pipes and Fittings
PVC DWV Fittings
22 1/2° Elbow 45° Double Wye 45° Elbow 45° Wye
90° Elbow 90° Long Turn Elbow Adapter Cap
Cleanout with Plug Closet Flange Coupling Double Elbow
Union Double Sanitary Tee Female Adapter Flush Bushing
Side Outlet Elbow Male Adapter Plug P-trap with Cleanout
P-trap with Union PVC Termination Return Bend Sanitary Tee

Vent Screen
29
Pipes and Fittings
Cast Iron Fittings
¼ Bend 1/16 Bend 90° Long Sweep Cleanout with Plug

Elbow
Closet Bend Combination Wye and Double Combination Plug

1/8 Bend Wye and 1/8 Bend
P-trap Reducer Sanitary Tee Wye
Plastic Compression Fittings
90° Elbow Male 90° Elbow Female 90° Tee Reducing Tee
Thread Thread
30
Pipes and Fittings
Elbow End Cap Female Adapter Male Adapter
Male Thread Tee Female Thread tee Coupling Reducing Coupling
Flange Adapter Tee Flange Adapter Universal Coupling Universal Elbow
31
Water Supply System
WATER SUPPLY SYTEM
Water. Water is the most common substance on Earth. The chemical formula is H2O: it has two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The density of water is 1 gram per cubic centimeter. The
boiling point of water is 100°C (212°F) and its freezing point is 0°C (32°F). Water is the only
material that can exist naturally as solid, liquid and gas. Its solid state is ice and gaseous state is
water vapor.
Characteristics of Water
1. Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the
temperature of a substance.
2. Water acts as a solvent: other substances can be dissolved in water. Water is considered the
universal solvent because more substances can be dissolved in water than in any other liquid.
3. Water has a high surface tension. Surface tension is the property allowing liquid to resist
external force.
4. Cohesion. Water molecules stick to each other.
5. Adhesion. Water molecules stick to other substances.
6. The density of water is based on its temperature. That is why ice floats in liquid water. Ice is
less dense than liquid water.
7. Water both transmits and absorbs light. Water has the property of transmitting some types of
light, while absorbing or scattering others.
The Hydrologic Cycle
Hydrologic cycle (or water cycle) is the continuous circulation of water between the Earth and
the atmosphere.
Processes of the Hydrologic Cycle
1. Evaporation. Evaporation is the process where water at the water bodies (oceans, seas, lakes
and rivers) turns into water vapors. It is the conversion of water from liquid to gas.
2. Condensation. Is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water to
form clouds and fogs in the sky. It is the conversion of water from gas to liquid.
3. Sublimation. Sublimation is the process of snow and ice directly converting into water vapor
in the air without first converting into liquid. It is the conversion of water from solid to gas.
4. Precipitation. Precipitation is the transfer of water from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface
in the form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail.
5. Transpiration. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants.
6. Run-off. As water pours down from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface, it leads to runoff.
Runoff is the process where water runs over the surface of the Earth.
7. Infiltration. Some of the water that precipitates does not runoff. It enters the soil. This is
called infiltration.
32
Water Supply System
Sources of Water
1. Surface water. Surface water is the water in rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, oceans, seas, or any
wetland. Wetland refers to any land surface area that spends at least part of its existence
submerged or predominantly wet.
2. Groundwater. Groundwater is the water found underneath the surface of the Earth. It is the
water flowing within aquifers below the water table.
3. Rain. Rain is the product of the water cycle. Rain is responsible for depositing most of the
fresh water on Earth.
4. Spring. A spring is an opening at or near the surface of the Earth for the discharge of water
from underground sources.
5. Well. A well is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, or drilling
to access water.
Common Problems in Water and its Solution
Problems Symptoms Causes Solution

Hardness of water Scale build-up in pipes, Calcium and Use of water
faucets, appliances, magnesium dissolved in softener.
sinks, tubs and water water.
heaters. High soap usage.
Acid Water (Low- Blue-green stains on High in dissolved pH water filter that
pH Water) plumbing fixtures, oxygen and carbon includes a water
fittings and pipes. dioxide. neutralizer
Turbidity of water Cloudiness of water. Presence of sand, silt Filtration
Dirty water. and sand in water.
Fluoride Discoloration of teeth High concentrations of Reverse osmosis or
and bone problems. fluoride in water. distillation.
Hydrogen sulfide Rotten egg odor in cold Decomposing Shock chlorination,
and hot water, black underground deposits of oxidizing filter,
greasy stains. organic matter; sewage continuous
pollution; wells located chlorination and
very near to septic filtration.
systems.
Color of water Reddish-brown stains on High in dissolved iron Phosphate treatment,
laundry, dishes, utensils, and manganese. Ion exchange water
glassware, sinks, fixtures softener or
and concrete. Aeration/filtration
Lead Lead-poisoning Pipes containing lead. Reverse osmosis;
Lead mining and distillation and
smelting operations. carbon filter system.
Old installed lead pipes.
Iron Red or brown stains on Iron from the rocks and Water softener.
plumbing fixtures such as soil around the water Oxidizing filter.
water closets, showers, source.
and sinks, etc.
33
Water Supply System
Discoloration of clothing.
Radioactive water Presence of radioactive Certain rock types Iron exchange water
substances on water. naturally contain softening, reverse
radioactive elements osmosis and carbon
referred to as NORM filtration.
(Naturally Occurring
Radioactive Materials).
34
Water Supply System
Water Treatment and Purification
Water to be treated is known variously as raw water, feedwater, or source water. Water that has
been treated is known as treated water, product water, or solute. Impurities that dissolve in water
are called electrolytes.
Natural or source water is never pure. Water picks up impurities as it comes into contact with the
ground or, when percolated through the earth, mineral formations. It also contains dissolved
gases and dust picked up by rain, snow, and hail or by surface water in contact with the air above
the water level.
Water Impurities
1. Dissolved Impurities. These are dissolved gases, inorganic salts and organic salts. Examples
of dissolved gases are oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
2. Suspended Impurities. Examples are sand, clay, oil globules, vegetables and animal material.
3. Colloidal Impurities. Aluminium hydroxide, Ferric hydroxide, organic waste products, amino
acids etc.
4. Microscopic Matters. Bacteria, algae, fungi, etc.
Water Purification and Treatment Process
1. Aeration. Aeration brings water and air in close contact in order to remove dissolved gases
(such as carbon dioxide) and oxidizes dissolved metals such as iron, hydrogen sulfide, and
volatile organic chemicals (VOCs).
2. Coagulation and Flocculation. During coagulation, chemicals called coagulants such as

aluminum sulfate, ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate are added to the water. After flash mixing,
the sediment particles collide with each other and stick together to form larger masses of solids
called floc, this process is called flocculation.
3. Sedimentation. After coagulation and flocculation, water flows through sedimentation tanks
or basins where water flows slowly causing the heavy floc particles to settle at the bottom.
4. Filtration. A physical process that removes impurities that was not removed by sedimentation
by percolating the water downward through layers of porous and granular materials such as sand
and gravel.
5. Disinfection. Disinfection kills or inactivates disease-causing organisms in water. There are

three main ways of disinfection: chlorination, ozone and ultraviolet light. The most common way
and the cheapest way of disinfection is chlorination. Chlorine or chlorine compounds such as
sodium hypochlorite is added to water to kill bacteria and other microbes.
35
Water Supply System
Components of Water Supply System in a Building
Water Main (Street Main). The water supply pipe for public or community use. Normally
under the jurisdiction of the municipality or water company.
Corporation Stop/Cock. A corporation stop is a shutoff valve used to control flow between a
water main supply line to a branch line (the water service line). It is screwed directly into the
water main.
Curb Stop/Cock. In a water-service pipe, a control valve for the water supply of a building,
usually placed between the sidewalk and curb; used to shut off the water supply in case of
emergency.
Curb Box/Stop Box. Is a device underground that protects the curb stop/cock.
Water-service pipe. The pipe from the water main or other source of water supply
to the building served.
Building Supply. The pipe carrying potable water from the water meter or other source of water
supply to a building or other point of use or distribution on the lot.
Water-distributing pipe. A pipe that conveys potable water from the building supply pipe to the
plumbing ﬁxtures and other water outlets in the building.
Riser. A water supply pipe that extends vertically one full story or more to convey water to
branches or ﬁxtures.
Fixture Branch. A water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe and the water distribution
pipe.
Fixture Supply. A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
Fixture Fitting. A device that controls and guides the flow of water.
Valve. The function of a valve is to control the flow of water in the piping system.
Storage Tank. Use as a storage for water. A tank can be installed above ground or below
ground.
Pump. A device use to move fluids by mechanical action.
Water Meter. Water meter is used to measure the volume of water used by residential or
commercial building that is supplied with water by a public water supply system.
36
Water Supply System
Pumps
Pump. A device that expends energy in order to raise, transport, or compress fluids. The earliest
pumps were devices for raising water, such as the Persian and Roman waterwheels and the more
sophisticated Archimedes screw.
Two Basic Types of Pumps
1. Centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps use an impeller, which has curved blades that
accelerate fluids towards their edge when rotating. The impeller is normally driven by an electric
motor or combustion engine, and its movement produces suction at the pump inlet, drawing
water inside. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type.
Types of Centrifugal Pumps According to Flow
A. Axial Flow. Produces flow along the same direction as the impeller shaft, and is also known
as propeller pump.
B. Radial Flow. Produces flow perpendicular to shaft (90° angle).
C. Mixed Flow. Combines radial and axial flow, producing a conical flow pattern around the
impeller shaft.
2. Positive displacement pumps. Positive displacement pumps move a fixed amount of fluid at
regular intervals. They are built with internal cavities that fill up at the suction side, to be
discharged with higher pressure at the outlet
Types of Positive Displacement Pumps
A. Reciprocating. Flow is established by a cavity that expands and contracts, such as a piston.
Water moves into the cavity during expansion, and is forced out during contraction, while flow
direction is controlled with check valves. Examples are Bladder, Diaphragm, Peristaltic, and
Piston / plunger.
B. Rotary. Uses a rotor that traps water in cavities, releasing it at the pump outlet. These cavities
can be the spaces between gear teeth or screw threads, among other configurations.
Some designs use more than one shaft, but the principle is the same: the rotor shape is designed
to capture “pockets” of water and displace them in the intended direction. Examples are Gear,
Screw, Progressing cavity, Rotary lobe, and Rotary vane.
37
Valves
Valves
Valves are necessary for the operation of a piping system. The functions of valves are:
1. stopping and starting a flow
2. throttling or flow control
3. preventing reverse flow or backflow
4. regulating flow pressure
Some Types of Valves

1. Gate Valve. Its function is starting or stopping a flow. It is used fully open or fully closed
only. It uses a wedge-shaped disk or gate as the opening/closing device.
Types of Gate Valves According to Disc Construction

A. Solid Wedge – It is the most common type. The disc design is a single tapered disc, thin at the
bottom and thicker at the top.
B. Split Wedge - In a split-wedge, two discs are employed back to back with a spreading device
between them.
C. Flexible Wedge - Flexible wedge disks are solid only at the center and are flexible at the outer
edge and seating surface.
Figure 1. Gate Valve Disc Construction
38
Valves
Figure 2. Parts of a Gate Valve
Figure 3. Operation of a Gate Valve
39
Valves
2. Globe Valve. Globe valves are used where throttling or control of flow is desired.
Figure 4. Parts of a Globe Valve
Figure 5. Operation of a Globe Valve
3. Check Valve. Automatically prevents the reversal of flow (backflow) of fluids.
Types of Check Valve

A. Lift Check - The lift check has a guided disk that is raised from the seat by upward flow
pressure. Reversal of flow pushes the disc down against the seat, stopping back flow.
B. Swing Check – The swing check has a hinged disc, sometimes called a flapper, that swings on
a hinge pin. When flow reverses, the pressure pushes the disk against a seat.
40
Valves
Figure 6. Parts of a Lift Check
Figure 7. Operation of a Lift Check
Figure 8. Parts of a Swing Check
41
Valves
Figure 9. Operation of a Swing Check
4. Ball Valve. A ball valve utilizes a ball with a hole drilled through it as the opening/closing
device. It is a quarter-turn valve.
Figure 10. Parts of a Ball Valve
Figure 11. Operation of a Ball Valve

5. Butterfly Valve. A butterfly valve is a quarter turn valve with a thin rotating disk as the
opening/closing device.
42
Valves
Figure 12. Parts of a Butterfly Valve
6. Diaphragm Valve. The fluid passage of the diaphragm valve consists of a diaphragm and a
valve body. Fluid flow is regulated by pressing the diaphragm against the inner surface of the
valve body.
Figure 13. Parts of a Diaphragm Valve
43
Graphical Symbols for Pipe Fittings and Valves
44
45
46
47
48

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Master Plumber

Marvin “The Legend” Kalngan

Marvin “The Legend” Kalngan earned his Bachelor’s

Plumbing Tools ……………………………… 1

Pipes and Fittings ………..………………….. 23

Water Supply System………………………... 32

Pipe Symbols ……………..…………………. 44

Hand Drilling Hammer - It is a Ball Peen Hammer - Ball peen

Sledge Hammer - It is a tool with Mason’s Hammer – This

Welder’s Hammer - A tool used Rubber Mallet - A general tool

Framing Hammer – Framing Prospector’s Hammer – It is

Tape Measure or Hacksaw –

Philips Head Screwdriver – Also called

Torx Screwdriver – Used to

Adjustable Wrench – Also Combination Wrench – Also called

Allen Wrench - Also Crowfoot Wrench – This is

Spud Wrench/Smooth Jaw

Raprench Wrench – Also called rap wrench.

Telescoping Basin Wrench - Has built-in

One Stop Internal Wrench -

Portable Tristand Chain Portable Tristand Yoke

Stand Chain Vise – It has sturdy cast-iron

Angle Pipe Welding Vise Elbow Pipe Welding Vise

Flanged Pipe Welding Vise Straight Pipe Welding Vise

Hinged Pipe Cutter Wide Roll Pipe Cutter – It features extra-

Powered Soil Pipe Cutter No Hub – Designed to

C-Style Close Quarters Copper Tubing Internal Tubing

Power Threading Machine Manual Roll Groover – Used to create

Pliers – It is a hand tool used for

Flat Nose Fencing Pliers – It is a multipurpose tool. It

Heavy Duty Instrument Bender – Designed Geared-Ratchet Tube Bender - High-geared

Plastic Pipe Cutter – A tool used for cutting plastic pipe.

Common Sink Plunger / Flat

Drum Machine – Used to unclogged 1 ½” to 4” drain lines.

Lead Caulked Joint Tools and Materials

Styles of Yarning Irons and Caulking Irons

Ceiling Iron Left Iron (Square End) Inside Stub Iron

Tools and Materials Used in Soldering

Solder Soldering Flux or Paste – The primary

Fig. 1 Single Hub and Double Hub Cast Iron Pipe

Copper Pipe Fittings

45° Elbow 90° Elbow Long 90° Elbow Cap

Coupling Plug Reducing Coupling Return Bend

Tee Union Suction Line P-trap

Galvanized Steel Pipe Fittings

45° Elbow 90° Elbow 90° Street Elbow Bushing

Cap Cross Equal Tee or Straight Flange

Side Outlet Tee Hexagon Nipple Nipple Plug

Reducing Socket Reducing Tee Socket Lateral

Swage Nipple Union Elbow Union Dielectric Union

22 1/2° Elbow 45° Double Wye 45° Elbow 45° Wye

90° Elbow 90° Long Turn Elbow Adapter Cap

Cleanout with Plug Closet Flange Coupling Double Elbow

Union Double Sanitary Tee Female Adapter Flush Bushing

Side Outlet Elbow Male Adapter Plug P-trap with Cleanout

P-trap with Union PVC Termination Return Bend Sanitary Tee

Cast Iron Fittings

¼ Bend 1/16 Bend 90° Long Sweep Cleanout with Plug

Closet Bend Combination Wye and Double Combination Plug

P-trap Reducer Sanitary Tee Wye

Plastic Compression Fittings

Male Thread Tee Female Thread tee Coupling Reducing Coupling

Flange Adapter Tee Flange Adapter Universal Coupling Universal Elbow