Ihs231 Era Report

CAWANGAN TERENGGANU BUKIT BESI CAMPUS
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE

AS121
ERGONOMIC RISK
ASSESSMENT REPORT
(IHS 231)
LECTURER: MADAM WAN FARAHIYAH BINTI WAN KAMARUDIN
CLASS: AS1213B
NO NAME STUDENT ID
1. MUHAMMAD RAZIN BIN MOHAMMAD AZAM 2021895308
2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN AZNIZAM 2021203256
3. MUHAMMAD FAKHRUL SYAHIR BIN ABDUL JALIL 2021885006
4. NIK AHMAD DANIAL BIN MOHD IZANEE 2021848256
5. MUHAMMAD AMZAR BIN MOHD SAYUTHI KAMAL 2021626414

Table of Contents
WORKER 1: MINERS ......................................................................................................................... 3
WORKER 2: CARPENTER .............................................................................................................. 12
WORKER 3: PLUMBER ................................................................................................................... 21
WORKER 4: ELECTRICIAN ............................................................................................................ 30
WORKER 5: OFFICE WORKER ..................................................................................................... 39
WORKER 6: BUS DRIVER .............................................................................................................. 48
WORKER 7: SECURITY GUARD................................................................................................... 57
WORKER 8: LUMBERJACKS ........................................................................................................ 66
WORKER 9: CASHIER..................................................................................................................... 75
WORKER 10: MECHANIC ............................................................................................................... 84
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................... 92
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 93
WORKER 1: MINERS
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in a mining
industry. The assessment was done by observing a video of miners at work. The
activity done by the worker was mining.
METHOD AND MATERIALS

AWKWARD POSTURE
Body Part Physical Risk Factor Max. Exposure Please

Duration tick (/)
Yes No
Shoulder Working with hand above the head OR the More than 2 /
elbow above the shoulder hours per day
Working with shoulder raised More than 2 /

hours per day
Working repetitively by raising the hand above More than 2

the head OR the elbow above the shoulder hours per day /
more than once per minute
Head Working with head bent downwards more than More than 2 /
45 degrees hours per day
Working with head bent backwards More than 2 /

hours per day
Working with head bent sideways More than 2 /

hours per day
Back Working with back bent forward more than 30 More than 2 /
degrees OR bent sideways hours per day
Working with body twisted More than 2 /

hours per day
Hand/ Working with wrist flexion OR extension OR More than 4 /

Elbow/ radial deviation more than 15 degrees hours per day
Wrist
Working with arm abducted sideways More than 4 /
hours per day
Working with arm extended forward more than More than 4

45 degrees OR arm extended backward more hours per day /
than 20 degrees
Leg / Work in a squat position More than 4 /
Knees hours per day
Work in a kneeling position More than 4 /

hours per day
Sub Total of Agree and Not Agree 0 13
Table 1
STATIC AND SUSTAINED WORK POSTURE
Body Part Physical Risk Max.Exposure Please

Factor Duration tick (/)
Yes No
Trunk/Head/Neck/Arm/Wrist Work in a static Duration as per /

awkward position as table 1
in table 1
Leg/Knees Work in a standing More than 2 hours /

position with continuously
minimal leg
movement
Work in seated with More than 30 /

minimal movement minutes
continuously
Sub Total (Number of ticks) 0 3
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1
Working height Recommend Current Exceed

weight weight limit
Yes No
Between floor to mid-lower leg 5 - 10 kg -
Between mid-lower leg to 10 - 20 kg -

knuckle
Between knuckle height and 15 - 25 kg -

elbow
Between elbow and shoulder 10 -20 kg -
Above the shoulder 5 - 10 kg -

Table 3
If employee repeats operation Weight should be reduced by
Once or twice per minutes 30%
Five to eight times per minute 50%
More than 12 times per minute 80%

Table 4
If employee twists body from forward facing to the Weight should be reduced
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Activity Recommend weight
Male Female
Stopping or Approximately 1000kg load on Approximately 750kg load on

starting a smooth level surface using well smooth level surface using well
load maintained handling aid maintained handling aid
Keeping the Approximately 100kg load on Approximately 75kg load on

load in uneven level surface using well uneven level surface using well
motion maintained handling aid maintained handling aid
Table 6
FIGURE 2
Factor Condition Outcome
Floor Surface Dry and clean floor in good condition Acceptable
Dry floor but in poor condition, worn or Conduct

uneven advanced ERA
Contaminated/wet or steep sloping floor or

unstable surface or unsuitable footwear
Other No factors present Acceptable

environmental
factors One or more factors present (poor lighting Conduct
condition and strong air movements) advanced ERA
Carry distance 2m – 10m Acceptable
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA
Obstacles enroute No obstacles and carry route are flat Acceptable
Steep slope or up steps or through closed Conduct

doors or trip hazards or using ladders advanced ERA
Table 7
Activity Recommend Exceed
limit?
Yes No
Lifting and lowering Figure 1 & table 3 /
Repetitive lifting and lowering; or Figure 1 & table 4 /
Twisted body posture while lifting and Figure 1 & table 5 /

lowering
Repetitive lifting and lowering with twisted Figure 1, table 4 and /

body posture table 5
Pushing and pulling Table 6 /
Handling in seated position Figure 2 /
Carrying Table 7 /
Other forceful activity /
Sub Total (number of ticks) 1 7
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION
Body Part Physical Risk Factor Max.Exposure Please

Duration tick(/)
Yes No
Work involving repetitive

sequence of movement more More than 3 hours /
than twice per minute on a ‘normal’
workday
Work involving intensive use of
the fingers, hands or wrist or
work involving intensive data /
entry (key-in) OR
shoulder/am movement with
/
Neck, shoulder, some pauses OR continuous More than 1 hour
elbow, wrists, shoulder/arm movement continuously without
hands, knee a break
Work using the heel/base of More than 2 hours

palm as a ‘hammer’ more than per day /
once per minute
Work using the knees as a More than 2 hours

‘hammer’ more than once per per day /
minute
Subtotal (number of ticks) 0 5
Table 9
VIBRATION
Body parts Physical Risk Factor Max.Exposure Please

Duration tick (/)
Yes No
Hand-arm Work using power tools (battery More than 50

powered/electrical minutes in an hour /
(Segmental pneumatic/hydraulic) without PPE
vibration)
Work using power tools (battery More than 5 hours
powered / electrical pneumatic / in 8 hours shift /
hydraulic) with PPE work
Whole body Work involving exposure to whole More than 5 hours

body vibration in 8 hours shift /
work
Work involving exposure to whole More than 3 hours

body vibration combined employee in 8 hours shift
complaint of excessive body work /
shaking
Table 10
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Physical Risk Factor Please tick (/)
Yes No
Inadequate lighting /
Extreme temperature (hot/cold) /
Inadequate air ventilation or poor IAQ /
Noise exposure above PEL /
Exposed to annoying noise more than 8 hours /
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM
Risk Factor Total Minimum Result Any Pain or Need

Score requirement of Discomfort Due to Advanced
for advanced Initial Risks Factors as ERA?
assessment ERA Found in (Yes/No)
Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 0 No
Postures Neck
Shoulder
Static and No
Sustained 3 1 0 Upper back
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 1 Yes
Exertion Forearm
Repetitive 5 1 1 Yes
Wrist
Motion
Hand
Vibration 4 1 2 Hip Yes
Thigh
Lighting 1 1 1 Knee Yes
Lower leg
Temperature 1 1 1 Feet / Yes
Ventilation 1 1 1 Yes
Noise 1 1 1 Yes
Table 12
DISCUSSION
Based on the results, the workers could get musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) from driving
the mine shuttle to get out of the mine because the driver steers the shuttle in a seating
position for a long time. There are vibration hazards caused by the mining machine. The
lighting and ventilation are inadequate because the miners are underground which could
cause respiratory problems. The noise coming from the mining machine could also bring
danger to the miners if they’re exposed to it for a long time. Because of these few risk
factors, an advanced ERA should be conducted.
RECOMMENDATION
To avoid MSDs or any sort of injury from happening to the worker, preventive measures
should be taken. For instance, the employer should make a work schedule to have shifts for
the employees. By doing so, the employee will not overwork and can have breaks or do
other jobs instead of repeating the same job for a long period of time. The vibration from the
machine can be reduced by modifying it or by servicing it to make sure that it operates
properly. The lighting can be improved by increasing the amount of light in the cave but with
low density to not hurt the eyes of workers. The temperature and ventilation can be improved
by increasing air vents in the ground.
WORKER 2: CARPENTER
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in a construction
site. It was done by observing a video of a carpenter at a construction site. The
activity done by the worker was making wooden structures.

AWKWARD POSTURE

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

hours per day
Working repetitively by raising the hand above More than 2 /

the head OR the elbow above the shoulder hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
Working with arm abduction sideways More than 4 /
hours per day

45 degrees OR arm extended backward more hours per day /
than 20 degrees

Knees hours per day
hours per day
Table 1

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

awkward position as in table 1
table 1

position with minimal leg continuously
movement

continuously
Subtotal (Number of ticks) 0 3
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1
Working height Recommend weight Current weight Exceed limit
Yes No
Between mid-lower leg to knuckle 10 - 20 kg -
Between knuckle height and elbow 15 - 25 kg -
Between elbow and shoulder 10 - 20 kg -

Table 3

Table 4
If employee twists body from forward facing to the side Weight should be reduced by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female
Stopping or Approximately 1000 kg load on Approximately 750kg load on

starting a load smooth level surface using well smooth level surface using well
maintained handling aid maintained handling aid

load in motion uneven level surface using well uneven level surface using well
maintained handling aid maintained handling aid
Table 6
FIGURE 2
Dry floor but in poor condition, worn or uneven Conduct

advanced ERA
Other environmental No factors present Acceptable

factors
One or more factors present (poor lighting Conduct
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA
Steep slope or up steps or through closed doors Conduct

or trip hazards or using ladders advanced ERA
Table 7
limit?
Yes No
Twisted body posture while lifting and lowering Figure 1 & table 5 /
Repetitive lifting and lowering with twisted body Figure 1, table 4 /

posture and
table 5
Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick(/)
Yes No
Work involving repetitive sequence /

of movement more than twice per More than 3 hours on
minute a ‘normal’ workday
Work involving intensive use of the /

fingers, hands or wrist or work
involving intensive data entry (key- OR
in)
Work involving repetitive /

shoulder/am movement with some
pauses OR continuous More than 1 hour
shoulder/arm movement continuously without
a break
Neck, shoulder, Work using the heel/base of palm More than 2 hours /
elbow, wrists, as a ‘hammer’ more than once per per day
hands, knee minute
Work using the knees as a More than 2 hours /

‘hammer’ more than once per per day
minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

powered/electrical pneumatic/hydraulic) minutes in an hour /
(Segmental without PPE
vibration)
powered / electrical pneumatic / in 8 hours shift work /
hydraulic) with PPE
Whole body Work involving exposure to whole body More than 5 hours
vibration in 8 hours shift /
work
Work involving exposure to whole body More than 3 hours

vibration combined employee complaint in 8 hours shift
of excessive body shaking work /
Table 10
Yes No
1 4
Subtotal (number of ticks)
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM
Risk Factor Total Minimum Result Any Pain or Discomfort Need

Score requirement for of Initial Due to Risks Factors Advanced
advanced ERA as Found in ERA?
assessment Musculoskeletal (Yes/No)
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 6 Yes
Postures
Neck
Shoulder
Static and Yes
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 0 Yes
Forearm
Exertion
Wrist
Repetitive 5 1 2 Hand Yes

Motion
Vibration 4 1 2 Yes
Hip
Thigh
Lighting 1 1 0 Knee No
Lower leg
Temperature 1 1 0 Feet No
Ventilation 1 1 0 No
Noise 1 1 1 Yes
Table 12
DISCUSSION
Based on the results in the initial ERA conducted on this worker, we know that the worker
works with an awkward posture during his job. This fact can lead to the workers getting
injured or having MSDs. Awkward postures can cause injuries because the position of the
body/body parts deviates from its neutral position. The awkward posture can be seen in the
video when the worker was cutting the wood and assembling wooden structures. The
repetitive motion can also cause MSD when the worker repeats a certain movement many
times. The vibration can also cause injuries which the worker could get from the vibration of
the power tools he used. Moreover, the power tools used produced loud noises for a long
time.
RECOMMENDATION
To avoid any sort of injury from happening to the worker, certain preventive methods should
be taken. For instance, the employer should provide a training program for the workers on
how to complete their tasks with the correct posture. With this method, the workers can
remind each other when one of them is in an awkward posture as they have the knowledge.
The employer should also prepare a working schedule or shifts for the workers so they can
take short breaks during their job when other workers cover for them. The loud noise can be
reduced by servicing the power tools, substituting the tool with a quieter option or providing
the worker with suitable PPEs such as earmuffs.
WORKER 3: PLUMBER
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in the plumbing
industry. The assessment was done by observing a video of a plumber at work. The
activity done by the worker was repairing the pipes.

AWKWARD POSTURE
Body Part Physical Risk Factor Max. Exposure Please tick

Duration (/)
Yes No

hours per day
Working repetitively by raising the hand More than 2 /

above the head OR the elbow above the hours per day
shoulder more than once per minute
Head Working with head bent downwards more More than 2 /

than 45 degrees hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day
Working with arm extended forward more More than 4 /

than 45 degrees OR arm extended backward hours per day
more than 20 degrees
Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1
Body Part Physical Risk Max.Exposure Please tick (/)

Factor Duration
Yes No

awkward table 1
position as in
table 1
Leg/Knees Work in a More than 2 /

standing hours
minimal leg
movement
Work in seated More than 30 /

with minimal minutes
movement continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No
Between floor to mid-lower leg 10kg-5kg -
Between mid-lower leg to 20kg-10kg -

knuckle
Between knuckle height and 25kg-15kg -

elbow
Between elbow and shoulder 20kg-10kg -
Above the shoulder 10kg-5kg -

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female

load maintained handling aid maintaned handling aid

Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
Activity Recommend Exceed limit?
Yes No

lowering
Repetitive lifting and lowering with Figure 1, table 4 and /

twisted body posture table 5
Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION
Body Part Physical Risk Factor Max.Exposure Please tick(/)

Duration
Yes No

sequence of movement more More than 3 hours
workday
Work involving intensive use /
of the fingers, hands or wrist
or work involving intensive
data entry (key-in) OR
Neck, some pauses OR continuous More than 1 hour
shoulder, shoulder/arm movement continuously
elbow, wrists, without a break
hands, knee
Work using the heel/base of More than 2 hours /
palm as a ‘hammer’ more per day
than once per minute

‘hammer’ more than once per day
per minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No
Hand-arm Work using power tools (battery More than 50 /

powered/electrical minutes in an
(Segmental pneumatic/hydraulic) without PPE hour
vibration)
Work using power tools (battery More than 5 hours /
powered / electrical pneumatic / in 8 hours shift
Whole body Work involving exposure to whole More than 5 hours /

body vibration in 8 hours shift
work
Work involving exposure to whole More than 3 hours /

body vibration combined in 8 hours shift
employee complaint of excessive work
body shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 7 Yes
Postures Neck
Shoulder
Static and 2 Yes
Sustained 3 1 Upper back
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 0 No
Exertion Forearm
Wrist
Motion
Hand
Vibration 4 1 0 Hip No
Thigh
Lower leg
Noise 1 1 0 No
Table 12
DISCUSSION
video when the worker was repairing pipes that above his head. He also do the work in
kneeling position in long period. The workers work in static and sustained position while
repairing the pipes. The workers also work in poor environment which is inadequate lighting
and poor air ventilation.
RECOMMENDATION
should be taken. For instance, the workers must use stair when they need to repair
something above their head. The pipe must be parallel to the eye. The workers must prevent
doing work while their hand above their head. Next, the worker also need to have small chair
or something to sit when doing their work. It will prevent the workers kneeling when work.
The workers also need to have headlamp or torch light when repairing somewhere that have
low lighting for example under the sink. They also need to open the door and the window
when working at somewhere that have poor air flow such as under the basement.
WORKER 4: ELECTRICIAN
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in the electrical
industry. The assessment was done by observing a video of an electrician at work.
The activity done by the worker was troubleshooting electronic systems and
replacing faulty components.

AWKWARD POSTURE
Body Part Physical Risk Factor Max. Exposure Please tick

Duration (/)
Yes No

hours per day
Working repetitively by raising the hand More than 2 /

above the head OR the elbow above the hours per day
shoulder more than once per minute
Head Working with head bent downwards more More than 2 /

than 45 degrees hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day
Working with arm extended forward more More than 4 /

than 45 degrees OR arm extended backward hours per day
more than 20 degrees
Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1
Body Part Physical Risk Max.Exposure Please tick (/)

Factor Duration
Yes No

awkward table 1
position as in
table 1
Leg/Knees Work in a More than 2 /

standing hours
minimal leg
movement
Work in seated More than 30 /

with minimal minutes
movement continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No
Between floor to mid-lower leg 10kg-5kg /
Between mid-lower leg to 20kg-10kg /

knuckle
Between knuckle height and 25kg-15kg /

elbow
Between elbow and shoulder 20kg-10kg /
Above the shoulder 10kg-5kg /

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female


Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
limit?
Yes No

lowering

Carrying Table 7 /
Sub Total (number of ticks) 8
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick(/)
Yes No

workday
Work involving intensive use /
of the fingers, hands or wrist
or work involving intensive
data entry (key-in) OR
shoulder, shoulder/arm movement continuously
elbow, wrists, without a break
hands, knee
palm as a ‘hammer’ more per day
than once per minute

minute
Table 9
VIBRATION
Body parts Physical Risk Factor Max.Exposure Please tick

Duration (/)
Yes No

powered/electrical minutes in an
(Segmental pneumatic/hydraulic) without hour
vibration) PPE
Work using power tools (battery More than 5 /

powered / electrical pneumatic / hours in 8 hours
hydraulic) with PPE shift work
Whole body Work involving exposure to More than 5 /

whole body vibration hours in 8 hours
shift work
Work involving exposure to More than 3 /

whole body vibration combined hours in 8 hours
employee complaint of excessive shift work
body shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Subtotal (number of ticks) 5
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 6 Yes
Postures Neck
Shoulder
Static and 2 Yes
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 0 No
Exertion Forearm
Wrist
Motion
Hand
Thigh
Lower leg
Noise 1 1 0 No
Table 12
DISCUSSION
video is the workers bend his back and his head is also bend downwards while doing his
work. The workers hand also in awkward posture since he work on table that higher than his
elbow. The workers also work in static posture with minimal movement. In addition, workers
are also work with repetitive movement.
RECOMMENDATION
should be taken. The workers need to learn how to sit properly while doing his job. The
workers need to sit in a position where their heads are not too low. So to do this, workers
need to raise the position of the electronic system being repaired. Workers also need to put
pads on their hands so that their arms will not hit the edge of the table. Workers also need to
take a break and stretch their muscles before starting work.
WORKER 5: OFFICE WORKER
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in an office. The
assessment was done by observing a video of a clerk at work. The activity done by
the clerk is sitting in front of the computer and typing.

AWKWARD POSTURE

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

hours per day


hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day
Working with arm extended forward more than More than 4 /

45 degrees OR arm extended backward more hours per day
than 20 degrees
Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1

Yes No

in table 1

minimal leg
movement

continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No
Between floor to mid-lower leg 5 - 10 kg - /
Between mid-lower leg to 10 - 20 kg - /

knuckle
Between knuckle height and 15 - 25 kg - /

elbow
Between elbow and shoulder 10 -20 kg - /
Above the shoulder 5 - 10 kg - /

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female


Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
limit?
Yes No

lowering

Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick(/)
Yes No

workday
Work involving intensive use of /
work involving intensive data
entry (key-in) OR
shoulder/arm movement with
shoulder, shoulder/arm movement continuously without
elbow, wrists, a break
hands, knee
palm as a ‘hammer’ more than per day
once per minute

minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

powered/electrical minutes in an hour
vibration)

work

complaint of excessive body work
shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 3 No
Postures Neck /
Shoulder /
Static and 2 Yes
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 0 No
Exertion Forearm /
Wrist /
Motion
Hand /
Thigh
Lower leg
Noise 1 1 0 No
Table 12
DISCUSSION
For this clerk, he makes less risk factor in awkward posture which means he does a work
with good posture. Then, the result of initial ERA for static and sustained work posture are
more than the minimum requirement. So, this worker needs a more advanced ERA to
improve his work. This worker also has a problem with repetitive motion and the air
ventilation. Some advanced ERA is required for this worker.
RECOMMENDATION
To prevent any injury, there are some ways needed when doing work. Try to take a break
while doing some work, like taking 5 minutes to stretch your body or head. For neck, adjust
the height of the monitor so that it is directly in front of you and the the top line of print is at or
just below eye level or lower if you wear bifocal, trifocal or progressive lenses and you are
able to scan the screen from top to bottom using only eye movements, not head movements.
For the shoulder, replace the keyboard platform with an adjustable keyboard platform wide
enough to fit the keyboard and the trackball. Adjust the height and tilt of the platform so that
the tops of the home row keys are at your elbow height, or slightly below your elbows. For
the wrist, maintain a neutral wrist position, try not to arch your wrists up too high.
Keep wrists straight and fingers curved over the keys with thumbs hanging near the
spacebar.
WORKER 6: BUS DRIVER
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in the
transportation industry. The assessment was done by observing a photo of the bus
driver for a long journey. The activity done by a driver who is driving a bus.

AWKWARD POSTURE

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

hours per day


hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day

than 20 degrees
Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1

Yes No

in table 1

minimal leg
movement

continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No

knuckle

elbow

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female


Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
limit?
Yes No

lowering

Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick(/)
Yes No

workday
entry (key-in) OR
hands, knee a break

once per minute

minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

vibration)

work

shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 4 No
Postures Neck /
Shoulder /
Static and 3 1 2 Yes
Sustained Upper back
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 - No
Exertion Forearm
Wrist /
Motion
Hand /
Thigh
Lower leg
Temperature 1 1 1 Feet Yes
Ventilation 1 1 - No
Noise 1 1 2 Yes
Table 12
DISCUSSION
The result showed that the driver will be against some risk factor because the posture that
he does is wrong. Bus driver needed a high focus because he brought a lot of passengers
on the bus. If he loses focus, it will cause all the bus passengers. On this bus, the driver has
a problem with the static and sustained work posture that needs advanced ERA. Then, he
also has a problem with the repetitive motion that can cause Musculoskeletal disease. Next,
the driver has problems with the environmental factors which are vibration, lighting,
temperature and noise.
RECOMMENDATION
The ways to overcome the dangers of working as a bus driver is taking walks before and
after driving shifts, stretching and driving in split shifts rather than one long eight-
hour day. Bus drivers who can work split shifts should consider walking or stretching
on their break. They can take a break when arriving at the R&R to give the blood
flow to the whole leg is smooth and avoid cramps or numbness. There are also
special back and seat supports explicitly made to help with bus driver ergonomics
and lower back pain.
WORKER 7: SECURITY GUARD
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in a shopping
mall. The assessment was done by observing a video of a security guard at work.
The activity done by the security guard was monitoring and patrolling.

AWKWARD POSTURE

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

hours per day


hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day

than 20 degrees /
Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1

Yes No

in table 1

minimal leg
movement

continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No

knuckle

elbow

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female


Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
limit?
Yes No

lowering

Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick(/)
Yes No

workday
entry (key-in) OR
Neck, shoulder, some pauses OR continuous /
elbow, wrists, shoulder/arm movement
hands, knee
More than 1 hour
continuously without
a break

once per minute

minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

vibration)

work

shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 2 No
Postures Neck
Shoulder
Static and Yes
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 0 No
Exertion Forearm
Repetitive 5 1 0 No
Wrist
Motion
Hand
Thigh
Lower leg
Noise 1 1 2 Yes
Table 12
DISCUSSION
Prolonged standing (on a regular basis) at work can lead to adverse health outcomes. Due
to standing positions the worker may feel discomfort and fatigue particularly in the lower limb
muscles (legs and thighs), lower back and feet. Prolonged standing is also associated with
other health effects. It is known that prolonged standing for more than 8 hours on a regular
basis is strongly related to chronic venous insufficiency, musculoskeletal pain of the lower
back and feet preterm birth, low blood pressure, upper and lower leg pain and spontaneous
abortions were health risks associated with working conditions that required prolonged
standing
RECOMMENDATION
The workers can try to wear support stockings. Support stockings provide support to the
muscles and blood vessels of the lower leg, reducing edema / swellings and promoting blood
circulation. Alternatively, you can also wear supporting tights or well-padded socks.
Supporting stockings are especially importing for workers with tendency towards venous
insufficiency. Thick well-padded socks are useful if you experience heel pain while standing.
WORKER 8: LUMBERJACKS
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in a logging
industry. The assessment was done by observing a video of lumberjacks at work.
The activity done by the lumberjacks was initial harvesting and transport of trees.

AWKWARD POSTURE

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

hours per day


hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day

than 20 degrees
Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1

Yes No

in table 1

minimal leg
movement

continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No

knuckle

elbow

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female


Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
limit?
Yes No

lowering

Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick(/)
Yes No

sequence of movement more More than 3 hours /
workday
entry (key-in) OR
/
hands, knee a break

once per minute

minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

vibration)

work

shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 9 Yes
Postures Neck
Shoulder
Static and Yes
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 6 Yes
Exertion Forearm
Wrist
Motion
Hand
Thigh
Lower leg
Noise 1 1 2 Yes
Table 12
DISCUSSION
We know that the person works with an uncomfortable posture because of the findings from
the initial ERA performed on him. This fact increases the risk of workplace accidents and
MSDs for the employees. Because the position of the body and/or body parts departs from
their neutral position in awkward postures, injuries may result. When the worker was
chopping wood and putting together wooden buildings, the unnatural posture could be
noticed on camera. When a worker performs a particular movement repeatedly, MSD can
also result.
RECOMMENDATION
Organizations should design workstations that are conducive to good health, and both job
design and the workstation should be adapted to the individual. The physical layout of the
workstation, tools, placing of keys, controls and displays determine the body positions
workers will assume when performing their tasks. If the workspace is inadequate for the
task, workers will have less freedom to move around and refresh tired muscles. They may
also be forced to assume awkward positions. This lack of flexibility in choosing body
positions contributes to health problems6. In a well-designed workplace, the worker has the
opportunity to choose from a variety of well-balanced working positions and to change
between them frequently
WORKER 9: CASHIER
INTRODUCTION
Cashier is a profession that may look easy but risky for health especially in the
aspect of body posture. MSDs problems are familiar for the worker who is known as
a cashier. The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted based
on the article about MSDs among cashiers in grocery retails. The assessment was
done by observing an article about cashiers at a workplace.

AWKWARD POSTURE

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

hours per day


hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day
than 20 degrees

Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1

Yes No

in table 1

minimal leg
movement

continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No

knuckle

elbow

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female


Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
limit?
Yes No

lowering

Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick(/)
Yes No

workday
entry (key-in) OR
hands, knee a break

once per minute

minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

vibration)

work

shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 3 No
Postures Neck
Shoulder
Static and
Sustained 3 1 2 Upper back Yes
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 0 No
Exertion Forearm
Wrist
Motion
Hand
Thigh
Lower leg
Noise 1 1 0 No
Table 12
DISCUSSION
Based on the results obtained, there are a few problems related to MSDs towards
being a cashier. Profession as cashiers are exposed to the awkward posture, static
and sustained work posture due to standing for too long and repetitive movements.
Hence, advance ERA should be conducted.
RECOMMENDATION
In order to prevent workers from MSDs job rotation should be done to reduce
repeated and sustained work posture. Next, chairs should be placed at a height that
allows cashiers to do their duties as successfully as possible. The arrangement of
the workplace also needs to be rearranged so that the worker can easily reach the
item.
WORKER 10: MECHANIC
INTRODUCTION
The Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) below has been conducted in a workshop.
The assessment was done by observing a video of a mechanic while repairing the
machine.

AWKWARD POSTURE

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

hours per day


hours per day

hours per day

hours per day

Wrist
hours per day

than 20 degrees
Knees hours per day

hours per day
Table 1

Yes No

in table 1

minimal leg
movement

continuously
Table 2
FORCEFUL EXERTION
Figure 1

weight weight limit
Yes No
Between floor to mid-lower leg 5 - 10 kg 6 /
Between mid-lower leg to 10 - 20 kg 12 /

knuckle

elbow
Between elbow and shoulder 10 -20 kg 15 /
Above the shoulder 5 - 10 kg 8 /

Table 3

Table 4
side by
45 degrees 10%
90 degrees 20%
Table 5
Male Female


Table 6
FIGURE 2

uneven advanced ERA


environmental
10m or more Conduct

advance ERA

Table 7
limit?
Yes No

lowering

Carrying Table 7 /
Table 8
REPETITIVE MOTION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

workday
entry (key-in) OR
shoulder, shoulder/arm movement continuously without
elbow, wrists, a break
hands, knee
once per minute

minute
Table 9
VIBRATION

Duration tick (/)
Yes No

vibration)

work

shaking
Table 10
Yes No
Table 11
INITIAL ERA FORM

Musculoskeletal
Assessment
Awkward 13 6 9 Yes
Postures Neck
Shoulder
Static and
Sustained 3 1 0 Upper back No
Work Posture
Upper arm
Lower back
Forceful 8 1 3 No
Exertion Forearm
Repetitive 5 1 0 No
Wrist
Motion
Hand
Thigh
Lower leg
Noise 1 1 1 Yes
Table 12
DISCUSSION
Based on the result above, mechanics are highly at risk to be exposed to MSDs. Risk factors
that contribute most to MSD is awkward posture followed by vibration and environmental
factors. Hence, this profession is not ergonomic and preventive measures should be taken.
RECOMMENDATION
In order to prevent MSDs among mechanics, there are a few steps that can be
followed. One of them is by using a cart to move the objects without carrying the
loads of the object. Next, hoist should be provided at the workshop to lift or lower
heavy loads. The arrangement of the workshop should be changed to minimize
reach distance so the repairing work can be done easily.
CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, every worker, no matter in any field, will have their own ways in suffering
from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Ergonomic risk factors such as force, repetition,
posture, vibration and environmental are the main points to review in conducting ERA.
Hence, to identify the presence of MSDs, Ergonomic Risk Assessment (ERA) needs to be
done. ERA will help employers to plan, implement and monitor preventive measures to
reduce the risks of ergonomics‐related injuries.
REFERENCES
1. Video of miners at work
The Life of A Miner.... From Coalface to Power Station. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com.
Retrieved January 8, 2023, from https://youtu.be/q-QZTbxX6K4
2. Video of carpenter at wok
Occupational Video - Carpenter. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved January 12,
2023, from https://youtu.be/k1245RVG_-4
3. Video of office worker
Medium Arc Shot Of Afro-american Male Office Stock Footage SBV-346680851 -
Storyblocks. (n.d.). Www.storyblocks.com. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from
https://www.storyblocks.com/video/stock/medium-arc-shot-of-afro-american-male-
office-worker-in-formalwear-and-glasses-typing-on-laptop-at-desk-in-the-evening-
while-working-late-in-modern-office-with-glass-walls-b6cg2vnskkupltkoj
4. Bus Driver Safety. (n.d.). Www.work-Fit.com. Retrieved January 13, 2023, from
https://www.work-fit.com/blog/bus-driver-safety
5. Risk factor among cashier https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-

899X/226/1/012028/pdf

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CAWANGAN TERENGGANU BUKIT BESI CAMPUS

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE

1. MUHAMMAD RAZIN BIN MOHAMMAD AZAM 2021895308

2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN AZNIZAM 2021203256

3. MUHAMMAD FAKHRUL SYAHIR BIN ABDUL JALIL 2021885006

4. NIK AHMAD DANIAL BIN MOHD IZANEE 2021848256

5. MUHAMMAD AMZAR BIN MOHD SAYUTHI KAMAL 2021626414

WORKER 1: MINERS ......................................................................................................................... 3

WORKER 2: CARPENTER .............................................................................................................. 12

WORKER 3: PLUMBER ................................................................................................................... 21

WORKER 4: ELECTRICIAN ............................................................................................................ 30

WORKER 5: OFFICE WORKER ..................................................................................................... 39

WORKER 6: BUS DRIVER .............................................................................................................. 48

WORKER 7: SECURITY GUARD................................................................................................... 57

WORKER 8: LUMBERJACKS ........................................................................................................ 66

WORKER 10: MECHANIC ............................................................................................................... 84

METHOD AND MATERIALS

Body Part Physical Risk Factor Max. Exposure Please

Working with shoulder raised More than 2 /

Working repetitively by raising the hand above More than 2

Working with head bent backwards More than 2 /

Working with head bent sideways More than 2 /

Working with body twisted More than 2 /

Hand/ Working with wrist flexion OR extension OR More than 4 /

Working with arm extended forward more than More than 4

Work in a kneeling position More than 4 /

Sub Total of Agree and Not Agree 0 13

STATIC AND SUSTAINED WORK POSTURE

Body Part Physical Risk Max.Exposure Please

Trunk/Head/Neck/Arm/Wrist Work in a static Duration as per /

Leg/Knees Work in a standing More than 2 hours /

Work in seated with More than 30 /

Sub Total (Number of ticks) 0 3

Working height Recommend Current Exceed

Between floor to mid-lower leg 5 - 10 kg -

Between mid-lower leg to 10 - 20 kg -

Between knuckle height and 15 - 25 kg -

Between elbow and shoulder 10 -20 kg -

Above the shoulder 5 - 10 kg -

Once or twice per minutes 30%

Five to eight times per minute 50%

More than 12 times per minute 80%

Activity Recommend weight

Stopping or Approximately 1000kg load on Approximately 750kg load on

Keeping the Approximately 100kg load on Approximately 75kg load on

Factor Condition Outcome

Floor Surface Dry and clean floor in good condition Acceptable

Dry floor but in poor condition, worn or Conduct

Contaminated/wet or steep sloping floor or

Other No factors present Acceptable

Carry distance 2m – 10m Acceptable

10m or more Conduct

Obstacles enroute No obstacles and carry route are flat Acceptable

Steep slope or up steps or through closed Conduct

Lifting and lowering Figure 1 & table 3 /

Repetitive lifting and lowering; or Figure 1 & table 4 /

Twisted body posture while lifting and Figure 1 & table 5 /

Repetitive lifting and lowering with twisted Figure 1, table 4 and /

Pushing and pulling Table 6 /

Handling in seated position Figure 2 /

Other forceful activity /

Sub Total (number of ticks) 1 7

Body Part Physical Risk Factor Max.Exposure Please

Work involving repetitive