b. Video Chat d.

Instant Messaging
17. What does a speaker lack when she or he intentionally
omits or deletes information in context to prove her or his
point?
St. Louis Review Center a. consideration c. respect
th
4 Floor, ANST Bldg. Albay, Legazpi City b. egalitarianism d. trustworthiness
Tel. No. (052) 201-1354 0947-998-2987 18. Which type of digital communication offers an easy way to
CHED PERMIT TO OPERATE REVIEW CENTER No. 035 exchange peer-to-peer knowledge outside of a learning
Series 2008 management system?
a. blog c. vlog
Practice Test 2 – KEY b. Email d. Facebook post
19. Which refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to
1. The resource speaker in a Gender and Development form well-structured sentences in a language?
activity about to speak on gender fair language learns that a. semantics c. pragmatics
majority of her audience are young teens so she tries to b. syntax d. none of the foregoing
adjust her speech. In which model of communication is this 20. Reading is one of the basic skills in communication. Which
based? is/are purpose/s of reading?
a. Aristotle’s c. Laswell’s a. For enjoyment c. to critique a writer’s idea
b. Berlo’s d. Shannon-Weaver’s b. To get information d. all the foregoing
2. Which model of communication is also called the model for 21. Comprehension is important not only in written but also in
technical communication? verbal and nonverbal communication. In which level of
a. Aristotle’s c. Laswell’s communication does one use rote learning and requires
b. Berlo’s d. Shannon-Weaver’s finding answers to the 4W’s?
3. Which model of communication introduced in 1948 used a. Literal level c. applied level
W’s to represent the elements? b. interpretative level d. all the foregoing
a. Aristotle’s c. Laswell’s 22. In which level of comprehension will one need thinking
b. Berlo’s d. Shannon-Weaver’s beyond the reading contents?
4. Distance between communicators gives meaning while a. Literal level c. applied level
standing too far away or too close can affect the b. interpretative level d. all the foregoing
effectiveness of a verbal communication. What category of 23. In which form of nonverbal interaction is touch used?
nonverbal communication explains this? a. Chronemics c. Kinesics
a. Chronemics c. haptics b. Haptics d. Proxemics
b. Proxemics d. kinesics 24. Which is the type of language register where intonation is
5. Which model of communication used the variables more important than grammar and interruptions are
thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, among common?
others? a. Formal register c. static register
a. Eugene White c. Saussure b. intimate register d. register
b. Laswell d. Wilbur Schramm 25. Learning a language is an important aspect of
6. As an applicant writing the application letter, which is the communication. One strategy in learning a second
appropriate complimentary close? language requires asking questions for verification or for
a. Yours truly c. Sincerely yours clarification. Which strategy is referred to?
b. Very truly yours d. Respectfully yours a. Actual c. Mental
7. In communication, what is another term for language? b. Collegial d. Social
a. verbal symbol c. non-verbal code 26. Which of the following is NOT a component of syntax?
b. verbal code d. All the foregoing a. Agreement c. Structure
8. Communicative competence comprises communicative b. Meaning d. Word order
areas. Which does NOT belong? 27. The parts of speech are important elements both in oral
a. Discourse c. socio-linguistic and written messages. Among the following words which is
b. linguistic d. schema a function word?
9. According to Osgood and Schramm, communicators must a. Adjectives c. Pronouns
have something in common so they can communicate. b. Nouns d. Verbs
What commonality do these proponents refer to? 28. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) was first proposed in
a. ethnicity c. field of experience 1960. Who was its proponent?
b. intelligence d. educational background a. Dell Hymes c. Grant Wiggins
10. Which is NOT an example of oration? b. Jim Cummins d. Noam Chomsky
a. debate c. wedding toast 29. Which communication skills are enhanced through the
b. eulogy d. inaugural address study of literature?
11. Which is/are example/s of audience’s feedback during a. Reading c. writing
public communication? b. critical thinking d. all the foregoing
a. Laughter c. a frown 30. News is one form of communication. News writers write
b. silence d. all the foregoing news to tell others what is happening in another place.
12. Which is not an example of paralanguage? Which element of news pertains to how related it is to the
a. pitch c. slang people’s personal affairs, their homes and important
b. rate d. volume activities?
13. Who introduced the primary ways to make a persuasive a. Immediacy c. Proximity
appeal? b. Timeliness d. Significance
a. Aristotle c. Protagoras 31. In written communication readability of the message is
b. Plato d. Socrates important. Which trait of creative writing pertains to the
14. In Lasswell’s Model, what refers to media analysis? readability of the paper?
a. who c. in which channel a. Fluency c. organization
b. to whom d. with what effect b. grammar d. word choice
15. What function of nonverbal communication is 32. In oral communication, nonverbal language plays a very
demonstrated by a person who nods head to answer a important role. Which is the BEST way in which the
question rather than saying ‘yes’? speaker can make his/her audience attentive?
a. Repeating c. Complementing a. A lot of humor c. language
b. Regulating d. Substituting b. constant movement d. varying tone and volume
16. In this digital age, other channels of communication have 33. Listening is significant in communication, but it also
emerged. Which channel requires speakers to dress up requires skills. Rudy is a good listener because when he
appropriately during actual communication? listens, he listens with an open mind. Though he is an
a. Email c. Phone Call intelligent student, he engages himself to whatever he is

1
 listening to that he ensures that he does let what he knows d. Shannon and Weaver’s Transmission Model
ruin perception of what he is about to listen to. What 46. Grammar plays a significant role in communication. Which
principle of listening does he practice? rule is applied in the underscored part of this sentence:
a. Having empathy c. avoiding prejudice “The doctor recommends that Ana find time to rest.”?
b. removing distractions d. putting speaker at ease a. The rules on the subjunctive mood.
34. One way for students to master effective communication is b. The rules on pronoun-antecedent agreement.
for them to improve or build their vocabulary. They must c. The rules on agreement between subject and verb.
have the ability to use words appropriately and correctly in d. All of the above.
communication. What do you call this ability? 47. Which of the following shows that there is comprehension
a. Lexical competence c. Linguistic competence between communicators that they would act on the
b. Grammatical competence d. Grammatical accuracy message either verbally, in writing or other forms of
35. What are the graphic presentations of the elements communication?
showing their relationship with each other in the process of a. When feedback is exchanged
communication? b. When sender starts communicating
a. Communication model c. When a message is sent to its destination
b. Communication types d. All of the above
c. Communication charts 48. Which is NOT an attribute of one who has the ability to
d. Communication symbols comprehend and effectively use language in
36. Which refers to the exchange of messages and information communication?
beyond the use of linguistic systems? a. awareness of social rules of language
a. Oral Communication b. using appropriately connected ideas
b. Written Communication c. use of fillers for lack of vocabulary
c. Verbal Communication d. understanding and use of language conventions
d. Nonverbal Communication 49. Which are the major variables in the process of
37. Which is/are employed in writing to achieve coherence? communication?
a. grammar rules c. appropriate vocabulary a. message, encoder, receiver, decoder
b. adequate development d. Transitional devices b. source, message, barrier, channel
38. Which communication is effective and efficient when one c. source, channel, barrier, feedback
needs an immediate feedback? d. source, message, channel, receiver
a. Verbal Communication 50. Ramon excels in the English language. His teachers say
b. Written Communication he knows the grammatical elements of the English
c. Email Communication language and he has the ability apply them effectively.
d. Nonverbal Communication What does he have?
39. To be able to understand lengthy written communications, a. Language skills
such as research reports, the receiver uses cueing b. Language familiarity
systems. One of the systems use schema and the context c. Grammatical intellect
of the written message. What is this type of cueing d. Grammatical competence
system? 51. Teachers are communicators too. Which is NOT a good
a. Pragmatic cueing system pointer for classroom communication?
b. Syntactic cueing system a. know your students
c. Semantic cueing system b. be cautious of silence
d. Graphophonic cueing system c. be sensitive to student behavior
40. Which is/are skills necessary for comprehension? d. promote equity in the classroom
a. Make inferences 52. Which does NOT constitute video chat communication
b. Sufficient vocabulary learning etiquette?
c. Starting from the literal level a. Dressing up appropriately
d. All the foregoing b. Avoiding crowded and public places
41. Who was the linguist who first introduced the term c. Looking at the camera for eye contact
language register and when was it introduced? d. Gesturing too much to appear honest and expressive
a. Eve Clark - 1972 53. Intrapersonal communication is as important as
b. Noah Webster – 1780 interpersonal communication. Which is NOT TRUE about
c. Edward Sapir – 1930 this?
d. Thomas Bertram Reid – 1956 a. It is necessary in evaluating self.
42. The Human Resource Officer of a certain institution sends b. It is a significant aspect of reflection.
out a memorandum to all newly hired faculty about the c. It aids in exchanging ideas with others.
erroneous detail stipulated in their signed contracts and d. It is important for planning and problem solving.
further requests a notice of receipt within five days. What is 54. The coordinator for Gender and Development is invited as
the expected feedback? a quest speaker in the faculty development seminar. She
a. A letter of excuse delivers a talk on the types of violence that women
b. A signed contract sometimes suffer from perpetrators. The speaker went on
c. A memo sent back to HR to give examples of the types and that women should have
d. An email confirming receipt the courage to speak up and complain when this happens.
43. Why is it impossible for humans NOT to communicate? What is the chief message in the talk?
a. Because communication is irreversible a. Faculty development seminar
b. Because communication is unavoidable b. End violence against women
c. because communication is powerful c. Women must take courage to speak up
d. because communication is a panacea d. Types and examples of violence against women
44. Jeric is proficient in the English language that he is able to 55. Which is NOT TRUE about the advantages of the study of
comprehend and use it effectively in communication in literature?
authentic social and school environment. What is the term a. It aids in linguistic competence.
for this ability? b. It can lead to analytic competence.
a. Grammatical intellect c. It helps develop communicative competence.
b. Communicative experience d. None of the above
c. Communicative competence 56. Which is one semantic cueing system?
d. Grammatical intellect and competence a. The use of sentence structure clues.
45. Which model is also known as the ‘Mathematical Theory of b. The use of parts of a word to understand it.
Communication’? c. Familiarity with words that allows a speaker to
a. Berlo’s SMCR Model pronounce and enunciate it.
b. Aristotle’s Linear Model d. None of the above
c. Barnlund’s Transactional Model 57. Which of the following is NOT true about communication?

2
 a. Communication is a daily human activity.
b. Everyone has the ability to communicate effectively
because it is an inborn skill.
c. Understanding and knowing your audience is an
important aspect of public speaking.
d. It is one way of conveying meaning to a person or
group of persons using mutually understood symbols.
58. When can written communication be best used?
a. When there is time urgency
b. When immediate feedback is needed
c. When the message needs to become part of a
permanent file
d. When ideas are simple or can be made simple with
explanations
59. Which must be avoided in formal communication
situations?
a. The expression of ideas in complete sentences
b. The use of slangs and other private vocabularies
c. The application of generally agreed syntactic
structures
d. The preference on completely pronounced words over
contractions
60. Which DOES NOT belong in what information and
communication technology can do?
a. ICT is important in transmitting and receiving
information.
b. ICT provides people with newer and better ways to
communicate.
c. ICT gives people access to information from which
they get learning.
d. ICT has made humans acquire better emotional,
adversity and intelligence quotient.
61. In the process of communication, both decoding and
encoding occurs. When does encoding happen?
a. When the receiver interprets the message
b. When both the sender wants to understand the
receiver
c. When the sender translates ideas into perceivable
codes
d. When both sender and receiver know each other’s
communication style
62. Which demonstrates an ideal practice in telephone
conversation?
a. Answering the phone while on a busy meeting
b. Speaking loudly while attending the call in a public
place
c. Skipping the call while having an important
conversation
d. Letting the other person know about having the call on
a speakerphone
63. According to de Saussure, a linguists’ job is to analyze
how a speaker uses a language and not to enforce rules to
be followed in using a language. Which of the following is
meant by de Saussure?
a. Grammar should always be descriptive.
b. Grammar is descriptive and not prescriptive.
c. Grammar is prescriptive and not descriptive.
d. Grammar is always descriptive and prescriptive.
64. Which is NOT a definition of language?
a. It is a system of arbitrary signals that encode or
decode information.
b. It is the system of communication used by a particular
community or country.
c . It is a systematic means of communicating with the
use of sounds or conventional symbols.
d. It is the process of using words, sounds, signs, or
behaviors to express or exchange information.
65. Literature also plays a significant role in communication.
Which is its MOST significant role?
a. It can provide entertainment.
b. It helps in vocabulary development.
c. It transmits part of the culture of its origin.
d. It helps one become familiar with the language used.
66. Which is a disadvantage of technology to effective
communication?
a. It has helped store written communications and
started the paper-less campaign.
b. It can help people learn about what is happening in
other parts of the world real time.
c. It can result to the loss of awareness on the
importance of correct spelling and grammar.
d. With internet connectivity, it helps people send
immediate messages to others all over the globe.
67. Teachers must be effective communicators and facilitators
of learning. Communication in the classroom is not
supposed to be unidirectional, hence one challenge for the
teacher is sustaining a lively discussion. Which must be
avoided in order to sustain discussion?
a. Divide the class into homogenous groupings.
b. Give the question time to sink ink so that students can
formulate answers
c. Allow students to ask questions not only to other
students but also to the teacher.
d. Create an inclusive classroom environment by also
looking at other students while one is talking.
68. What does it mean to analyze student-teacher
communication?
a. Look for students who do not listen to teachers.
b. Reward students who are strong communicators.
c. Look for problems in teacher-student relationships.
d. Reflect about how teachers and students connect with
each other.
69. Which illustrates evaluative listening?
a. When one arrives at an inference.
b. When one critically assesses accuracy of a message
c. When one accurately distinguishes stimuli in the
message.
d. All of the above
70. What is ICT?
a. It is a component of media literacy and digital
technology.
b. It is one important skill in the digital and technological
era.
c. It encompasses all technologies including all the
st
literacies of the 21 century learners.
d. It encompasses all technologies and services involved
in computing, telecommunications provision and the
internet
APPLICATION of RULES of GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY
and COMPREHENSION
A. Choose the most appropriate options to complete the
short reading articles
Many over the counter medicine (71) ---- to help with common
cold, to reduce the effects of its symptoms. Although some
symptoms (72) ---- might require continued use of the medicine
to go away, over the counter drugs should be sufficient (73) ----
most cases. (74) ---- the frequency of its occurrence, it is
convenient and important to be able to use over the counter
drugs. Those (75) ---- suffer from a severe cold conditions
might also want to see their doctor for stronger medicine.
71. CHOICES:
a. Used c. use
b. Can be used d. was use to
72. CHOICES:
a. treated c. to have treated
b. Treating d. having treated
73. CHOICES:
a. treating c. to be treating
b. to treat d. to be treated
74. CHOICES:
a. Although c. because of
b. Since d. In addition
75. CHOICES:
a. who b. what c. which d. of which
__________________________________________________
History, (76) ---- its broadest sense, is the story of humanity's
past. It also refers (77) ---- the recording of that past. The (78) -
--- sources of history include books, newspapers, printed
documents, personal papers (79) ---- oral accounts. Historians
use this material to form coherent narratives and uncover
linked sequences and patterns in past events. (80) ---- histories
are concerned with causality, that is, why certain outcomes
happened as they did, and how they are linked to earlier
events.
76. CHOICES:
a. in b. at c. on d. of
77. CHOICES:
3
 a. at b. for c. to d. on a. field d. fullpledged
78. CHOICES: b. finally e. no error
a. few b. diverse c. previous d. subsequent c. become
79. CHOICES: 96. Although Jake is in this country for only two years, he talks
a. but for b. despite c. due to d. as well as like he has lived here for ten years.
80. CHOICES: a. Although d. has lived
a. Much b. Most c. every d. each b. is e. no error
__________________________________________________ c. for
97. At the music recital, Alexandra enjoyed listening to her
81. Andriy Shevchenko, ___ goals I have watched over and friend Mohammed's insightful interpretation, which she
over, was a legendary soccer player. thought was more sophisticated than the other performers.
a. Which b. whose c. who d. that a. enjoyed d. other performers
82. Every time we go there, we take a lot of pictures ___ we b. insightful e. no error
take a drive along the beach to see the surfers. c. more sophisticated
a. As b. lest c. even it d. so that 98. Was it they who were involved in the recent disorganized
83. People ___ the Earth was flat until Aristotle ___ that it was demonstration?
not. a. it d. disorganized
a. believed / had proved b. they e. no error
b. believed / was proving c. were
c. had believed / proved 99. When his ship floundered on the coast of Scotland in 1883,
d. have believed / would prove the Danish captain thought he saw a seven pointed star.
84. Ever since I stopped working, I ___ to save money by ___ a. floundered d. saw
at home. b. coast e. no error
a. tried / cooking c. am trying / cooking c. thought
b. have tried / cook d. have been trying / cooking 100. In 1958, a Spanish photographer accompanied Fidel
85. He ___ the one who crashed your car yesterday. He was Castro and his band of revolutionaries during their historic
with me the whole time. push to Havana.
a. May have been c. Can’t have been a. accompanied d. push
b. Must have been d. May not have been b. revolutionaries e. no error
86. All inclusive resorts are best for families with kids, ____ c. historic
unmarried couples. 101. By 2030, the percentage of population aged 65 or
a. And c. consequently older will have risen significantly to more than 30%.
b. But d. as well as a. percentage d. significantly
87. My girlfriend and I ___ to find the right agent who ___ us to b. population e. no error
find the perfect home. c. will have risen
a. had tried / has help 102. I cannot help but think of all the misery I’ve been to.
b. were trying / will help a. cannot help d. misery
c. are trying / will have helped b. but think e. no error
d. have been trying / will help c. all
88. Computer records __ that they ___ us before the product 103. My husband alloted a portion of his monthly pay for
was shipped. his sister’s matriculation.
a. showed / had paid a. allotted d. matriculation
b. has shown / had paid b. his e. no error
c. had shown / will pay c. monthly pay
d. were showing / have paid 104. His trousers have been wrinkled and desperately
89. Fiona is watching television ___ needs ironing.
a. later today. a. trousers d. ironing
b. when she has time. b. have been wrinkled e. no error
c. before bed time. c. needs
d. because her favorite film star is on. 105. The variety of grammatical errors possible in written
90. I do the shopping ___ communication are countless.
a. sometimes. a. the variety of d. are countless
b. today for a friend who is ill. b. errors e. no error
c. early tomorrow. c. possible
d. at the same time every week. 106. The number of students enrolling in review centers is
IDENTIFY THE ERRORS increasing each year.
91. More experimental data is required before we can accept a. the number d. is increasing
the theory. b. taking e. no error
a. More d. can accept c. of
b. data e. no error 107. My thesis adviser will see me for consultation every
c. is Monday at 2 o’clock.
92. The reason for my long absence from class was because I a. tutor d. every Monday
was sick for almost three weeks. b. will see e. no error
a. reason d. because c. for a tutorial
b. long absence e. no error 108. She had had an appendectomy before she had
c. was hysterectomy.
93. The board reviewing the courses offered by the college a. had had d. had hysterectomy
found that the quality of academic programs were b. appendectomy e. no error
generally good but somewhat uneven. c. before
a. offered d. somewhat 109. The man told me he had met my father some years
b. were e. no error ago.
c. generally a. told d. ago
94. If he had begun earlier, he might have succeeded in b. had met e. no error
finishing the extremely complex project before the c. some
deadline. 110. Although there were no change in the number of
a. had begun d. before people aged 65 to 74 between 1960 and 1970, the number
b. have succeeded e. no error of people aged 75 and over had increased during this time.
c. extremely a. there were d. had increased
95. After two years of field work, he has finally become a full- b. between e. no error
pledged architect. c. and over

4
VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE b. docile d. retractable
A. Choose the synonym 137. passé
111. Indomitable a. archaic c. serenity
a. feeble c. ineffectual b. dead end d. trendy
b. gullible d. resolute 138. prodigious
112. impecunious a. average c. intelligent
a. loaded c. opulent b. genuine d. prodigal
b. meticulous d. strapped 139. sanguine
113. qualm a. expectant c. poised
a. calmness c. instinct b. pessimistic d. self-assured
b. equanimity d. trepidation 140. disheveled
114. opprobrium a. decorated c. instability
a. appreciation c. censure b. disarrange d. neat
b. approbation d. sanction
115. harangue READING COMPREHENSION
a. acclaim c. tirade A. Read the passage and answer the comprehension
b. praise d. allocution questions that follow:
116. insouciance Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples
a. anxiety c. nonchalance Paragraph 1. There is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to
b. anti-social d. shy 3000 B.C. It may have developed independently, but many
117. ancillary scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron
a. adjuvant c. foremost throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East
b. core d. major and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the
118. aggrandize Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-
a. depreciate c. magnify Saharan Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered
b. disparage d. rubbish hunting-and-gathering bands, although in some places near
119. anachronistic lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food
a. archaic c. futuristic supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture
b. contemporary d. not on time seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since
120. affray the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose
a. agreement c. fear origins are not African but West Asian. Once the idea of
b. brawl d. mend planting diffused, Africans began to develop their own crops,
121. impute such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a
a. attribute c. censure continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas
b. clear d. infuse of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that extends
122. modicum from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa.
a. degree c. mass Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced
b. lack d. mound from Southeast Asia.
123. noisome
a. irritant c. noisy Paragraph 2. Livestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle
b. repugnant d. nuisance were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep
124. paucity and goats. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos
a. abundance c. plethora invaders of Egypt (1780–1560 B.C.) and then spread across
b. brevity d. scarcity the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara
125. stolid indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the
a. emotional c. hard desert and that by 300– 200 B.C., there were trade routes
b. poignant d. unresponsive across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the
B. Choose the appropriate antonym West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces
126. sentient allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel
a. cataleptic c. emotional was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an
b. conscious d. sensitive important innovation, because the camel’s ability to thrive in
127. ineluctable harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made
a. certain c. inevitable it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel
b. definite d. unsure transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but
128. alacrity more accessible, route of trade and communication.
a. apathy c. gusto
b. fervour d. zeal Paragraph 3. Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of
129. rancor diffusion were somewhat different than those of agriculture.
a. acrimony c. harmony Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies
b. cynicism d. loathing moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without
130. abjure passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze
a. accept c. abdicate metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have
b. abject d. shun been found in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making
131. apoplectic penetrated into the forests and savannahs of West Africa at
a. apocalyptic c. irate roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe.
b. composed d. paraplegic Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana,
132. ghastly and Mali.
a. awesome c. grim
b. cold d. pleasant Paragraph 4. This technological shift caused profound
133. mendacious changes in the complexity of African societies. Iron
a. arrogant c. tenacious represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made
b. honest d. unreliable tools and weapons had an important place in society, often
134. sovereignty with special religious powers and functions. Iron hoes, which
a. authority c. power made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which
b. freedom d. restriction made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a
135. itinerant number of West African societies. Those who knew the secrets
a. destination c. settled of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political power.
b. rover d. wandering
136. refractory Paragraph 5. Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a
a. divergent c. wayward very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a

5
relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce
the high heat needed for production and to control the amount
of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for
making iron. Much of Africa moved right into the Iron Age,
taking the basic technology and adapting it to local conditions
and resources.
Paragraph 6. The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was
accompanied by a great movement of people who may have
carried these innovations. These people probably originated in
eastern Nigeria. Their migration may have been set in motion
by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples
fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. They spoke
a language, proto-Bantu (“bantu” means “the people”), which is
the parent tongue of a large number of Bantu languages still
spoken throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Why and how these
people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a
mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons
allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents,
who still used stone implements. Still, the process is uncertain,
and peaceful migration—or simply rapid demographic growth—
may have also caused the Bantu explosion.
141. According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt
that agriculture developed independently in Africa?
a. African lakes and rivers already provided enough food
for people to survive without agriculture.
b. The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered
in Africa are native to Asia.
c. Africa’s native plants are very difficult to domesticate.
d. African communities were not large enough to support
agriculture.
142. In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about
changes in the African environment during this time
period?
a. The climate was becoming milder, allowing for a
greater variety of crops to be grown.
b. Although periods of drying forced people south, they
returned once their food supply was secure.
c. Population growth along rivers and lakes was
dramatically decreasing the availability of fish.
d. A region that had once supported many people was
becoming a desert where few could survive.
143. According to paragraph 2, camels were important
because they
a. were the first domesticated animal to be introduced to
Africa
b. allowed the people of the West African savannahs to
carve out large empires
c. helped African peoples defend themselves against
Egyptian invaders
d. made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara
144. The word “profound” in the passage is closest in
meaning to
a. fascinating c. necessary
b. far-reaching d. temporary
145. The word “ritual” in the passage is closest in meaning
to
a. military c. ceremonial
b. physical d. permanent
c. Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the
Americas because of the ready availability of carbon
and iron ore.
d. Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity
for making iron early, but African metallurgy
developed at a slower rate.
148. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as possible
causes of the “Bantu explosion” EXCEPT
a. superior weapons c. peaceful migration
b. better hunting skills d. increased population
Reading Passage 2. Modern attitudes to Roman civilization
range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted.
As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among
historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong,
who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the
subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of
opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the
imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek
civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was
original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had
money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and
development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of
the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in
such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his Epistles, “what work
of ancient date would now exist?”
149. The paragraph above indicates that some historians
admire Roman civilization because of
a. its strength
b. its innovative nature
c. the diversity of cultures within Roman society
d. the large body of literature that it developed
150. In the same paragraph, intellectual Romans such as
Horace held which of the following opinions about their
civilization?
a. The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the
Romans.
b. Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman
world.
c. Roman civilization produced little that was original or
memorable.
d. Romans valued certain types of innovations that had
been ignored by ancient Greeks.

146. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were

social effects of the new metal technology in Africa
EXCEPT:
a. Access to metal tools and weapons created greater
social equality.
b. Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.
c. Iron tools helped increase the food supply.
d. Technical knowledge gave religious power to its
holders.
147. Which of the sentences below best expresses the
essential information in the underlined sentence in
paragraph 5? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
important ways or leave out essential information.
a. While American iron makers developed the latest
furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier
techniques.
b. Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans,
inventing technologically sophisticated heating
systems.