Tombs of Kings in the Middle Kingdom:

The ninth dynasty was characterized by some calm, and soon the conflict
intensified between the rulers of Thebes and Ahnasia (near Fayoum).
Ahnasia was the capital at the time, and with the victory of the rulers of Thebes,
they extended the influence of the Eleventh Dynasty, which was ruling Upper
Egypt.
The rest of the country was done at the hands of King Mentuhotep
(Nebhepatre), who was able to overcome Ahnasia after a struggle that lasted 20
years, and a new phase of wisdom has begun, marked by tranquility and
stability in the country, and this monotheism is considered an indication of the
establishment of
The middle kingdom lasted during the eleventh and twelfth dynasties.

The kings of Thebes were buried in the early Middle Kingdom in various
places. The tomb of King Menuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty was built
In Deir el-Bahari, next to his mortuary temple. As for the kings of the Twelfth
Dynasty, they established tombs in Lisht, Hawara, Dahshur, and Lahon, all of
which are adjacent to the middle center of the United Kingdom.

Mentuhotep chose the bosom of a mountain from the western mountains of

Thebes to build a tomb of a completely new style for himself. Nothing remains
of this cemetery except its ruins, but it is considered an important stage in the
development of the royal cemetery, namely
Located to the south of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari, it is a
temple tomb on two levels. The cemetery begins with an ascending path.

On both sides of it, there is a place dedicated to palm trees and sycamore trees.
The road is 7000 meters long and 66 meters wide, and it is fenced.
Limestone stones, 70.1 meters high, and sandstone statues representing the
standing king were erected on both sides of it.
in Osiris form.

The elite of that era of artists (architects, sculptors, and photographers) worked
in this cemetery
Thebes at that time was a source of inspiration for artists, and they built the
cemetery in front of the huge eaves that rise in the form of a stepped mountain.
They provided it with halls that contain wonderful columns and corridors with
pillars in a uniquely creative way. They also created two underground
vestibules.

They confirm the ancient dualism of the royal tomb, but in a new form, and the
back passage leading to the tomb has been decorated
With a wide range of motifs including military activities and hunting in the
desert of the king in the presence of the gods, As well as views Celebrating
Valentine's Day, and from an architectural point of view.

We cannot separate the cemetery from the temple, where the architectural
genius gathered in Finding a state of homogeneity and integration in their
formation, and the cemetery has taken the shape of an inverted letter T, with its
head facing east.

As for the trunk, it was cut into the front of the mountain, and the temple was
built on top of a base whose face was covered with good limestone to facilitate
sculpture and drawing.

On it, this base is preceded from the east by an adjective supported by two rows
of columns, in the middle of which is the ascending curvature leading to the
second flat. However, the most important and prominent part of this upper part
is believed to have been surmounted by a square mastaba or pyramidal top.

So we can say that this

cemetery combined the style of rock tombs, and the hierarchical style that has
existed since the Old Kingdom.

And in the same style, as the rock cemetery attached to the mortuary temple of
Mentuhotep, the rulers of the regions and the supervision of the state tended
Al-Wasati - whose status was strong at that time - carved out tombs on the
slopes of the rocks near their territories.

such as the tombs of Al-Barsha, Assiut, Aswan, and Bani Hassan, with those
tombs, containing works of art and wall paintings of great magnificence and
mastery.
Including what is rooted in all kinds of current sports, and the ceilings of the
halls in these tombs rise on columns similar to the style of Doric columns
which confirms the precedence of the ancient Egyptian artist and architect over
the artists in Greece, and the tomb ends with a niche in which
Funeral statues.

Eric Horning considers this stage to be the third stage in the development of the
royal tomb (circa 7000–
7700 BC (It is the stage of the tombs carved into the rock.

After that, the kings of the middle state also tended to build small pyramids.
The pyramids are the path of the late Old Kingdom, who replaced them with
adobe stones covered with a layer of limestone for the purpose of cost
However, the stones of the pyramids began to diminish a lot, and the small
pyramids began to replace the mastabas, which gradually disappeared.

Among the most famous of these pyramids of the Twelfth Dynasty are the
pyramids of Lisht, which is one of the villages of Markaz El Ayat in Giza
Governorate.

, which was taken as the capital of Egypt at the beginning of the Middle
Kingdom, in which King Amenemhat the First established his pyramid group
"and there is a belief that Amenemhat may have built a pyramid for him in
Saqqara, but there is no evidence to confirm this, except that it is certain that he
built a pyramid group in Lisht.

The quality of this stone is poor, and stone blocks that were dismantled from
other structures were used in its construction.
In the old kingdom, this group has been greatly damaged.

His son, Senusret I, ruled after him by establishing his pyramid group to the
south of his father’s pyramid. His group consisted of the Valley Temple and the
road ascendant and a mortuary temple in addition to its pyramid, and senior
statesmen at that time were buried next to him.
Also, in the Twelfth Dynasty, King Senusret II built a pyramid in Al-Alyun -
near
From Fayoum - on a high hill.
This pyramid is characterized by the fact that it was completed for the first time
since the end of the Third Dynasty The use of mud bricks in the construction of
a royal tomb.

As for Senusret the Third, he built two complexes

Two funeral burials, one in Dishur and the other in Abydos. The first was built
in a pyramidal shape, and bricks were used in its construction. Then the voids
were filled with sand.

Amenemhat the Third also built the pyramid of Hawara, and the pyramid
contains many corridors and rooms, ending in the burial chamber. It contains a
huge stone sarcophagus made of one piece of quartzite, and the door of the
room was closed with a stone.
The thieves could not enter the coffin chamber through this door, but they
managed to access it through a hole in the coffin Roof.

They looted it and burned what was in it of funerary furniture.” Sometimes the
pyramidal tomb was surrounded by a wall or a fence to give
A bit of privacy and respect for a cemetery even with no funerary temple.

It is noticeable that after Amenemhat I returned the royal residence to the north,
the artists at that time deliberately adhered to the traditions Art of the Sixth
Dynasty As it appears in the pyramid group of Pepi II, the buildings of the new
necropolis are an exact copy of The pyramidal sanctuary in the late Old
Kingdom, with minor modifications.

The most important thing we notice here is the absence of inscriptions in the
inner rooms.
The texts of the pyramids were abandoned in order to be available for use by the
general public, and after many changes were introduced to them, they
reappeared.
On the wooden coffins of officials and their families in the form of coffin texts.