A SCHEMA OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES

(A HIGH DEGREE OF KINSHIP)

COURSE TITLE:-

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

COURSE CODE:-

PSY-312

SUBMITTED BY:-

RUBAB ANSAR (22017111-006)

SUBMITTED TO:-

SIR NABEEL

DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
 Contents

 Introduction 1

 Definition 2

 Assimilation 3

 Adaptation 4

 Schema 5

 Modification 7

 Suggestions 8

 Conclusions 9

 References 10
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INTRDUCTION

 Schema plays a crucial part in the reading process.

 Reading ability is a fundamental and significant criterion to scale one's learning level.

 This hypothesis is helpful for enhancing pupils' reading skills.

Who is Jean Piaget?

 9 August 1896- 16 September 1980

 Swiss clinical psychologist

 Pioneering work in child development

 Professor of medieval literature at the University of Neuchatel

 The term "Schema" was introduced by Piaget t in 1923

What is Schema?

 The terms "Schema" was first used in psychology by Fredrick Bartlett in 1932 with the

meaning of an active organization of past experiences.

 Letter” Schema” was introduced in reading by David Rumalhart (1980), Jennifer Carrel

(1981) and Hudson (1982) 2 identify the important role of background knowledge in

reading comprehension.

 Schema is a general knowledge structure which is used for understanding.

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DEFINITION

 Less information is available regarding how things work in the world due to a cluster

of linked notions.

 Schema theory was essentially developed by Rumelhart (1980) as a theory of how

knowledge is employed and mentally represented in the mind.

 "All knowledge is packed into units," he wrote.

 Anderson and Pearson (1984) define it as "an abstract knowledge structure," and these

units are the schemata.

 We can infer from the aforementioned definitions that a person's schema is the

professional knowledge acquired via experience and stored in their mind.

 It is a knowledge system that is abstract

Schema Theory:

 Cognitivist learning theories describe how knowledge is

-Acquired

-Processed

-Organized
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ASSIMILATION

 Assimilation is the cognitive process of integrating new information into your pre-

existing worldview.

 In essence, you relate new information to things you already know in order to process

and make sense of it.

 The aptitude for integrating newly acquired knowledge with current knowledge.

 The process by which we incorporate new information or experiences into our pre-

existing knowledge frameworks or schemas is known as assimilation, according to

Jean Piaget.

 Our schemas are expanded or modified when we combine the old knowledge with the

new, but their basic structure is not altered.

ILLUSTRATION

When a child first sees a Dalmatian dog, the child will interpret this information based on his

or her existing mental frameworks and will label it "doggy".

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ADAPTATION

 Schemas are not permanent; as a result of simulation and adaptation, a youngster

adapts to a new environment.

 Schemas are updated and new ones are produced based on new experience.

 The term "adaptation" describes a person's capacity to accept new experiences, change,

and information.

 Our capacity for adaptation aids in our ongoing mental development.

 The process by which we incorporate new information or experiences into our pre-

existing knowledge frameworks or schemas is known as assimilation, according to

Jean Piaget.

 Our schemas are expanded or modified when we combine the old knowledge with the

new, but their basic structure is not altered.

ILLUSTRATION

The child learns to grasp a new object in a different way, or learns that

the new object should not be sucked. In that way, the child has adapted

his or her way of thinking to a new experience.

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Schema
CONSANGUINOUS MARRIAGES (A High Degree of Kinship)

Definition:

Consanguineous marriage is the uniting of two people who are second cousins or even closer

in relation.

Reasons for choosing to marry A cousin:

Cousin weddings are extremely popular in our family, and this outdated belief system

is a result of social, cultural, and religious norms as well as practical considerations.

 Cousin marriages have a number of negative effects on women's

reproductive health as well as genetic disorders in their offspring.

Therefore, we can conclude that consanguineous unions are bad for

mothers and their offspring.

 Numerous interfamily unions result from deeply ingrained caste

structures.

 Transnational marriage to cousins or marrying family members abroad

can open up prospects for a better life in the west.

 Had a successful marriage with increased stability, a lower likelihood

of divorce, and a better relationship with in-laws who support

consanguinity.

 Out of pride and to maintain their good status with family, our parents

forbid their children from getting married on their own.

 To deepen ties within the family. Keep your family's finances private.
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 Maintaining the family's professional status and landed property.

 Remain close to one's daughter. Lower dowry or mahr.

 Maintain the unity of the families.

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MODIFICATION

 Assimilation, the process of using the schemas we already have to grasp

something new, allows for the adjustment of schemas. When new

information doesn't fit into one's preexisting schemas, one must make

accommodations by modifying the present scheme or developing a new

one.

 A database schema change is a modification made to a group of logical

structures (also known as schema objects).Schema updates are frequently

applied during maintenance windows and are typically made using the

structured query language (SQL).

 Piaget thought that children's experimenting and pretend play helped

them firmly establish the new cognitive schemas they were forming. As

a result, their ideas or thoughts shift as a result of both assimilation and

accommodation.

 He thought that as humans learn new things and absorb new information,

they continuously adapt to their surroundings. New schemas are created

as experiences unfold and fresh information is offered, while preexisting

ones are altered or modified.

 Objects, the self, roles, and events are at the heart of schemas. A person's

schemas can be modified and rebuilt during the course of their lifetime.

Assimilation and adaptation are the two methods for accomplishing this.
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SUGGESTION

 The government needs to educate people about diseases brought on by cousin

weddings at hospitals and health facilities.

 In their jumma khutbaas, the government should ask clerics to raise awareness of the

negative impacts of cousin marriages.

 As far as possible, discourage first cousin marriages.

 Young people should inform their parents and other family members about the

hereditary problems brought on by cousin marriages.

 First cousin marriages decline as female education increases.

 Cousin weddings are not a foundation for settling family conflicts.

 To increase public knowledge of the health risks associated with consanguinity,

appropriate counseling, education, and health promotion initiatives should be

developed and implemented

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CONCLUSION

 Strengthen family ties, and Infosys family solidarity.

 The preference of consanguinity is because of cost inheritance factor etc that leads to

various genetic abnormalities and the breakage of family ties. In order to get rate of

such lethal genetic diseases one should do proper screening. And some campaigns for

raising the awareness of the deleterious outcomes of consanguinity should be arranged.

 Blinding disorders, blood cancer, Thalassemia and breathing disorders are amongst the

most common disorders among children born out of marriages with close relatives.
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REFRENCES

 https://www.thoughtco.com/schema-definition-4691768

 https://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html

 https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jean_Piaget

 https://images.app.goo.gl/cqGz8vPpZZuW1sUVA

 https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/sociology/socialization/piagets-model-of-

cognitive-development

 https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/adaptation