FORENSIC SCIENCE

1. The dogmatic principle which provides that no two fingerprints are exactly alike
- PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY/ VARIATION/UNIQUENESS

3 DOGMATIC PRINCIPLE:
A. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY/VARIATION/UNIQUENESS - No two persons have the
same fingerprint

B. PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY/CONSTANCY/IMMUTABILITY - States that fingerprints

are unchanging or constant from birth (Start - 3rd to 4th mos and complete in 5th -6th mos) until the
decomposition of the body of the person.

C. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY/RELIABILITY - That fingerprint cannot be easily forged

2. It is a single ridge that divides into two but does not remain open and converge at a certain
point to form the original single ridge.
-ENCLOSURE or EYELET or LAKE RIDGE

3. This is a single small ridge either inside an enclosure or simple dot ridge in a fingerprint -
ISLAND RIDGE or DOT RIDGE

4. A single ridge which splits into two ridges - BIFURCATION

5. It refers to the spreading of two lines which have been running parallel or nearly parallel to
each other. - DIVERGENCE

6. A fingerprint impression that is taken individually by rolling each finger from one side to
the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint - ROLLED IMPRESSION

FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS:
A. Chance Impression (True Latent Fingerprints) - invisible pattern made by the fingerprint and
usually found in a crime scene.
B. Rolled Impression - A fingerprint impression that is taken individually by rolling each finger
from one side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint (TIFO)
C. Plain Impression - A fingerprint impression that is taken simultaneously without rolling each
fingers

7. What is the finger in block number seven (7) and number eight (8) - Left Index and Left
Middle
FINGERPRINT CARD (TEN-FINGERPRINT CARD):
UPPER BLOCKS: Fingerprints in the RIGHT HAND
LOWER BLOCKS: Fingerprints in the LEFT HAND

Block:
1 - Right Thumb 6- Left Thumb
2- Right Index 7- Left Index
3- Right Middle 8- Left Middle
4- Right Ring 9- Left Ring
5- Right Little 10- Left Little

8. In case of double thumb of the same size, what should be the course of action in classifying
them - CLASSIFY ONLY THE INNER THUMB

9. In the course of the tracing of a whorl pattern, once the tracing splits into two branches the
tracing will proceed: ON THE LOWER LINE OF THE SPLIT

10. In case that both fingers in a opposite hand is amputated, what will be the interpretation of
the fingers during classification? - PLAIN WHORL WITH MEETING TRACING
(One finger is amputated - classification - same classification of the opposite finger)

11. In recording special conditions of fingers, what will be the symbol used in case of
amputated finger - Write “Amp” or FMB at the upper right corner of the block.

12. A fingerprint pattern in which one or more ridges enter on one side towards the little finger
(Ulnar bone), re-curves and then exit towards the same side. - ULNAR LOOP

13. A procedure in fingerprint examination in which the examiner identify and classify the
fingerprint patterns of each fingers. - ANALYSIS

STEPS IN FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION

Introduced by Sgt. David R. Ashbaugh (Code: ACE-V)
1. Analysis – general patterns and name of Specific patterns are identified.
2. Comparison – ridge details of the fingerprints are compared.
3. Evaluation – The making of a conclusion whether the latent print and fingerprint of suspect
are the same.
4. Verification – The opinion of an examiner should be verified by 1-2 examiner/s.

14. Correct sequence of the rolled impression can be checked by means of the: PLAIN
IMPRESSION

15. One of the cardinal rules in taking fingerprints is that fingers must be completely: DRY
Moist or Perspiring hand - WIPE IT WITH CLEAN CLOTH OR USE ALCOHOL
Too Dry - APPLY LOTION, OIL OR CREAM

16. In the classification line, the order should be: Key, Major. Primary, Secondary and Sub-
secondary and Final (KMPSSF)
Computation: PSSMFK

17. It is an instrument that used to preserve latent print: LATENT PRINT TRANSFER CARD

18. Developing of latent print: DUSTING METHOD

19. What light can make an object in an open space cast no shadow but objects at far distant are
clearly visible: CLOUDY BRIGHT
CLOUDY DULL: no shadow and object at far distant is limited
DULL SUNLIGHT: no shadow
BRIGHT SUNLIGHT: deep and uniform shadow
HAZY SUNLIGHT: transparent shadow

20. Branch of photography which is focused on taking accurate photographs on crime scenes
and evidence: CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY

21. Taking photograph with a camera with a use of telephoto lens: SURVEILLANCE
PHOTOGRAPHYor DURING SURVEILLANCE

22. Type of lens in which the focal length is more than twice than the diagonal of its negative
material: TELEPHOTO LENS or LONG LENS

23. Type of lens with approximately equal the diagonal of its negative material: NORMAL
LENS

24. Type of lens with a focal length of less than the diagonal of its negtaive material: WIDE
ANGLE LENS or SHORT FOCUS LENS

25. This is the type of filter to improve the contrast of latent print impression with gray powder
in a yellow background - VIOLET FILTER

26. In a color film what layer is sensitive UV light to blue light: Top layer; FILM- BLUE-
SENSITIVE FILM
27. A type of film that is sensitive to UV Light up to Green light: ORTHOCHROMATIC
FILM - middle layer
28. A type of film that is sensitive to UV light up to red light or all color- PANCHROMATIC
FILM - last layer

29. The combination of BLUE and GREEN color light produces: CYAN
30. Primary Colors of Light: BLUE GREEN and RED
31. Secondary Colors of light (combination of the primary colors) : CYAN (Blue + Green);
YELLOW (Green +Red) ; MAGENTA (Blue + Red)

32. Kind of lens that causes light rays to converge or come together: CONVEX or POSITIVE
LENS or CONVERGING LENS - thinner in the edges and tihicker in the middle

33. Kind of lens that is thicker towards the edges and thin in the middle: CONCAVE or
DIVERGING LENS or NEGATIVE LENS

34. The test used to determine the presence of semen particularly in stained clothing is:
FLORENCE TEST - presence of CHOLINE
35. The test used to determine the presence of semen through spermine and a positive result to a
yellow-leaf shaped crystal is: BARBIERO’s TEST
36. A test used to determine the presence of blood in which a positive result a dark rhombic
crystals: TEICHMANN or HAEMIN CRYSTAL TEST
37. Test for the presence of blood with a positive result of a Salmon pink color: TAKAYAMA
TEST
38. A test used to determine if a blood stain comes from an human: PRECIPITIN TEST
39. The DNA that is passed only from mother to offspring: mtDNA (Mitochondrial DNA)
40. Hairs can be fine to medium coarseness and are generally straight or wavy in appearance:
CAUCASOID or EUROPEAN ORIGIN
41. Hair is regularly course and straight: MONGOLOID or ASIAN ORIGIN
42. Regularly Kinky or curly: NEGROID or AFRICAN ORIGIN
43. In handling biological and chemical evidences, it should be packed: SEPARATELY (the
same biological evidence but different places: packed separately)

44. Any substance which produces deleterious effects of the living tissues - POISON
Types of Poisoning
Accidental Suicidal Poisoning Homicidal Undetermined
Poisoning Taken voluntarily Poisoning Poisoning
Taken without for the purpose Given willfully, Problem how
the intention to of taking his with intent to poison was
cause death own life cause death to obtained and
the victim why it was
Administere

45. A type of poison that destroy and erodes the surface with which it comes in contact -
CORROSIVE POISON
46. The following are public documents, EXCEPT: LAST WILL AND TESTAMENTS
47. It is an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing instrument from the paper:
PEN LIFT - sign of forged handwriting or signature
48. Interruption in a writing stroke caused or break in the continuity of strokes but without
lifting the pen: HIATUS - fast writing; sign of genuine handwriting or signature
49. Laboratory equipments used to identify indentation in a document: ESDA or
ELECTROSTATIC DETECTION
50. Laboratory equipment used to examine charred documents or obliteration: INFRARED
LIGHT
51. It is the stroke which goes back over the previous writing strokes: RETRACING
52. Stroke that goes back over defective portion of stroke - RETOUCHING OR PATCHING
53. It is a forgery wherein a person does not try to copy any model or facsimile of a signature
they are attempting to forge.: SIMPLE FORGERY or SPURIOUS SIGNATURE
54. It is a reproduction or imitation of signature that resembles model signature copied through
free hand. This is also known as the most skillful type of forgery.: SIMULATED or
COPIED FORGERY or FREE HAND SIGNATURE
55. Type of erasure with the used of an liquid ink eradicator: CHEMICAL ERASURE (liquid)
56. Type of erasure with the used of a knife or through scratching the surface of the paper:
MECHANICAL ERASURE
57. The method of examination in order to decipher an obliteration: INFRARED LIGHT
EXAMINATION
58. A method of examination to decipher traced forgery : OBLIQUE LIGHT
EXAMINATION
59. The red and blue fibers embedded in a denomination or banknote papers: SECURITY
FIBERS
60. In the 500 denomination, what is image is present in its OVD patch: Blue-naped Parrot
61. In the 1000 denomination, what is the image present in its OVD patch: South Sea Pearl
62. The condition of a type face that is the printing is heavier in one side than the remainder of
the outline of the character. - OFF ITS FEET
63. typeface defect in which a character prints double impression with the lighter one slightly
off-set to the right or left - REBOUND
64. Corrugated rubber bellows with the aid of beaded chain should be fastened on the subject's:
ABDOMEN AND CHEST
65. The arm cuff is placed: ABOVE THE BRACHIAL ARTERY
66. The primary purpose of pre-test interview: Prepare subject for polygraph subject
67. If tye subject is still highly nervous, what shall the examiner do? PROLONG THE PRE-
TEST UP TO 30 minutes
68. A question used to establish a specific response: RELEVANT QUESTION
Normal Responses: IRRELEVANT QUESTION
69. Question design to ensure that the examiner will not ask an un-reviewed questions:
SYMPTOMATIC QUESTIONS
70. Prior to the examination the subject should have at least ___ hours of sleep.: 5 HOURS
71. The best indication of deception in polygraph is the presence of specific response:
PRESENT IN THE 3 TRACING OF THE CHARTS (Pneumo Tracing; GSR Tracing;
Cardiosphygmanometer)
72. A deviation in a tracing to be considered as Specific response should : DEVIATE FROM
THE NORMAL TRACING AND APPEAR ATLEAST IN 2 CHARTS
73. Markings which indicate the beginning and the end of the examination as well as the
questions and answer of the subject: PRIMARY MARKINGS (x;xx; 2+2-)
SECONDARY MARKINGS: markings that are placed which are placed only if the examinee
does something which will cause pyschological tracings to distort -

74. Characteristics of Firearms that were set EVEN BEFORE the manufacture of FAs: CLASS
CHARACTERISTICS
75. Characteristics of the firearms that are the product of machine imperfections and some later
due to the used of the firearms; INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS after manufacture;
wear and tear results;
76. The marks left on a fired bullet which appears as slight depressions or scratches the
cylindrical surface of the fired bullet. - LAND MARKS
Elevated mark or portion in the bullet - GROOVE MARKS
77. The depressed portion in the bore of a FAs; GROOVES
The elevated or raised portion in the bore of a FAs: LANDS
78. Mark in a fired shell which is caused by the withdrawal from the CHAMBER:
EXTRACTOR MARK
79. Mark in a fired shell caused bit its withdrawal from the FIREARM: EJECTOR MARK
80. Marks commonly found on bullet fired from a revolver cause by its forward movement to
the barrel that is poorly aligned to the cylinder. : SHAVING MARKS
81. Marks in a bullet caused by an oily or oversize barrel: SLIPPAGE MARKS
82. For a recovered firearm, the marking should be placed on what specific part of a FA?:
FRAME
83. Markings in a recovered shell: inside the shell near open mouth
84. Markings in a recovered fired bullets: OGIVE or NOSE
85. Markings on disfigured fire bullets: BASE
86. An instrument designed to permit the firearms examiner to determine the similarity and
dissimilarity between two fired bullets or two fired shells, by simultaneously observing
their magnified image in a single microscopic field. : BULLET COMPARISON
MICROSCOPE
87. Measurement of Bullet Recovery Box (test fire) : 12 inches by 12 inches by 96 inches
88. In test fire, the examiner uses how many test bullets: 3 bullets
89. What is the purposes of the 3 Test bullets:
1st - comparison
2nd - Confirmation
3rd - Conclusion

90.
RIMMED TYPE - the rim has a diameter more than the cylindrical portion or body
SEMI-RIMMED TYPE- diameter of the rim is slightly greater than diameter of body
RIMLESS CARTRIDGE- based or head of the cartridge has the same diameter as that of the
cylindrical portion
REBATED TYPE- smaller than the body of cartridge case
BELTED TYPE - a cartridge with a prominent raise belt around its body just in front of the
extraction groove.
91. It is a carefully made replica of a cartridge, usually made of steel and discreetly
dimensioned to be used by weapons instructors, inspectors and repairmen when checking if
weapons are functional: DUMMY AMMUNITION
92. It is completely inert and without an explosive propellant; no gun powder: DRILL
AMMUNITION
93. An ammunition without a BULLET: BLANK AMMUNITION
94. Type of firearms that constitutes a continuous firing in a single press of the trigger and
while the trigger is press: AUTOMATIC FA
1. Single shot firearms = types of firearms designed to fire only one shot every loading.
2. Repeating Arms = A type of firearms designed to fire several loads (shot) in one
loading.
95. - A type of revolver that does not need manual cocking: DOUBLE ACTION FA
96. A type of revolver that needs a manual cocking of the hammer before squeezing the trigger
Single action
97. A classification of explosives that DETONATE: HIGH EXPLOSIVES
98. An explosives that DEFLAGRATE: LOW EXPLOSIVES
99. An explosives that are sensitive materials and could be ignited by minimal heat or pressure:
PRIMARY EXPLOSIVES - primer-
100.Explode under the influence of the shock of the explosion of primary explosive -
SECONDARY EXPLOSIVES - gun powder-