Important Questions for Class 12

Biology

Chapter 6 – Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Very Short Answer Questions 1 Mark

1. Name the factors for RNA polymerase enzymes which recognize the start and termination signals
on DNA for the transcription process in Bacteria.

2. Mention the function of the non-histone protein.

3. During translation what role is performed by tRNA?

4. RNA viruses mutate and evolve faster than other viruses. Why?

5. Name the parts ‘X’ and ‘Y’ of the transcription unit given below.

6. Mention the dual functions of AUG.

7. Write the segment of RNA transcribed from the given DNA 3´ -A T G C

A G T A C G T C G T A ‘5´- Template Strand 5´ - T A C G T C A T G C A G C A T ‘3´ - Coding Strand.

8. Name the process in which unwanted mRNA regions are removed & wanted regions are joined.

9. Give the initiation codon for protein synthesis. Name the amino acid it codes for?

10. In which direction, the new strand of DNA synthesized during DNA replication.

11. What is the function of aminoacyl tRNA synthetase?

12. What is point mutation?

13. Name the enzyme that joins the short pieces in the lagging strand during the synthesis of DNA?

14. Name the enzyme which helps in the formation of peptide bonds?

15. Who experimentally proved that DNA replication is semi-conservative.

16. What is a codon?

17. Name the three nonsense codons?

18. What is the base-pairing pattern of DNA?

 19. Mention the dual functions of AUG?

Short Answer Questions 2 Marks

1. The process of termination during transcription in a prokaryotic cell is being represented here.
Name the label a, b, c, and d.

2. Complete the blanks a, b, c and d on the basis of the Frederick Griffith Experiment.

S Strain → inject into mice → (a)

R Strain → inject → (b)

S strain (heat-killed) →inject into mice → (c)

S strain (heat-killed) + R strain (live) →inject into mice → (d) Ans:

3. Give two reasons why both the strands of DNA are not copied during transcription.

4. Mention any two applications of DNA fingerprinting.

5. State the 4 criteria which a molecule must fulfill to act as genetic material.

6. “DNA polymerase plays a dual function during DNA replication” comment on the statement?

7. Three codons on mRNA are not recognized by tRNA. What are they? What is the general term
used for them and what is their significance in protein synthesis?

8. Give two reasons why both the strands of DNA are not copied during DNA transcription?

9. Why is it essential that tRNA binds to both amino acids & mRNA codons during protein
synthesis?

10. What is a peptide bond? How is it formed?

11. Explain what happens in frameshift mutation? Name one disease caused by the disorder?

12. What do you mean by “Central Dogma of Molecular genetics?”

13. Give two reasons why both the strands are not copied during transcription?

14. Why is the human Genome project considered megaproject?

15. Why is DNA & not RNA the genetic material in the majority of organisms?
 16. Mention any four important characteristics of the genetic code.

17. Why is it that transcription & translation could be coupled in the prokaryotic cells but not in
eukaryotic cells?

Short Answer Questions 3 Marks

1. Give six points of difference between DNA and RNA in their structure/ chemistry and function.

2. Explain how the hnRNA becomes the mRNA. OR Explain the process of splicing, capping, and
tailing which occur during transcription in Eukaryotes.

3. Name the three major types of RNAs, specifying the function of each in the synthesis of the
polypeptide.

4. Enlist the goals of the Human genome project.

5. A tRNA is charged with the amino acid methionine.

(i) Give the anticodon of this tRNA.

(ii) Write the Codon for methionine.

(iii) Name the enzyme responsible for the binding amino acid to tRNA.

6. Illustrate schematically the process of initiation, elongation, and termination during transcription
of a gene in a bacterium.

7. What is transformation? Describe Griffith’s experiment to show transformation? What did he

prove from his experiment?

8. The base sequence on one strand of DNA is ATGTCTATA (i) Give the base sequence of its
complementary strand.

(ii) If an RNA strand is transcribed from this strand what would be the base sequence of RNA?

(iii) What holds these base pairs together?

9. Two claimant fathers filed a case against a lady claiming to be the father of her only daughter.
How could this case be settled by identifying the real biological father?

10. The length of DNA in a eukaryotic cell is N 2.2 m How can such a huge DNA be packaged in a
nucleus of micrometer in diameter.

11. A tRNA is charged with amino acid methionine.

 i) At what site in the ribosome will the tRNA bind?

ii) Give the anticodon of this tRNA?

iii) What is the mRNA codon for methionine?

iv) Name the enzyme responsible for this binding?

12. Describe the continuous & discontinuous Synthesis of DNA?

13. What are the three types of RNA & Mention their role in Protein Synthesis?

14. Define bacterial transformation? Who proved it experimentally & how?

Long Answer Questions 5 Marks

1. What is meant by semi-conservative replication? How did Meselson and Stahl prove it
experimentally?

2. What does the lac operon consist of? How is the operator switch turned on and off in the
expression of genes in this operon? Explain.

3. What is an operon? Describe the major steps involved in an operon?

4. What do you mean semi-conservative nature of DNA replication? Who proved it & how?

5.Where do transcription & translation take place in a prokaryotic cell? Describe the three steps
involved in translation?

6.Who performed the blender experiment? What does this experiment prove? Describe the steps
followed in this experiment?