FOR TERMI

NALESG

Teacher
’sf
ullname:

St
udent
’sf
ullname:

READI
NGCOMPREHENSI
ON

BRAI
NSTORMI
NG

TEXT:
ALOOKATTHEOFFI
CE

M.PierreDuvalistheManagi ngDi r
ectoroftheUndersmithCo.(Fr
ance)lt
d.I
n
hisbusinesshedealswiththesal eofUnder smit
htypewrit
erstocustomer
sall
overFrance,Bel
gium andSwi tzer
land.Ashei s65y earsol
dandhasmanaged
thecompanyf orover20years,hewant storeti
reshortl
yandli
vewithhiswi
fei
n
thei
rli
tt
lehouseinthecountr
y .

Hisnephew,JackDewel
lisexpect
edthisaft
ernoon.WhenJackwasbor
n32
year
sago,hi
snamewasJacquesDuv al
.Buthi
spar ent
semi
grat
edtot
heUni
ted

1
Stateswhenhewasaboy ,andwhent heybecameAmer i
cansaf ew years
afterwardst heychangedtheirname.Jackhasnotbeenbackt oEuropesince.
Fort hel astthreeyearshehasbeenwor ki
ngatUndersmith’sheadoff
icei n
Cleveland,USAwher ethetypewrit
ersar
emanufactur
ed.Nextmonthhewilltake
overt heFrenchagency.

Her
etheycome.M.Duval
,whowentt
otheai
rpor
ttomeethi
snephew,hasj
ust
br
oughthi
mtotheof
fi
ce.

A-“
Wel
l
,myboy
,letmeshowy
our
oundt
heof
fi
ceandi
ntr
oducey
out
o
ev
ery
body
”.

B-“Ohyes,I’
dbegl
adi
fyou’ddot
hat,
Uncle.I
’
lldependony ourstaf
ftol
etme
seehowy ouwor
khere.I
tmustberat
herdi
fferentf
rom ourorgani
zat
ioni
n
Clev
eland”.

A-“Natur
all
y,our
sherei
smuchsmal l
er”
,M.Duvalexpl
ained,
“buty
oumayfind
mucht hati
sthesame.Yourwor
kwasmai nl
yintheSalesDepar
tment
,I
beli
eve”

B-“
Yes,
Iwast
heassi
stantsal
esmanager
”
A-“ Well,
yourexperi
encewi
ll
bemostusef ulhere.Nowt hi
sist herecept
ion
offi
ce.
MayIi ntr
oducey outoMissWhi te,ourtelephoni
st?Besi desanswer ingt he
t
elephone, sher
eceivest
hecall
ersanddoessomet ypi
ng.Ourj uni
orcler
k, Pier
re
Mar t
in,passesonmessages,order
soffi
cesuppl i
esandhel pswi t
ht hemai land
t
hef il
ing”

B-“Howdoy oudo?”Mr.Dewel
lshookhandswitht
hem bot
h.“
Ihopey
oubot
h
speakEngli
shbecausemyFrenchi
sn’tgood”

C-“
Ohy es”,
MissWhiteanswered,
“Ineedt
oknowEngl
i
shf
ormyj
ob,
andPi
err
e
i
slearni
ngitatev
eningcl
asses”.

A-“Thisdoorl eadsint
ot hegeneraloffi
ce”Mr .Duvalledtheway .Hei ntr
oduced
Mr.
Dewel linturnt ohi
ssecr et
ary,MissMi l
ler;Mr .Bl
ackman, whodeal twi t
hor ders
andst ock; Mr.Taylor,
theaccount ant,
whobesi desbei ngr esponsibl
ef orthe
bookkeepi ngal sodealtwit
htraff
ic;andt heirsecretary,MissFr ank.Theof fice
wasal argeonewi thfivedesksini t
.Roundt hewall t
herewer eshelvesand
cabinetsf orthefil
es,cupboardswhi chcont ainedstationeryandbooks, anda
safewher emoneyandi mportantpaper swer ekept.Ev erybodywasr atherbusy ,
soMr .Dewel l sai
dhehopedt ospendsomet i
mewor ki
ngwi t
heachmemberof
thestaf fduri
ngt henextweekssot hathecoul dgettoknowaboutt heirvarious
j
obsi nt hecompany .

2
Fi
nal
l
yM.Duv
alt
ookhi
mint
ohi
sownpr
ivat
eof
fi
ce

A-“
Look,Jack,
I’v
ehadanotherdeskputher
eforyou.Wecanwor
kher
etoget
her
f
orthenextfewweeks.Ihopeyou’
llf
indi
tadequat
e”

B-“
That
’sf
ine,
Uncl
e,t
hanks.NowI
’
lldomybestt
olear
naboutt
hebusi
ness”
.

EXPLANATI
ONOFKEYWORDSFROM THETEXT

Todealwi
th:
tot
akeact
ionwi
thr
espectt
osomeoneorsomet
hing.

Tor
eti
re:
tost
opwor
kingaf
teracer
tai
nageofwor
k

Headof
fi
ce:t
hemai
nadmi
nist
rat
ivecent
ref
oracompanyoror
gani
zat
ion.

St
ati
oner
y:t
hingsusedf
orwr
it
ingi
nanof
fi
ce,
suchaspaper
s,pens,
etc.

Shel
ves:st
andsusedt
odi
spl
ayorshowgoods

Saf
e:ast
rongandsecur
it
yboxf
orkeepi
ngmoneyandv
aluabl
edocument
s.

Countr
y:anareathati
sfarmedorr
emai
nsi
nar
elat
ivel
yundev
elopedst
ate,
as
di
sti
nctfr
om cit
iesandtowns.

A-QUESTI
ONS

1-Mr
.Duv
alhasmanagedt
hecompanyf
or65y
ear
s.Tr
ueorFal
se?

2-Thety
pewrit
erswer
emanuf
actur
edi
n……………………………….
.
a-Bel
gium b-Fr
ance c-t
heUnit
edSt
ates

3-Whoi
sresponsi
blef
ort
hebookkeepi
ng?

4-Inyouropinion,whyhasMr .Duv
alchosentospendther
estofhi
sli
feint
he
countr
y?
B-VOCABULARY
B1-Findinthet extthesy
nonymsoft hefol
lowi
ngwordsandexpr
essi
ons.Wr
it
e
thenumberandwhatcor respondstoit
.
1-Appropr
iate
1-Offi
cesuppl ies
2-Certai
nly
3-Happy
4-Occupied

3
B2-Findinthet exttheEngl
ishequival
ent
softhef
oll
owi
ngwor
dsand
expressi
ons.
Writethenumberandwhatcor respondst
oit
.
1-Fournituresdebureau
2-Siègesoci al
3-Cof f
re-fort
4-DirecteurGénéral
5-Armoi res

A-Si
mpl
epr
esentt
ense

Weusei ttoexpressourhabi
tst
hati
s,whatwedoev eryday
,whatweare,etc.
Some of i t
s clues ar
e:every
,always,nev
er,somet i
mes,usual
ly,often,
occasi
onall
y,onceper….
.(day
/week/month/y
ear)
,twicea……,oncei
nawhi l
e,
onceinbluemoon, et
c.

Examples:
1-Myfatheri
sanaccountant
.
2-Heneversteals.
3-Hepraysthreeti
mesperday.

Pr
act
ice
Fi
ndi
nthet
extf
our(
4)exampl
esofsi
mpl
epr
esentt
ense.
1-
2-
3-
4-

Simplepresenttenseisalsousedi
npr
over
bs;gener
al,uni
ver
salorsci
ent
if
ic
tr
uths.
Examples:
1-Wherethereisawill
,ther
eisaway
.

4
2-Thesunri
sesintheEastandsetsi
ntheWest.
3-Waterboi
lsat100°
C(hundreddegr
eesCel
sius)
.4-TheEar
thi
sround.

B- Pr
esentpr
ogr
essi
ve(
cont
inuous)

I
t’
susedforact
ionswhichar
ebeingdoneatt
hemomenty
ouar
espeaki
ngorf
or
afut
ureact
ion.
Rul
e:Subj
ect+am/ i
s/are+Ver
b+i ng

Someofthecl
uesar
e:now,
atpr
esent
,att
hemoment
,att
hist
ime,
List
en!/
look!
/Bequi
et!

Not
ethatv
erbsofpercept
ionandemoti
onsuchast
osee,t
oknow,tohear,t
o
bel
ong,
toseem,tosuppose,t
oforget
,et
cdon’
thav
etheprogr
essi
veaspect
.

C- Pr
esentper
fectt
ense

I
tisusedtoexpr
essanactionthatst
artedi
nt hepastandt
hati
sst
il
lgoi
ngon
(
conti
nuesi
nthepresent
)oriti
sabouttofi
nish.

Rul
e:Subj
ect+Hav
e/Has+PastPar
ti
cipl
e

Examples:
1-Hehasl i
vedhereal
lhisl
if
e.
2-Havey ouseenmyJohnny?
3-Theyhav ef
ini
shedthei
rhousewor
k.Sot
heyar
efr
eenow.

I
tisint
roducedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngcl
ues:j
ust
,al
ready
,nev
er,
ever
,noty
et,
recent
ly,
si
nce,f
or,etc.

Examples:
1-Grandmahassleptforei
ghthour
s.2-
Wehav ejustmetyourhusbandatt
he
bank.3-Daddyhasn’ teat enhisbreakf
ast
yet.
4-Ihavenev ertrav
elledbypl ane.
5-Theyhav el i
vedint hisareasincet heendoft hepoli
ti
calt
urmoi
l.6-
Theirworkingcondi t
ionshav eimprovedrecent
ly.
7-MehezaandIhav ealreadypaidourschool f
ees.Howaboutyou?
8-Havey ouev ershakenhandswi thObama?
9-Iti
sthemostwonder fulweekendIhav eeverspent.
N.
B:Ift
heacti
ont
hatst
art
edi
nthepastst
il
lcont
inuesatt
hemomentwe
ar
espeaki
ng,
thenwecanusepr
esentper
fectcont
inuous(
progr
essi
ve)t
o
expressi
t.

5
Rul
e:Subj
ect+Hav
e/Has+Been+Ver
b+i
ng

Exampl es:
1) a-AuntyPaul i
nastar
tedworki
ngatCIMTOGOsev ent
eeny earsago
andshei sst i
ll
there.b-Aunt
yPauli
nahasbeenworkingatCIMTOGOf or
seventeeny ears.
2) a-Heboughtt hiscarsi
ncethebi
rt
hofhisf
irstchi
ldandhei ssti
ll
dri
vingit.b-Hehasbeendr i
vi
ngthi
scarsincet
hebi
r t
hofhisfi
rstchil
d.

Practice
Fi
ndi nthetextone(1)exampl
eofpr
esentper
fectandoneexampl
eofpr
esent
perfectprogr
essiv
e.

1-
2-

D-Si
mpl
epastt
ense(
Pret
eri
t)
Regul
arv
erbs

Wehav et oadd«ed»t omostv erbs

toadd Added added
towalk Wal ked wal ked
towor k Wor ked wor ked
Weadd«d»t ov er
bst hatendi n«e»
toli
ve Lived li
ved
tolove Lov ed loved
Whenav erbhasonesy l
lableandendsi nCVC( consonant-v owel
-consonant
),we
doublethelastconsonantandweadd«ed» .
tostop Stopped stopped
tosli
p Sli
pped sli
pped
toomi t Omi tted omi tted
Note:Whenaone- syl
lable-v
erbendsi n«w,xory» ;wedon’ tdoublethelast
consonant .
toborrow Bor rowed borr owed
tofax Faxed Fax ed
toplay Play ed Play ed
Whenav erbendsinaconsonant+«y», wecancelthe«y» andadd“ ied”
tocry Cried Cried
Note:whenav erbendsi nav owel +«y»,
wekeept he«y»andadd«ed
toplay Play ed Play ed
toannoy Annoy ed Annoy ed
2-Ir
regularverbs

6
Theydonothavethesamerul
es,
sowehav
etol
ear
nthem wi
tht
hei
rsi
mpl
epast
andthei
rpastpar
ti
cipl
e(P.
P).
t
oeat At
e Eat
en
t
ogo Went Gone
tobuy Bought Bought
Examples:
1-Hespoket ot
hebossinarudemanner.
2-Daddydidn’
tsayIshoul
dstayathome.
Wheny ouwantt obr ingpreci
sionontheperi
odint hepast,youcanusethe
fol
l
owingclues:yesterday,
last
,ago,i
nthepast
,intheoldendays,
intheby
gone
days,onceupont hetime,bef
ore,si
nce,i
tishightime/itisaboutti
me,in+
month/year/century,
etc.

Exampl es:
1-Hegott heinfor
mat i
onaf ewmi nutesago.
2-Int heol denday s,gi
rl
swer enotal lowedtogot oschool
.
3-Gr andpaAkwesi wont helastFar mer sAward.
4-Itist womont hssinceIat er oastedchicken.
5-Iboughtt hiscarsincet hebi rt
hofmyf i
rstchi
ld.
6-Thepol ice(tocatch)thet hievesy ester
day.
7-TheDi cksons( t
ol i
ve)heret hreey earsago.
8-They( tocome)backl astMonday .
9-Itishi ghtimey ou( t
olearn)at r
ade.
10-Howol d(tobe)y ourmot herbef oregetti
ngmar ri
ed

E-PastProgr
essive(Conti
nuous)
Iti
stheequiv
alentoftheFrench‘
I
mpar
fai
t’
.

Exampl
es:

J’
all
aisàl’
écol e.=Iwasgoingtoschool
.
Nousdormi ons.=Wewer esleepi
ng.
I
lpleuvai
tfort.=Itwasrai
ningheavi
ly
./I
twasr
aini
ngcatanddogs.

Rul
e:Subj
ect+Was/
Wer
e+Ver
b+i
ng

Pastpr
ogressiv
eisoft
enusedwi thsi
mplepast
.
Whentwoact i
onsareinthepast,weusepastprogressi
vetoexpr
essthel
onger
i
ndurati
onandsi mpl
epasttoex pr
esstheshor
ter.
Howdower ecogni
zethelongeracti
on?Theanswerisverysi
mple.Youwi
llsee
t
hef
oll
owi
ngcl
ues:
whi
l
e(pendantque)
,when,
As,
etc.Exampl
es:
Let
’str
anslat
e,toget
her,t
hef
oll
owi
ngsentenceseit
heri
ntoEngl
i
shorFr
ench.
1-Quandjevenaisàl’
écol
ecemati
n,j
’
airencontr
étonpère.

7
2-Pendantquetudormais,
tonpeti
tami aappelé.
3-AsIwasf ast
ing,
Iref
usedtotouchtheroastedchi
ckenonthedi
ningtabl
e.
4-WhileMummywaswashi ngDad’st
rousers,
shesawal i
pst
icki
ntheleft
pocket
.
Answers:
1-WhenIwascomi ngt oschool thi
smor ni
ng,
Imetyourfather
.
2-Whil
ey ouweresleepi
ng, yourboyfr
iend/
dar
li
ng/
sweetheartcal
led.
3-Commej ejeûnai
s,j’
airefusédetoucheraupoul
etbrai
sésurlatableàmanger
.
4-PendantqueMamanl avaitl
epantalondePapa,
ell
eat rouvédurougeàl
èvres
danslapochegauche.

N.B:Sometimes,
thet
woact
ionsi
nthepastcanhav
et hesamel
ongdur
ati
on.I
n
thatcase,
weusepastpr
ogr
essi
vetoexpr
essbot
h(thetwo).

Examples:
1-Whi
lewewer elear
ningourlessons,CarowaswatchingNovel
laTV.
2-Whi
let heAntandherchi l
drenwer eworkinghardt osav
eenoughfoodf
or
wi
nter,theCi
cadaandherswer esingi
nganddancing‘Gwet
a’.

Pract
ice
Compl et
ewitht hecor
recttenseoftheverbinbracket
s.Justwr i
tethenumber
andthev er
b.
1-WhileUncleZicco(t
oturn)thesoi
l,hefoundabigpreciousstone.
2-Whent hebosswaschecki ngtheaccounts,he(t
onotice)adysfunct
ion.
3-WhenI( todo)t heshoppingthi
saf t
ernoon,Imetanol df
ri
end.4-Whi l
ewe
werelaughing,t
hey(t
ocry )
.

Homewor k
Translateint
oEngl i
shthesentencesbel
ow.
1-Quandj ’al
lai
sàVogan, j
evisungrosveauattachéàuncoteauparl
eli
cou.
2-Pendantquev ousdépensi
ezv osr
evenusavecdesfi
ll
esdansdesbarset
hôtels,nousinvest
issi
onsnoséconomiesdansdesaffai
resfl
ori
ssant
es.

F-PastPerf
ect
Thepastperfectt
enseshowsthatt
heact
ionoft
hev
erbwasf
ini
shedatat
ime
i
nt hepast
.
Examples:
1-Ithadst
oppedraini
ng.
2-Ihadheardtheoldman’
sstor
y.
Rul
e:Subj
ect+Had+PastPar
ti
cipl
e

Pastper
fecti
softenusedwit
hsi mplepast
.
Whent woactionsoccurr
ed( happened)inthepast,weusepastper
fectt
o
expr
essthefi
rstact
ionandsi
mpl epasttoexpresst
hesecond.

8
Thecl
uesar
e:af
ter
,byt
het
ime,
bef
ore,
when,
nosooner….
than,
har
dly……when.

Not ethat‘
before’i
ntroducest
hesecondact
ion.
Exampl es:
a-Hepr ayedandhewentt obed.b-
Afterhehadpr ayed,hewenttobed.
b-Beforehewentt obed, hehad
prayed.

a-Shedr ov
ethreerall
i
esasaco-driv
er.Thenshestart
eddr i
vinghersel
f.
b-Aftershehaddriventhr
eeral
l
iesasaco- dri
ver
,shestart
eddr i
vi
ng
herself
.b-Bef
oreshest ar
teddr
ivi
ngherself
,shehaddriventhree
ral
li
esasaco- dri
ver.

N.B:I
fther
eisnosubj
ectaf
ter‘
Aft
er’
or‘
Bef
ore’
,t
hepastper
fectt
ensei
s
repl
acedbyV+ing.

Example:
Afterhehadprayed,
hewenttobed.
Afterprayi
ng,hewenttobed.
b-Bef ore goi
ng to bed,he
prayed.

Pract
ice
Completewiththecor recttenseoft heverbinbr acket
s.
1-It(
tostop)raini
ngwhenIr eachedAgbonou.
2-Bythetimewear r
ived,they( t
oeat )ever
ything.
3-Nosoonert hey(toleave)thet entthanthebombex ploded.
4-Aft
erhe( t
osel l
)hisoldcar ,heboughtanewone.
5-Hardl
yshe( todivorce)whenshegotmar riedagain.

G-FUTURETENSES


SI
MPLEFUTURE

I
tshowsanev
entt
hatwi
l
ltakepl
aceatamomenti
nthef
utur
e.

Rul
e:Subj
ect+Wi
ll/
Shal
l+Ver
b

Exampl
es:

Don’
tworry.Iwil
ldoi
tforyou.
Wil
lyoucontinuewor
kinghereaf
teral
lthatt
heydi
dtoy
ou?

9
N.B:Aft
er‘I
’and‘
We’
,shal
lisusual
l
yused,butwi
lli
susedaswel
l
,excepti
n
quest
ions.

Examples:
1-Weshallseey
oul
ater
./Wewi
l
lseey
oul
ater
.
2-Shal
lweseeyoul
ater
?

Someoft
hecluesar
e:tomorrow,next
,inday
s(weeks/
mont
hs/
year
s….
.)t
o
come,
inf
utur
e,agai
n,never
,etc.

Pract
ice
Compl et
ewi t
ht hecorr
ecttenseoft hev er
binbracket
s.Justwr
it
ethenumber
andthev erb.
1-We( tobuy)thecardstomor row.
2-I(t
ocelebrate)mysev enteenthbir
thdayint
hreedays.
3-They(togive)ustheloannextweek.
4-Shenev er(
toget)mar ri
edt othatmandespitehi
swealth.


IMMEDI
ATEFUTURE

Rul
e:Subj
ect+am/
is/
are+goi
ngt
o+v
erb

Examples:
1-I’
m goingt
okil
lthatdog.
2-Aretheygoi
ngtopayust oday
?


FUTURECONTI
NUOUS

Rul
e;Subj
ect+shal
l/
wil
l+be+v
erb+i
ng

Exampl
es;

1-Atthi
stimetomorr
ow,Iwi
l
l besi
tti
ngincl
ass.
2-Nextyearbythi
sti
me,
ourteacherwil
lbedri
vi
nghi
sowncar
.


FUTUREPERFECT

Rul
e;Subj
ect+shal
l/
wil
l+hav
e+PP

Exampl
e:

Youwi
l
lhav
edonet
hewor
k.

Pr
act
ice
Fi
ndi
nt het
extf
our(
4)exampl
esofsent
encesi
nsi
mpl
epast
.

10
Exampl
e:Hi
spar
ent
semi
grat
edt
otheUni
tedSt
ates.

1-
2-
3-
4-

Homework
I
dent
if
ythetensesi
nthesongbel
ow.Wr
it
edownt
hecor
respondi
ngsent
ences.

Ihaveseenthedownfal
lofSatan.
Glor
ybet oGod,gl
orybetoJesus.
Ihaveseenthedownfal
lofSatan.
Glor
ybet oGod,amen.
HelovesmeIcannotsaywhy .
HelovesmeIcannotsaywhy
OnCalvaryStr
eetHesuff
eredforme.
HelovesIcannotsaywhy.
Ihaveseen………..

READI
NGCOMPREHENSI
ON

Bytheendofthi
slesson,st
udentsinbusinessschool
sshouldbeabletoknow
whatabankisandwhati t
smainf unct
ionsare.Theyshoul
dalsoknowt he
di
ff
erencebet
weenhi gh-
str
eetbanksandt heotherfi
nanci
ali
nsti
tut
ions.

Text:INTRODUCTI ONTOBANKACCOUNTS
I
npr imiti
v esocieties, peopl eusedt oexchanget heirgoodsandser vicest hr
ough
barter.I
nt helongr un, thatseemedt obei nef f
ici
entf oranumberofgoods,
mai nl
yper ishables.I nf actbyt hetimet hegr eengrocerort hef ishermanf ound
someonewhoneededt heirpr oduce, theyhadal readydecay ed.That
uncomf or t
ablesi tuation, gradual l
y,ledt ot heex peri
enceofmoneyeconomy .
I
nt heear lyofcol onialism, ther ewer enobanks, event hought heWhi temanhad
broughtt hemonet arysy stem.Hei nsistedonourgr andpar entspay ingt heir
taxes,noti nkindbutcash.Whenourgr andpar entsfinishedsel li
ngt heircocoa,
coffee,mai ze,yam andot herpr oduce, theyusedt ohi det hemoneyi ndi fferent
places.Someusedt okeepi tundert hepi l
lowormat tress.Ot hersusedt ohideit
i
nt hecei l
ingoft hei rhouseorbur yitint heirfarms.Unf ortunat el
y,theydi dnot ,
veryof t
enf indthemoneyi nt hest atet heyhadputi t.Itwasei thereat enby
termites,cockroaches, ants,et c…ordest r
oy edbyf i
reandmoi sture.Insome
cases, t
heydi edbr i
skly ,withoutt ell
ingt heirheirswher etheyhadhi ddent heir
weal t
h.
Today ,i
tisadi fferentst ory.Peopl enol ongerhi dethei rincomeathome.They
preferkeepi ngitint heaccount sofcommer ci
albankswher e,theyar esur e,itwi
ll
besaf e.Thebankal lowst hem t oopen, atl east,t
hreef or
msofaccount : sav i
ngs

11
account,currentaccountanddeposi taccount.Eachaccounthasi ts
parti
culari
ti
es.Forexampl e,thecurrentaccountdoesnotpr oduceanyinter
ests
fortheholder,butthedeposi taccountdoes.I naddi t
ion,themoneyi nthecurr
ent
accountisav ail
ableatanyt i
mef orthedeposi tor,butthehol derofadeposi t
accountmustgi venot i
cebef oreanywi thdrawal.Finall
y,thehol derofadeposit
accountusesapassbookf orhistransactionswher east hepr opri
etorofacurrent
accountusesachequebook.
Whent heholderofacur r
entaccountwi shestodr awoni t,ormakepay menttoa
credit
or,hecani ssueacheque.Acheque, beitcrossedoropen( bearerand
order),
canbebounced, blank,anti-
dated,post-dated,etc.dependi ngonhowand
wheni tismadeout .Therear ethreepeopl einvolv
edi nacheque: t
hedrawer,the
payeeandt hedr awee.
Commer ci
albanksr endertheircustomer sahostofser vices,incl
udingaccessto
l
oansandov erdrafts,provisi
onofnegot i
ableinstr
ument sfori nt
ernati
onal
businessmenandwomen, et
c.
DonHumber t
oAt ibl
e

A-QUESTI ONS
1-Whywasbar terinadequat ef orthefishermen?
2-Whywast hemonet ar ysystem int
roduced?
3-Giveanothermet hodusedbyourgr andpar entstosafeguar dthei
rsav i
ngs
whichisnoti nthet ext.
4-Thetexthasf orgottent oment i
onot herformsofmi sfortunet hatcouldhappen
tothehiddenmoney .Justgi veone.
5-Givetwodi f
ferencesbet weencur rentaccountanddeposi taccount
6-Apartfr
om banks, wher eelsecanpeopl ekeept hei
rmoney ?
7-Apartfr
om money , whatel secanwekeepi nabank?
8-Giveanotherserv i
ceofcommer ci
al bankswhi chisnotint hetext?
9-Givetwodi f
ferencesbet weenl oanandov erdraf
t.
10-Answerbyt rueorf alse.Justwr i
tet hel
etterandwhatcor respondstoit.
a-Miceeatpapermoney
b-Theholderofadeposi taccountcangot othebankatanyt imet owithdraw
money
C-Putti
ngone’ smoneyi nthedeposi taccounti saform ofinv est
ment .
d-Thedeposi t
orofcur rentaccountcanmakepay menttohi sorhercr edit
ors
withacheque.
e-Theholderofadeposi taccountmusti nform hisorherbankmanageri n
advancebef oreanywi thdrawal .
f-
Anor derchequei scr ossedcheque
g-Abearerchequei sanopencheque.

B-VOCABULARY
Theteachershoul
dst
udysomekeywor
dsasv
ocabul
aryl
essont
ohi
sst
udent
s

12
 READI
NGCOMPREHENSI
ON

BRAI
NSTORMI
NG

Transl
ateint
oei
therFr
enchorEngli
sht heseex pressi
onsusedi
ntel
ephone
conver
sati
on.Wr
it
ethenumberandwhatcorrespondstoit.

CanIhelpy ou?
Whoshal l
Isayiscall
ing?
I
lestoccupé.
Gardezl’
écoute,s’
i
lvousplai
t.
Voulez-
vous l ui l ai
sser un
message?Ihav eamessagef or
her.

TEXT:
MESSAGESANDAPPOI
NTMENTS

A- “MissWhite,wouldyougetMr .Rai
ner,
ourcommerci
altravel
lerforWest
France,
ont hephoneplease.Mr.Duvalwantsmetomeethim soon.Tryt omake
anappoint
menther e,aski
nghimt ocomeonMondayorTuesday ,
please.You
havehisnumber,Isuppose”.

B- “
Yes,Ihav
ei ti
nmyindex.Buthemayhav
elef
thomebynow.St
il
l,
Ican
l
eaveamessageforhi
m”.

A-‘
Thankyou.Hemayneedtost
ayi
ntownov
erni
ght
.Woul
dyoubookhot
elC-
accommodati
onaswell
?”
B-“
Yes,
Mr.Dewel
l
”.Mi
ssWhi
tedi
aledt
henumberofMr
.Rai
ner
’shome.“
B-“
Thi
sisUnder
smi
th’
sher
e.MayIspeakt
oMr
.Rai
ner
,pl
ease?
”
C-“I
’m af
rai
dhe’
snoti
natt
hemoment
.CanIgi
vehi
m amessage?
”Mr
s.Rai
ner
asked
B- “Yes,
please,Mrs.Rai
ner.M.Duval
’
snephew, whowi
ll
bet akingovert
he
busi
ness,hasarri
vedfrom Americaandwoul
dliket
omeetMr .Rainer.Woul
d
youpleaseaskhimifitsui
tshimt ocometoouroff
iceonMondayorTuesday
next
”.

C- “Ver
ywell.Idon’
tknowwhatappoi
ntment
smyhusbandhas,
butI
’
llask
hi
mtor
ingyouback.”

13
B-“
Thankyou,Whendoy ouexpectMr.Rainertobei
n?”
C-“
Hesaidhewouldbehomef orlunchtoday,sohewil
lri
ngy
oubackatabout
t
woo’cl
ock.Wil
lthatbeal
lri
ght?”
B-“
That
’sf
ine.Thanky
ou.Good-
bye.Mr
sRai
ner
”
C-“
Good-
bye”

Mr.Rai
nerr
angupt heoff
iceatt woo’cl
ockprompt l
yandarrangedtocometo
Rei
mson
Mondayaft
ernoon,pl
anni
ngt ostayunti
lTuesday .NowMi ssWhi t
etri
edtofi
nd
hi
m ahotelroom-noeasyt askatthisti
meoft hey ear.Fi
rstshel
ookedupt he
numberoftheQueen’
sHot elinthedir
ector
y,diall
edi t
,buttheli
newasengaged.
SoshephonedtheCityHotel.

B-“Hall
o,t
hisi
sUnder
smi
th’
sLt
d.Hav
eyouasi
ngl
eroom wi
thbat
hforMonday
,
t
h
8
Februar
y,pl
ease?
”

D-“
Holdtheli
neplease,
I’
llhavealook.No,I’
m af
rai
dwe’
ref
ull
ybookedupf
or
Mondaynight
,”t
herecepti
onistanswered.

B-“
I’
ll
tryel
sewher
ethen,
thanky
ou.Good-
bye”
Sherepeatedherr
equestatt
heQueen’
sHotelwher
ethenumberwasf
reenow.
For
tunatel
yt heyhadasui t
abl
eroom avai
labl
e.MissWhit
easkedwhatt he
char
gewasandmadet
her
eser
vat
ion.Sheal
way
smadeanot
einwr
it
ingof
messagest
hathadt
obepassedont
osomeone.Under
smi
th’
shadspeci
al
f
ormsf
ort
hispur
poseandnowMi
ssWhi
tef
il
ledonei
n.

EXPLANATI
ONOFKEYWORDSANDEXPRESSI
ONSFROM THETEXT.

Appoi
ntment
:engagementf
orameet
ingorar
endez-
vous

I
ndex:ali
storcat
alogueforsi
dingreferences/apri
ntedwor
kthatgi
vest
he
pagesonwhi
chvar
iousnames,pl
aces,arement i
oned.

Ov
erni
ght
:fort
hewhol
eni
ght

Tobook:
toar
rangei
nadv
ance/t
omakear
eser
vat
ion.

Tot
akeov
er:t
otakecont
rol
ormanagementof
.

Tosui
t:t
obeconv
eni
entorappr
opr
iat
efor
.Tocor
respondst
o.

14
Prompt
ly:exact
ly/ont
ime
A-QUESTIONS

1-Accommodat
ioni
sav
ail
abl
eatt
heCi
tyHot
el.Tr
ueorFal
se?
2-Whendi dMr .Rainersayhewouldbehome?3-Whati
sMr .
Rainer’
sprof
ession?
4-Iny ouropi
nion,whywasi tnoteasyt
ofi
ndahotelr
oom atthatt
imeoft
he
year?

B-VOCABULARY

B1-Matchthenumber
edwordswi
tht
hei
rlet
ter
eddef
ini
ti
ons.Wr
it
ethenumber
andthelet
ter
.Exampl
e:86-d

1-Nephew 2-Accommodati
on 3-Task 4-Recepti
onist 5-
Dir
ector
ya-Anemployeewhogreet
sv i
sit
orsandcust
omersand

answer
sthet
elephone.b-Api
eceofwor
kthatsomebodyi
sassi
gned

t
odo,
usual
l
yshor
tindur
ati
on.c-Abookt
hatl
i
stsper
sonsand

or
gani
zat
ionswi
tht
hei
rphonenumber
s.d-Thesonofone’
sbr
otheror

si
ster
.

e-Ar
oom orbui
l
dingt
oli
vei
n.

B2-Fi
ndinthet
extt
heant
ony
msoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
ds.Wr
it
ethenumberand
thel
ett
er.

1-unl
ucki
l
y

2-compl
ex

3-nev
er

4-empt
ied

5-East

15
BRAI
NSTORMI
NG

I
tisagr
ammat
icalst
ruct
ureusedt
osayt
hingsot
her
wise(
dif
fer
ent
ly)
.Lookat
t
henex
ttwosent
ences.a-Mar
ysweepst
hecl
assr
oom.(
Act
ivev
oice)b-The
cl
assr
oom i
ssweptbyMar
y.(
Passi
vev
oice)

I
nthepassi
vesentence,
Mar
yisnol
ongerdoi
ngtheact
ion.Shebecomest
he
I
ntheactiv
esentence,Mar
yisthesubj
ectbecausesheistheonedoingthe
act
ion(
by+subject)

16
Howdowepr
oceed?

Tochangeanacti
vesentencei
ntoapassi
veone,
youneedt
hreeel
ement
s:
1-Subject(
Mary);
2-Verb(sweeps);
3-Object(t
heclassr
oom).

Theobjectoftheact
ivesent
encebecomest hesubj
ectoft
hepassivesent
ence.
Then,puttheverbToBei nt
othetenseoftheactiv
esentence,f
oll
owedbythe
pastpart
ici
pleoft
heacti
veverbandtheagent.

N.B:I
fthesubj
ectoft
heacti
vesentencei
sindef
ini
te(per
sonal
pronouns,
peopl
e,
someone,noone,every
body,nobody,et
c),i
tshoul
dnotappearinthepassiv
e
sent
enceasagent.

Examples
1)a-Rukiaal
way scooksthedi
nner
.
b-Thedinnerisal
wayscookedbyRuki
a.
2) a-Peopl e grow yams in
Togo.b-Yams ar e gr
own in
Togo.

Howdower
ecogni
zeapassi
vesent
enceev
eni
fther
eisnoagent
?

Justseei
fthesubj
ectoft
hesent
encei
sdoi
ngorunder
goi
ngt
heact
ion.
Example:
3-Theboyispunished.
I
st hesubject(theboy )doi
ngt heact
ionorundergoi
ng theact
ion?I
nthis
speci
fi
ccontext,theboyundergoest
heacti
on.I
nthatcase,wecansayiti
sa
passi
vesentence.

Practi
ce
Dist
inguisheachofthefoll
owingsent
ences.Use‘A’f
oract
ivesent
encesand‘
P’
for
passiveones.Justwrit
ethenumberandthelett
er.Exampl
e:86-MissWhit
e
dial
ledthenumber .Answer:86-A

1-I
twasmadeher e.
2-Thehotelaccommodationwasbooked.
3-Mr.Rai
nerrangupt heoffi
ce.
4-Thechequeisbeingwritt
enbyt hemanager
.
5-Whendoy ouexpectMr .Rainer
?
6-Heisgivenanewcomput er
.

17
Homewor
k

Changei
ntopassi
vev
oicet
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.Wr
it
ethenumberandt
he
passi
vesent
ence.
1-Farmersraisecat tl
e.
2-Themi l
lprocessescot tonintodr essi
ngmat er
ials.
3-Theykeept hegoodsi nthewar ehouse.
4-Mawusi wrotet helett
ers.
5-Papasr
onwi llbringyouthecheque.
6-Zubey aisput ti
ngt hevegetablesintotherefr
igerat
or.
7-Theyar epay ingthewor kers.
8-Peopleeatal otofr i
ceinSokode.
9-Hecuthi sf i
ngeri nthekitchen.
10-Someonehasbeat enyourmot her.
11-Mr.Seydouisgoi ngtoteacht hiscourse.

18
 LETTERWRI
TING

Ther
earethr
eetypesofl
ett
ers:i
nfor
mal
,semi
-f
ormalandf
ormall
ett
ers.Each
onehasaspeci
fi
cappr
oach.

I
NFORMALLETTERWRI
TING

I
ti saletterwewr i
tet oourparents(DadsandMums) ,brot
her
sandsi ster
s,
fr
iends,
classmates,peopl
ewhoar eclosetous,f
orshor
t.
I
tcanbeal et
terofcongr at
ulat
ion,condol
ences,i
nvi
tati
on,adv
ice,gr
atit
ude,
apology
,complaint
,etc.

I
-LAYOUT

I
tist
hewayt
hedi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
hel
ett
erar
ear
ranged.

A-Addr
ess
Onl
ythesender’
saddressi
susedi
nani
nfor
mal
let
ter
.Donotwr
it
ethesender
’s
nameintheaddress.

B-Date
I
tisthedat
eofthedayonwhi
cht
hel
ett
eri
swr
it
ten.Donotwr
it
eday(
Monday
,
Tuesday
,Thur
sday
………..
).

Exampl
e:
st
December21,
2020/21 December
,2020

C-Greeti
ngorSal ut
ati
on
Thesendergr eet
stheaddr
essee(thepersontowhom t
helet
teriswri
tten)by
hi
sorherf i
rstname.Inaneval
uat
ion,useonlythef
ir
stnamegiveninthetopi
c.
Examples:

DearTom,
MyDearZenabu,
HiKofa,

N.B:Ev
eni
finthet
opict
heygivebot
htheaddr
essee’
sfi
rstnameandl
astname
(Sur
name)
,useonl
ythefi
rstname.

D-EndingorCompli
mentar
ycl
ose
Ther
ei sar eady-
made expr
essi
on f
or t
hat
:Your
s
si
ncerely
,Youcanal
souse:

19
Yours,
Yourfr
iend,
/si
ster
,/cousi
n,/nephew,
/…….
.

E-Si
gnature
Thesendersi
gnst
hel
ett
erbyhi
sorherf
ir
stname.

Ther
ear
etwomai
nfor
msofl
ayout
:bl
ocf
ormatandi
ndent
edf
ormat
.

Bl
ocf
ormat

BP.8530
Sender
’saddr
ess
Lomé
Togo
Dat
e
Nov
ember12,
202O
Gr
eet
ing
DearSuzy
,

………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
Body ………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………..
Endi
ng
Sender
’sf
ir
st Your
ssincer
ely
,
name Mustaf
a

20
 I
ndent
edf
ormat

BP.8530
Lome
Togo

21stDecember
,
2020

DearGr
aci
ell
a,
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………
….
.

Yourssi
ncer
ely
,
Must
afa
I
I-CONTENTOFTHELETTER

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thefi
rstpar
agraphisgener
all
ytheint
roduct
ion.I
tisver
yof
tenonesent
ence,
notmorethant wo.Thesendercanstar
tthelett
erbymaki
ngall
usi
ontothe
sour
ceofinf
ormation.

Examples:
Iheardt
hatyouhadl
ostyourgrandf
ather
.
Inyourl
astl
ett
er,
youtol
dmet hatyouwerepr
egnantandy
ouwant
edt
oabor
t.

21
Ir
eceivedthemoney/iPhone/lapt
opt haty
ouhadsentt ome.
Youinvit
edmet oyourtwent
iethbi
rthdaypart
y,butIcoul
dn’
tcome.
Iwas i nfor
med thaty ou had succeeded bri
ll
iant
lyiny ourbaccal
aur
eat
e
examinati
on.Et
c.

Pur
pose

Iti
st hemai nreasonwhyt hesenderwr it
est hel
ett
er.
Exampl es:
Iwr i
tet hislettertosy mpathizewithy ou./ …toexpr esstoyoumysi ncere
condolences.
Iwr i
tethisl
ettertoadviseyounott odot hat.
Iwr i
tethisl
ettertothankyouf oryourgift
.
Iwr i
tethislettertotelly
out hatIam v erysorr
yf ornothavi
ngbeenpresentat
yourpar t
y.
Iwr i
tethisl
ettertocongratul
ateyouf oryoursuccess.
Etc.
Afterthat,thesendercanaddt hr
eeorf oursentencestoanswerexpli
citor
implici
tquest i
onsi nthetopi
c.Beasbr i
efaspossi bl
e.Avoi
dlonganduseless
sentences.

Concl
usion
I
tisgeneral
l
yonesent
enceandi
tdependsont
het
ypeofl
ett
ery
ouwr
it
e.

Exampl es:
Ihopet oseeyousoon.
Hopingt oseeyousoon.
Ihopet ohearf
rom yousoon.
Il
ookf orwardt
oseei ngyousoon.
Icountony ouunderstandi
ng.(forapol
ogyorcomplai
nt)
Seeapr act
icalexampleonthenextpage.

22
 BP.8530
Lomé
Togo

21stDecember
,2020

DearGr
aci
ell
a,

Irecei
vedthesev
enmill
ionFr
ancsCFAthaty
ouhad
senttomeaf t
ermysuccessi
ntheBaccal
aur
eat
e
examinati
on.

Iwr i
tethi
sl et
tert ot hanky ouf oryourgift
.Itisthebest
gif
tIhav eev err eceivedf rom acousi n.Ipromi seto
uset hi
smoneywi sely.Firstofal l,
Iwi l
lputitinabank
becauset herear ear medr obbersev erywherei nthe
cit
ynowaday s.Af terthat ,Iwi l
lfi
ndawel l
-l
ocatedshop
atDj agbl
éorZanguér a.AsIdi dcommer ceandmy
brotherelectri
calengi neer ing,Iwi l
linvestfivemi l
li
on
Francsint hesal eofal lsor tsofelectri
calequipment .I
willl
eavet her emai ningt womi ll
ionFrancsi nthebank,
wher eitwillproducei nterest sforme.Byt hegr aceof
God,Iwi llbecomeagr eatbusi nesswomani naf ew
yearsandIwi l
l notneedt obeaci vi
lorpublicservant.

Ihopet
ohearf
rom y
ousoon.

Your
ssi
ncer
ely
,
Mari
ama

SEMI
-FORMALLETTER

Semi-f
ormall
ett
ersar
ethosewrit
tent
oadul
tfr
iends(
perhapsaf
ri
endofyour
parent
s)andadult
swhoareeit
herper
sonal
l
yknown(for
merheadmast
er)or
unknowntoyou(astr
anger)
.

I
I-LAYOUT

Thedif
fer
encebet
weenthel
ayoutofasemi
-f
ormall
ett
erandt
hatofani
nfor
mal
l
ett
erisatthr
eel
evel
s.
Sal
utat
ion

DearMr
.Char
les,
DearMr
s.Cat
heri
ne,

23
DearCapt
ainGbagbo,
DearprofessorTobi
as,
DearUncl
eGézéré,

Compl
iment
arycl
oseorEndi
ng

Onl
y‘Your
ssi
ncer
ely
,’i
susedher
e.

Si
gnatur
e
Thesendersi
gnst
hel
ett
erwi
thbot
hhi
s/herf
ir
stnameandl
astname(
sur
name)
.

Exampl
eofl
ayout
:

B.P:
1313
Lomé
Togo

Febr
uar
y21,
2021

DearMrs.Ar
mah,
DearUncl
eGuézér
é,

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
….
.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………..

Yourssi
ncer
ely
,
AngelaDot
o
I
I-CONTENTOFTHELETTER

I
tist
hesameasi
nInf
ormal
let
ter
s.

FORMALLETTER

Formallet
ter
sarewr i
tt
entoindi
vidual
s,gov
ernment
aldepart
ments,
businesses,
organi
zati
ons,et
c.Formal
languageshouldbeusedi
nwr i
ti
ngthesel
ett
ers.

Bepol
it
e,cour
teousandf
ort
hri
ghti
nyourwr
it
ing.

24
I
-LAYOUT

A-Addr
esses
Bot
hthesender
’sandaddr
essee’
s(r
eci
pient
)addr
essesar
eusedher
e.

B-Dat
e
I
tist
hesameasi
ninf
ormal
andsemi
-f
ormal
let
ter
s.

C-Gr
eet
ingorsal
utat
ion

DearSi
r,
DearMadam,
Dear Si r
s,
Si
rs,

D-Headi
ngort
it
le

I
tservesast hesummaryoft
hesubjectli
ne.I
tisputi
mmedi atel
yafterthe
sal
utat
ionandint
hemiddl
eoft
hepaper.I
tmustbei
ncapi
tal
let
ters.Examples:

APPLI
CATI
ONFORTHEPOSTOF…………

APOLOGY

E-Endi
ngorcompl
iment
arycl
ose

Uset
hef
oll
owi
ng:

Your
sfai
thf
ull
y,

Your
struly
,
F-Si
gnatureandname

Thesendersi gnsthelett
erwit
hhi s/
herf
ir
stnameandlastname.He/
Shecan
al
sousehi s/herposi
ti
on/ti
tl
einthecompanyoror
gani
zat
ion.
Examples:
CharlesAgbo
Catheri
nAssih
TheManagi ngDirect
or
TheHumanResour cesManager

N.B:Ont
hepr
ofessi
onalf
iel
d,he/
shemustsi
gnbet
weent
heendi
ngandt
he
name.
Howev
er,
att
heexami
nat
ion,
thecandi
dat
emustnotsi
gn.He/Shemustwr
it
e
si
gnat
ure at t
hat
pl
ace.

25
Exampl
e:

BP.1010

Lomé

Togo

15thSept
ember2021

(
To)

TheManagingDi
rect
or
ELOM &SonsCo
BP:10089
Lome-Togo

DearSi
r,

I
NQUI
RY

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

YoursFai
thf
ull
y,
(Si
gnatur
e)
AmihKuawu

I
I-CONTENTOFTHELETTER

A-I
ntr
oduct
ion

Ar
efer
ence(
all
usi
on)i
smadet
othesour
ceofi
nfor
mat
ion.

Exampl
es:

IsawonTVT/What
sap/
Int
ernett
hat
………………….
.I

26
readin‘TOGO-PRESSE’that
……………………….Iheard
onRFIt hat
…………………………………
Irecei
vedyourinv
itat
iontothei
naugur
ati
onof
……….ButIcoul
dn’
tcome.
Etc.

B-Purpose
I
tisthesameasi
ninf
ormal
andsemi
-f
ormal
let
ter
s.

Examples:
Iwri
tethislett
ertoinquir
eabouty ourgoodsandcondi
tions.
Iwrit
et hi
sl et
tertoapplyf orthatpost.Iwrit
ethisl
ettert
othanky
ouf
or
havi
nggr antedmeani nternshi
piny ourcompany.
Iwri
tethislett
ertotell
yout hatIam verysor
ryfor
………………….
Etc.

N.
B:I
tispossi
blet
ocombi
net
her
efer
enceandt
hepur
pose.Exampl
e:

Wit
href
erencet
oyourl
ett
er,r
ef.N°FB11/Bof28t
hSept
ember2004,Iwr
it
e
t
o………

C-Concl
usi
on

Concl
udet
hel
ett
erwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngpol
i
ter
eady
-madeexpr
essi
ons:

I
twoul
dbev
erymuchappr
eci
atedi
fyoucoul
dar
ranget
ohav
emei
nter
viewed
onanot
herdat
ethati
sconv
eni
entt
oyou.
Thankyoufory
ourat
tent
ionandconsider
ati
on.
Il
ookforwardt
ohavi
ngaf av
orabl
ereply(
answer)f
rom y
ou.
Icountony
ourunder
standi
ng.(
apol
ogyandcompl
aint
)
Ihopet hi
sinci
dentwi
l
lnotaf
fectourbusi
nessr
elat
ionshi
p.(
apol
ogyand
compl
aint)

27
 ESSAYWRI
TING

There ar
et hr
ee (3)t
ypes/ki
nds/sor t
s/ f
ormsofessay
:nar
rat
ive essay
,
descr
ipti
veessayandar
gument
ati
veessay.

I
nt hi
sf orm ofessay,theyasky
outorel
ate/
say/nar
rat
ewhatyoudo….;what
yousaw…. .;
whaty oudid…;howyouwi
l
lspend……….
;howthet
radi
ti
onalf
eastof
yourregioniscel
ebrated;et
c.

A-PRESENTATI
ON

Li
keev er
yform ofessay
,anar
rat
iveessaymusthav
ethr
ee(
3)di
sti
nct/
separ
atepar
ts:

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Body
Concl
usi
on.

.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..

B-CONTENT

1-I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thef i
rstparagraphisthei
ntr
oduct
ion.Itisgenerall
yonesent ence.Donotgive
mor ethantwo( 2)sent
ences.
Exampl e:
-Inthi
sessay ,
Iam goi
ngtosaywhatIdoev erySunday .
-Inthi
sessay ,
Iam goi
ngtosayhowIcel ebratedmyl astbi
rt
hday.
-Inthi
sessay ,
Iam goi
ngtosayhowIwi llspendnextt heweekend.-Et
c.
2-Body
I
nt hi
spar agraph,y
ouanswerthequesti
onr aisedinthetopi
c.Inafewsentences,

28
saywhatthetopicasksyou.Donotfor
gett
ousesent
enceli
nkers.Someofthem
are:
fir
stofal
l
, secondl
y,af
tert
hat
,inaddi
ti
on,
moreov
er,however,f
inal
l
y,et
c.

3-Concl
usion
Thelastparagr
aphofy ouressayshouldbeitsconcl
usi
on.I
tisgener
all
yone
sent
ence.Avoidrepeat
ingtheotherparagr
aphs.

Exampl
es:
-Thisi
sbri
efl
ywhatIdoev erymorni
ngbefor
ecomingtoschool.
-Thisi
sbri
efl
yhowthetraditi
onalf
easti
nmyv i
l
lagei
scelebr
ated.
-To sum up,Icansayt hatmyl astsummerholi
dayswi t
hmy
gr
andf
atherwer
everywonder
ful.-Etc.

Exampl
e:

Topi
c:I
nashor
tessay
,saywhaty
oudoev
erySunday
.

I
nthi
sessay
,Iam goi
ngt
osaywhatIdoev
erySunday
.

EverySunday,Iwakeupat6a. m.Af
tersweepingmyfather’
sr oom,It akea
showerandgot ochurch.WhenIcomeback,Ihelpmymothercookt hel
unch.In
addit
ion,Ipol
ishmyf at
her’
sshoesfortheweek.Intheafternoon,Ivisitmy
fr
iendsoraunts.I
nt heev eni
ng,Il
ear
nmyl essonsandwatchT. V.Around10
p.m,Iprayandgotobed.

Thi
sisbr
ief
lywhatIdoev
erySunday
.

Pr
act
ice

Topi
c:I
nashor
tessay
,sayhowy
oucel
ebr
atedy
ourl
astbi
rt
hday
.

Herear esomequest i
onst oguideyou.Whichbi
rt
hdaydi
dy ou
celebr
at e?Sixteenth,Twent i
eth,Twenty-
fi
rst
?Wherewasthe
venue( place)?Yourhouse, ahotel
,,………..?
Wer etheremanyguest s?
Whatdi dy oueatanddr ink?
Didpeopl edance?
Whendi dthepar t
yend?
-Whati sy ourgener ali
mpr essionabouti
t?
N.B:Inanev al
uation,theymayormaynotgi vey
outheseguidi
ngquest
ions.

Homework
I
nashortessay,saywhaty
ourf
atherormot
herdoest
omot
ivat
eyout
owor
k
har
datschool
.

29
 ARGUMENTATI
VEESSAY

I
nt hi
sf or
m ofessay,theycanasky
out
ojust
if
yachoi
ceofy
our
s;t
opr
ovean
asser
tion(decl
arat
ion)made,et
c.

Examples:
Lif
ei ntheci
tyi
sbett
erthanl
if
eint
hev i
l
lage.Doy
ouagr
eewiththat?
Sendinggirl
stoschooli
swasteofti
meandmoney .Whatdothinkabout
that?
I
si tgoodtogoonstri
ke?
Doescor onavi
rusreal
lyexi
st?
Etc.
I
nt hebody,t
hecandi
dateshoul
dnormal
lygivet
hepros(ar
gumentsfor)andt
he
cons(argument
sagainst
).Heorshecanalsochooset
odev el
opei
therthepr
os
orcons,nott
hetwo.

N.
B:Theuseofsent
encel
i
nker
sisv
eryi
mpor
tanther
e.

Exampl
e:

Topi
c:I
sitgoodt
ogoonst
ri
ke?

Workersgoonstr
ikewhentheyarenotsat
isf
iedwit
hthei
rcondi
ti
ons.I
nthi
s
essay,
Iam goi
ngt
osayifi
tisgoodtogoonstr
ike.

Whatev erthef ormi tt

akes,stri
keaf f
ectstheli
feofwor kersaswel l
asthatoft he
employ er.Asf araswor kersar econcer ned,t
heydonotr eceiv
eanysal ari
esor
wages.Secondl y,someoft hem couldbedi smissed.Incaseofdemonst r
ati
on,
thebr utalintervent i
onoft her i
otpol i
cecoul dleadt otheinjury
,mut i
lati
onor
deathofsomeunf ort
unatewor kers.Arelevantil
lust
rati
oniswhathappenedon
August16, 2012i nMar i
kana,Sout hAfri
ca.Ont hatday,thir
ty-
four(34)plati
num
worker swer eki l
ledandsev enty-ei
ght(78)wer einjur
ed.Mor eover,
stri
kesaf f
ect
considerablyt heeconomi cdev elopmentofacount ry
.

I
nt heli
ghtofal
lthati
ssai
dabove,
Icansaythatgoingonstri
keisnotgoodfor
both employerand empl
oyees.The bestsolut
ion is si
ncer
e and frui
tf
ul
negoti
ati
ons.

N.B:Anothercandidatecandevel
optheadvant
ageswor kersgainwhent heygo
onstri
ke:i mprov
ementoft hei
rworki
ngcondit
ions;payincrease;r
espectfrom
theempl oyer;awarenessofthepopulat
ionandt heinternati
onalcommuni t
y
abouttheircondi
ti
ons,etc

30
A-I
nter
rogat
iveFor
m

1-Sheisaretai
ler.2-Hebuy s
l
argequant
it
iesoft ea.
Thesetwosentencesar ei
naffi
rmati
vefor
m.Thever
bi nt
hefi
rstsentencei
s‘i
s’
,
whichi
sanauxi l
i
ary .I
nthesecondsent
ence,
thev
erb‘buy
s’i
sal exi
cal/nor
mal
ver
b.

I
fyouwantt
ochangeanaf
fi
rmat
ivesent
encei
ntoani
nter
rogat
iveone,
proceed
asfol
l
ows:

Begi
ny ouri
nter
rogat
ivesentencewithanaux i
l
iary(
is,
was, were,
have,has,had,
do,does,di
d)oramodalv erb(can,coul
d,may ,mi
ght,,must,wi
ll
,shall
,would,
shoul
d);Putt
hesubject,
foll
owedbyt hev er
borv+i ngorpastparti
cipl
e.Donot
for
gettoputthequest
ionmar k(?)attheend.

Foract
ionv
erbs,
star
tthésent
encewi
thdo,
doesordi
d

Examples:
1)a-Sheisar etailer
.
b-Isshearetail
er ?
2)a-Hebuy sl argequant i
tiesof
tea. b- Does he buy l arge
quanti
ti
esoftea?
3)a-Wearewor kingfort heLor d.
b-Arewewor kingf ortheLor d?
4)a-Essowecanr ideabi cycle.
b-CanEssower i
deabi cycl
e?
5)a-Theyhavef inishedthe
work.b-Havetheyf i
nishedt he
work?

6)a-Bi
l
lwenttoi
Accra
b-di
dBil
lgotoAccr
a?

Pr
act
ice
Fi
ndt
hree(
3)i
nter
rogat
ivesent
encesi
nthet
ext
.Wr
it
ethenumberandwhat

31
cor
respondst
oit
.
1-
2-
3-

B-Negat
ivef
orm

I
tisverysimpl
e.Aft
erthesubj
ectoft
heaff
ir
mat
ivesent
ence,
puttheauxi
l
iar
yor
modalv er
bfoll
owedbynotandt hever
borv+ingorpastpart
icipl
e.N.
B:You
canalsousethecontr
actedf
orm.
Examples:
a-Tom isateacher
.b-Tom isnota
teacher
./Tom isn’
tateacher.a-We
mustleav
enowb-Wemustnotl
eav
e
now./Wemustn’
tleav
enow.
a-Itmayraintoni
ght.b-Itmaynotrai
n
tonight
./I
tmay n’
trai
ntonight
.
2-Hebuy slar
gequantiti
esofteafr
om gr
ower
sinI
ndi
aorCey
lon.

NB:
wit
hact
ionv
erbsputdon'
t,
doesn'
tordi
dn'
t+t
hegi
venv
erb

Practice
Changet hefol
lowingsent
encesi
ntonegat
ivef
orm.Wr
it
ethenumberandwhat
correspondstoit
.

1-Hei saretail
er.
2-Hebuy slargequantiti
esofteafr
om gr
owersinI
ndi
aorCey
lon.
3-Aichacanswi m.
4-Manav iwentt ot
hemar ket
.
5-Thesecretariesarewriti
nglet
ter
s.
6-Grandfatherhaskill
edthetroubl
esomeli
on.

C-I
nter
ro-
negat
ivef
orm

Theonlythi
ngtodoher ei
stoputt
henegati
vesentencesinpartBinto
i
nter
rogati
veform.Justputt
heauxi
li
aryormodalverbbefor
ethesubj ect
.You
canalsobeginwit
hthecontr
act
edform(Doesn’
t,Didn’
t,
Can’t
,Aren’t……)

Examples:a-He si
ngs i
n
theschoolchoi
r.
b-Doeshenotsi
ngi
ntheschool
choi
r?/
Doesn’
thesi
ngi
ntheschool
choi
r?
a-Hecoul
daccepty
ourof
fer
.b-Coul
dhenotaccepty
our

32
of
fer
?Coul
dn’
theaccepty
ourof
fer
?
Pract
ice
Changethef
oll
owingsent
encesi
ntoi
nter
ro-
negat
ivef
orm.Wr
it
ethenumber
andwhatcorr
espondstoi
t.

1-Hei saretail
er.
2-Hebuy slargequantiti
esofteafr
om gr
owersinI
ndi
aorCey
lon.
3-Aichacanswi m.
4-Manav iwentt ot
hemar ket
.
5-Thesecretariesarewriti
nglet
ter
s.
6-Grandfatherhaskill
edthetroubl
esomeli
on.

Changeint
ot heindi
catedfor
m.Justwr
it
ethenumberandwhatcor r
esponds
toit
.Example:37-Hewentt otheCl
ubl
astni
ght
.(I
nter
rogat
ive)Answer:37-
Didhegotot heClublastni
ght?

1-Shemadeal otofpr of
it
si nmarketgardening.(Negat
ive)
2-Ourteacherdoeshi sbestt oshowust hewayt osuccess.(I
nter
rogat
ive)
3-Can’
ty oudowhaty ourfatheri
ssaying?(Affir
mative)
4-Youwi l
lwaitformeunt ilIcomeback.( I
nterr
o-negati
ve)
5-TheydidtheirlastChri
stmasshoppi nginDubai .(
Negativ
e)

6-Peoplear el
ookingaty ou.(Interro-negat
ive)
7-Yourstudentsmustdot heirhomewor k.(Negati
ve)
8-Aichacanswi m.(Inter
rogative)
9-Manav iwenttothemar ket
.( I
nterrogati
ve)
10-
Grandfatherhaskill
edthetr oublesomel i
on.(Int
err
o-negat
ive)

33
Aquest iontagi saphraset hatyouaddtot heendofast at
ementi nordertotur
n
i
tintoaquest i
onorcheckt hatthestat
ementi scor r
ectornot .Inotherwords,
weusei tattheendofst atement stoaskforconf i
rmati
onsorr efut
ati
ons.
Howdowepr oceed?
Youneedonl yt wo(2)thi
ngs:
-Aux il
i
aryorModal ;
-Personal pronouncorrespondingtothesubj ectoft
hest at
ement .
N.B:Ifthest atementisaffi
rmat i
ve(posi
tive)
,thequestiontagi snegati
ve.I
fiti
s
negativ
e, thequestiontagisaf f
ir
mat i
ve(posit
ive)

Auxi
li
ari
esansmodaslar
erepet
edbutf
orl
exi
calv
erbsWEuset
hedi
ff
erent
for
msof" t
odo"

Examples:
1-Youruncl
eisapoli
ceman, i
sn’the?
2-Yoursi
sterwasn’
tatschoolyester
day
,wasshe?
3-Thi
scarisexpensi
ve,i
sn’ti
t?
4-Kodj
ocandr i
veaplane,can’
the?5-Shel
ikesmangoes,
doesn’
tshe?
6-Thebutcherputthemeatonthetabl
e,di
dn’the?
7-Johnhasgonet othepar
k,hasn’
the?
8-Hajomusttypethelet
ter
stoday,
must n’
tshe?9-Gr
andmahasanewwr
apper
,
doesn’
tshe?

Thecaseofindefi
nitesubj
ects
Ther
eare:someone, somebody,ever
ybody
,everyone,noone,nobody
,none,et
c.
Theonlyt agpronountousei s‘they’
.Al
thought heverbinthestatementis
si
ngular
,itmustbecomeplurali
nthequesti
ontag.

Examples:
1-Ever
ybodymakesmistakes,don’tt
hey?
2-Nooneisreadynow,arethey?
3-Someoneismakingnoisethere,ar
en’
tthey
?
4-NobodycanstopReggae,cant hey
?

Thecaseofst at
ementswit
hnegat i
vewor dssuchas:not
hing,nev
er,hardl
y,
scar
cely,scar
ce,bar
ely
,sel
dom,li
ttl
e,rar
ely
,etc.Theyar
eal
readynegati
ve.So,
thequesti
ontagmustbeposit
ive.

Examples:
1-Itscar
celyr
ainsi
nFebruar
yher
e,does
it
?2-Nothingi
seasy,
isi
t?

34
Thecaseofi mper at
ivestatements
I
mper ati
ve sent ences,whet herposi
tiv
e ornegat
ive,take si
mplefutur
e as
questi
ont ag.
Justusewi llyou?orshal lwe?
N.B:Weuse‘ shallwe? ’Whent heper
son,whoi
sspeaking,i
sincl
uded(i
nvolv
ed
/i
mplicated)intheact i
on.

Examples:
1-Opent hedoor ,wi
llyou?
2-Don’topent hedoor ,wil
lyou?
3-Letthem talk, wil
lyou?
4-Let’
sfini
sht hewor k,shallwe?
5-Let’
snotbel ate,shallwe?
5-Let’
ssingt ot heLor d,shallwe?

Pract
ice
Matchthest
atementsinCol
umnAwi t
hthei
rtagsi
nCol
umnB.Justwr
it
ethe
numberandthelet
ter
.Example:96-d

ColumnA Col
umnB
1-Agbodr
afoi
sani
cepl
acet
oli
vei
n, a-mayn’
the?
2-Manyofyoudidn’
tvot
eformypar
ty, b-am I
?
3-Musl
im st
udentsgotoschool
onSunday
s, c-can’
tthey
?
4-You’
vecall
edthesinger
s, d-isn’
tit
?
5-Yourpar
entsarecomingbackt
hisev
eni
ng, e-shan’
twe?
6-Thi
sisnotgoi
ngt
obeeasy
, f-havey
ou
7-Youhav
en’
tfi
nishedpayi
ngfort
heplotofl
andyet, g-must
n’tshe?
8-Wedon’
tneedyourvotebef
orewinni
ngtheel
ect
ions, h-ar
en’
tthey
?
9-Somebodyt
orei
ntopi
ecesy
ourl
andt
it
le, i
-haven’
tyou?
10-Don’
turi
nateal
ongt
hewalloft
heFi
rstLady
, j
-di
dy ou?
11-I
tscar
celysnowsi
nJune, k-don’tthey?
12-Nobodybeatt hem, l
-doesi t?
13-Let’
sr espectourpeopl e’swil
l
, m-didn’tthey?
14-PaWi llymayneedy out oni
ght, n-shallwe?
15-Nobodyknowst omorrow, o-aren’tI?
16-Iam handsome, p-isit
?
17-Iam noty oursize, q-dowe?
18-Everybodycandot hat, r-di
dt hey?
19-Soniamustgetmar r
ied, s-dothey ?
20-Weshal l
leaveatdawn, t-wil
lyou?
Answer:

35
1- 6- 11- 16
-
2- 7- 12 17
-
3- 8- 13 18
-
4- 9- 14- 19
-
5- 10- 15- 20
-
Homework
Addtheappr
opri
atequest
iont
agt
othef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
s.Justwr
it
ethe
numberandthequest
iont
ag.

1-Myst
udent
sar
enotgoi
ngt
oyourpar
ty,
……………………?
2-Don’
tinsul
tyourf
ri
ends,
…………………………………….
?3-Mybr
otherwon’
t
bet
her
e,…………………….
.……………?4-Bol
adi
dn’
ttaket
hebus,
…………………….……………….?
5-
Thereisnooneint
hecl
assroom,………….…………………?6-
Ever
ybodyhasgotacomput
erinourschool
……….
.……….
?
7-Somebodystolemymoneyy ester
day
,………….………….
.?8-
Let
’snotf
oll
owt hem,……………………………………. …?
9-Iam yourfat
her’
sfri
end,
………………………………. ……?
10-
Letthechil
drencometome, ……………………….………?
11-
Akofararel
ygreet
speople,
………………………. ……….
.?
12-
Iam nothappywithyou,
……………………………………?

36
 (
can,
coul
d,may
,mi
ght
,must
,oughtt
o,shal
l,
shoul
d,wi
llandwoul
d)

Theyhaveonl
yonef or
m.Theyhav eno–INGform or–EDf
ormsanddonotadd
–S tothethi
rdpersonsi ngul
arf or
m.Theyaref ol
l
owedbytheinf
ini
ti
veof
anot
herver
bwithout‘t
o’.Theexcepti
oni
soughtt
o.

Exampl
e:
1-Tut
uvicanspeakthr
eelanguages.
2-Shewil
lcometomor r
ow.
3-Youmustfi
ndaj ob
4-Chi
ldr
enoughttotakecareofthei
rpar
ent
s.

Notethatsomeoft hem hav

eequiv
alent
s.
*Can--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Tobeableto+VerborTobecapabl
eof+Ver
b+ing
*Must--
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Tohaveto+Verb
*May---
---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-Tobeall
owedt o+VerborTobepermit
tedto+Ver
b
*Oughtto---
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Tobeobli
gedto+Verb

Examples:
1-Icanswi m =Iam abletoswim./Iam capabl
eofswimming.
2-Studentsmustdot heirhomework.=Student
shavetodothei
rhomewor
k.
3-Youmaynotent er.=Youar enotall
owedt oent
er./
Youarenotpermi
tt
edt o
enter
.4-Yououghtt opayy ourcontri
buti
on.=Youareobligedt
opayy our
contri
buti
on.

Thus,i
fyouhaveanyoft hesemodalverbsi
nasent enceandy
ouwantt
o
changet
hatsent
encei
ntoatense,
youj
ustuset
heequi
valent
.

Example:
1a-Shecanpayy oucash.(pr
esentper
fect
)b-Shehasbeen
abletopayyou./Shehasbeencapabl
eofpayingy
ou.
2a-Thebankoughtt olendmet hemoney.(si
mple
past)b-Thebankwasobligedt
olendmethemoney .

37
Homewor k
Changeint
otheindicat
edtense.Justwri
tethenumberandthesent
enceinthe
i
ndicat
edtense.Example:57-Tom canswim.(Si
mplepast
)Answer:57-Tom
wasabletoswim.

1-Hemustpayhi sschool fees.( Si

mpl epast )
2-Youmayent er.(Presentper fect)
3-Wecansav ethecount ry.( Si
mpl ef uture)
4-Can’tt
heyunder standwhatpeopl earesay i
ng?( presentperf
ect)
5-Mustev erybodyr espectt heconst it
ution?(presentconditi
onal)
6-Everyci
tizenoughtt ovot e.(condi ti
onal per
fect)
7-Youmustt aket hest ai
rs.( simpl efuture)
8-Youmayst ayasl ongasy ouwant .(presentperfect)
9-CanIhel pyou?( simplepast )
10-Shecancomet ot heexcur sionwi thus.(conditi
onal per
fect)
11-Shecanpayy oucash.( simpl efuture)
12-Theymayl i
stent ous.(pastper f
ect )

38
 (
who-whom-whose-
whi
ch-
that
)

1- Who(
qui
)

I
tisusedf
orper
sonsatt
hesubj
ectposi
ti
on.I
tal
way
scomesaf
teranounandi
t
i
sfoll
owedbyaverb.

Examples:
1-That
’st
hegi
rlwhostolemypur seyester
day.
2-Themanwhoiscomingi sourheadmast er
.
3-Thewomanwhoistalkingoverther
eisabankmanager .
4-Themanwhogaveyoual i
ftt
ot hehabouryest
erdayi
sthepr
imemi
nist
er.

2-Whom (Que)
I
tisusedf orpeopleattheobjectposi
ti
on.I
tcomesaf
teranounandi
tis
fol
lowedbyanothernounorpr
onoun.

Exampl
es:

1-That’
stheboywhom Imetatt hetr
adefai
rlastt
ime.
2-Student
swhom theteacherpuni
shedarel
ate.
3-Thegirl
,whom hesaysheloves,i
snotser
iousatall
.
4-Themanwhom y oui
nsult
edatCocoBeachl astSundayi
sthear
mychi
ef
commander .

3-Whose(Dont)
I
tisal so used f
orpersons.Thi
srel
ati
vepr
onoun showspossessi
on ora
rel
ati
onshi
pbet weent
wonouns.

Examples:
1-Iwanttotal
ktothemanwhosesonbr oughtthelet
tertomyhouse.
2-Imetthewomanwhosehusbandi sdead.
3--Ilov
egirl
swhosefat
her
sarev er
ywicked.
4-Thelady,
whosecaryouknockedthi
smor ni
ng,isactual
lyy
ouraunt
.

4-Which/ That( qui

/que)
Weuse“ which”or“that
”foranimalsandobj
ect
s( t
hings)
.Youcanputv
erbs,
nounsor
pronounsaf terthesetwowor ds.Thismeansthattheycanbeusedassubject
aswel l
asobj ect
.

39
Exampl es:
1-Thi sist he hot
elwhich caughtfir
el ast
mont h.2-How didy oufi
ndt hebookt hatI
lenttoyou?
3-Thedogwhi chyoustol
eandat ehadrabies.
4-Thecatt hatyousawonourr oofbel
ongst oournei
ghbor

N.Bsomet imes,arel
ati
vecl ausethatstar
tswith“t
hat”;”
which”or“whom”can
bei ntr
oducedwi t
houttheser el
ati
vepronouns.Inotherwor ds,theycanbe
omittedandt hecl
auseswillsti
llbemeaningful
.Theclausesarethenknownas
contactclauses.Notethatt hecontactcl
auseusuall
yst ar
tswithanounora
pronoun.

Exampl
es
1-That’
sthemanwhom Imety est
erday./ThatthemanImety est
erday.
2-Thepoli
cemanwhom t hedogbitissti
lli
nhospi t
al./
Thepol
icemanthedogbi
t
i
s…
3-Thebookthatyoulenttomei sver
yinterest
ing./Thebooky
oulenttomeis
ver
y….
4-Themeal y
ourgir
lf
riendcookedistastel
ess.

5-OfWhi
chandWhi
ch(
of)

Ofwhich(dont
)
I
tisusedforani
mal
sandt
hings.I
tshowspossessi
onorar
elat
ionshi
pbet
ween
twonouns.

Exampl
es:
1-Thehouse,t
hepai
ntofwhichisred,i
smyuncle’
s.
2-Thecar,
thescr
eenglassofwhichyoubroke,
bel
ongstoGener al
Def
fal
o.
3-Acountr
y,t
hepoli
ti
calenvi
ronmentofwhichi
sstabl
e,at
tract
smanyinvest
ors.

Whi
chof

‘
Which’i
sexcept
ional
l
yusedf
orhumanbei
ngs(
per
sons)t
oident
if
yoneormor
e
ofalar
gergr
oup.

Examples:
1-Whichofthesegirl
siscall
edSuzy
?
2-Whichareyourchil
drenamongthese?
3-Ofthesetwins,whi
chisthemorebeauti
ful
?
Practi
ce
Transl
ateint
oFr ench

40
1-Thedogwhichislyi
ngunderthetabl
eiscalled‘Vadis’
.
2-ThePri
meMi nist
erist
heleaderofthepartywhi chhaswontheel
ect
ions
3-Thehandthatgiv
esist
heonet hatcommands.
4-Theperson,
whoappointsthePri
meMi ni
ster,couldal
sodi
smiss
hi
m.5-The gi
rl
,whose f
atheri
s a pol
i
ce i
nspect
or,i
s Tom’
s
sweet
hear
t.
6-Whi
chofy
ouhasnotdonet
hehomewor
k?

Answer1-Lechi enquiestcouchésouslatabl
e
s’
appel
leVadis.
2-Lepremierminist
reestlechefduparti
quiagagnél esél
ect
ions.
3-Lamainqui donneestcell
equicommande.
4-Lapersonne,quinommel e1ermi ni
str
e,pourr
aitaussil
eli
moger(l
erenv
oyer
/l
edémet tr
edesesf oncti
ons).
5-Laf
il
ledontl
epèr
eesti
nspect
eurdepol
i
ce,
estl
apet
it
eami
edeTom.6-Qui
par
miv
ousn’
apasf
aitl
edev
oirdemai
son?

Homewor k
Translat
eintoEngli
sht
hef
oll
owi
ngsent
ences.Justwr
it
ethenumberandwhat
correspondstoit
.

1-Legar
s,àqui
jepar
lai
s,estt
rèsgent
il
.

2-Lecompt
equej
’
aiouv
ertestuncompt
ecour
ant

3-L’
él
ève,
dontl
epèr
evi
entdeper
dresonempl
oi,
estt
ri
ste

4-Quidecesdeuxdamesl
à-basaét
énomméepr
emi
ermi
nist
rel
asemai
ne
passée?

4-Voi
cil
afemmepourqui
j’
ait
rav
ail
l
épendanthui
tmoi
setqui
aref
usédeme
payer
.

41
BRAI
NSTORMI
NG

Transl
ateint
oEnglish.
1-Où
2-Quand
3-Pourqui
4-Comment
5-Qui
6-Quoi
7-Lequel/
Laquell
e/ Lesquel
(l
es)8-Pourquit
ravai
l
lez-
vous?
9-Oùas- t
udor mihiernuit?
10-Pourquisontcesserpentsquisi
ff
lot
entsurnostêt
es?

Theyarequest
ionsthatbegi
n( st
art
)byoneofthef
oll
owi
ngquest
ionwor
ds:
where,
who,why,when,how,whose,whi
ch,
etc.

Exampl
es:

1-Wheredidyousleepyesterdayni
ght
?
2-Whatwil
l y
oueatatdi nner
?
3-Howoldwer eyoubeforegetti
ngmarri
ed?
4-Whycan’tyoudot hat
?
5-Whotoldyouthat?
6-Whenarewel eavi
ng?

Rul
es
- WH+Auxi
li
ary(
am/
is/
are/
was/
wer
e)+Subj
ect
?

- WH+Auxi
li
ary(
am/
is/
are/
was/
wer
e)+Subj
ect+Ver
b+i
ng?

- WH+Auxi
li
ary(
do/
does/
did)+Subj
ect+Ver
b?

- WH+Auxi
li
ary(
hav
e/has/
had)+Subj
ect+PastPar
ti
cipl
e?

- WH+ModalVer
b+Subj
ect+Ver
b?

Pract
ice
Askquesti
onsbasedont
heunder
li
nedwor
dsorexpr
essi
ons.Justwr
it
ethe

42
numberandwhatcorr
espondstoit.
N.B:Allt
hewor dsinthesentencewi l
lappearint hequesti
on,exceptt
he
under
li
nedones.
1-Akwesi
didn’
tcometochurchyest
erdaybecausehi
sdressesweredi
rty
.
2-Lamai
s20km f
rom Kar
a.
3-Rosemar
yal
way
sdoeshershoppi
ngatKi
ngsway
.
4-Mr
.Begoodspentt
heweekendi
nKpal
i
mewi
th‘
MissFr
ance’
.
5-Sheeat
stwi
ceaday
.
6-Sam smokesal
ot.
7-Soni
acutherf
ingerwhenshewast
ryi
ngt
henewbl
ender
.
8-Angel
ahasbeendi
sappoi
ntedf
ourt
imesbymen.
9-
TheD.
M.Dwi
l
lvi
sitSwi
tzer
landdur
inghi
sleav
e.
10-
Adj
aTot
oacanl
i
ftabagofcementwi
thonehand.
11-
Thi
scomput
ercostmeahugeamountofmoney
.
12-
Theyhav
eli
vedashusbandandwi
fef
ort
went
ygoody
ear
s.

Answer
s

1-Whydidn’
tAkwesi
cometochur
chy
est
erday
?
2-HowfarisLamafr
om Kar
a?

3-Wher
edoesRosemar
yal
way
sdohershoppi
ng?

4-Whom di
dMrBegoodspendtheweekendinKpal
i
mewi
th?/
Wit
hwhom
di
dMr.Beggodspendt
heweekendi
nKpal
ime?
5-Howof
tendoessheeatperday
?

6-Whosmokesal
ot?

7-Whosef
ingerdi
dSoni
acutwhenshewast
ryi
ngt
henewbl
ender
?

8-Howmanyt
imeshasSoni
abeendi
sappoi
ntedbymen?

9-Wher
ewi
l
ltheD.
M.Dv
isi
tdur
inghi
sleav
e?

10-WhatcanAdj
aTot
oal
i
ftwi
thonehand?

11-Howmuchdi
dthi
scomput
ercostme?

12-Howl
onghav
etheyl
i
vedt
oget
herashusbandandwi
fe?

Homewor
k

43
 Complet
ewiththemi ssingquest ionwor dorphr ase.Justwr itethenumberand
whatcorr
espondst oit
.
1-……………………t imesdi dt het el ephoner ingbeforehepi ckedit?
2-……………………can’ ttheygr antwhatt eachersareasking?
3-……………………. shallt
heyki llourpr ophetswhilewest andasi deandlook?
4-……………………. ki
lomet erssepar ateCi nkassefrom Djankasse?
5-……………………. areyougoi ngt omeetatt hehotel
?
6-……………………. countrywont hel astwor l
dcup?
7-……………………. havey ougonei nt heimpl ementat
ionoft henew proj
ect
?8-
……………………. doest hissui tcost ?
9-……………………. doy out hinky ouar e?
10-……………………. womenmi nist erswi lltherebei nt henextgov er
nment?11
-…………………….doest hissui tcost ?
12-……………………. doy out hinky ouar e?
13-……………………. womenmi nister swi l
ltherebeinthenex tgov ernment
.

BRAI
NSTORMI
NG

Theger undisanouni ntheform ofthepresentpart

ici
pleofaverb( t
hati
sending
inING) .Toformt hegerund,weonl yadd“ I
NG”t othebasicverb.Wehav easa
resultanounandnotav er
b.
e.g:Toeat+I NG===================eat ing
Towr it
e+I NG==================wr iti
ng
Asnoun, t
hegerundcanbeasubj ectoranobject.I
tcanalsobeusedaf tersome
prepositi
ons,somev er
bs,somenouncompoundsorsomeex pr
essions.

1-Gerundusedasasubj ect
Veryof t
en,whenagerundisusedasasubj
ect,
itbeginst
he
sentence.e.g:-Dr
inki
ngtoomuchalcohol
isdangerous-
Smoki ngisdanger
ousforourheal
th

2-Gerundusedasanobj
ect
Wheni ti
susedasanobj ect
,ittendstooccupyt
hel
astposi
ti
oni
nthe
sent
ence.e.
g:-Si
ngi
ngiseasi
erthandanci
ng

3-Ger
undusedaf
tersomev er
bse.g: keseat
-hel
i ingf
ufu
-Heenj
oyshi
mselftaki
ngdrugs

44
N.
B:Somev
erbscal
l
ingf
ort
heger
undar
e:(
To)Av
oid;
li
ke;
disl
i
ke;
enj
oy;
fini
sh;
hate;appr
eci
ate;st
art
;begi
n;st
op;
avoi
d;deny
;del
ay;
det
est
;under
stand;
for
giv
e;
postpone;pr
acti
ce…

4-Gerundaft
ersomev erbs+preposit
ionse.g:-Hei nsi
stsoncomi ngtomypl ace
-Heisaccusedofst eal
i
ngthepur se
Note:Somev erbs+pr eposit
ionscall
i
ngf orgerundar (
e:To)insiston;objectt
o;be
goodat;bebadat ;befondof;accuseof;bechar gedwith;befinedf or
;beusedt o;
pref
erto;bef or;beagai nst
;beat oolfor;t
hinkof ;besorryfo;car efo;keepon;
l
ookf or
wardto; putoff
; seeabout;
taketo…

5-Gerundusedaf t
ersomepr eposi t
ions
e.
g: -Onheari
ngthenews,shef allsdown
-Bef
oredying,shewhisperedaf ewwor ds
Note:Someprepositi
onscall
ingf orgerundar Wi
e: thout
;af
ter
;bef
ore;
of;
about
;by
;
on;i
n…
6-Gerundusedaf t
ersomeexpr essi
ons
e.
g: Woul
dy oumindshowingmet hewayt ohospi
tal
?
Note:
Someexpressi
onscal
li
ngforgerundar
e:I
’
mfedup;
it’
snouse;
it’
snogood;
i
t’
swor t
h;i
t’
snotwort
h;woul
dyoumi nd…

PRACTICE
Rephrase t hese sent ences usi ng t he
gerund 1a)Theguyr epeat edlywant edt o
buymeadr ink
b)Theguyi nsistedon…buy ingmeadr ink
2a)MayIopent hedoor ?
b)Woul dy oumi nd…my( me)openi ngt hedoor?
3a)Don’tsitaroundcompl ai
ni ng.Whydon’ tyoudosomethi
ngabouti
t?
b)Insteadof …compl aining,whydon’ tyoudosomet hingabouti
t?
4a)Youneednotcopyt hef i
rstsent ence
b)It’
snouse…copy i
ngt hef irstsent ence
5a)Jamesi si nterestedi nplay ingt hepi ano
b)Jamesenj oy s…play i
ngt hepi ano
6a)Theysai dt hathehadsett hehouseaf ire
b)Theyaccused…hi m ofhav ingsett hehouseaf ir
e
7a)Iti
snotgoodt ot alkinclass
b)Youmustav oid…talkingincl ass.

45
 I
FCLAUSES -UNLESS

Acondi t
ionalsent
enceconsistsofamainclauseandan«if»clause.Conditi
onal
sentencesareofthreetypes.Theacti
oninthemaincl
ausewil
lonlytakeplaceon
thecondi t
ionthattheact i
onoft hesubordi
nat
eclauseoccursfir
st.If
-clauses
stat
eacondi ti
onandt heyareadj
unctsofthemaincl
ause.

I
-Fi
rstorRealCondi
ti
onal(
If
-cl
auseTy
pe1)
Thi
sshowsacondi t
ionthati
sveryli
kelytohappen.I
tmeanst
hati
fXhappens,
Y
shoulddef
ini
tel
yhappen.
STRUCTURE:IF+SI MPLEPRESENT+SI MPLEFUTURE
g:
e. -
IfImeethim,Ishal
lgivehi
m anicepresent
-I
fyoulearnhard,y
ouwillpassyourexam
-I
fitrai
ns,
theywon’tbeabletogoswi mming

I
I-SecondCondi
ti
onal(
If
-cl
auseTy
pe2)

Thisshowsacondi t
ionthatisimprobableorunl
i
kelytohappen.Youimaginet
hat
ifXhappenednow,Ywoul dprobabl
yhappen.
STRUCTURE:IF+SIMPLEPAST+PRESENTCONDI TIONAL(would+verb)e.
g:
-IfKpat
chawererich,hewoul dmarryAyélé
-HajowouldbeatKoboyoi fshewerestrong
-I
fKpakpat
rouhadmoney ,hewouldhelppoorchil
dren

46
I
II
-Thi
rdCondi
ti
onal(
If
-cl
auseTy
pe3)

Thisshowsacondi ti
onthatisimpossibl
etohappenorunfulf
il
led.I
tmeansy
ou
imaginethatifXhadhappened(buti
tdidn’
t)
,Ywoul dhav
ehappened.
STRUCTURE:I F+PASTPERFECT( Had+P.P)+PASTCONDI TIONAL(Would
+hav e
+P.P)
e.g:-I
fNakahadwor kedhard,
shewoul dhavepassedher
exam -IfAbidehasgonetoKumasi ,shewouldhave
visi
tedKNUST.

Not
e:
-I nconditi
onalsent
encesweuse“ were”insteadof«was» f
orall
thepersons
because
«were» i
sasubjunct
ive(t
heform ofv er
bthatexpr essesawishorpossibil
i
ty)
.
- Acondi ti
onalsent
encemayal sobeex pressedwi t
hout“if
”,i
nthiscasewe
haveaninver
sionofthesubject,i
tmeanst hatthesubjectf
oll
owst heverb.
e.
g:-wereIsi
ck,Iwouldgotohospit
al.
- HadIworkedhard,Iwouldhavepassedmyexam.
- Didyoucome,Iwouldintr
oduceyoutofor
eigners.
- Someti
mest hemainclausecanbeanimper at
ivet
oshowadv
ice.
e.g:-Don’ tswitchont hefanifyoufeel col
d
-
Ifyoudon’ tknowhowt odoi t
,asksomeonef orhelp.
- The« if»clausei sseparatedfrom themai nclausebyacommawheni t
comesi nf ront
.
e.g:-IfIam sick,Iwi llgotohospi t
al=========Iwi l
lgotohospitali
fIam sick.
Condi t
ionalsentencesmaygowi thwordslike:unl
ess,when,assoonas,pr
ovided
that,supposingt hat,
whenever….

I
V-t
heuseof«unl
ess»(
if
…not
).

I
tisusedt
otal
l
kaboutasi
tuat
ionthatcoul
dbetr
ueint
hef
ut e.«Unl
ur ess»i
s
al
waysfol
l
owedbyaposi
ti
ve(aff
ir
mat i
ve)ver
bgr
oup.

STRUCTURE: UNLESS+Affi
rmati
veverb+themai
ncl
ause
e.
g:1a)ifIam si
ck,
Iwil
lgotothehospit
al
b)UnlessIam si
ck,Iwon’
tgotothehospital
2a)i
fIworkhard,Iwon’tf
ail
b)Unl
essIworkhar d,
Iwil
lfai
l
3a)i
fIwerenotlabori
ous,Iwoul
dn’
tfi
ndaj
ob
b)Unl
essIwer
elabor
ious,
Iwoul
dn’
tfi
ndaj
ob
N.
B: 1)i
f+af
fi
rmat
ive+af
fi
rmat
ive=========unl
ess+af
fi
rmat
ive+negat
ive

47
 2)I
f+negat
ive+negat
ive=============unl
ess+af
fi
rmat
ive+negat
ive

3)If+negati
ve+af
fi
rmat
ive===========unl
ess+af
fi
rmat
ive+
aff
irmat
ive
4)If+af
fir
mat
ive+negat
ive===========unl
ess+af
fi
rmat
ive+
aff
irmat
ive
BRAI
NSTROMI
NG

EXCLAMATI
ON

I
nanexcl
amat
ivesent
ence,
weuse:

1
A)what
…a+si ngul
ar
E.g:
-Whata ni ce f
il
m we hav
e
seen!-Whatabeauti
fulgi
rl
!
-Whatastupidboy!

Rule:Whata+adj ect
ive(consonant
)+noun(
singul
ar)
B)What…an+singular
E.
g:-Whataninter
esti
ngmat ch!
-Whatan ev ening we
had!-What an awf ul
noi
se!

Rul
e:Whatan+adj
ect
ive(
vowel
)+noun(
singul
ar)

C)What…+plural
E.g:
-Whatuglyboys!
-Whatt
roubl
eswehad!

Rul
e:what+adj
ect
ive+noun(
plur
al)

A)How…
e.
g:-Howhandsomethisboyis!
-Howdeli
cioust
heseorangesar
e!

Rul
e:how+adj
ect
ive+noun+v
erb

B)How…

48
e.
g:-How
handsome!-How
del
i
cious!Rul
e:How
+adj
ect
iveRemar
k:
Wecanal
souse“
such(
a;an;
…)”t
oexpr
essanexcl
amat
ivesent
ence

e.
g:-Wehadsuchat roubl
e!
-Iat
esuchaninterest
ingor
ange!
-Wereadsuchromant i
cnovel
s!

Rul
e:…such(
a;an;
…)+adj
ect
ive+noun

How/soforadver
bsandadj ect i
ves
e.
g:-Howwonder f
ul thi
scari s!(How+Adject
ive)
-Howslowlyhewr i
tes!(How+adv er
b)
-Iti
ssowonder fulacar!( So+adject
ive)
-Hewr i
tessoslowly !(
So+adv er
b)

ATTENTION
Howdiff
icul
tisi
t?(I
nterr
ogat
ive)
Howdiff
icul
titi
s!(
Exclamati
ve)

(
HOMEWORK)

49
 Tensesi
nrepor
tedspeech

I
-Whenther
eport
ingver
bisi
nsi
mpl
epr
esent
,pr
esentper
fectandsi
mpl
efut
ure,
t
hever
bdoesn’
tchange.

“
Wear
egoi
ngt
osi
ng,
”thest
udent
ssay
.Thest
udent
ssayt
hatt
heyar
egoi
ngt
osi
ng.

I
I–Whent
her
epor
ti
ngv
erbi
sinsi
mpl
epast
,thet
ensechanges.

Thest
udent
ssai
dthatt
heywer
egoi
ngt
osi
ng.

1-Tensev
ari
ati
onsf
rom di
rectspeecht
oindi
rectspeech

DI
RECTSPEECH INDIRECTSPEECH
Simplepresent Si
mpl epast
Presentcont i
nuous Pastcontinuous
Presentperfect Pastperfect
Presentperfectcont
inuous Pastperfectcontinuous
Simplepast Pastperfect
Pastcontinuous Pastperfectcontinuous
Pastperfect Pastperfect
Future Conditi
onalpresent
Futureperfect Conditi
onalperfect
Can Could
May Might
Must Hadto
Changesofpr onouns

PersonalObjectiv
e Possessi ve Possessiv
e Ref lexive
Pronoun Case adj
ective pronoun pr onoun
I Me My Mine My self
You You Your Yours Your self
He Him His His Himsel f
She Her Her Hers Her self
It I
t It
s I
ts Itself
We Us Our Ours Our selves
You You Your Yours Your selves
They Them Their Their
s Themsel ves
Changesofadverbsoft i
meanddemonst rati
ves

50
 Exer
cise:

Fi
ndt
heequi
val
entoft
hesepr
onounsi
nindi
rectspeech

Di
rectspeech I
ndir
ectspeech
Thus ……………………………………………. so/int hatcase
Here ……………………………………………. There
Now …………………………………………… Then
Yester
day…………………………………………thedaybefore/thepr evi
ousday
Ago …………………………………….…….
..bef
ore/t
hepr evi
ous
Las …………………………………………….before/
thepr evi
ous
Tomorrow………………………………………….. t
hef ol
lowingday
Next …………………………………………. t
hef oll
owing
This/
These …………………………………………t hat/t
hose.

Today .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
...
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
. Thatday

Toni
ght .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.. Thatni
ght

REPORTEDSPEECHOFQUESTI
ONS
I
nter
rogat
ivef
orm becomesaf
fi
rmat
ivef
ormi
nrepor
tedspeech.

a)Yes/Noquest
ions
“Areyougoi
ngwi
thus?”Koffi
asked.
Koff
iasked i
f/whethertheyweregoi
ngwi
tht
hem./
Kof
fiwant
edt
o know
whether
……..

“Doyouhaveanybooks?”Johnaskedme
JohnaskedmeifIhadsomebooks.

b)WHquest
ions

“Wher
eareyougoi
ng?”Heaskedme
HeaskedmewhereIwasgoi
ng.

51
 REPORTEDSPEECHOFCOMMANDS

Whenitisanaf
fi
rmat
ivecommandoror
der
,itbecomesaf
fi
rmat
ivei
nfi
nit
ive
(
to+v
erb)

“Goout,
’’t
heteachert
oldthestudent
Theteachert
oldthestudentt
ogoout .

When itis a negat

ive command oror
der
,itbecomes negat
ivei
nfi
nit
ive
(
not+t
o+ver
b)

“Don’
ttel
ll
ies’
’Thepastort
oldhim.
Thepastortol
dhim nottot
elll
i
es.

“Si
tdown” ,
heor der
edme
Heor der
edmet osi
tdown
“Don’tgoout”
,theteacher
said
Theteacherorderednottogoout
.

REPORTEDSPEECHOFGENERALTRUTHSANDPROVERBS.
Ther
eisnochange.

“Theearthi
sround,’
’saidt
heteacher
Theteachersai
dt hattheear
thisr ound.

“
Wat
erboi
l
sat100°
C’’
,t
het
eachersai
d

Thet
eachersai
dthatwat
erboi
l
sat100°
C

I
NTERJECTI
ONS
Fi
ndthecorrespondingverb.
eg:‘
’
hell
o’’
Het ol
dme
Hegreetedme.“ Congrat
ulat
ions”
,theman

sai
dtohi
sdaught
er.

Themancongr
atul
atedhi
sdaught
er.

N.B:Ift
hedi
rectspeechcont
ains‘
’
alway
s’’and‘
’
nev
er’
’wedon’
tchanget
he
second
verb.

“
Ial
way
sgot
oschool
ont
ime’
’
,Paul
sai
d

52
Paul
sai
dthatheal
way
sgoest
oschool
ont
ime.

’
Inev
ersleepout
door
s’’
,Munir
asaid
Muni
rasaid(t
hat
)sheneversl
eepsout
door
s.

EXERCI
SE

Putintorepor tedspeech
1)‘
’Ili
keplay i
ngwi thmyf ri
ends’ ’,
hesay s
2)‘
’Ihaveseenhi m sinceMonday ’’
, hehassai d3)‘’Iti
st oolateto
makecake’ ’,mybr otherwi l
l say
4)‘ ’
Wemustbr ingt hepaper s’’
,Thest udentssai d
5)‘ ’
Iwasgoi ngt othest orewhenIsawy ourmot her ’’
,ItoldKossi.
6)“ Wear ehunt ers”,theysai d
7)“ Iwentt oLondonl astweek” ,Kof fisaid
8)“ GohomeIdon’ twantt oseey ouher eagai n”,shet oldthegirl
s
9)“ Wehav et heseexer cisest odot oday”,Kof fi
sai d
10)“Howar ey out oday ?”Theyaskedme
11)“Don’tlety ourpar ent swast ethemoneyf ornot hing» ,shetoldthepupi
l
s
12)“Iboughtt hesebooksf iveday sago” ,shesai d
13)“Hur r
ay! ”Al lt
hemenshout ed
Putintodirectspeech
1)Theboy ssai dthatt heywer egoi ngt ot hemar ket .
2)Afisaidt hatshewoul dt rav eltoKar at hefollowi ngday .
3)Iaskedt heboywhet herhi smot herhadboughtt hebook.
4)Thepupi lscompl ainedt hatt heyhadnotunder st oodt helessonthatt
heteacher
hadt aughtt hem t hepr ev iousday .

53
I–Regul
aradj
ect
ives

1-Onesy l
labl
eadj ect
ives(theyareshor
tadj
ect
ives)
Exampl
e;bi
g, t
all
,short
,fast
,fat,
etc…

2-Twosy ll
ablesadject
ives(theyareshor
tadj
ect
ives)
Theyendin;ye,
, w,er.
Exampl si
e: l
ly,ugl
y,simple,
clever
,narr
ow

3-Moresyll
abl
esadject
ives(Theyarelongadj
ect
ives.
)
Exampl
e:Caref
ulBeaut
, i
ful
,wonderf
ul,etc…

A–COMPARATI
VE
LONGADJECTI
VES
SHORTADJECTI
VES

Super
ior
it
y Shor
tadj +er+t
han Mor
e+l
ongadj+than
(pl
usque) Eg:Biggert
han Eg:
Mor
eexpensi
vethan
Equali
ty As+adj
ecti
ve+As
(aussi
…….que) Eg:
asbi
gas,
asexpensi
veas,
ast
all
as
Notas/Notso+adj +as
I
nfer
ior
it
y Eg:Notas/sobigas; Notasexpensi
veas
(
moins……..
que) Less+longadj+than
Eg:Lessexpensi
vethan,l
essdanger
ousthan
B–SUPERLATI
VE

SHORTADJECTI
VES LONGADJECTI
VES

Superi
ori
ty The+shortadj
+est The+most+longadj
(l
e pl
us….
) Eg:Thefatt
est Eg:Themostdanger
ous

I
nfer
ior
it
y The+least+longadj
(
lemoins….
) Eg:Theleastdanger
ous

I
I–I
RREGULARADJECTI
VES
Adj
ect
ives Compar
ati
ve Super
lat
ive

54
 Good Bet
tert
han Thebest
Bad Wor
set
han Thewor
st
Many
Mor
ethan Themost
Much
Li
tt
le Lesst
han Thel
east
Fur
thert
han Thef
urt
hest
Far
Far
thert
han Thef
art
hest
Ol
dert
han Theol
dest

Ol
d
(The/my
) Theel
dest
Elder
I
II–DOUBLECOMPARATI
VE

Themoreyoueat,t
hegr
eedi
eryouwi
ll
become
Plusonmange,
plusondevi
endr
agour
mand

Thenear
ert
hepol
i
ceget
s,t
hef
ast
ert
het
hiev
esr
un.

I
V–PARALLELCOMPARATI
VE

Youbecomemoreandmoretal
kat
ive
Youbecomegr
eedi
erandgr
eedi
er.
BRAI
NSTORMING

«WI
SH »/
«IFONLY»

Weuse“wishorifonl
y“whenwewantsomethingt
ohappenort
obet rueev
en
t
houghi
tisunl
ikel
yorimpossi
ble.
Ther
ear
ethr
eefor
msof«wish/
ifonl
y»

*
Rul
es:

a)Af
fi
rmat
ivesent
ence~negat
ivesent
ence

b)Si
mpl
epr
esent~si
mpl
epast

c)si
mpl
epast~pastper
fect

d)si
mpl
efut
ure~condi
ti
onal
present

55
 1)“wi
sh”(
ifonl
y)+si
mpl
epastt
ense

Thisform of«wi sh»i susedt oexpressr egret

s-t hatwewoul dli
kethingst obe
di
fferent,itmeanswhenwewi shasi tuati
onwhi chdoesnotexist,di
dex istorthat
asituati
onwhi chdoesexi st,
didnotexi st.Thesi mplepastisusedafter«wi sh» or
«ifonly»t oexpr essanunr ealsit
uationint hepresent .
e.
g:-IwishIwer erich(Iam notrich)
-IwishIspokeEngl ish(Idon’tspeakEngl ish)
-i
fonlyt heydidn’ttr
av el(
theytr
av el)
Note:thesubj unct i
ve«wer e»i snor mallyusedi nsteadof«was» withsingular
wordsi nthissituati
on.
e.
g:shewi shesshewer ebeaut i
ful(sheisugl y
/ shei snotbeaut
if
ul)

2)“wi
sh”(
ifonl
y)+pastper
fect
(had+p.
p)
Weuseapastper fecttenset ot alkaboutt hepastandwhenwewi shthat
something hadhappenedwhi ch di d nothappenort hatsomet hi
nghadnot
happenedwhichdidhappen.Iti
susedwhent heactionregrett
edisinthepast
.
e.g:-Iwishithadnotr ai
nedheav ilyyest
erday(i.e:Iam sor r
yitrai
nedheavil
y
yester
day)
-I
fonl
yhehadmar ri
edher.(i
.e:it
’sapityhedidn’tmar r
yher )
Remark:«wish»canbeputi nt
ot hepastt ense,i
nt hi
scase,t heruler
emainsthe
same.e.g:Koff
iwishedshehadnotst ol
enhispur se(i.e:it
’sapityshestol
ehis
purse)
.

3)“
Wish“
(i
fonl
y)+pr
esentcondi
ti
onal(
woul
d+v
erb)

I
tisusedwhenwewi shthatsomethi
ngnoty ethappeningwoul
dhappenor
somet
hinghappeni
ngnowwouldchangeorst
op.Itexpr
essessomet
hingt
haty
ou
woul
dli
ketohappeninthef
utur
eoreveni
mmediat el
y.
e.
g:-Iwi
shy ouwouldn’
tmakenoi
sei
nthecl
assr
oom.(
i.
e:I’
m sor
ryyouare
maki
ng
noisei
ntheclassr
oom.
-Ifonlyshewouldpassherexam.(
i.
e:i
tisapityshewillfai
lher
exam)N.B:
 wecanuse«wi
sh»+i
nfi
nit
ivet
omean«want»

e.
g:-Iwisht
otalktoy
ou================Iwantt
otalkt
oy ou
-Iwi
shtotel
lyout
hatIlovey
ou========Iwanttotel
lyouthatIl
oveyou
 «Ifonl
y»meanst hesameas«wi sh».
Weuset hesamet ensesaf
ter«i
f
onl
y»asafter«wish».
e.
g: -I
fonl
yIknewyourf
ather=Iwi
shIknewyour
fatherWedonotuse«wi sh»i
nprogr
essi
ve
tenses.Ifonly#onl
yif

56
 PRACTI CE
Rephr aset hef ol
lowing
sent ences1a)I ’
m sor r
yt heoffice
isclosed.b1)Iwi sht heof fi
ce
wer en’tclosed.b2)Iwi shthe
of f
icewer eopened.2a)I t’
sapi ty
Ididn’tgowi thhi m.
b)IfonlyIhadgonewi thhim.
3a)I t
’sapi t
yy oudon’ tknowwher ey ourfatherworks.
b)Iwi shweknewwher eyourf atherwor ks.
4a)Iam sor ryIforgoty ourbi r
thday ,darl
i
ng.
b1)Iwi shIhadn’ tforgot t
eny ourbi rt
hday ,dar
li
ng.
b2)Ifonl yIhadr emember edy ourbirt
hday ,dar
li
ng.
5a)it’
sapi tyshecoul dn’ tsingwel l.
b)Iwi shshehadbeenabl etosi ngwel l
.
6a)Iam sor ryshewi lll
eav ey ou.
b)Iwi shshewoul dn’ tleav ey ou.
7a)It’
sapi tyy ouar emaki ngbadsent ences.
b1)Iwi shy ouwoul dn’ tmakebadsent ences.
b2)Iwi shy ouwoul dst opmaki ngbad
sentences.
8a)Iwi shshehadn’ tl ov edme.
b)Iam sor ryshel ovedme.
9a)It’
sapi tyshehast rav ell
ed.
b)Ifonlyshehadn’ tt rav ell
ed.
10a)Johnnev ercomest ot hemeet i
ngont i
me.
b)Iwi shJohncamet ot hemeet i
ngont i
me.
11a)Iam sor ryhewi llclimbt hemount ai
n.
b)Ifonl yhewoul dn’tcl imbt hemount ain.
12a)Whatapi tywedi dn’ tmeett hem lastweek.
b)Iwi shwehadmett hem l astweek.
13a)Iam sor ryy oucanpl ayt hepi ano.
b)Ifonl yy oucoul dpl ayt hepi ano.
14a)It’sapi tyHaj odecei v edherhusband.
b)I fonlyHaj ohadnotdecei vedherhusband.
15a)it’sti
met ogooutf orbr eakf ast.
b)Iwishi twer en’ tt
imet ogof orbr eakfast.
16a)Iam sor ryIcan’ tdoany thingabouty ourcase.
b)Iwi shIcoul ddosomet hingabouty ourcase.
17a)Whatapi tyy ouwi l
l got ot hepi cnicatni ght.
b)Iwi shy ouwoul dnotgot ot hepi cnicatni ght
.
18a)Shef ellpr egnant ,whi chi sashame.
a)Ifonlyshehadnotf all
enpr egnant .
QUIZ
Rephraset hef oll
owi ng

57
sentences1a)Wear esor
ryhe
dri
vessof astb)Wewi sh…
2a)Iti
sapi tyy oudidn’
tgety our“A”Level
b)Ifonly
…
3a)Iam sorryIcan’ tdoanythingabouty our
misfort
uneb)Iwi sh…
4a)Whatapi t
yy ouwi l
lgotot hepicnicatnight.
b)Iwish…
5a)Thet ape-recordermadeal otofnoi se.Itwas
bad.b)Ifonl y
…
6a)Wecamel at etothedinnerandcoul dn’tfindany
thi
ngt
o
eat.b)Wewi sh…
7a)Sheissor rytodayisnotSunday .b)
Ifonly
…8a)I fonlythatgir
lhadn’
t
fall
enpr egnant.b)itisapity…
9a)Iwi sh my f atherwer e
aliv
eb)Ir egr
et…
10a)Itisapi tyshedi dn’
tli
stent
oher
parentsb)I fonly…
11a)Hehasn’ tl
eftanychildofhis,
iti
s
bad.b)I fonly…
12a)Itisi sapityyouar ej
okingwit
hyourl
i
fe.
b)Iwish…

58
 READI
NGCOMPREHENSI
ON

TEXT:PACKI
NGANDTRANSPORT

Insendinggoodt oanot heraddress,andespeciall

ywhenshi ppi
ngt hem abroad,
packingisanimpor tantconsiderati
on.Thef i
nalpri
ceofgoodsi si nfl
uencedby
carr
iageandf r
eightcharges,andt hesearebasedont hewei ghtorv olumeofthe
consignment.In anycase goods mustar ri
ve att heirdestination i
n good
conditi
on,andinconsiderati
onoft hisfactt
hepackingus
serv
est opr ot
ectt hem againstdamagei ntransi
t.Fort hispur posepacking
material
sshouldbest rongandl i
ght,andsomet i
meswat er
ti
ght .

Consumergoodsshoul
dlookatt
racti
vetocust
omer
sint
heshop,
butt
hisbr
anch
ofpacki
ngisusual
l
yref
erredt
oas“ packagi
ng”
.

Ther
earemanyt y
pesofcontainer
s,andsomemorewhi
char
especi
all
ymade
fort
hear
ti
clest
heycont
ain.(
e.g:l
argemachi
nes)
.

Roadandr ai
lcarr
iagearet hemostf r
equentlyusedf ormsofi nlandt r
anspor t.
Goodsar eusuall
yhandledlesswhenconv eyedbyr oad,astheyar eloadedatt he
fact
oryorwar ehouseandunl oadedonarrivalatthei
rdestinat
ion.Rai lt
ranspor t
bygoodst rainisgeneral
lycheaper,butgoodsof tenhav etober el
oadedf rom
onewagont oanotherandmaybedel ayedforseveraldaysawaitingconnect ions.
Merchandisedispatchedbypassengert r
ainwi l
lbedel i
veredmor equickly,but
thesizeoftheconsignmenti sl
imit
ed.

Thecheapestandol destf
orm oftr
ansport,
byinl
andwaterways(r
iverandcanal)
,
playsanimportantpar ti
nthetransportofheavycar
goes.Itiseconomicalfor
fuelandheavybuildingmater
ialsforinst
ance,i
fthequesti
onoft i
mei snotso
i
mpor tant
.

Airf
reightontheotherhand,i
susedwhenwewi shtosav
eti
me.Al
thoughfast
er,
i
ti s expensi
ve and theref
ore mai
nly wor
thwhi
leformoreval
uable goods,
peri
shablesorart
icl
esthatareli
ghti
nweight
.

Overseasshi
pment saresometimescompl icat
edandsof orwar
dingagent
sar e
general
lyemployedtodealwi t
ht hese.Besidesex por
tandimportfor
malit
ies
andcustomscl ear
ance,sail
i
ngsmustbesel ected,shi
ppi
ngspacebooked,the
goodsinsur
ed,coll
ect
edf r
om consignerandloadedonboard.
 61

WORDSANDEXPRESSI
ONS

Topack:t
ofol
d/t
orol
l
/towr
ap/ort
ocombi
nei
ntobundl
e
Apack:apacki
ngmat
eri
ali
nwhi
chsomet
hingi
spackedt
oconv
eygoods
shi
pment
:conv
eyance/di
spat
ch
Fr
eight
:Goodsorcar
gocar
ri
edbyacommer
cialmeansoft
ranspor
t.Themoney
pai
dfort
het
ranspor
tofgoods
Cust
om cl
ear
ance:actofdecl
ari
nggoodsi
nfr
ontoft
hecust
om agent
Wat
ert
ight
:Socl
oset
hatwat
ercannotpenet
rat
e.

A-QUESTI
ONS
1-Ai
rtr
anspor
tisf
requent
lyusedi
ninl
andt
ranspor
t.Tr
ueorFal
se?
2-Whi
choft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
snoti
nfl
uencet
hef
inal
pri
ceoft
hepr
oduct
?
a-wast
e b-wei
ght c-v
olume d-car
ri
age
3-Gi
veonedi
sadv
ant
ageoft
heuseofpassengert
rai
nsf
ort
hecar
ri
age.
4-Gi
veoneadv
ant
ageoft
heuseofgoodst
rai
nfort
hecar
ri
age.

B-VOCABULARY

B1-Matcht
henumberedwordsandexpressi
onswi
tht
hei
rlet
ter
eddef
ini
ti
ons.
Writ
ethenumberandthel
ett
er.Exampl
e:86-d

1-Consi
gner 2-Consi
gnment 3-Wei
ght 4-Per
ishabl
es

a-Theheav
inessoft
hingsdet
ermi
nedbyt
hei
rmassorquant
it
yofmat
ter
.
b-Foodi
temst
hatar
eli
kel
ytodecay(
rot
)qui
ckl
y.
c-Theper
sonoror
gani
zat
iont
hatsendsgoodst
oanot
her
.d-A quant
it
yor
packageofgoodsdel
i
ver
edort
obedel
i
ver
ed.

B2-Fi
ndinthetextt
heant
ony
msoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
ds.Wr
it
ethenumberand
whatcor
respondstoit
.

1-Consi
gnee
 2-Li
ght(adj
ecti
ve)
3-Moreexpensi
ve
4-Simple
5-Loaded

PARAGRAPHWRI
TING

A/
Howt
owr
it
epar
agr
aphs

 Fi
ndoutappr
opr
iat
est
ruct
uresaccor
dingt
othei
deas

 Foreachi
dea,
takei
ntoaccountt
hev
erbal
str
uct
ures:

-
Thet
enses

-
Linki
ngwor
ds

St
arteachpar
agr
aphwi
tht
hekeysent
encet
haty
ouwi
l
ldev
elopnext
.

B/
Somepi
ecesofadv
ice

Uset
hev
ocabul
aryandt
hest
ruct
urest
haty
oumast
er

 Don’
ttr
ytomakecompl
exsent
encesi
nFr
enchway

 Dev
elopasi
ngl
easpectoft
het
opi
cineachpar
agr
aph

 Writ
edownmanyparagr
aphst
opoi
ntouty
ourdemonst
rat
ioni
n
st
ructur
alandl
ogi
cal
way

Exempl
e:

Howfardoyouconsidert
hederegul
ati
onofEur
ope’
sski
esasbenef
ici
alt
obot
h
t
hecustomersandtheair
li
nes?
VERBAL TENSES CONNECTORS KEYSENTENCES
STRUCTURES

-
leadt
o Condi
ti
onal(
hypot
hesi
s-fi
rstofal
l Forthe
i
nthefutur
e) passengers
-enabl
esomeonet
o -
thanksto deregulat
ion
dosomethi
ng presentsmore
-
asar
esul
t advantagesthan
-
benef
itf
rom di
sadv ant
ages
-
fur
ther
mor
e
-
for
cet
o
-
havi
ngsai
d
-
resul
tin t
his

-
owi
ngt
o

-
thus

Asampl
eofpar
agr
aphwr
it
ing

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

-
Ref
ormul
atet
hequest
iont
oshowt
haty
ouunder
standt
het
opi
c

-
Sit
uat
ethequest
ioni
nit
scont
ext(
hist
ori
cal
,geogr
aphi
cal
,tempor
al….
)

-
Don’
tment
iont
hescheme.I
tisnotadi
sser
tat
ion

-
Beshor
t,conv
inci
ngandper
ti
nent
.

-
Don’
tst
artt
odev
elopy
ourar
gument
sint
hei
ntr
oduct
ion

Exampl
e:

Theli
beral
i
zationofEuropeanairtravelisv
erymuchi nthenewsatt hemoment.
Itwi
llbeenabl eanyai r
li
net ofl
yany whereandt ochar geanypricei
twants.
Curr
entl
yinEur opethemar keti
sstil
lregul
ated,al
thoughthemonopolyofstat
e-
ownedairl
inesisslowlybeingerodedt odi
sappearcompl et
elyi
n1997.1997wil
l
seethei
ntroducti
onoffreecompet i
ti
onbetweenEur opeanair
li
nes.
CONCLUSI
ONWRI
TING

-
Nev
err
epeatwhaty
ouhav
eal
readysai
d

-
Answert
hequest
ionsi
ntheli
ghtofy
ourar
gument
staki
ngaper
sonaldeci
sioni
f
youar
easkedt
oorbeobject
ive

-
Youcanwi denthescopeoft hetoughsconsi
der
ingsomeper
spect
ivesi
nthe
f
orm ofquest
ionsorsuggest
ions.

THESPEECHWRI
TING

Thespeech(orTal
k,orAddressEssay
)isawrit
ingmessagedel
iv
eredonspeci al
occasi
ons.Therei saf ormalspeech (Off
ici
aleventsli
ke inaugurati
ons,
i
ndependance Day
,conferences,
..
.)and an i
nfor
malspeech (bi
rthday part
y,
bapti
sm,.
..
)

Thedi
ff
erentpar
ts.

1.Sal
utat
ionorgr
eet
ings

I
tcanbe:

a) Your Excel
l
ency Mr Presi
dent,y
our Excell
ency Mr Pri
me Mi ni
ster
,
Excel
lenci
esTheMi ni
ster
s,Honourabl
eMPs,Dist
inguishedGuest
s,Ladi
esand
Gentl
emen.

b)Headmast
er,
Dev
otedTeacher
s,Fel
l
ow St
udent
s,Ladi
esandGent
lemen.

c)Di
sti
ngui
shedGuest
s,DearFr
iendsandRel
ati
ves,
Ladi
esandGent
lemen.

2.I
ntr
oduct
ion

I
tCanbe:

a)Ihav
ethehonourofaddr
essi
ngt
henobl
eassembl
ytot
alkabout
..
..

b)Onbehal
fofmyschool
mat
es,
Iwoul
dli
ket
o..
..
 c)Iam honour
edwi
thy
ourpr
esenceatmybi
rt
hdaypar
ty.Ihopet
hat
..
..

3.Body
:Itt
hemai
nspeech.

4.Concl
usi
on:

Ex:
Thanky
ouf
orcomi
ng/
li
steni
ng/
hav
ingpai
dat
tent
ion.

Topi
c:Atyourschoolcultur
alweekOpeni
ng day
,you haveto addresst
he
audi
enceonbehal
fofy ourschool
mat
esaboutthestudent
sacti
vit
iesfort
he
whol
eevent
.Wri
tethespeech.

NB:A t i
tl
e and t
he name oft
he speakerare needed,when t
he speech i
s
present
edinawr i
tt
enfor
m byacandi
date,orwhenitisrepor
tedt
othepubli
cin
newspapers,
.
..

-
62