CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The design used is quantitative-experimental design and will outline the

specific procedures and methods that will be employed during the study. This

includes careful preparation of materials, sample preparation, and the performance

evaluation of laminated twined banana fiber utilized as an eco-geogrid. The study's

implications and significance are discussed, taking into account the broader context of

eco-geogrid research and its practical applications. It aims to gather reliable data,

analyze it rigorously, and draw meaningful conclusions regarding the fibers’ potential

as an eco-geogrid.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted and based on Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental,

within the La Salle University school premises. This allows for controlled and

accurate testing of pavement performance which would be set-up a few meters beside

the SJ Building. A set-up hut would then be utilized; housed are the equipment that

would be used in order to simulate real-world traffic loads and conditions.

Note. Retrieved from Google Maps. (n.d.). [La Salle University - Ozamiz]. Retrieved

July 10, 2023, from

https://goo.gl/maps/y67eNghfuXrvn1kc6https://www.google.com/maps/place/

La+Salle+University/@8.1504059,123.8456219,18.5z/data=!4m6!3m5!

1s0x3255ac59cb4ff0c3:0xc99dda36f62e603f!8m2!3d8.1484033!4d123.8458187!

16zL20vMGZ4bDNw?entry=ttu

2
Research Instrument

Materials Used for Fiber Preparation and Production

3
4
5
6
7
Equipments for Testing

Standard Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysis

and Determination of Soil Constants Equipments

8
9
Moisture Content Determination Standard Test Methods for Laboratory -

Water (Moisture) Content of Soil

10
Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of

Soils Equipment

11
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)

12
13
Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of

Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3 )

Equipments

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15
16
17
Volume of Compaction Mold Equipments

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Time Frame

Time Frame of the Study

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Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers in Misamis Occidental will collect fibers from the "Lacatan

banana," which is a widely cultivated banana variety in the Philippines. In order to

transform these banana fibers into a laminated twined eco geogrid, they need to

undergo a series of treatments and undergo various tests and procedures.

Research Procedure

The research process entails a number of organized steps that a researcher

must take in order to provide knowledge that will be valued by the project and

concentrate on the pertinent topic. You must comprehend and adhere to the steps of

the research process in order to do efficient research. Below are the procedures for the

study:

Banana Fiber

22
Harvesting of Banana Stem

1.Getting the pseudostem of the banana.

2. Washing the pseudostem with clean water.

3. Removing the rotten parts of the banana pseudostem.

4. Preparing for decortication.

Banana Fiber Decortication

Fibers will be extracted from banana stems. The following processes will be carried

out in order to get the fiber ready for use.

1. Remove one by one of the banana leaf sheaths to its body.

` 2. Prepare the banana leaf sheaths to be decorticate

3. Decorticate the banana leaf sheaths using the decorticating machine to

acquire banana fiber.

4. After acquiring the banana fiber hang it for sun dry.

5. After sun drying the fiber is now ready to be treated.

Banana Fiber Treatment

1. Prepare the drum by cleaning it with clean water and soap until it will be

completely clean and odorless.

2. Get the volume of the drum to be used in treatment.

23
3. Identify the amount of NaOH that will be used for treatment from the

identified drum.

4. Prepare the banana fiber by combing it using the hair comb to remove

uncertain fibers and undesired components.

5. Prepare 500 grams of selected banana fiber, 250 grams for 3 hours

treatment and 250 grams for 5 hours treatment.

6. Fold the banana fiber and put it in a net to still absorb the chemical

substance and tie it properly for the banana fiber not to separate and prepare to

soak.

7. Mix the desired amount of NaOH to the clean water inside the drum.

8. Soak the selected banana fibers and set the time for 3 hours and for 5 hours

accordingly.

9. Prepare 3 drums full of clean water for rinsing.

10. After the set time, pick up the soak banana fiber and rinse it one time each

drum to the prepared drum.

11. After rinsing check the PH level of the last drum used for rinsing.

12. Hang the fiber for a minimum of 24 hours with the net and let the excess

chemicals drop.

13. Remove the fiber from the net and rinse again with water so that the fiber

can be easily separated accordingly.

14. Manually separate the fiber into small strands and hang it for sundry.

24
Banana Fiber Density Determination

1. Prepare the 3 small jar by cleaning it with clean water

2. After cleaning with water wipe it with clean dry cloth

3. Clean the jar again using distilled water

4. Wipe again with clean dry cloth until water is gone

5. Weigh the Jar alone

6. Determine the weight of jar with water

7. Prepare 10 grams of fiber for each 0 hours (untreated), 3 hours (treated) and

5 hours (treated)

8. Put the fiber inside the jar and fill it with water. Put a water level to the peak

of the jar.

9. Weigh the jar with water and fiber

10. Soak the fiber for 3 hours for observation of changes

11. Solve for Specific gravity (SG) by just dividing the fiber weight to the sum

of jar with water deducted to jar with water and fiber plus the fiber weight.

12. Solve for density by multiplying the specific gravity to 1 gram per

centimeter

25
 13. Take the average density of 5 samples for 5 hours treated.

Making of Geogrid Molder

1. Make an acetate sheet and cut it into a 14-inch-long, 1-inch-wide, and 1-

inch-thick rectangle shape. Place a steel bar with a 5 mm diameter in the

middle of the rectangular acetate sheet's length.

2. A 200 grams of silicon and 5 cc of silicone hardener should be prepared in a

cup. Mix the silicon and hardener continuously for no more than 10 minutes.

Once combined, pour the liquid into the rectangular acetate form, and let it sit

for at least 24 hours to thoroughly harden]

3. Cut the form silicone half along the steel bar and remove the steel bar for a

twine fiber sample to be inserted together with epoxy and hardener.

Twining Process of Banana Fibers

In this process the researcher uses 2 ply of banana fiber for twining.

1. Prepare two ply of desired amount of banana fiber to be twine.

2. Tie the edge of the selected banana fiber to each other.

3. Tie the other edge of each ply into the hook pin.

4. Slowly rotate the wheel counterclockwise to tighten each ply.

26
 5. Twist the edge slowly where they are tied and rotate the wheel if the ply is

not tight enough.

6. Repeat the process until the fiber is completely twined.

Lamination of Twined Banana Fiber for eco-geogrid.

1. Cut the twined banana fiber at the desired length of 13 inches.

2. Weigh the twined banana fiber using digital balance to check if it was inside

the range of the target weight for the fiber weight ratio.

3. Solve for the selected ratio of epoxy resin and hardener based on the twined

banana fiber weight.

4. Weigh the solve epoxy resin and hardener using the digital balance.

5. Slowly mix the epoxy resin and hardener in one direction at constant speed

for 10 minutes.

6. Rest the mixed epoxy resin and hardener for 10 minutes.

7. Insert the fiber into the molder.

8. Using a syringe sip the mixed epoxy resin and hardener from the cup and

fully coat the fiber inside the molder.

9. Close the molder using a rubber band and set it for 24 hours for 3.5:1, 4:1

epoxy ratio and more than 24 hours for 4.5:1 epoxy ratio mixture.

10. After the desired time is reached , prepare the laminated twined fiber for

oven drying.

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 11. Put the laminated twined fiber inside the oven and set the temperature into

100 degrees celsius.

12. Let the sample oven for 1 hour and 30 minutes, 30 minutes for heat up and

1 hour for oven drying.

13. After reaching the allotted time, get the laminated twined fiber from the

oven and rest it until it's warm enough to remove the laminated twined fiber

from the molder..

14. Check the laminated twined banana fiber if it was fully coated and if it's

not apply a second coat until fully coated.

Fabrication of Laminated Twined Eco-Geogrid

1. Following the oven-curing process of the laminated twined fiber, the

researchers will proceed to create a biaxial design for the geogrid.

Mechanical Property Testing of the Eco-Geogrid

1. Once the researchers have completed the construction of the eco-geogrid

with dimensions suitable for the test box, the geogrid will undergo testing

using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to determine its tensile strength.

Checking of error in terms of Percentage for Fiber Weight Ratio

1. Weigh the Fully coat laminated banana fiber

2. Divide the initial fiber weight to the final weight of the fiber that is

laminated and multiply into 100 to identify the percent error.

3. When error reaches 7% or more consider the sample as rejected.

28
Formation of Biaxial Geogrid

After completing the oven-curing process for the laminated twined fibers, the

researchers will move forward with the development of a biaxial design for the

geogrid.

Procedure:

1. Create a laminated fiber length of 2 meters for the geogrid width and 4 meters

for its length for the actual roadway application. Also, fabricate for the lab-

scale dimensions specified on the Standard Test for the Single Ribbed and

Multiple Ribbed Geogrid Test.

2. From the lengths created form a rectangular figure and determine the number

of horizontal and vertical fibers that would produce apertures 1.0 in and 1.5 in.

3. Secure the junctions with an unlaminated fiber and prepare the test geogrids

for testing.

Unpaved Roadway Construction and Biaxial Geogrid Installation for Testing

Soil Subgrade Preparation

1. Thoroughly combine the original soil found at the site with an abundant

amount of water until it reaches a slushy consistency, achieving a depth of 200

mm.

2. Allow the prepared bed to remain undisturbed for a minimum period of 24

hours to facilitate the attainment of a consistent and uniform texture by the

soil.

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 3. After completing the preparation of the bed, obtain undisturbed tube samples

from three distinct sections of the soft bed to assess the water content and unit

weight distribution.

4. In all ongoing experiments, it is important to maintain a water content of 30%

and a unit weight of 17 kN/m³. However, it may be necessary to perform 2-3

rounds of mixing in order to achieve consistent values for both parameters

across all the tests.

Geogrid Placement

1. Position the geogrid layer on top of the subgrade.

2. Orient the geogrid longitudinally in alignment with the road's length.

Base Course Aggregate Placement

1. In unreinforced tests, lay the aggregate over the prepared bed. However, in

reinforced tests, position the geogrid layer on top of the leveled soil subgrade,

and then place the aggregate over the geogrid layer.

2. Partition the total quantity of material required to achieve the desired unit

weight of 13.05 kN/m³ for a thickness of 200 mm into three equal portions.

Proceed to compact each portion using a hand roller, ensuring proper

consolidation. Additionally, level the compacted material to attain a uniform

surface.

Surface Layer Construction

1. Blend the dry soil found in its natural state with 10% water.

2. Position it atop the aggregate layer to establish a riding surface that is both

smooth and comfortable.

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 3. Maintain a consistent layer thickness of 100 mm.

4. Achieve a level surface by utilizing a 5 kg drop hammer for compaction

purposes.

5. Release the hammer from a height of 450 mm onto a square base plate with

dimensions of 150 mm x 150 mm.

Rut Depth Arrangement for Measuring

1. Conduct measurements of rut depth at 11 grid points evenly distributed across

the width of the road.

2. Perform these measurements at three evenly spaced sections along the length

of the road.

Procedures for Field Testing

1. Utilize a vehicle with a combined mass, including a person weighing 65 kg, to

traverse along the centerline of the completed roadbed.

2. Ensure that the speed of the vehicle remains within the range of 18 to 20

km/hr. The vehicle should be driven in one direction only, continuously, along

the roadbed.

3. Measure the rut depths at each grid point after every 20 passes, and repeat this

process until a total of 100 passes have been completed. However, if the

vehicle begins to skid at any point during the test, halt the test immediately

and document the number of passes completed and the corresponding rut

depths at that specific stage.

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Procedures for Soil Preparation for Test Roadway

1. Soil Sample Collection - ASTM Designation: D 421

Collection of samples would be conducted at La Salle University premises

specifically at SJ Building grounds as the project site in order to gather representative

soil samples. To appropriately represent the soil conditions, making sure the samples

are collected at the proper depths and places as to the ASTM standards given below:

● ASTM D 421 covers the dry processing of field-collected soil samples

for particle-size analysis and soil constant determination.

● ASTM D 2217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for

Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants

When it is intended to ascertain test values on air-dried samples or when it is

recognized that air drying has no impact on test results relative to samples prepared in

accordance with Practice D 2217, this practice can be used to prepare samples for

particle-size and plasticity testing.

Sampling

1. Expose the field-collected soil sample to the air until completely dry at

room temperature.

2. With a pestle wrapped in rubber, thoroughly crush the aggregates in

the mortar.

3. Choose a sample that is typical of the quantity needed to run the

required tests using the quartering approach or the use of a sampler.

32
 The quantity of materials needed for performance. The particular tests

are listed below:

Particle-Size Analysis - Material passing a No. 10 (2.00 mm)

screen in amounts equal to 115 g of sandy soils and 65 g of either silt

or clay soils is needed for the particle-size analysis.

Tests for Soil Constants - Material passing the No. 40 (425-

mm) sieve is required in amounts totaling 220 g, distributed as follows:

Preparation of Test Sample

1. Choose the area of the air-dried sample that is best for recording the

mass as the total test mass and the aim of the test sample without

hygroscopic moisture correction.

2. Use a No. 10 (2.00 mm) sieve to separate the test sample.

3. When the aggregates of soil particles are broken up into the

individual grains, grind the fraction that was kept on the No. 10 sieve

in a mortar using a pestle that is covered in rubber.

4. Then, using a No. 10 sieve, divide the ground dirt into two portions.

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 5. After the second sieving, the fraction that was left over must be

thoroughly cleaned to remove any fine debris. This weight should be

noted as the mass of coarse stuff. After washing and drying the coarse

material, sift it using a No. 4 (4.75 mm) screen and note the mass that

was retained on the No. 4 sieve.

Test Sample for Particle-Size Analysis

Mix the fractions that pass through the No. 10 (2.00 mm) sieve in both sieving

operations thoroughly, and then choose a sample by quartering it or using a sampler

that weighs about 115 g for sandy soils and about 65 g for silt and clay soil for

particle-size analysis.

Test Sample for Soil Constants

1. Use a No. 40 (425-mm) sieve to divide the residual fraction of

the material that passed through a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve into

two pieces.

2. Scrap the portion that was left on the No. 40 sieve. Use the

portion that passes through a No. 40 sieve for the determination

of the soil constants.

2. Moisture Content Determination - ASTM Designation: D2216 − 19

Utilizing common scientific methods, such as the oven-drying method,

determine the moisture content of the soil samples. This stage is essential for

determining the soil's water content and how it affects the functionality of

geosynthetics.

34
 A damp test specimen's mass is calculated. After that, the specimen is dried in

an oven at 110°65°C until a consistent mass is reached. Drying causes a loss of bulk

that is regarded as water. The mass of water divided by the mass of the dry specimen,

reported as a percentage, is used to determine the water content.

The water content in various materials is one of the most important

characteristics that were used to build a correlation between soil characteristics and its

index.

Practice D4220 Section 8 Groups B, C, or D soils must be followed for

transporting and preserving soil samples. According to Practice D5079 section

7.5.2.1, Special Care Rock, rock samples must be transported and preserved. The

samples that are kept in storage before testing should be kept in non-corrodible, sealed

containers between 3 and 30 °C, out of direct sunlight. Samples that have been

disturbed must be stored in jars or other containers to prevent moisture condensation

on the interior.

As quickly as possible, the water content should be determined. after sampling

as possible, especially if it might be corrosive. Plastic sample bags or containers (such

thin-walled steel tubes, paint cans, etc.) are employed.

Test Specimen

For determining water concentrations in conjunction with The specimen mass

requirement was provided for another ASTM technique if one is offered, it must be

applied in that fashion. Unless minimum In that procedure, the values are presented

after the specimen mass. 1.10.2 and Table 1 shall be applicable.

35
Note. Retrieved from ASTM D2216-19 - Standard test methods for laboratory

determination of water (moisture) content of soil and rock by mass. (n.d.).

https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/astm/astmd221619#:~:text=ASTM

%20D2216%2D19%20%2D%20Standard%20Test,Soil%20and%20Rock%20by

%20Mass

Test Specimen Selection

When a sample used for testing is a small percentage of a greater quantity, the

specimen must be chosen to be representative of the substance. of the sample's overall

water quality. The way in which the test subject is chosen depends on the objective a

test's applicability, the kind of substance being tested, water quality, sample type (bag,

sample from another test), and such as block).

Procedure

1. Calculate and note the dry and clean mass. If applicable, the lid of the

specimen container and its identifying number.

2. Select the representative test specimens in line with the statement

above regarding the representative of big quantities.

3. The container with the moist test specimen and, if set the lid firmly in

place before use. Identify the object's mass putting a balance on a

container and moist specimen (see table) the value should be recorded

36
 based on either the mass of the specimen or the desired level of

significant digits.

4. After removing the lid, if present, transfer the container containing the

moist specimen into the drying oven. Proceed with drying the

specimen until it reaches a state of constant mass. Unless there are

specific instructions stating otherwise, it is advisable to keep the drying

oven temperature at 110 ± 5°C. It is important to note that the duration

necessary to achieve a constant mass will differ based on variables

such as the material type, specimen size, oven model and capacity, as

well as other factors. Generally, the influence of these factors can be

determined through the application of sound judgment and experience

gained from working with the materials under investigation and the

apparatus utilized.

5. Once the specimen has achieved a constant mass through the drying

process, retrieve the container from the oven. If a lid was utilized,

replace it, or alternatively, transfer the specimen to a desiccator. Allow

both the specimen and container to cool down to room temperature or

until they can be handled comfortably without affecting the balance's

accuracy due to convection currents or heat transmission. Utilize the

same type and capacity balance used before to determine the combined

mass of the container and oven-dried specimen. Make sure to record

this value accurately. In situations where there is a possibility of the

specimen absorbing moisture from the surrounding air prior to

determining its dry mass, it is recommended to employ tightly fitting

lids, even after the specimen has been cooled within a desiccator. The

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 decision of whether to use a lid after cooling in a desiccator should be

made based on good judgment and prior experience with testing

specific soil types. Specimens that have been allowed to cool with a lid

in place must be weighed with the lid intact.

Calculation

Calculation of the water content of the material.

Report: Test Data Sheet

1. The process of documenting data on the test data sheet(s)/form(s) is

outlined in Practice D6026. However, it is important to note that these

requirements do not take into account factors such as in situ material

variability, the intended use of the data, specialized studies, or the

specific objectives of the user. As a result, it is customary to adjust the

number of significant digits reported in the data, either increasing or

decreasing them based on these considerations. It should be understood

that the standard does not address the determination of significant

digits used in the analysis method for engineering design, as this falls

outside the scope of the standard.

2. For Method A, the water content of the specimen should be recorded to

the nearest 1% based on the minimum mass of the specimen. Similarly,

for Method B, the water content should be reported to the nearest 0.1%

as determined by the appropriate minimum mass of the specimen. If

this method is being employed alongside another method, the water

content of the specimen should be reported according to the specific

38
 requirements of the test method for which the water content is being

determined.

3. When utilizing this test method to calculate other relationships such as

unit weight or density, it is advisable to consult Practice D6026 for

guidance on significant digits. For example, if the objective is to

express the dry unit weight, as determined by D7263, to the nearest 0.1

lbf/ft³ (0.02 kN/m³), it may be necessary to employ a balance with

higher readability or increase the mass of the specimen to ensure the

required level of significant digits for the water mass determination.

This is crucial for accurately determining the water content with the

necessary precision. Furthermore, when performing calculations that

involve phase relationships necessitating four significant digits, it

might be essential to augment the significant digits as outlined in

Practice D6026.

4. When presenting water content data in tables, figures, and other forms

of documentation, it is imperative to make a note of any data that does

not satisfy the requirements specified in this test method. This includes

instances where the data fails to meet the prescribed criteria for mass,

balance, temperature, or when a portion of the material has been

excluded from the test specimen.

5. The absence of presented precision test data is attributed to the

characteristics of the soil or rock materials examined through this test

method. Currently, it is not feasible or financially viable to conduct a

round-robin testing program involving ten or more laboratories.

Consequently, any observed variations in the data are equally likely to

39
 result from specimen variability as they are from variations stemming

from the operator or laboratory testing procedures.

3. Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of

Soils - ASTM Designation: D 4318 – 00

These test methods play a crucial role in various engineering classification

systems used to assess the fine-grained components of soils (as outlined in Practices

D2487 and D3282). They are also employed to define the fine-grained fraction of

construction materials according to Specification D1241. Furthermore, the liquid

limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils find extensive use, either individually

or in combination with other soil properties, to establish correlations with engineering

behaviors including compressibility, hydraulic conductivity (permeability),

compactibility, shrink-swell characteristics, and shear strength.

Sampling and Specimen

The selection of sampling locations for the experiment should be based on

fulfilling the specific testing requirements. It is recommended to consult Practices

C702, D75, and D420 as references for guidance on selecting and preserving samples

from different types of sampling operations. For samples intended for specimen

preparation using the wet-preparation method (10.1), it is crucial to maintain the

samples at their original water content as sampled before any preparation takes place.

In cases where the natural stratification of a sample has been preserved

through sampling operations, it is vital to maintain the separation of the different

strata. Tests should be conducted specifically on the targeted stratum of interest,

40
minimizing contamination from other strata as much as possible. When multiple

materials will be combined for construction purposes, it is necessary to mix the

various components in proportions that accurately represent the intended construction

scenario. This ensures that the resulting sample closely resembles the actual

conditions encountered in the construction project.

Preparation of Test Specimen

1. To dry the specimen obtained from section 8.2, either leave it at

room temperature or place it in an oven set at a maximum

temperature of 60°C. Continue the drying process until the soil

clods can be easily pulverized. It is important to note that the

disaggregation process is facilitated if the material is not

allowed to fully dry. However, once pulverized, the material

should have a dry appearance.

2. Utilize a mortar and a pestle with a rubber tip, or an alternative

method that ensures individual particle integrity is maintained,

to pulverize the material. It is crucial to avoid the breakdown of

individual particles during this process. If the coarse particles

encountered during pulverization consist of concretions, shells,

or other delicate materials, refrain from crushing these particles

in an attempt to make them pass through a 425-µm (No. 40)

sieve. Instead, remove them manually or by employing a

suitable means such as washing.

41
 3. Perform the separation of the material using a 425-µm (No. 40)

sieve. To ensure a comprehensive separation of the finer

fraction, manually shake the sieve with your hand.

4. Transfer the material that is retained on the 425-µm sieve back

to the pulverizing apparatus, and repeat the process of

pulverization and sieving. Continue this procedure until a point

is reached where the majority of the fine material has been

disaggregated, and the material that remains on the 425-µm

sieve comprises individual particles. At this stage, the

procedure can be halted.

5. Transfer the material that remains on the 425-µm (No. 40)

sieve following the final pulverizing steps to a dish. Proceed by

adding a small quantity of water to this material and stirring the

mixture thoroughly. Next, transfer this mixture onto a 425-µm

sieve, allowing the water and any suspended fines to collect in

the washing pan below. Carefully pour this suspension into a

dish containing the dry soil that was previously sieved through

the 425-µm sieve. Finally, discard the material that is retained

on the 425-µm sieve, as it is no longer needed for further

experimentation.

Procedure

1. Thoroughly homogenize the soil specimen within its designated

mixing cup. If needed, make any necessary adjustments to the

42
 water content of the specimen until its consistency is such that

it necessitates approximately 25 to 35 blows of the liquid limit

device to close the groove.

2. Utilizing a spatula, carefully transfer a portion or multiple

portions of the prepared soil into the cup of the liquid limit

device, ensuring that the soil is placed at the point where the

cup rests on the base. Firmly press down on the soil,

compacting it, and then spread it within the cup until it forms a

layer with a depth of approximately 10 mm at its deepest point.

The surface of the soil should be tapered to create an

approximately horizontal plane.

3. Ensure that any air bubbles are carefully removed from the soil

pat, taking care to minimize the number of strokes required to

shape the pat. Store the remaining unused soil in the designated

mixing/storage dish. To preserve the moisture content of the

soil, cover the dish with a wet towel or employ other suitable

methods to prevent moisture loss.

4. To be con

4. Specific Gravity- ASTM Designation C127

The objective of this test is to determine the specific gravity of soil particles

with diameters smaller than the opening of the No. 4 sieve (4.75mm) using a

pycnometer. Specific gravity refers to the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of soil at

a specified temperature to the mass of an equivalent volume of gas-free distilled water

at a specified temperature.

43
Procedures

1. Determine and record the weight of the empty pycnometer under clean and dry

conditions.

2. In accordance with the experimental procedure, proceed to fill the pycnometer

with distilled water until it reaches the specified mark. Ensure the outer

surface of the pycnometer is wiped clean and dry using a clean cloth. Proceed

to measure the combined weight of the pycnometer and the contained distilled

water. Additionally, record the initial temperature as part of the data collection

process.

3. Select an appropriate soil sample that is representative of the study area.

Thoroughly mix the soil sample with distilled water to achieve a paste-like

consistency. Aim to obtain a sample size of approximately 100g for further

analysis.

4. With caution, transfer the prepared soil paste into the pycnometer, taking care

to avoid any loss or spillage of the material.

5. Gradually add distilled water to the pycnometer until it reaches a level that

fills three-fourths of its total capacity.

6. To remove any trapped air within the pycnometer, two methods can be

employed: Apply heat to the pycnometer for approximately 10 minutes.

Alternatively, subject the soil paste to a vacuum. In the case of vacuum

application, if the soil sample starts boiling, reduce the rate of vacuum

application to prevent excessive boiling. If the pycnometer is heated, allow it

to cool down to room temperature after the process is complete.

7. Pour distilled water into the pycnometer that already contains the soil sample.

Ensure that the pycnometer is filled with an adequate amount of water.

44
 Proceed to clean the exterior surface of the pycnometer using a clean cloth to

remove any dirt or debris.

8. Accurately measure and document the mass of the pycnometer and its

contents, ensuring precision to 0.01g. It is important to verify that the

temperature falls within the predetermined range established during

pycnometer calibration.

9. Take the temperature of the solution contained within the pycnometer and

record it as a whole-degree value.

10. Carefully transfer the contents of the pycnometer into an evaporating dish.

Subsequently, position the evaporating dish in a drying oven to facilitate the

determination of the mass of the solids once they have reached a dry state.

11. Specific Gravity Calculation (refer to Appendix).

5. Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil

Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3 ) - ASTM Designation D

1557

In the compaction testing process, a soil sample with a specific water content

is carefully placed in a mold with predetermined dimensions. The soil is compacted in

five layers using either 25 or 56 blows from a 10-lbf (44.5-N) rammer dropped from a

height of 18 inches (457 mm). This compaction effort results in a total compactive

effort of approximately 56,000 ft-lbf/ft³ (2700 kN-m/m³). After compacting each

layer, the dry unit weight of the soil is measured. This process is repeated for various

water contents to establish a relationship between the dry unit weight and water

content. By plotting this data, a compaction curve can be obtained, representing the

45
curvilinear relationship between dry unit weight and water content for the soil. From

the compaction curve, the values for the optimum water content and modified

maximum dry unit weight can be determined. These values are essential in

understanding the soil's compaction characteristics and optimizing its engineering

properties.

Test Sample

The recommended sample mass for Methods A and B is around 35 pounds (16

kilograms), while for Method C, it is approximately 65 pounds (29 kilograms) of dry

soil. Therefore, the field sample should have a moist mass of at least 50 pounds (23

kilograms) and 100 pounds (45 kilograms) respectively, to ensure sufficient quantity

for testing.

To determine the percentage of material (by mass) retained on the appropriate

sieve (No. 4, 3/8-inch, or 3/4-inch) based on the selected method (A, B, or C), a

representative portion of the total sample needs to be separated. The percentages

passing the sieves of interest can be determined using Test Methods D 422 or C 136.

It is necessary to calculate the percentages only for the sieve or sieves for which the

desired information is needed.

Preparation of Apparatus

1. Choose the appropriate compaction mold based on the selected Method

(A, B, or C). Determine and record the mass of the mold, ensuring

accuracy to the nearest gram. Assemble the mold, base, and extension

46
 collar. Verify the alignment of the inner wall of the mold and the mold

extension collar, making any necessary adjustments if required.

2. Inspect the rammer assembly to ensure it is in optimal working

condition, with no loose or worn parts. If any issues are identified,

perform necessary adjustments or repairs. In case adjustments or

repairs are carried out, it is essential to recalibrate the rammer before

proceeding with further testing.

Procedure

Soils - Do not reuse soil that has been previously compacted in the laboratory.

1. In the case of soils containing hydrated halloysite or when previous

experience suggests that air drying may affect the results, it is

recommended to employ the moist preparation method while

conducting this test.

2. In order to proceed with the testing, the soil specimens need to be

prepared accordingly.

3. The preferred method for preparing the soil specimens is the moist

preparation method. The sample should be processed without any prior

drying by sieving it through the appropriate sieve size (No. 4, 3/8-inch,

or 3/4-inch) based on the selected Method (A, B, or C). Subsequently,

determine the water content of the processed soil.

4. Generate a minimum of four (ideally five) specimens with varying

water contents that encompass the estimated optimum water content.

Begin by creating a specimen with a water content close to the

optimum level through iterative water additions and mixing.

47
5. Choose water contents for the remaining specimens to ensure a

minimum of two specimens are wet of optimum and two specimens are

dry of optimum. The water contents should vary by approximately 2%.

Including at least two water contents on both the wet and dry sides of

optimum is essential for accurately defining the compaction curve of

the dry unit weight. For soils with exceptionally high optimum water

content or a relatively flat compaction curve, larger water content

increments may be necessary to achieve a distinct maximum dry unit

weight. However, it is recommended that water content increments

should not exceed 4% to maintain accuracy and consistency in the

testing process.

6. For each specimen to be compacted using Method A or B, utilize

approximately 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) of the sieved soil. When

employing Method C, use 13 pounds (5.9 kilograms) of soil. To

achieve the desired water contents as specified in section 10.2.1, adjust

the moisture levels by adding or removing water in the following

manner: To add water, spray it into the soil during the mixing process.

To remove water, allow the soil to dry naturally at ambient temperature

or use a drying apparatus, ensuring that the sample temperature does

not exceed 140°F (60°C).

7. During the drying process, it is crucial to mix the soil regularly to

ensure a uniform distribution of water content. Thoroughly mix each

specimen to achieve an even dispersion of water throughout.

Subsequently, transfer the mixed specimen into a separate container

and cover it. The specimen should then be left to stand for a specific

48
 duration, which can be determined by classifying the soil according to

Test Method D 2487, Practice D 2488, or by referring to data obtained

from other samples of the same material source. When conducting

referee testing, classification must be performed according to Test

Method D 2487.

8. The dry preparation method is employed for the experiment.

9. If the sample contains excess moisture and is not easily crumbled,

reduce the water content by allowing the sample to air dry until it

reaches a crumbly state. The drying process can be done in ambient air

or using a drying apparatus, ensuring that the sample temperature does

not exceed 140°F (60°C). Carefully break apart any clumps of soil

without causing damage to individual particles. Pass the material

through the appropriate sieve size: No. 4 (4.75 mm), 3/8 in. (9.5 mm),

or 3/4 in. (19.0 mm). In the case of preparing material for compaction

in the 6-inch mold by passing it through the 3/4-inch sieve, ensure that

the aggregations are sufficiently broken down to at least pass through

the 3/8-inch sieve. This step facilitates the even distribution of water

throughout the soil during subsequent mixing.

Compaction

Following the required curing period, if applicable, each specimen should undergo

compaction using the following procedure:

1. Measure and document the mass of the mold or mold and base

plate.

49
2. Join and firmly attach the mold and collar to the base plate.

Ensure that the mold is positioned on a stable and even rigid

foundation, such as a concrete cylinder or cube weighing no

less than 200 pounds (91 kilograms).

3. Fasten the base plate securely to the rigid foundation. The

chosen method of attachment should enable convenient

removal of the assembled mold, collar, and base plate once the

compaction process is finished.

4. Compact the specimen in five uniform layers, ensuring that

each layer has approximately the same thickness.

5. Before initiating the compaction process, introduce the loose

soil into the mold and distribute it evenly to form a layer with

consistent thickness.

6. Gently compact the soil by lightly tamping it until it is no

longer loose or fluffy. This can be done using either a manual

compaction rammer or a 2-inch (50.8-mm) diameter cylinder.

7. After compacting each of the first four layers, any soil that

remains uncompact or protrudes above the compacted surface

adjacent to the mold walls should be carefully trimmed. The

trimmed soil can be added to the next layer along with

additional soil. A knife or a suitable tool can be used for

trimming. The total amount of soil used should be such that the

fifth compacted layer slightly exceeds the height of the mold

collar but does not surpass 1/4 inch (6 mm) above the top of the

mold. If the fifth layer extends more than 1/4 inch (6 mm)

50
 above the top of the mold, the specimen should be discarded.

Similarly, if the last blow of the rammer for the fifth layer

causes the bottom of the rammer to go below the top of the

compaction mold, the specimen should also be discarded.

8. Each layer should be compacted by delivering 25 blows for the

4-inch (101.6 mm) mold or 56 blows for the 6-inch (152.4 mm)

mold.

9. When using the manual rammer, ensure that the guide sleeve

remains stable and does not lift during the upstroke. Keep the

guide sleeve within 5° of vertical. Apply the blows at a

consistent rate of around 25 blows per minute, ensuring that the

blows cover the specimen surface uniformly and completely.

10. After compacting the final layer, remove the collar and base

plate from the mold. To facilitate the removal without

disturbing the soil below the top of the mold, use a knife to

loosen the soil adjacent to the collar before removing it.

11. Using a straightedge, carefully trim the compacted specimen to

create a flat surface that is even with the top and bottom of the

mold. Scrape the straightedge across the top and bottom of the

mold to achieve a plane surface.

12. Perform an initial trimming of the specimen above the top of

the mold using a knife. This step helps to prevent the tearing

out of soil below the top of the mold during further procedures.

13. Fill any voids or depressions on either surface of the specimen

with soil that is either unused or trimmed from the specimen.

51
 Use your fingers to press the soil firmly into the holes. Then,

scrape the straightedge across the top and bottom of the mold to

ensure a smooth and even surface.

14. Repeat the aforementioned steps on the bottom surface of the

specimen if the mold volume was determined without the base

plate. In cases where the soil is very wet or dry, removing the

base plate can result in the loss of soil or water. Therefore, it is

advisable to leave the base plate attached to the mold in such

situations. When the base plate is kept attached, the mold

volume should be calibrated with the base plate in place, rather

than using a plastic or glass plate.

15. Determine the mass of the specimen and mold, and record it to

the nearest gram. If the base plate is kept attached, also

determine and record the mass of the specimen, mold, and base

plate to the nearest gram.

16. Extract the material from the mold and collect a sample for

water content determination. There are two methods to obtain

the sample: either use the entire specimen (preferred method)

or take a representative portion. If the entire specimen is used,

break it up into smaller pieces to aid in the drying process.

Alternatively, if a portion is taken, slice the compacted

specimen along the center axis and remove approximately 500

g of material from the cut surfaces. Determine the water

content of the sample following the procedures outlined in Test

Method D 2216.

52
 17. After compacting the final specimen, compare the wet unit

weights to verify if the desired data pattern, encompassing both

sides of the optimum water content, has been achieved for

constructing the dry unit weight compaction curve.

18. Analyzing the plotted data of wet unit weight and water content

for each compacted specimen can assist in evaluating if the

desired pattern has been achieved. If the desired pattern is not

observed, it will be necessary to prepare additional compacted

specimens. Typically, including one water content value that is

wetter than the water content corresponding to the maximum

wet unit weight will suffice to ensure data on the wet side of

the optimum water content for the maximum dry unit weight.

Calculation

1. Calculate the dry unit weight and water content of each

compacted specimen.

2. Plot the values and draw the compaction curve as a smooth

curve through the points.

3. Graph the recorded values and draw a smooth curve that

represents the compaction curve, connecting the points.

4. Graph the dry unit weight to the nearest 0.1 lbf/ft3 (0.2 kN/m3)

and water content to the nearest 0.1%. Analyze the compaction

curve to determine the optimum water content and maximum

dry unit weight. If more than 5% of oversize material was

removed from the sample, calculate the corrected optimum

53
 water content and corrected maximum dry unit weight of the

total material using Practice D 4718. This correction can be

applied to the appropriate field in place density test specimen

rather than the laboratory test specimen.

Note. Retrieved from Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction

Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3 )) p. 7

5. Plot the curve for 100% saturation. Calculate the corresponding

values of water content for the condition of 100% saturation as

explained.

Note: The 100% saturation curve is useful for constructing the

compaction curve. In soils with a fines content exceeding

54
 approximately 10% and water contents significantly higher

than optimum, the compaction curve and the 100% saturation

curve tend to align closely, particularly in the wet region of the

compaction curve between 92% and 95% saturation.

Theoretically, the compaction curve should not extend beyond

the 100% saturation curve. If it does, it indicates potential

errors in specific gravity determination, measurements,

calculations, testing procedures, or plotting.

Note: The 100% saturation curve is also known as the zero air

voids curve or the complete saturation curve.

6. Water content, denoted as "w," shall be calculated following

the procedures outlined in Test Method D 2216.

7. Dry unit weights shall be determined by calculating the moist

density using Equation 1, followed by calculating the dry

density using Equation 2, and finally obtaining the dry unit

weight.

Report

The following information shall be included in the report:

● Method utilized (A, B, or C).

● The report shall include the identification of the preparation method

employed, whether it is the moist preparation method or the dry

preparation method.

55
● The report should include the as-received water content, if it has been

determined.

● The modified optimum water content should be reported to the nearest

0.5%.

● The modified maximum (optimum) dry unit weight should be reported

to the nearest 0.5 lbf/ft3.

● The description of the rammer, whether manual or mechanical, should

be provided. Additionally, if soil sieve data was utilized for

determining the appropriate Method (A, B, or C), it should be included

in the report.

● The report should include a description of the material used in the test.

This can be done by following the guidelines provided in Practice D

2488. Alternatively, the material can be classified using Test Method D

2487.

● The specific gravity of the material should be determined and the

method of determination should be specified. Additionally, the origin

of the material used in the test should be provided, including details

such as the project, location, and depth from where the material was

obtained.

● Include a plot of the compaction curve indicating the specific

compaction points utilized to establish the curve. Additionally, include

the 100% saturation curve on the plot along with the point representing

the maximum dry unit weight and the corresponding optimum water

content.

56
 ● Provide the oversize correction data, if applicable, which includes the

percentage of oversize fraction (coarse fraction), denoted as Pc.

Precision and Bias

The collected data is being analyzed to assess the precision of this test method.

Furthermore, relevant data is being requested from users of the test method.

Due to the absence of an alternative method for determining the values of

modified maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content, it is not feasible to

gather information on bias.

Volume of Compaction Mold

This annex outlines the procedure for calculating the volume of a compaction mold.

Procedure

Water-Filling Method:

1. Apply a thin layer of grease to the bottom of the compaction mold and

position it on one of the plastic or glass plates.

2. Apply a light coat of grease to the top of the mold, taking care to avoid getting

grease on the inner surface of the mold. If the base plate needs to be used, as

indicated, place the greased mold onto the base plate and secure it with the

locking studs.

3. Measure and record the mass of the greased mold along with both plastic or

glass plates, rounding to the nearest 0.01 lbm (1 g). If the base plate is being

57
 used instead of the bottom plastic or glass plate, measure and record the mass

of the mold, base plate, and a single plastic or glass plate to be placed on top

of the mold, also rounding to the nearest 0.01 lbm (1 g).

4. Position the mold and bottom plate on a stable and even surface. Fill the mold

with water, ensuring it slightly exceeds the rim of the mold.

5. Carefully place the second plate onto the top surface of the mold, ensuring that

the mold remains completely filled with water and no air bubbles are trapped.

Adjust the water level as needed using a bulb syringe.

6. Thoroughly remove any excess water from the exterior of the mold and plates,

ensuring they are completely dry.

7. Measure and record the mass of the mold, plates, and water, accurately to the

nearest 0.01 lbm (1 g).

8. Measure and record the temperature of the water in the mold, with an accuracy

of 1°C. Calculate and record the absolute density of water using the values

provided in Table A1.1.

9. Calculate the mass of water in the mold by subtracting the recorded mass of

the mold, plates, and water (determined in A1.4.1.6) from the recorded mass

of the mold and plates (determined in A1.4.1.2).

10. Calculate the volume of water by dividing the mass of water by the density of

water and record the result to the nearest 0.0001 ft³ (1 cm³).

11. Repeat steps A1.4.1.3 through A1.4.1.9 when the base plate is used for

calibrating the mold volume.

Linear Measurement Method:

58
 1. Measure the diameter of the mold at the top and bottom using either

the vernier caliper or the inside micrometer. Take six measurements at

each location, evenly spaced around the circumference of the mold.

Record the measurements to the nearest 0.001 in. (0.02 mm).

2. Measure the inside height of the mold using the vernier caliper. Take

three measurements at equally spaced locations around the

circumference of the mold. Record the measurements to the nearest

0.001 in. (0.02 mm).

3. Calculate the average diameter at the top of the mold by summing the

six measured values and dividing by six. Similarly, calculate the

average diameter at the bottom of the mold and the average height by

summing the three measured values and dividing by three.

4. Calculate the volume of the mold and record to the nearest 0.0001 ft3

(1 cm3 ) using Eq A1.1 (for inch-pound) or Eq A1.2 (for SI).

Comparison of Results

1. The volume obtained using either method should fall within the

specified volume tolerance requirements stated in 6.1.1 and 6.1.2.

Additionally, the difference between the volumes obtained by the two

methods should not exceed 0.5% of the nominal volume of the mold.

2. If the volume criteria mentioned above are not met, the determination

of volume should be repeated.

3. If satisfactory agreement cannot be achieved between the two methods,

even after multiple attempts, it indicates that the mold is severely

deformed and should be replaced.

59
 4. The volume of the mold determined using the water-filling method

should be used as the assigned volume value for calculating the moist

and dry density (see section 11.4).

6. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) - ASTM Designation: D1883-07

The California bearing ratio (CBR) test is utilized as a means to evaluate the

strength of soil. This test measures the relative strength of a soil specimen in

comparison to a standard sample. This article encompasses a comprehensive

explanation of the CBR, including its definition. Furthermore, it outlines the

necessary apparatus for conducting the CBR test on soil, provides a step-by-step

procedure for conducting the test, explains the calculation method for evaluating the

California bearing ratio, and highlights the various applications of the test results.

CBR Summary of Test

The process begins by filling a mold with the soil specimen, which is then

compacted using a rammer. Subsequently, the mold is immersed in water for a

specific duration. A loading machine is employed to apply incremental load on a

plunger, gradually penetrating through the soil mold. The machine is equipped with a

proving ring and a dial gauge. The dial gauge measures the amount of penetration,

while the proving ring indicates the applied load on the surface. Recordings of load

values corresponding to specific penetration depths are taken. These recorded values

are later used to construct a stress vs. penetration curve. From this curve, the stress

values corresponding to 1-inch (2.54 mm) and 2-inch (5.08 mm) penetrations are

60
determined. These values are then utilized in the equation mentioned earlier to

calculate the California bearing ratio (CBR) value.

Procedure

Specimen Preparation

1. The soil specimen is sieved using a ¾ inch (19 mm) sieve. If all of the

material passes through the sieve, it can be used entirely for the test.

However, if some of the material is retained in the sieve, the retained

amount needs to be replaced with an equal amount of material that

passes through the ¾ inch sieve but is retained on the #4 sieve.

2. Once the sieving process is completed, prepare three sample

specimens, each containing 6.8 kg (15 lb) of the sieved material.

3. Specimen 1, 2, and 3 will undergo compaction with approximately 10,

30, and 56 blows respectively. This compaction process will result in

variations in the percentage of maximum dry density among the

specimens.

4. Adequate amounts of water should be added to the specimens to ensure

that the optimum water content is maintained.

5. The mold should be securely attached to the base plate using the

extension collar. Next, the weight of the assembly needs to be

measured. Following that, a spacer disk should be carefully inserted

into the mold, and a filter paper should be placed on top of the spacer

disk.

6. The soil mold should be filled in three layers. To illustrate, for

specimen 1, each layer should be compacted with 10 blows using the

61
 rammer. The water content of the material needs to be determined both

before and after the compaction process.

7. Subsequently, the extension collar should be taken off, and the upper

portion of the mold needs to be trimmed using a straightedge to

achieve a smooth surface.

8. The remaining two specimens should be compacted using the same

procedures as mentioned previously.

9. Remove the spacer disk and base plate, and proceed to measure the

weight of the mold along with the compacted soil.

10. Invert the mold and soil, and secure the base plate to the mold using a

coarse filter paper.

Soaking

1. Position a designated surcharge weight (typically 4.54 kg) on the top of

the base plate.

2. Utilize a water tank to immerse the specimen, allowing it to soak for

approximately four days (96 hours).

3. Measure the height of the specimen before and after soaking to

determine the swell percentage of the initial height. An expansion

measurement equipment can be used for this purpose.

4. After a soaking period of four days, the mold should be taken out of

the water. Remove the base plate, filter paper, and surcharge weights

from the mold. Proceed to measure the mass of the mold along with the

soil.

Load Test

62
 1. Position the mold beneath the penetration piston of the compression

machine. Apply the same amount of surcharge weight (4.54 kg) on top

of the mold.

2. Then the compressing machine shall be started to apply load with a

constant penetration rate of 0.05 in. (1.27 mm)/min. The piston will

start to penetrate through the soil for the loading.

3. The machine has two indicators. One is a proving ring and another is

dial gauge. The dial gauge indicates the penetration and the proving

ring will indicate the amount of load is applied to gain that penetration.

4. Please refer to the table below, where column 2 should be completed

with the corresponding proving ring readings for the specified

penetrations mentioned in column 1.

5. To determine the piston load (col. 3), multiply the proving ring

readings with the machine constant.

6. The penetration stress will be calculated based on the piston load.

California Bearing Ratio Calculation from the Test Values

Stress-Strain Curve

Subsequently, Stress vs. Penetration (strain) curve will be plotted. If the curve

appears concave upward in the vicinity of the origin, the values should be adjusted in

accordance with the provided guidelines.

Calculation

63
1. Using the curve, identify the corresponding stress values for

penetrations of 0.1 inches (2.55 mm) and 0.2 inches (5.08 mm). Please

refer to the figure for visualization.

2. Utilize the equation to calculate the CBR value.

3. Normally, the CBR value at a penetration of 0.1 inches (CBR0.1) is

regarded as the representative CBR value. Nevertheless, if a notable

disparity exists between CBR0.1 and CBR0.2 (at a penetration of 0.2

inches), it is imperative to restart the test from the initial stage.

4. In this process, the CBR value of each specimen will be determined.

64
Note. Retrieved from “Soil CBR Test - Equipment, Procedure, Calculation & Use.

(n.d.). Civil Engineering.” (https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/site-

investigation/363-california-bearing-ratio-test)

Specified Dry Density Design Bearing Ratio

Calculate the dry density for each specimen subjected to 10, 30, and 56 blows.

Next, plot a graph representing the relationship between dry density and the

corresponding CBR values for each specimen (refer to the figure). Utilize the curve

from the graph to determine the CBR value for the specified dry density.

Note. Retrieved from “Soil CBR Test - Equipment, Procedure, Calculation & Use.

(n.d.). Civil Engineering.” (https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/site-

investigation/363-california-bearing-ratio-test)

Tests for Performance Evaluation of Geogrid (Laboratory)

65
Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Geogrids by the

Single or Multi-Rib Tensile Method (ASTM Designation - D 6637)

These test methods encompass the evaluation of tensile strength properties of

geogrids by subjecting strips of different widths to applied tensile loads.

● Method A involves testing a single geogrid rib under tension, with

results measured in Newtons (N) or pounds-force (lbf).

● Method B involves testing multiple geogrid ribs simultaneously under

tension, with results measured in kilonewtons per meter (kN/m) or

pounds-force per foot (lbf/ft).

● Method C involves testing multiple layers of multiple geogrid ribs

simultaneously under tension, with results measured in kilonewtons

per meter (kN/m) or pounds-force per foot (lbf/ft).

The purpose of this test method is to ensure quality control and verify compliance of

geogrids with specified standards.

Laboratory Sample

To obtain a laboratory sample, select a swatch from each roll in the lot sample

that is wide enough to cover the full roll width and long enough in the machine

direction. This ensures that the requirements stated in section 8.1 can be adequately

assessed. It is permissible to take the sample from the end portion of a roll, as long as

there is no discernible distortion or variation compared to other sections of the roll.

Preparation

66
 Method A involves the preparation of each finished specimen, following the

configuration depicted in Figure 1. The specimen should consist of one rib in the

cross-test width, with a length dimension that spans at least three junctions

(equivalent to two apertures) in the direction of testing. The length dimension must be

accurately cut parallel to the specific direction for which the tensile strength is being

measured.

Method B involves the preparation of each finished specimen following the

configuration illustrated in Figure 2. The specimen should have a minimum width of

200 mm and consist of five ribs in the cross-test direction. It should span at least three

junctions (equivalent to two apertures) or have a length of 300 mm (12 in.) in the

direction of testing. The length dimension should be accurately cut and designated

parallel to the specific direction for which the tensile strength is being measured.

Procedure

1. Reset testing system.

2. Machine Set-Up Conditions—At the initiation of the test, adjust the clamps or

rollers' distance to accommodate a greater distance of three junctions or 200 ±

3 mm (8.0 ± 0.1 in.). Ensure that at least one transverse rib is centrally

positioned within the gage length. It is necessary to support at least one clamp

with a free swivel or universal joint, allowing rotation in the plane of the

geogrid. Choose a force range on the testing machine that ensures the

breakage occurs between 10% and 90% of the full-scale force. The test should

be conducted at a strain rate of 10 ± 3% per minute based on the gage length.

3. Position the specimen centrally within the clamps and tighten them adequately

to avoid any harm to the specimen. Measure the distance between the faces of

67
 the clamps or the centerline to centerline of the roller grips to determine the

gage length of the test specimen. It is strongly recommended to employ

external extensometers or other external measurement methods (e.g., photo

methods) for tests involving modulus measurement. When roller clamps are

utilized in testing, external extensometers must be used to determine

displacement. In the event that extensometers are not employed during testing,

proper documentation should be provided to address any discrepancies that

may arise.

4. Commence the test by activating the testing machine and allow it to run until

the specimen experiences rupture or failure. Record and report the maximum

force required to induce failure, the time taken for failure to occur, and the

elongation measured at the point of maximum force.

5. If any slippage occurs between the geogrid and the jaws during testing or if

more than 24% of the specimens break within a 5 mm (0.25 in.) distance from

the edge of the jaw, appropriate actions can be taken. These actions may

include (1) padding the jaws, (2) applying a coating to the geogrid under the

jaw face area, or (3) modifying the surface of the jaw face. If any of these

modifications are implemented, it is important to specify the method of

modification in the test report.

6. To determine the elongation of the geogrid at a specified force, employ an

appropriate recording device simultaneously with the measurement of tensile

strength. This measurement should be conducted in accordance with the

applicable material specification unless otherwise agreed upon. Ensure that the

elongation is measured with three significant figures for accurate and precise

results.

68
7. The strain occurring within the specimen is determined by calculating the

elongation measurement, as described in section 10.6 and illustrated in Figure

3. This calculation can be performed independently of the cross head

movement. Extensometers or area measuring devices can be utilized to obtain

these measurements, with their settings adjusted to read the central portion of

the specimen containing at least one transverse rib. When extensometers are

employed, the minimum gage length of the extensometer should be 60 mm.

8. In Method A (Single Rib Specimen), the average ultimate rib strength in

Newtons (N) or pounds-force (lbf) is calculated from the test data. This is

done by determining the maximum force at rupture for all accepted specimen

results and taking the average value. The average elongation at failure should

be determined separately for specimens tested in the machine direction and

those tested in the cross-machine direction. It should be expressed as the

percentage increase in length relative to the initial gage length of the

specimen. This value is reported as the elongation at failure.

69
70
71
Statistical Treatment of Data

To assess the significant properties of twisted, laminated banana fiber, the

researchers employed ANOVA Quadratic Analysis as a statistical technique. In order

to aid the reader in comprehending the findings of the conducted experiment and

determining the most favorable and optimal outcomes of the tested and prepared

laminated untwined coco coir samples, the data presented in graphs and tables will be

described and analyzed through descriptive analysis. Graphs and tables will be

utilized to visually represent the data.

The data collected in this study will be presented using line graphs and tabular

formats. Line graphs will be employed to visually depict the physical attributes and

tensile strength obtained from the experiment. Subsequently, the data presented in the

72
graphs and tables will be analyzed and discussed using descriptive analysis to

facilitate the reader's understanding of the key messages conveyed by the series of

experiments. The findings of the tensile strength test, which are expressed in

Megapascals or MPa (N/mm2), will subsequently be examined.

Ethical Considerations

It is essential for researchers to respect privacy, decency, and respect.

Research participants' significant contributions should be honored and recognized.

Meeting with civil engineers and getting approval from the school administration will

be necessary to fully comprehend the study. To ensure accurate data collection,

analysis, and presentation throughout the research process, it is crucial to uphold

ethics, show integrity, and maintain transparency.

73
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