ASSIGNMENT 01

Operating system

OPERATING SYSTEM FOR DESKTOP

Desktop operating system is the main control program in a user’s desktop or
laptop computers, also known as client operating system.
It can be either be freeware or commercial software. The top 4 most popular
desktop operating systems are:
1. Windows
2. macos
3. Linux
4. Chromos

WindowOS
Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating
system is what allows you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on
most new personal computers (PCs), which helps to make it the most popular
operating system in the world.
Windows makes it possible to complete all types of everyday tasks on your
computer.
Microsoft released the first version of Windows in the mid-1980s. There
have been many versions of Windows since then, but the most recent ones
include Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows
7 (2009), Windows Vista (2007), and Windows XP (2001).
 System Service User Environment
support
processes processes applications subsystems

User mode Subsystem DLLs

User Mode
Kernel
Kernal mode

Executive Windowing and

Kernel Device drivers graphics
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)
macOS
macOS is the operating system that powers every Mac. It lets you do things you
simply cannot do with other computers. That’s because it’s designed
specifically for the hardware it runs on and vice versa. macOS comes with an
entire suite of beautifully designed apps.
It works hand in hand with icloud to keep photos, documents and other stuff up
to date on all your devices. It makes your Mac work like magic with your
iPhone and other Apple devices.

Linux
Linux is a community of open-source Unix like operating systems that are
based on the Linux Kernel. It was initially released by Linus Torvalds on
September 17, 1991. It is a free and open-source operating system and the
source code can be modified and distributed to anyone commercially or non-
commercial under the GNU General Public License. 

Initially, Linux was created for personal computers and gradually it was used
in other machines like servers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, etc.
Nowadays, Linux is also used in embedded systems like routers, automation
controls, televisions, digital video recorders, video game consoles, smart
watches, etc.
The biggest success of Linux is Android (operating system) it is based on the
Linux kernel that is running on smartphones and tablets. Due to android Linux
has largest installed base of general-purpose operating systems. Linux
generally packaged Linux distribution. 

ChromOS
Google Chrome OS is an open source lightweight operating system (OS). It
uses one-sixtieth as much hard drive space as Windows 7 and is intended for
netbooks or tablet PCs that access Web-based applications and stored data from
remote servers. The Chrome OS is so lean that boot time is about seven
seconds.
Google released the source code for Chrome OS in July 2009 under
the BSD license as part of a larger project called Chromium. The operating
system is built on top of a Linux kernel and runs on Intel x86 and ARM chips.
 Chrome OS is not available for download. Instead, Google is partnering with
original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) including Samsung, Hewlett-
Packard, Lenovo and Intel to manufacture hardware devices capable of using
the OS. Although Chrome OS will support hard disk drives, Google is
encouraging its partners to use solid-state drives, which have no moving parts.

COMPARISON OF DESKTOP OSs

Features WindowOS macOS Linux chrom

 Microsoft Inc. Apple Inc. for Linux is developed It is designed and
their Macintosh as open source OS developed by
line of computer under the GNU google.
systems. project by the
Manufacturer organizator, linus
Torvalds and many
others.
Developed and Mac OS was Linux is open It is actually built
distributed by designed only to sourced and on top of
Development Microsoft. be deployed by distributed by the Gentoo Linux
and Apple various vendors. distribution.
Distribution Computers.

X86,x86-64 68k,powerPC X86,x86-  ChromeOS is built

64,PowerPC,SPAR on top of the Linux
Computer C,Alpha and kernel. Originally
Architecture others. based on Ubuntu
Supported

Workstation,pers Workstation,pers Desktop/Server  It uses one-sixtieth

onal computer, onal computer, depends on as much hard drive
Media centre, distribution space as Windows
embedded.
Tablet PC, 7 and is intended
Target system
embedded. for netbooks or
Type tablet PCs that
access Web-based
applications
NTFS,FAT & HFS+,HFS,MFS( Ext2,ext3,ex4,  It can read and
exFAT with ISO mac os 8.0 and ReiserFS,FAT, write to the NTFS
9660;UDF,3 before) AFP,with with ISO file system that
party driver that ISO 9660;UDF,NFS,an Windows PCs use,
File system supports file 9660,FAT,UDF d others. read (but not write
Supported system Ext2 and to) the HFS+ file
ext3,ReiserFS,an system that Macs
d HFs use, and cross-
platform FAT16,
FAT32 and exFAT
 file systems.
Very user Very user Depends on user friendly.
freindly freindly Distribution,more
User friendly ChromeOS
freindier to users
for lay users is excellent for
students and casual
computer users.
Hard Hard drivers,CD- Peripherals like Chromebooks don't
drivers,CD- ROMs ,printers hard drives,CD- have hard drives-
Hard Drives ROMs ,printers are considered as ROMS,printers are they have “SSDs”
are considered as devices. also considered file
devices. in linux/unix.
In windows,you Macintosh file While in Chrome OS files
cannot have 2 names and folder Linux,you can use _chromeos
files with the names can have have 2 files with suffix when needed
same name in the as many as 31 the same name in but otherwise also
same folder.use characters and the same include _linux files
File Name exceptions as: can include blank directory,provided by default.
Convention /[];=*.
spaces it can they use different Windows files use
include any cases. the _win suffix.
Macintosh
character except
colon.
In windows, In windows, There are 3 types ChromeOS is the
there are 4 types bthere are 4 types of users in linux: speedy, simple and
Users of user account of user account secure operating
1.Regular system that
types. types.
2.Administrative powers every
1.Administrator 1.Administrator Chromebook.
3.service
2.standard 2.shairing only
user
3.child
3.guest user
4.guest
4.root user

Windows are Apple devices are It is totally free, Chrome OS Flex is

cost less expensive expensive. have no charges. a new, free-to-
download
operating system
from Google. 

OPERATING SYSTEM FOR HANDHELD

DEVICES
Operating systems for mobile computers provide us with an environment in
which we can easily interface with the computer so that we can execute the
programs.
Handheld operating systems are available in all handheld devices like
Smartphones and tablets. It is sometimes also known as a Personal Digital
Assistant. The 4 most popular handheld operating systems are:
1. Android
2. iOS
3. BlackBerry OS
4. Palm OS
Android
Android OS is a Linux-based mobile operating system that primarily runs on
smartphones and tablets. The Android platform includes an operating system
based upon the Linux kernel, a GUI, a web browser and end-user applications
that can be downloaded.
It is occupied approximately 75% of shares in the worldwide market by the end
of 2020. A company like Open Handset Alliance has developed the first
Android that depends on the customized version of the Linux kernel as well as
other open-source software. At the initial stage of 2005, Google sponsored the
project & it obtained the entire company. In September 2008, the first Android
device was released in the market to dominate the mobile industries due to
several features like user friendly, the support of the community is huge,
customization, manufacturing of android devices in large companies.
Consequently, the market examines the demand to develop Android-supported
devices with smart developers. So, the Android operating system became a
complete set of operating systems for different devices like wearables, mobiles,
notebooks, smart TVs, tablets, set-top boxes, etc.

iOS
Apple iOS stands for iPhone operating system and is designed for use
with Apple's multitouch devices. The mobile OS supports input through
direct manipulation and responds to various user gestures, such as
pinching, tapping and swiping. The iOS developer kit provides tools that
allow for iOS app development.
As recorded in June 2021, Apple iOS holds about 26.3% of the mobile phone’s
market share. 
This operating system is widely known as the basic software that lets iPhone
users interact with their mobile phones using gestures, like tapping, swiping,
and pinching.
 A mobile OS developed exclusively by Apple Inc. for its hardware is iOS.
It’s the operating system that strengthens various brands’ mobile
devices, including iPhone.

 
BlackBerry OS
Blackberry Operating system was designed for mobile phones for the
company blackberry Limited for its smartphone and featured
multitasking. The Blackberry OS also has many hardware functionalities
such as a trackball, trackwheel, and recently trackpad and touchscreen.
Blackberry limited also announced a new QNX-based platform, Blackberry
tablet OS ,an operating system for the Blackberry playbook tablet computer.
Later, Blackberry OS was merged with Blackberry Tablet OS and delivered
universally for all product lines.
Also ,they gave support for running Android applications installed Through the
Blackberry App World store. By June 2013, 2.3 million
Playbooks were also shipped ,and by the month’s end, the CEO announced the
end of platform.

Palm OS
Palm OS, a proprietary operating system used in the late 20th and
early 21st centuries for personal computing devices, including
personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, handheld gaming
systems, and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices.
More than 17,000 applications were created for the Palm OS by licensed
developers. Palm’s line of PDAs won many awards, and at the turn of the
21st century the Palm OS dominated nearly 70 percent of the global market
for handheld computing devices. Palm OS was designed for ease of use with
a touchscreen-based graphical user interface. It is provided with a suite of
basic applications for personal information management. Later versions of
the OS have been extended to support smartphones. The software appeared
on the company's line of Palm devices while several other licensees have
manufactured devices powered by Palm OS.
 COMPARISON OF DESKTOP OSs

Features Android ios BlackberryOS PalmOs

Deployed Java,C/C++,python, objective, C/C+ Java C/C++

software lua +
development
Market size Very high high low Low

SDK Windows XP,Vista Mac OS X snow 32-bit windows StyleTap

platform and 7;Linux,Mac XP, Vista and 7 Android™
Leopard 10.6.4
OS X Wrapper SDK
for palmOs
Openness to Very high Very low Low High
Application
OS family Linux Drawin QNX Palm Os

Supported ARM,MIPS,X86 ARM ARM ARM

CPU
Architechture
Application Android Market Iphone APP Blackberry App for Microsoft
Store store world Windows or
Mac OS/Mac
OS X
Future Very high high Low Low
Prospect
Market share 48.8% 17.2% 11.1% 6%

Source model Open source Closed source Closed source Closed source