Drilling

Well Plan
Team Building
Principles
 What Are Teams:
• Two or more people working together.
• Work teams have a common goal.
• Team members develop “earned trust” through
accountability.
• Teams are self – motivated.
• Teams are performance motivated.
TEAMS REQUIRE A MIXTURE OF
SKILLS:
• Technical expertise.
• Functional experience.
• Problem solving capability.
• Decision making skills.
• Inter – personal skills.
 HOW DO TEAMS SOLVE
PROBLEMS:
• Define the problem.
• Identify primary cause(s).
• Develop alternative solution(s).
• Implement action plans.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan.
TEAM DECISION MAKING STYLES
• COMMAND: Decision is made by leader.
• CONSULTATIVE: Decision is made by leader with
team input.
• CONSENSUS: Decision is made as a team.
• DELEGATION: Decision is delegated down the chain
of command.
 What Teams Do?
• IMPROVE WORK QUALITY –More expertise / skills
are available.
• FLEXIBLE –Respond quickly to change.
• CREATIVE – Continuously improve work processes.
• DEVELOP AND IMPLEMENT ACTION PLANS –
Better communications.
• REDUCE PROJECT COST.
Basic Geology
 The study of the earth’s
GEOLOGY composition, structure and history.

An extensive depression in the

SEDIMENTA-RY earth’s surface.
BASIN An estimated 90% of the worlds
drilling occurs in offshore and in
land basins.
A laterally continuous sequence of
FORMATION sediments that is recogniza-bly
distinct and mappable.
 ORIGIN OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
 Land mass elevated above sea level
is weathered and broken down to
WEATHERING small fragments ( clastics):
Mechanically by water, wind and
temperature
Chemically by soluble minerals
dissolving into the water.
Rock fragments ( sand, silt, clay)
TRANSPORTA- and dissolved chemical compounds
TION ( silicates, calcite, iron, etc.)are
transported to the basin by gravity,
flowing water and wind.
 The fragments are swept into the
SEDIMENTA- basin where they settle to the floor
TION of the basin and form water
saturated beds of sand and clay.
The weight of each successive
sediment layer (overburden)
COMPACTION compacts the sediments below.
Compaction squeezes the water out
of the sediments and back to the
sea.
As the water is squeezed out, the
CEMENTA- dissolved chemical compounds left
TION behind cements the fragments
together to form sedimentary rock.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK.
BASIN SHALE SANDSTONE LIMESTONE
GULF OF 60% 30% 10%
MEXICO
PERMIAN 10% 30% 60%
BASIN
TRINIDAD 50% 50% --------------

FLOWING WATER

EVAPORATION

WEATHERED ROCK

SEDIMENTARY
IGNEOUS ROCK
BASIN
POROSITY:The percent of void per 100% volume.
Sedimentary rocks ( shale, sandstone, limestone) always
exhibit some value of porosity.
PERMEABILITY: The ability a rock to flow fluids
measured in units of darcies. A rock that is porous does
not indicate that it is permeable. ……I.e., shale with 10%
porosity may exhibit only micro permeability, 10-6 to 10-12
Sources of Rock
Stress
 A force imposed to the rock matrix
measured in pounds of force per
ROCK square inch of area (psi)
STRESS Natural sources of rock stress
originate from overburden stress,
tectonic stress and formation fluid
pressure
OVERBURDEN STRESS:The stress produced
by the combined weight of the rocks and
formation fluids overlaying a depth of interest.
TECTONIC STRESS: The stress produced by lateral
( side to side) forces in the formation. Tectonic stresses are
usually very high in mountainous regions.
Tectonic stressed shale generally produces an oval shaped
well bore.
……………………………………………………………………………………
 RELATIVE
STRENGTH OF
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK:
Formation fracture strength is defined by the overbur-
den stress, cementation, formation pressure and the
strength of the rock type. The following compares the
relative strength of the different rock types ( all other
factors considered equal)

SANDSTONE
 RELATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
ROCK DIVISION CHARACTERISTIC
TYPE
Generally occurs in the shallower depth ( < 10,000’)
Soft and pliable due to high water content
SOFT Fracture and injection pressure approximately same
( Ductile) Pliable texture allows fractures to “ heal” quickly
Associated with swabbing, lost circulation, hole
wash- out, hole pack - off
SHALE Generally occurs in deeper depth ( 10,000’ +)
Hard and brittle due to low water content
HARD Fracture pressure higher than injection pressure
( Brittle) Brittle texture prevents fracture from “ healing”
Associated with hole pack – off / bridge.
ROCK TYPE DIVISION CHARACTERISTIC
Generally occurs in the shallower
depth ( < 5,000’)
UNCONSOLIDATED High porosity ( 25% +)
High permeability ( 2 darcies + )
Associated with lost circulation, hole
wash – out, hole pack - off
SANDSTONE Generally occurs in mid to deep
depths ( 4000’+)
Porosity range ( 25% - 1%)
CONSOLIDATED Permeability range ( 2 darcies – 10
milidarcies)
Associated with differential sticking,
underguage hole
ROCK TYPE DIVISION CHARACTERISTIC
Low compressive strength
High porosity ( + / - 40%)
SOFT Permeability range ( 2 darcies –10
( Chalk) milidarcies )
Will dissolve in fresh water mud
Associated with hole wash-out, mud
LIMESTONE contamination
/ DOLOMITE High compressive strength, usually
fractured.
HARD High porosity(20-40%).
(Brittle) High permeability.
Associated with pack off/ bridge, lost
circulation, differential sticking.
FORMATION FLUID
PRESSURE
CLASSIFICATIONS
 FORMATION FLUID PRESSURE:
The pressure of the native fluids (water, oil,
gas) in the pore spaces of the rock .
NORMAL: Formation pressure equal to a full
column (surface to depth of interest) of formation
water.
ABNORMAL: Formation pressure greater than
the normal pressure expected for the depth of
interest.
SUBNORMAL: Formation pressure less than the
normal pressure expected for the depth of interest.
Lower than normal formation pressure may exist
in offshore basins due to production depletion,
however naturally occurring subnormal pressure
is rare.
RESERVOIR
TRAPS
 The bed of sediments in which the oil
and gas was produced (shale, lime-
SOURCE ROCK stone).
Compaction squeezes the oil and gas
to the reservoir rock(primary migra-
tion)
RESERVOIR The permeable formation which
ROCK receives and stores the oil and gas
volume of primary migration
RESERVOIR The elevation in reservoir rock to
TRAP which the oil and gas accumulated
(secondary migration)
STRUCTURAL TRAPS: Traps formed as a result
of uplifting, folding and / or faulting of the
formation layers
The lightest fluid, gas, rises to the top of the trap.
The next heaviest fluid, oil, accumulates below the
gas and the water.
FAULT TRAP : Traps formed by the
displacement of the reservoir rock along a stress
crack which positions the face of the down- dip
section against impermeable rock.
STRATIGRAPHIC TRAP: Traps formed by a
permeable reservoir rock grading to a non-
permeable rock or the termination of a reservoir
rock
Casing Program
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CASING SYSTEM
 SECTIONS
FUNCTIONS:
Provide hydraulic integrity
Drive or Structural casing
Circulation
Well Control
Surface casing
Production
Protect the wellbore
Intermediate casing High Formation Pressure
Fluids icks
Liner Tie Back Casing Formation Instability
Protect the formation
Production Liner or Casing High Wellbore Pressure
Incompatible Wellbore Fluids
Production Zone Production Zone Isolation

Shale
CASING POINT
SELECTION
 Shoe strength must support the
HYDRAULIC hydrostatic, circulating and surge
INTEGRITY pressures and provide a sufficient kick
tolerance for well control safety
In some instances, the only solution to
SOLUTION FOR a drilling problem may be to run
DRILLING casing before the planned shoe depth
PROBLEMS is reached.
This could be the next planned casing
string or a contingency liner
ZONE Casing may be set before or deeper
INSOLATION than the planned depth to protect
potential production zones
 Consolidated Naturally cemented rock to
avoid wash out and / or hole collapse during
cementing.As homogeneous as possible.
Interbedded layers of different formation
types weaken the rock and introduce the
possibility of permeability
SUITABLE Impermeable Water loss the cement slurry
FORMA- can result in flash – setting of the cement
TION before it is in place.If permeability is
present, the true leak – off pressure of the
wellbore is difficult to establish
Lowest Rock strength: Initial fracture
gradient assumptions are based on the
weakest rock type
 DRIVE /
STRUCTURAL
CASING
DRIVE PIPE: Depending on the depth of the surface
sediments, the setting depth of the pipe may range from
less than 100 feet to 400 feet + below the mud line/ surface
To insure seat integrity, the pipe is driven to refusal,
indicated by the number of hammer blows per foot
(BPF) of penetration, For example, the US Gulf coast
requires 140 to 150 BPF, in Venezuela, 250 BPF

STRUCTURAL CASING: The planned setting depth of

the casing may range from 100 feet to 1500 feet + below
the mud line/ surface depending on anticipated hole
instability and/ or lost circulation problems
The structural casing is pressured tested, but due to the shallow depth of the seat,
the shoe is not tested.
 FUNCTIONS:

Prevent Rig Foundation

Washout.
Recycling Returns:
•Diverter System.
Vertical Pilot.
Driven to Refusal
Structural Support:
•Conductor Casing.
•Wellhead.
Shut in not recommended •BOP Equipment.
SURFACE
CASING
Planned setting depth determined by anticipated hole
instability, lost circulation problems and to protect fresh
water sands ( land based)

Surface casing must provide sufficient fracture strength

to allow drilling the next hole interval with a sufficient
kick tolerance

The casing is pressure tested and the shoe is tested to a

maximum anticipated pressure or to leak – off.
INTERMEDIATE
CASING
Planned setting depth determined by minimum desired
kick tolerance, anticipated hole instability, lost
circulation problems.

The casing is pressure tested and the shoe is tested to a

maximum anticipated pressure or to leak – off.
DRILLING
LINER
Planned setting depth determined by minimum desired
kick tolerance, anticipated hole instability, lost
circulation problems of protecting production zones.

If the liner contingent on drilling problems, occurrence

of the problem the setting depth.

The liner is pressure tested and the shoe and liner top
tested to a maximum anticipated pressure or to leak –
off.
PRODUCTION LINER/
CASING OR TIE- BACK
CASING
Planned setting depth determined by total depth of the
well ( TD)

The casing, tie back casing, liner and top are tested to a
maximum anticipated pressure or to leak – off.
Drilling Fluids
FUNCTIONS OF THE
DRILLING FLUIDS
FUNCTION PROPERTY RESULTING EFFECT
WELL Fluid weight Primary control of formation fluid
CONTROL flow into the wellbore.
Chemically- Mud Minimize formation reaction
HOLE Inhibition. Prevents hole cave- in/ collapse
STABILITY Mechanically-
Fluid Weight
HOLE Yield Point (YP) Suspended and carry cuttings/
CLEANING Gel Strenght cavings from the wellbore and
Mud weight release the solids at surface

TRANSMIT Base fluid of the Remove cuttings from below bit

HHP TO BIT mud face to improve penetration rate.
FORMATION Mud system type Gather and interpret data Provide
EVALUATION and properties early warning signs of problems
 TYPES OF
DRILLING FLUIDS
 AIR/GAS FLUIDS
MUD TYPE APPLICATION ADVANTAGE /
DISAVENTAGE
DRY AIR. Drilling hard dry Increase penetration rate.
GAS. formations. Minimum formation
MIST. Drilling lost damage.
FOAM. circulation zone. Continuous gas/ oil
AERATED detection.
MUD.
 WATER BASE FLUIDS
MUD TYPE APPLICATION ADVANTAGE/
DISAVENTAGE
NATIVE GEL. Low cost spud mud Most versatile system
BENTONITE. Non- weighted system Products readily
BENTONITE/ Base for more available
CHEMICAL. sophisticated systems Basic system
LIGNITE/ Filtration control Easily maintained
LIGNOSULFO- Tolerance to Reduced penetration
NATE contaminants rate
( DISPERSED) Applicable at all mud
weights
INHIBITE Drilling water Controls chemical
(SALTS) sensitive shales reaction of shales
POLYMERS Improved penetration
rate
 OIL/SYNTHETIC BASE FLUIDS
MUD TYPE APPLICATION ADVANTAGE/
DISAVENTAGE
Drilling water Completely inhibited
sensitive shales. system.
Drilling water Improved penetration
DIESEL OIL soluble formations. rate.
SYNTHETIC Reduce stuck pipe Formation stability.
OIL potential. Torque & drag
Corrosive reduction.
environment. Environmental
High bottom hole concerns.
temperature. High cost.
Logging/ cementing
concerns.
 DRILLING FLUIDS
SELECTION CRITERIA
 CRITERIA RESOURCE RESULT
Seismic data. An “overkill” mud system is
WELL TYPE. Offset data. generally selected for
( Exploratory / Field experience. exploratory wells.
development) Mud company The optimum mud system is
selected on development
records. wells.
ENVIRONMEN- Regulatory May limit the choice of mud
TAL. requirements. systems.

Seismic data The mud system must be

WELL CONTROL evaluations. capable of minimum to
REQUIREMENTS Offset well data. maximum mud weight
Field experience. requirements.
Mud company records
 CRITERIA RESOURCE RESULT
Seismic data An inhibited system is selected
HOLE evaluations. to avoid chemical reaction with
STABILITY. Offset well data. water sensitive shales and water
Field experience. soluble formations ( salts,
anhydrite).
Chemical / Mud company
Mechanical. records. The mud system must be
capable of minimum to
maximum mud weight
requirements.
TEMPERATU- Offset well data. The mud system must tolerate
RE Field experience. formation temperatures without
CHEMICAL Mud company chemical break down.
STABILITY OF records. Must tolerate contamination
THE MUD. from formation fluids, minerals
and solids.
 CRITERIA RESOURCE RESULT
OPTIMUM Offset well data. The mud system should
DRILLING AND Field experience. provide an acceptable
ECONOMIC Mud company records. penetration rate with
PERFORMANCE. minimum formation
Bit company record. damage at the lowest cost.
BASE FLUID / Offset well data. May limit the choice of
MUD PRODUCT Mud company records. mud system in remote
AVAILABILITY. areas.
RIG Contractor inventory. May limit the choice of
EQUIPMENT. Field experience. mud systems in remote
areas.
DRILLING FLUID
CONTAMINANTS
CONTAMINANT EXAMPLE
Active solids – Clays
DRILL SOLIDS Inactive solids- Silt, sand, limestone,
chert, etc.
Sodium chloride, NaCl
EVAPORITE Potassium chloride, KCl
SALTS Calcium chloride, CaCl2
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2 .
Anhdrite, CaSO4.
WATER FLOWS Mixed salts at various concentrations.
CONTAMINANT EXAMPLE
ACID GASES. Carbon dioxide, CO2
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S
HYDROCARBONS. Light or heavy oils
Lignite
Coal
TEMPARATURE. Degradation of mud products
CEMENT. Result of cementing operations
DRILLING SOLIDS
CLASSIFICATIONS
DRILL SOLIDS CLASSIFICATION BY PARTCLE SIZE

COARSE Greater than 2,000 microns

INTERMEDIATE Between 250 and 2,000 microns

MEDIUM Between 74 and 250 microns

FINE Between 44 and 74 microns

ULTRA - FINE Between 2 and 44 microns

COLLOIDAL Less than 2 microns

SOLIDS REMOVAL
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT SOLIDS REMOVED
SHALE Down to 150 microns with 200 mesh screens
SHAKERS
DESANDER Down to 50 to 70 microns ( cone size
dependent )
DESILTER Down to 20 to 40 microns ( cone size
dependent)
MUD CLEANER Down to 74 microns

CENTRIFUGE Colloidal solids up to 5 microns

WATER BASE MUD
(WBM) TREND
ANALYSIS
MUD PROPERTY TREND CHANGE POSSIBLE CAUSE
Drill solids increase.Heavy
INCREASE spot from barite sag. Over
treatment during weight-
up
MUD WEIGTH
Formation fluid influx,
DECREASE light spot from barite sag,
Excessive water additions
Reactive shale drilled, drill
solids increase, low water
FUNNEL INCREASE content, Calcium
VISCOSITY contamination from
cement, Anhydrite
formation drilled
DECREASE Formation water influx,
Excessive water content
MUD PROPERTY TREND CHANGE POSSIBLE CAUSE
Unconsolidated sand drilled,
INCREASE Drill solids increase, Low water
PLASTIC content
VISCOSITY Formation water influx,
DECREASE Excessive water additions,
solids, solids content decrease

Reactive shale drilled,

INCREASE Anhydrite formation drilled,
Low water content, Calcium
contamination from cement
YIELD POINT
Formation water influx,
DECREASE Excessive water additions,
Decrease in low gravity solids,
Additions of chemical thinners
MUD PROPERTY TREND CHANGE POSSIBLE CAUSE
Reactive shale drilled, Low
INCREASE water content, Calcium
contamination from cement, or
anhydrite formation drilled.
GEL STRENGTH
Formation water influx,
DECREASE Excessive water additions,
Additions of chemical thiners

Low gravity solids increase,

API/ HPHT INCREASE Flocculation from cement,
FLUID LOSS chloride, calcium
contamination, Low gel content
DECREASE Mud treatment taking affect
MUD PROPERTY TREND CHANGE POSSIBLE CAUSE
Addition of pH control
INCREASE additives, Calcium
pH contamination
Addition of mud products,
DECREASE Anhydrite formation drilled

Salt formation is drilled,

CHLORIDE INCREASE Pressure transition shale is
drilled, Formation water
influx
DECREASE Water additions
MUD PROPERTY TREND CHANGE POSSIBLE CAUSE
INCREASE Salt or Calcium
formation is drilled,
TOTAL HARDNESS Formation water influx
DECREASE Addition of fresh water,
chemical addition

CATION EXCHANGE INCREASE Reactive shale is drilled,

CAPACITY (CEC) Addition of bentonite

DECREASE Water additions, solids

removal equipment
OIL/SYNTHETIC
MUD(OBM/SBM)
TREND ANALYSIS
 MUD TREND POSSIBLE CAUSE
PROPERTY CHANGE
INCREASE Drill solids increase, Heavy
spot from barite sag, Over
MUD treatment during weight- up
WEIGTH DECREASE Formation water influx,
Excessive base oil additions,
Light spot from barite sag
INCREASE Addition of water, Calcium
PLASTIC carbonate, primary emulsifier,
VISCOSITY Low gravity solids increase
DECREASE Addition of base oil, Decrease
in low gravity solids
 MUD TREND POSSIBLE CAUSE
PROPERTY CHANGE
INCREASE Increase in organophilic clay,
Additions of emulsified water
YIELD POINT or synthetic polymer
DECREASE Addition of base oil or
degellant, Decrease of
organopholic clay
INCREASE Addition of organophilic gel,
GEL Addition of water
STRENGTH
DECREASE Large base oil additions,
Increase in mud temperature
 MUD TREND POSSIBLE CAUSE
PROPERTY CHANGE
Large addition of water or
OIL/ WATER CHANGE water influx, Large
RATIO additions of base oil, high
bottom hole temperature
Increase in emulsifier
INCREASE concentration, Adding
ELECTRICAL wetting agent or base oil
STABILITY Decrease in emulsifier
(ES) DECREASE concentration, Newly
prepared OBM has low ES
but increase with time
 MUD TREND POSSIBLE CAUSE
PROPERTY CHANGE
INCREASE Water % of O/W ratio
decreasing. Addition of
WATER calcium chloride
PHASE DECREASE Water % of O/W ratio
SALINITY increasing from water
addition or formation water
influx
INCREASE Addition of base oil, Decrease
HPHT FLUID in emulsifier concentration,
LOSS water present in filtrate
DECREASE Increase in primary
emulsifier concentration
 MUD TREND POSSIBLE CAUSE
PROPERTY CHANGE
Addition of lime, Drilling
INCREASE calcium formation
EXCESS LIME ( anhydrite)
DECREASE CO2 or H2 kick, Additions
of base oil or water
Hydraulic Planning
 DRILLING OPTIMIZATION
PLANNING SEQUENCE:
1. GEOLOGY.
2. OPTIMIZE MUD TYPE AND PROPERTIES.
3. OPTIMIZE BIT SELECTION.
4. OPTIMIZE BIT HYDRAULICS.
5. OPTIMIZE BIT WEIGHT AND RPM.
6. DEFINE RIG EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT /
…CAPTABILTY.
7. DEVELOP ACTION PLANS FOR WELL.
 HYDRAULIC OPTIMIZATION :
The calculated balance of the hydraulic
components that will sufficiently clean the bit
and well bore with minimum horse power.
CONSIDERATIONS
FOR HYDRAULICS
PLAN
 FACTOR CONSIDERATION
MAXIMIZE RATE OF In medium to hard formation,
PENETRATION (ROP) maximize hydraulic horsepower to
increase penetration rate.
MAXIMIZE HOLE In soft formations and high angle
CLEANING holes, maximize flow rate for hole
cleaning
 FACTOR CONSIDERATION
In small and/ or deep holes, limit flow rate to
ANNULUS minimize annulus friction pressure and reduce
FRICTION the potential for:
PRESSURE Lost circulation; Differential sticking;Hole
Instability
HYDRAULIC In soft, unconsolidated formations, limit flow
EROSION rate to minimize turbulence in the annulus if
hole wash- out is a problem
BIT Larger jet sizes may be required if there is
PLUGGING potential for lost circulation
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
HYDRAULICS
EQUIPMENT WELLBORE
PUMP PRESSURE / DEPTH/ HOLE SIZE/ MUD
VOLUME OUPUT. TYPE.

DRILL STRING ID, OD, MUD WEIGHT/ RHEOLOGY.

LENGTH .

DOWN HOLE EQUIPMENT ANNULUS FRICTION

RESTRICTIONS . PRESSURE.

BIT TYPE/ JETS HOLE PROBLEM

POTENTIAL
 RULES FOR
OPTIMIZING
HYDRAULICS
 FLOW RATE: Maintain 30 TO 60 GPM/inch of bit
diameter
Do not violate the flow rate rule to get more horsepower, jet
velocity.
Too low a flow rate will “ball” the bit and reduce effective
hole cleaning.
Too high a flow rate increases ECD and erodes soft or
unconsolidated zones.
Slow drilling with mud requires a minimum of 30 GPM per
inch of bit diameter.
Fast drilling with low mud weights requires 50+ GPM per
inch of bit diameter.
 HYDRAULIC HORSE POWER: Maintain 2.5 to 5
hydraulic horsepower per square inch of bit
diameter ( HHP/ In2)
Hydraulic horsepower is based on hole size/ ROP. Large
bits require more HHP/In2
Fast drilling requires the maximum HHP/In2, even above 5
HHP/In2
Maximum HHP/In2 should be considered when pump
horsepower is available
Do not waste fuel and wear on the pumps with excessive
pressure
Many rigs do not have enough horsepower to provide the
recommended HHP/In2
BIT PRESSURE DROP: Design hydraulics for 50%
to 65% pressure drop across the bit
Nozzle velocity ( ft/sec)- The velocity of the fluid exiting
the bit jets.
35% to 50% of pump pressure is lost through the drill
string and annulus.
Hydraulic calculations are required to determine these
losses.
If the total of drill string and annular pressure loss is
greater than 50% of the available pump pressure, jet
velocity optimization is required.
However, do not operate below 30 GPM per inch of bit
diameter
JET VELOCITY: Maintain jet velocity between 350
and 450 feet per second
Impact Force:The product of fluid jet velocity and fluid
weight.
Impact is the force the drilling fluid exerts to the
formation to assist bottom hole cleaning.
Jet velocity will influence chip- hold – down and
penetration rate.
Do not operate with a jet velocity below 250 ft/ sec
For small holes ( 9- ½” and smaller) and slow drilling,
consider running 2 jets versus 3 to improve bottom hole
cleaning and penetration rate.
JET VELOCITY: Maintain jet velocity between 350
and 450 ft/sec
Two large jets are less likely to plug than 3 small jets
(same total flow area, TFA)
If a long hole section is planned for the next bit, consider
running 3 jets and dropping a diverting ball in the lower
part of the hole section to maintain jet velocity
Asymmetrical jets are often run to improve penetration
rate versus using two jets.