1.

What is the one that trends parallel to the bends it displaces; a dip or cross fault is
one that follows the inclination of the strata and an oblique fault runs at angle with
the strike of the rocks it intersects? – STRIKE FAULT
2. What do you refer to a group of joints that run parallel to each other are termed a
join set that intersect at a more or less constant angle? – JOINT SYSTEM
3. What occurs when more competent rocks are faulted? – FAULT BRECCIAS
4. What is a thrust fault that has a dip of 10 degrees or less, and its net slip measures
several kilometers? – OVERTHRUST
5. What is the angle enclosed between the fault plane and the vertical?
– ANGLE OF HADE
6. What is JMC? – JOINT MATCHING COEFFICIENT
7. What is characterized by the occurrence of the hanging wall on the downthrown
side, whereas the foot wall occupies the downthrown side in a reverse fault?
– NORMAL FAULT
8. What is formed by the alteration of feldspars, feldspathoids and other aluminum
silicates due to hydrothermal action? – KAOLINITE
9. What is frequently assessed in terms of roundness and sphericity, which may be
estimated visually by comparison with standard images? – SHAPE
10. What is a dense rock composed of one or more forms of silica such as opal,
chalcedony or microcrystalline quartz? – CHERT
11. What are produced by the pulverization of rocks? – MYLONITES
12. What is the most important factor in dynamic metamorphism? – STRESS
13. What are the products of low-grade regional metamorphism of argillaceous or
pyelitic sediments? – SLATES
14. What are derived from pre-existing rock types and have undergone mineralogical,
textural and structural changes? – METAMORPHIC ROCKS
15. What is an important property of sedimentary rocks, for it is related to their degree
of consolidation, density, porosity and strength? – PACKING
16. What is a progressive process, that is, in any given terrain formed initially of rocks
of similar composition, zones of increasing grade may be defined by different
mineral assemblages? – REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
17. What folds are characteristically found in thin-bedded rocks, especially where
there is a rapid alternation of more rigid beds such as sandstones, with
interbedded shales? – ZIGZAG FOLD
18. What occurs in interbedded and incompetent strata? – DISHARMONIC FOLD
19. What occurs as a result of plastic deformation in which internal readjustments
involving gliding, granulation and the parallel reorientation of minerals of flaky
habit take place? – FLOW CLAEVAGE
20. What is a parting defined by closely spaced parallel fractures that are usually
independent of any planar preferred orientation of mineral boundaries that may be
present in a rock mass? – FRACTURE CLEAVAGE
21. What is the branch of geology that deals with the study and interpretation of
stratified rocks, and with the identification, description, sequence, both vertical
and horizontal, mapping and correlation of stratigraphic rock units?
– STRATIGRAPHY
22. What zone lies parallel to the bedding and appear to be because of displacements
caused by concentric folding? – CONCENTRIC FOLDS
23. What is the line that joins the highest parts of the fold? – CRESTAL LINE
24. What contains a significant amount of inorganic matter as opposed to humic coals
in which the inorganic content is low? – INORGANIC
25. What is the most important factor in dynamic metamorphism? – STRESS
26. It occurs where turbulence is at a minimum or where the region of turbulence is
near the surface of a river. – DESPOSITION
27. It is derived from magmatic sources. - JUVENILE WATER
28. They are generally long and narrow, and frequently leave V-shaped scars tapering
headwards. - DEBRIS AVALANCHES
29. They are formed by the decay of humus in soil waters. - HUMIC ACIDS
30. It is particularly unstable, decomposing to form serpentine, which forms talc and
carbonates on further weathering. – OLIVINE
31. It is the commonest alteration product of augite and of hornblende. – CHLORITE
32. They are more susceptible to weathering and breakdown than many other rock
types. - MUDROCKS
33. It refers to the breakdown of rocks, especially mudrocks, by alternate wetting and
drying. – SLAKING
34. It estimates the resistance to wetting and drying of a rock sample, particularly
mudstones and rocks that exhibit a certain degree of alteration.
-SLAKE DURABILITY TEST
35. It is obtained by dividing the weight of the sample retained by its original weight
and expressing the answer as a percentage. - SLAKE DURABILITY INDEX
36. It is more or less continuous process that is distinctly a surface phenomenon and
occurs on slopes with gradients somewhat in excess of the angle of repose of the
material involved. – CREEP
37. It is a form of creep that occurs in cold climates or high altitudes were masses of
saturated rock waste move downslope. – SOLIFLUCTION
38. They consist of folds formed by mass movement of argillaceous material in valley
bottoms. - VALLEY BULGES
39. What height can the amplitude of the fold reach in those instances where a single
anticline occurs along the line of the valley? - 30 M
40. What refers to the pores within the zone of saturation that are filled with water?
- PHREATIC WATER
41. It represents the water in which sediments are deposited. - CONNATE WATER
42. What produces deep debris filled cracks that run parallel to the trend of the valley?
- FRACTURING OF CAMBERED STRATA
43. It is the water in the zone of aeration. - VADOSE WATER
44. It is one that forms above a discontinuous impermeable layer such as lens of clay
in a formation of sand, the clay impounding a water mound.
- PERCHED WATER TABLE
45. They represent the rapid downward and outward movement of slope-forming
materials, the movement taking place by falling, sliding or flowing, or by some
combination of these factors. – LANDSLIDES
46. It is the term given to a rock or soil mass that not only contains water but from
which water can be abstracted readily in significant quantities. – AQUIFER
47. It is the commonest cause of artesian conditions. - SYNCLINAL STRUCTURE
48. It is one of the major causes of rockfall. - FREEZE-THAW ACTION
49. It refers to the movement of moisture through the minute pores between the soil
particles that act as capillaries. - CAPILLARY MOVEMENT
50. It is in hydraulic continuity with the water table and his raised against the force of
gravity. - CAPILLARY MOISTURE
51. It is attained when the forces of gravity and surface tension are balanced.
– EQUILIBRIUM
52. They are usually developed from tension scars in the upper part of a slope, the
movement being more or less rotational about an axis located above the slope.
- ROTATIONAL SLIDE
53. It is a negative pressure and indicates the height to which a column of water could
rise due to such suction. - SOIL SUCTION.
54. They occur in inclined stratified deposits, the movement occurring along a planar
surface, frequently a bedding plane. - TRANSLATIONAL SLIDES
55. It is the ability of soil or rock to allow the passage of fluids into or through it
without impairing its structure. – PERMEABILITY
56. It is normally under pressure which increases with increasing depth below the
water table to very high values. - SUBSURFACE WATER
57. Involves breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces, without any changes in their
composition. – MECHANICAL WEATHERING
58. Occur when piece of rock on a steep slope gets dislodged. – ROCKFALLS
59. Also called debris slides. – ROCKSLIDES
60. Leads to mineral alteration and solution of rocks. – CHEMICAL WEATHERING
61. Is brought about principally by oxidation. – ALTERATION
62. Important agent in the decay of all rocks. – FREE OXYGEN
63. Is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved. – CARBONIC ACID
64. Are oxidized by weathering. – SULPHUR COMPOUNDS
65. Form from the molten rock specially magma or lava. – IGNEOUS ROCKS
66. Is a crystalline mineral composed of silica? – QUARTZ
67. It contains calcium, sodium and potassium. – FELDSPAR
68. A group of hydrous, potassium, aluminum silicate minerals. – MICA
69. Are a major group of hydrous minerals that occur in a wide range of rock types.
-AMPHIBOLES
70. A rock forming silicate minerals of variable composition among calcium,
magnesium and iron. – PYROXENE
71. Is an abundant silicate found in Earth's mantle, and many minerals’ varieties
predominate? – OLIVINE
72. Made when magma cools and solidifies in chambers within preexisting rock it
produces. – INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
73. Happens when a magma cools and harden before reaching the surface.
– IGNEOUS INTRUSION
74. It is a flat intrusion of Igneous Rock that forms between preexisting layers of rock,
it commonly seen as horizontal sills? - SILL
75. It is often oriented vertically or steeply to the bedding of preexisting intruded
rocks. - DIKE
76. It is a large body of Igneous rock formed beneath the Earth's surface?
- BATHOLITHS
77. Volcanic zones are associated with the boundaries of crustal plates and this is the
common rocks of extrusive igneous rocks and it is near at ocean.
– VOCANIC ACTIVITY
78. A light-colored Igneous rock with particle that are large enough to be seen without
a magnifying glass. – GRANITES
79. It is an intrusive igneous rock with large texture and visible grain sizes.
– GRANODIORITE
80. It is extreme because they often contain minerals that aren't found in other type of
rocks and have very bug crystal. – PEGMATITES
81. It is an intrusive igneous rock with the same mineral composition as Granite but
much finer grains less than 1mm in diameter. – APLITE
82. It has a glassy or fined-grain texture, although it can be also porphyritic, with
bigger mineral crystal in fine-grained groundmass. – RHYOLITE
83. Are more on high in silicas and contain minerals such us quartz, feldspar, and
biotite. – ACIDIC ROCKS
84. Have a granular texture similar to granite, and the only difference between them
and granite is the absence or paucity of quartz. – SYENITES
85. An intrusive rock with a composition they are halfway between gabbro and granite.
– DIORITE
86. It is dominated by sodic plagioclase and alkali feldspar, with little or no free quartz.
– TRACHYANDESITES
87. Usually have an aphanitic or fine-grain mineral texture as a result of volcanic lava
cooling rapidly on or near the Earth's surface. – BASALTS
88. Fine grained, ophitic texture. Primary minerals are plagioclase, pyroxene, humbled
and quartz. – DOLERITE
89. Are made by too heat exposure or too much plate pressure.
– METAMORPHIC ROCKS
90. The reason it is being called contact Metamorphism is it because it involves an
existing rock coming into contact with the intense heat that generally provided by
lava or magma. – CONTACT METAMORPHISM
91. It is made by form of too much pressure, and that pressure can cause a rock be
trap in the middle so that rock will change and become a metamorphic rock.
– REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
92. Rocks Produce a platy or sheet-like form that reflects the direction of application of
pressure. – FOLIATED ROCKS
93. Is a fine grained, foliated metamorphic rock formed by low-grade Regional
Metamorphism altering shale or mudstone. - SLATE
94. A medium grade metamorphic rock, forms by the metamorphosis of mudstone/
shale, or some types of Igneous rock to a higher degree than slate. – SCHIST
95. It is a foliated metamorphic rock characterized by mineral composition band and
lenses. - GNEISS
96. A metamorphic rock that does not have a layered or banded appearance.
– NON-FOLIATED ROCK
97. Is a non-foliated fine grained metamorphic rock with no visible composition.
- HORNFELS
98. is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of
limestone or dolostone. – MARBLE
99. it is a dense, hard, fine grained, siliceous rock that breaks with a conchoidal
fracture. - NOVACULITE
100. it is a non-Foliated metamorphic rock that is produced by the Metamorphism of
sandstone. - QUARTZITE
101. The type of rock that is distinguished by its formation rather than its mineral
content. - SKARN
102. All water found beneath the ground surface in a saturated zone. -
GROUNDWATER
103. The principal source: precipitation. – METEORIC WATER
104. Magmatic sources, water in where sediments deposit. – JUVENILE WATER
105. Trapped in the pore space of sedimentary rocks. – CONNATE WATER
106. Amount of water infiltrates into the ground is depends on. - PRECIPITATION
107. It is seepage of surface into the ground – INFILTRATION
108. Its subsequent movement. - PERCOLATION
109. The pores within the zone of saturation filled with water named.
– PHREATIC WATER
110. Upper surface of phreatic water known. – WATER TABLE
111. Above the zone of saturation which both air and water occupy the pores.
– ZONE OF AERATION
112. Soil water belt discharges water into the atmosphere by evapotranspiration.
– SOIL WATER
113. Above of water table, waters held in the pores by capillary action.
– CAPILLARY FRINGE
114. Occurs when the water table is far enough below the surface of soil water belt not
to extend down to capillary fringe. – INTERMEDIATE BELT
115. Even when rocks are saturated, they tend to impede the flow of water through
striatal sequences. – AQUICLUDES
116. Transmits water at a very slow rate but over a large of area contact. (ex. sandy
clays) – AQUITARDS
117. Force of surface tension increased as evaporation proceeds.
– SURFACE TENSION PULL
118. Saturated with capillary moisture referred as. – CLOSED CAPILLARY FRIDGE
119. Air and capillary moisture exist together named. – OPEN CAPILLARY FRIDGE
120. Positive pressure exists in atmosphere pressure while Negative pressure are
existed in the capillary zone.
121. Are developed by force of surface tension. - SUNCTION PRESSURE
122. It tends to force soil particle together and contribute towards the strength and
stability of soil. – SOIL SUNCTION
123. The percentage of a rock or sediment that consist of open spaces. - POROSITY
124. Ability of rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces or pores.
- PERMEABILITY
125. Passage of a measurable quantity of fluid in a finite period of time. - PERMEABLE
126. Transmit fluid slow enough to be negligible under existing temperature-pressure
conditions. - IMPERMEABLE
127. Storability of an aquifer has been defined as the volume of water release or taken
into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer. A dimensionless quantity.
– STORAGE COEFFICIENT
128. Its virtually corresponds to the specific yield as more or less all the groundwater
is released from storage by gravity drainage. – UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
129. Water is not yielded simply by gravity drainage from the pore space. - CONFINED
AQUIFERS
130. It is the starting point of all planning - GEOLOGY
131. To develop the environment in harmony with nature – GEOLOGY
132. Required at all levels of planning and development, from initial identification of a
social need to the construction stage – GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION
133. Description of a proposed scheme, its impact on the environment, adverse effects
and alternatives to the proposed scheme. – ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT
134. A tool used to determine the social, economic and environmental impacts of
major developments in order to determine the necessary migratory measures
– ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT
135. Multidisciplinary process with social and technical components
– ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT
136. Responsible of damaging large area of the land surface and can cause serious
constraints on development, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides,
floods, etc. – GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
137. Comprising risk identification and evaluation, give way in making rational
decisions as to how dangerous events can be reduced or overcome.
– VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
138. Obtained from statistical assessment of instrumentally obtained data or data
gathered from past events. – OBJECTIVE ASSESMENT OF RISK
139. Probability expresses the relative frequency of occurrence of an event based on
data collected from various sources.
– CONVENTIONAL STATISTICAL ASSESMENT
140. Variable in type, magnitude, duration and significance as geohazard
– VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
141. Lava has low viscosity; thus, eruptions tend to be non-violent in nature
– DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
142. High viscosity of lava, that volcanic vents become blocked so subterranian
pressures build up - CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY
143. Identification of areas liable to be affected adversely by particular types of
volcanic eruption. – HAZARD ZONING
144. Two types of maps - ECONOMIC & SOCIAL PLANNING
145. It can be drawn to show the thickness of a particular aqualifer and the depth
below the surface of a particular bed. - ISOPACHYTE MAPS
146. Margins of the crustal plates that move with respect to each other
– EARTHQUAKES
147. Smaller amplitude - P or Compression waves
148. Larger amplitude than P waves, but P waves travels 3 times faster than S waves
- S or Shear waves
149. Larger amplitude - L waves
150. Total amount of elastic energy released when overstrained rocks suddenly
rebound and generate shock waves – MAGNITUDE
151. Unlikely to be felt by human – MAGNITUDE 2
152. Unlikely to cause damage to well-constructed buildings – MAGNITUDE 5 OR LESS
153. Small shocks and continuous slow slippage – FAULT CREEP
154. The prediction of the duration of seismic shaking above a critical ground
acceleration threshold is important – HAZARD ASSESMENT
155. Provide a means of regional and local planning in relation to the reduction of
seismic hazard - Seismic zoning and micro-zoning
156. Distribution of earthquake hazard within a region – SEISMIC ZONING
157. Defines the distribution of earthquake risk in each seismic zone
- SEISMIC MICRO ZONING
158. Refers to the probability of a landslide of a given size occurring within a specified
period of time within a particular area. – LANDSLIDE HAZARD
159. Reducing the activating forces; by increasing the forces resisting movement or by
avoiding or eliminating the slide – LANDSLIDE PREVENTION
160. Is rarely applicable to rotational or slab slides. – SLOPE FLATTENING
161. May be necessary in order to stabilize the toe of a slope and thus prevent
successive undermining with consequent spread of failure upslope.
– SLOPE REDUCTION
162. Can be used on steeper slopes. It brings about stability by dividing a slope into
segments. - BENCHING
163. The most generally applicable preventative and corrective treatment for slides,
regardless of type. - DRAINAGE
164. Run-off that remains after evapotranspiration and infiltration into the ground have
taken place. – SURFACE WATER
165. Defined in terms of height or stage of water above some given point such as the
banks of a river channel - FLOODS
166. The average time between a rainstorm event and the consequent increase in river
flow – LAG TIME
167. Can be used to determine the probability of the size of discharge that could be
expected during any given time interval. – FLOOD FREQUENCY CURVE
168. The important factor to be determined for any design flood is not simply its
magnitude but the probability of its occurrence. - DESIGN FLOOD
169. Refers to projects designed to hasten the run-off of flood waters or to confine
them within restricted limits, to improve drainage of adjacent lands, to check
stream bank erosion or to provide deeper water for navigation. – RIVER CONTROL
170. Is another method used to control flooding? This involves opening a new exit for
part of the river water. – DIVERSION
171. Can be brought about by training walls or dams that are used to deflect a river
into a more desirable alignment or to confine it to lesser widths.
– CHANNEL REGULATION
172. Can be used to close secondary channels and thus divert or concentrate a river
into a preferred course. – WALLS & DAMS
173. Formed by onshore winds carrying sand-sized material landward from the beach
along low-lying stretches of coast where there is an abundance of sand on the
foreshore. – DUNES
174. The most important structure used to stabilize or increase the width of the beach
by arresting longshore drift - GROYNE
175. Range from a simple rip-rap deposit to a regular masonry retaining wall
- SEAWALLS
176. Vertical walls either of timber boards or of steel sheet piling. – BULKHEADS
177. Commonly run parallel to the shore or at slight angles to it, chosen with respect to
the direction that storm waves approach the coast – OFFSHORE BREAKWATERS
178. Impound longshore drift material up-beach of the inlet and thereby prevent
sanding of the channel they protect - JETTIES
179. May be used to shorten the coastline along highly indented coastlines and at
major estuaries. – BARRAGES
180. Much more significant in arid regions, because there is little vegetation and the
ground surface may be dry, and sediment yield may be high. – WIND ACTION
181. Are frequently used to control wind erosion and, obviously, are best developed
where groundwater is near enough the surface for trees and shrubs to have access
to it. – WIND BREAKS
182. Can be used to impound or divert moving sand. – FENCES
183. Result from the sudden release of water that is impounded in, on, under or
adjacent to a glacier. – GLACIER FLOODS
184. In which glaciers either advance or retreat occur in response to climatic changes.
- GLACIER FLUNCTUATIONS
185. Rapid changes in the position of the snout of a glacier – SURGES
186. A flowmeter log provides a record of the direction and velocity of groundwater
movement in a drillhole. – FLOWMETERS
187. Is injected at the required depth, and the direction and rate of the movement is
monitored by a probe. – TRACER
188. The commonest way of recovering groundwater is to sink a well and lift water
from it. – WELL
189. The abstraction of water from the ground at a greater rate than it is being
recharged leads to a lowering of the water table and upsets the equilibrium
between discharged and recharge of water. - SAFE YIELD
190. Its main purpose is water conservation, often with improved quality as a second
aim. - ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
191. Pollution can be defined as an impairment of water quality by chemicals.
- GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
192. Are distinguished from the fine on the basis of particle size - COARSE GRAINED
SOIL
193. Are defined as those soils whose individual grains are retained on a No. 200 (0.075
mm) sieve. - COARSE GRAINED SOIL
194. Contain accumulations of heavy metallic ore minerals, such as cassiterite (a major
source of tin), or native metals, such as gold, in nuggets or flakes. – GRAVEL
195. Is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles
– SAND
196. It has various compositions but is defined by its grain size – SAND
197. Are defined as those whose individual particles pass a No. 200 sieve.
- FINE GRAINED SOILS
198. Particles of this size can usually not be seen with the naked eye, even with the aid
of a magnifying glass - FINE GRAINED SOILS
199. Made up of rock and mineral particles that are larger than clay but smaller than
sand – SILT
200. Is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals? – CLAY
201. It develops plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the
clay particles, but become hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing
– CLAY
202. In a fibrous root system, the roots grow downwards into the soil, and also branch
off sideways throughout the soil. This forms a mass of fine roots, with no distinct
tap root, because the embryonic root dies back while the plant is still young and
growing - FIBROUS SOILS
203. The most dominant type of organic soils developed through centuries under
wetland – PEAT
204. Is a sedimentary deposit composed largely of silt-size grains that are loosely
cemented by calcium carbonate – LOESS
205. Most clay minerals form where rocks are in contact with water, air, or steam
- CLAY DEPOSITS
206. In humid tropical regions, weathering of rock is more intense and extends to
greater depths than in other parts of the world. - TROPICAL SOIL
207. The soil aggregates (small clods) collapse when the soil gets wet by fresh water,
because the individual clay particles disperse into solution - DISPERSIVE SOIL
208. Are generally sandy with extremely low organic matter, having very low nutrients
and microbial activity. Land degradation is further enhanced by the inherent
fragility of soils, sand movements due to wind erosion, and loss of native
- SOILS OF ARID REGIONS
209. Usually is regarded as being synonymous with boulder clay. It is deposited
directly by ice, whereas stratified drift is deposited in melt waters associated with
glacier – TILL
210. Is influenced by the initial temperature of the soil, as well as the air temperature;
the intensity and duration of the freeze period; and the type of ground cover.
– FROST ACTION IN SOIL
211. Refers to the upward or outward movement of the ground surface (or objects on,
or in, ground) caused by formation of ice in soil. - FROST HEAVE
212. Also known as turf, is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic
matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, moors, or
muskegs. – PEAT
213. Is the surface organic layer of a soil that consists of partially decomposed organic
matter, derived mostly from plant material, which has accumulated under
conditions of waterlogging, oxygen deficiency, high acidity and nutrient deficiency.
– PEAT
214. Igneous rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when hot, molten rock
crystallizes and solidifies.
215. The very primary form of a rock formation is from streams of magma that erupted
from volcanoes and as soon as they come in contact with the air in the surface,
they start cooling down and ultimately solidify to form Igneous rocks.
- IGNEOUS ROCKS
216. Is a liquid composition of different sorts of molten minerals. They usually form at
the core of the earth which is around 700° to about 1300° Celsius. The deeper you
go, the hotter it gets. – MAGMA
217. The rocks that are formed during a slow change of temperature in the atmosphere
around the magma is known as - INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
218. The rocks that are formed during a sudden drop in temperature around the
magma which usually occurs during a volcanic eruption is known as - EXTRUSIVE
IGNEOUS ROCKS
219. The term for this category of rocks comes from the word “metamorphosis” which
means “change in the form or nature”.
220. As the name implies, when any sort of rock loses its initial properties due to
partial heating and gain new characteristics, - THERMAL METAMORPHIC ROCKS
221. Is formed when a rock loses its characteristics due to intensive pressure. Usually,
the physical features change more than the chemical features.
- DYNAMIC METAMORPHIC ROCKS
222. Is a sedimentary rock composed of sand-size grains of mineral, rock, or organic
material? – SANDSTONE
223. Are rocks formed primarily from silt to clay-sized clasts. – MUDROCKS
224. Are sedimentary rocks consisting of carbonate minerals? – CARBONATE ROCK
225. Has been used as a construction material for thousands of years. One of the
reasons for this was its ready availability locally. – STONE
226. Pass a severe acid immersion test and a severe crystallization test.
- Class A sandstones
227. Pass a mild acid immersion test and a severe crystallization test.
- Class B sandstones
228. Pass a severe acid immersion test and a mild crystallization test.
- Class C sandstones
229. Pass a severe acid immersion test but fail a mild crystallization test.
- Class D sandstones
230. Pass a mild acid immersion test but fail a mild crystallization test.
- Class E sandstones
231. Fail a mild acid immersion test and a mild crystallization test.
- Class F sandstones
232. Used for roofing purposes must possess a sufficient degree of fissility to allow
them to split into thin slabs, in addition to being durable and impermeable. -
ROCKS
233. Refers to large blocks of rock that are used to protect civil engineering structures.
– ARMOURSTONE
234. Is produced for a number of purposes, the chief of which are for concrete and
road aggregate. – CRUSHED ROCK
235. Aggregate constitutes the basic material for road construction and is quarried in
the same way as aggregate for concrete. – ROAD AGGREGATE
236. Deposits usually represent local accumulations, for example, channel fillings. In
such instances, they are restricted in width and thickness but may have
considerable length. – GRAVEL
237. The textural maturity of sand varies appreciably. – SAND
238. Is made by heating limestone, including chalk, to a temperature between 1100∞C
and 1200∞C in a current of air, at which point carbon dioxide is driven off to
produce quicklime (CaO). – LIME
239. Is manufactured by burning pure limestone or chalk with suitable argillaceous
material (clay, mud or shale) in the proportion 3:1. The raw materials are crushed
and ground to a powder, and then blended. – CEMENT
240. Is undertaken as the first stage of a site investigation in order to make an initial
assessment of the ground conditions and to identify, if possible, any potential
geotechnical problems (Herbert et al., 1987). – DESK STUDY
241. Also, can reduce the risk of encountering unexpected ground conditions that
could adversely affect the financial viability of a project. – DESK STUDY
242. Remote imagery and aerial photographs prove to be invaluable during the
planning and reconnaissance stages of certain projects. The information they
provide can be transposed to a base map, which is checked during fieldwork.
– REMOTE SENSING
243. Is dependent upon the fact that all objects emit electromagnetic radiation
generated by the thermal activity of their component atoms.
– INFRARED LINESCANNING
244. Are being digitized and distributed on CD-ROMS that are compatible with desktop
computers and image processing software. – AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
245. Are aerial photographs that have been scanned into digital format and computer
processed so that radial distortion is removed. – ORTHOGRAPH
246. Is used for topographic survey work and for normal interpretation purposes. The
other types of film are used for special purposes. – BLACK AND WHITE FILM
247. Photography generally offers much more refined imagery. – TRUE COLOR
248. Provides a more sensitive means of identifying exposures of bare grey rocks than
any other type of film. – FALSE COLOUR
249. Can be obtained by hand, by auger or from the clay cutter or shell of a boring rig.
– DISTURBED SAMPLES
250. Can be regarded as one that is removed from its natural condition without
disturbing its structure, density, porosity, moisture content and stress condition.
- UNDISTURBED SAMPLE
251. The sudden release of energy from the detonation of an explosive charge in the
ground or the mechanical pounding of the surface generates shock waves that
radiate out in a hemispherical wave front from the point of release.
– SEISMIC METHODS
252. Is used to determine variations in apparent resistivity in a horizontal direction at a
pre-selected depth. – HORIZONTAL PROFILING
253. All rocks, mineral and ore deposits are magnetized to a lesser or greater extent by
the Earth’s magnetic field. – MAGNETIC METHODS
254. The Earth’s gravity field varies according to the density of the subsurface rocks,
but at any particular locality, its magnitude – GRAVITY METHODS
255. Is a map that highlights area that are affected by or are vulnerable to a particular
hazard. – HAZARD MAPS
256. Attempts to estimate the location, probability and relative severity of probable
hazardous events so that potential losses can be estimated, mitigated against or
avoided. – RISK MAPPING
257. Has been used to depict the special variation of risk in relation to particular areas.
Ideally, land-use should adjust to the recommendations suggested by any such
microzoning so that the impacts of the geohazard events depicted have a reduced
or minimum influence on people, buildings and infrastructure. – MICROZONATION
258. Where one type of geohazard occurs, and the effects are relatively
straightforward. - Single Geohazard–single Purpose Map
259. Are prepared where the geohazard is likely to affect more than one activity and
shows the varying intensity of and the response to the hazard. -
Single Geohazard–multiple Purpose Map
260. Used for risk analysis and assessment of the spatial variation in potential loss and
damage. Both the geohazard and the consequences should be quantified, and the
relative significance of each hazard compared.
- Multiple Hazard–multiple Purpose Map
261. Loss of soil due to erosion by water or wind is a natural process. - SOIL EROSION
262. A natural process that moves soil from one location to another by wind power
- WIND EROSION
263. Removing, discarding, recycling or destroying unwanted materials called waste
that is produced from agriculture, domestic usage or industrial products.
- WASTE DISPOSAL
264. Is formed when rainfall infiltrates a landfill and dissolves the soluble fraction of
the waste, as well as from the soluble products formed as a result of the chemical
and biochemical processes occurring within the decaying wastes - LEACHATE
265. Any waste that is produced in the home environment- DOMESTIC WASTE
266. Any waste produced by a business on its premises – COMMERCIAL WASTE
267. Any waste produced by industrial activity during the manufacturing process
– INDUSTRIAL WASTE
268. Waste generated during the extraction, beneficiation, and processing of minerals
– MINING WASTE
269. Byproduct from nuclear reactors, fuel processing plants, hospitals and research
facilities. – RADIOACTIVE WASTE
270. Mine subsidence can be defined as movement of the ground surface as a result of
readjustments of the overburden due to collapse or failure of underground
workings. – SUBSIDE DUE TO MINING
271. Also occurs in areas where there is intensive abstraction of oil, as well as natural
gas. - SURFACE SUBSIDANCE
272. Is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the
surface layer. – SINKHOLE
273. Occurs where changes in the local stress conditions brought about by man give
rise to changes in strain and deformation in rock masses, causing movements
along discontinuities. – INDUCED SEISMICITY
274. Can be regarded as land that has been damaged by industrial use or other means
of exploitation to the extent that it has to undergo some form of remedial treatment
before it can be of beneficial use. – DIRECT LAND
275. Contaminated land is by no means easy to define but it can be regarded as land
that contains substances that, when present in sufficient concentrations, are likely
to cause harm, directly or indirectly, to man, to the environment or to other targets.
– CONTAMINATED LAND