CEREAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

INTRODUCTION

 Cereal grains have been essential to human life for a very long time.
 It is a daily necessity and makes up between 50% to 60% of our diet.
 Cereals are basically edible grains that can be eaten and produced in vast
quantities and are rich in minerals and vitamins.
 Even as daily main diet, grains are consumed in significant quantities in the
majority of developing nations,
 Most grains, including wheat, rice, finger millet, pearl millet, sorghum and others
are finely processed into flour.
 These flours can be used to make a variety of flatbreads.
 Breakfast staples include cornflakes, bran cereal, muesli, oats or oat porridge,
granola, rice krispies and wheat flakes.
 Average production every years: 15,892 thousand metric tons.

TYPES OF CEREALS
 Wheat
Grasses are grown for their palatable
 Rice
seeds.
 Maize
Given that they produce more than half of
 Barley the world’s cereals, wheat and rice are
 Oats the most significant crops globally.

 Rye

WASTE MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

 DISPOSAL
 Cereal trash can be disposed of like other waste, but it can be
also fed to animals, composted or decomposed anaerobically and
then used to improve the soil quality.
 Home composting of cereal trash allows for complete avoidance
of central collection, and numerous local governments operate
programmes that offer subsidized composting bin systems.
 However, there may not be a large enough population willing to
dispose of their food waste in that manner.
 Both are beneficial, gaseous byproducts and a solid fibrous
“compostable” material are produced by anaerobic digestion. By
using the methane produced by cereal and other organic wastes
to generate electricity, anaerobic digestion plants may generate
energy from trash while also cutting back on greenhouse gas
emissions.
 Cereal waste from garbage disposal devices that enters sanitary
sewers is handled with other sewage and add to sludge.

 DEGRADATION
 Cereal waste is an organic bioreactive waste that degrades in
landfills by a combination of biological, physical and chemical
processes. In the dump, microorganisms breakdown the cereal
debris.
 Landfill gases are produced when bacteria break down organic
waste.
 It may contain different gases like methane , CO2 which make
up 90% - 98% of landfill gases.
 These gases are used to produce electricity, heat , fuels and
various chemical compounds.
 Proteins, carbs and lipids or fats are the three main biological
constituents that make up cereal waste. Carbohydrates, which
comprises cellulose, starch and sugars make up the vast majority
of biodegradable wastes. Proteins are massive, intricate chemical
compounds made up of hundreds or thousands of different amino
acid groups. Materials with fatty acids in them are known as
lipids or fats.
 Five main stages of degradation of cereal waste is,
 Site characteristics
 Waste characteristics
 Moisture content of the waste
ADVANTAGES
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 Temperature
 Acidity

 PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS
Process for the Production of Biogas is-

 In order to become ready for the anaerobic digestion process, bio

waste is crushed and surried.
 The bio waste is then heated to about 37 ° C , since we know that
the warm

Biogas is about 20% lighter than air.

Odorless and colorless gas.

 TO OBTAIN NANOMATERIALS



conditions are

DISADVATAGES
necessary
methanogens and sulphate - reducing bacteria.
for microbes

 After that, it takes around 3 weeks for the actual biogas to be

produced by anaerobic digestion in big tanks.
 The gas is cleaned in the last stage by eliminating impurities and
CO2.
like

Biogas ignition temperature in the range of

650-750°C.
Unstable and hazardous.

Nanomaterials are materials having particles of nanoscale

dimesions b/w 1-100nm.
They are added to cement, cloths and other materials to make
them stronger and lighter.
Their size make them extremely useful in electronics.
  Utilizing food processing waste, such as rice bran and wheat
husk, to produce nanomaterials is a recent topic of research.
 Starch, cellulose and xylan have all been extensively employed
as renewable materials to create stable nanoparticles.
 To fix Pt and Ni nanoparticles in place, silica was collected from
rice husk.
 The texture of rice husk silica (RHS) was adjusted using a non-
ionic surfactant (Span 40) and a cationic surfactant (CTAB).
 Ni particles were immobilized on the surface of non-ionic
surfactant and rice husk silica, which demonstrated high
dehydrogenation activity and acetaldehyde production capability.

 GASIFICATION
 It is the process that converts carbonaceous material into syngas
(hydrogen carbon monoxide).
 This process is done in the presence of air.
Gasification
Cereal waste ——————————> Energy
 Process of Gasifications occurs in a Gasifier as follows-
 Cereal waste is lowered from the top into gasifier.
1. Drying- the moisture content of the waste is lowered.
2. Pyrolysis- Waste degraded into bio char, tar and
flammable gases as there was no oxygen present.
3. Gasification- removing oxygen at a high temperature
From these waste products to create combustible gases.
4. Oxidation- Combustible gases and oxygen are
Combined during oxidation to liberate heat and create
Waste products like water vapour and CO2.
 Syngas is released from the top.
 Ash is deposited at the bottom.
 Syngas released by gasification process usisng cereal waste as biomass material
can be used as a clean alternative to fossil fuels in generating electricity or for the
production of lq. fuels such as synthetic diesel, etc.
  PYROLYSIS
 It is a thermo chemical decomposition of organic material into
liquid, gases and char (solid residue) at elevated temperature in
the absence of oxygen.
 Pyrolysis is an endothermic process.
 Process of the Pyrolysis of Rice Husk is as follows-
 A perforated holder with a sample of moisture- free rice husk
was used to insert the sample into the tube furnace.
 Making the furnace airtight and electrically heated was
challenging.
 Pyrolysis were performed under vaccum. [710-720mm of Hg]
 The vaccum inside the pyrolyser was established and
maintained using a centrifugal pump.
 Temperature of pyrolyser was varied with in 400- 650°C.
 A vaccum line was opened, allowing a mixture of liquid and
gas to exit. It was then positioned at one line of the pyrolyser.
 Bio oil was produced by condensing fluid from the pyrolyser
in a series of ice cooled condensers.
 Uncondensed gas was blown off.

 PAPER MAKING AND PACKAGING

 The raw material for creating high- quality paper is rice straw.
Since it has less lignin than typical wood, it just needs a minor
chemical pre treatment.
 Cheaper soda and soda-AQ methods are used for making paper
in many developing countries.
 In a startup named Kriya Labs, IIT, Delhi alums have created a
pulp- making technique that can be used to create paper, plates
and cups.
 The production of bio- plastics from rice straw combined with
starch, cellulose, glycerol and protein is ready to quickly replace
conventional plastic due to its rapid biodegradability (within 180
days of use as opposed to 500 years for plastics).
EXAMPLES OF SOME CEREAL WASTES

CROP RESIDUES METHOD PRODUCT

Rice Straw • Production of paper and Paper and cardboard

cardboard
Compost
• Composting

Rice husk • Pyrolysis Biochar and Bio-oil

• Gasifier Syngas

Wheat Straw • Pyrolysis Biochar and Bio-oil

• Gasifier Syngas

• combustion Flue Gas

Corn stover • Combustion Flue gas

• Production of Bioethanol Bioethanol

Corn cobs Pyrolysis Bio-oil

Corn stalk

Barley straw • Composting Compost

• Production of Biogas Methane Production

• Staw Mulching

Barley Husk Adsorption Removal of Heavy metals

CROP RESIDUE METHOD PRODUCT

Oat Straw • Composting Compost
• Pyrolysis Chloride rich fertilizer
• Production of Biogas Bio-oil
Methane rich biogas

Rye Straw • Rye straw mulching Compost

• Composting Chloride rich fertilizer
• Pyrolysis Bio-oil
• Production of biogas Methane rich biogas