4.

BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY

Index

corpus striatum 156 Cerebral vascular disease 219

A caudate nucleus 156 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 31
functions of 158 absorption 31
A lesion involving Wernicke’s area and
lentiform nucleus 157 circulation 31
Broca’s area 144
dissection 157 formation 31
Abscess of frontal lobe 63
Bell’s palsy 81 functions of 31
Ageing 147
Benedikt’s syndrome 114, 218 Cerebrum 134
Agnosia 145
Binasal hemianopia 68 dissection 134
Allergic rhinitis 63
Bitemporal hemianopia 68 features 134
Alzheimer’s disease 147
Blood supply of brain 186 histology 147
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 49
Blood supply of spinal cord 185 Charcot’s artery of cerebral
Aneurysm of posterior cerebral or superior
Blood supply of the brainstem 196 haemorrhage 164, 218
cerebellar artery 71
Blood–brain barrier 193 Chiari malformation 20
Anosmia 63, 177
functions of 194 Chorea 159
Aphasia 146
Brainstem 100 Circulus arteriosus or circle of Willis 190
Apraxia and akinesia 144
Brown-Séquard syndrome 50, 217 branches 190
Argyll Robertson pupil 68, 114
Bulbar palsy 107 central 190
Arterial supply of different areas 192
choroidal 192
cerebellum 193
cortical 190
cerebral cortex 192 C formation 190
inferior surface 192
Caseous lymph nodes 93 Cisternal puncture 30
medial and tentorial sufaces 192
Cauda equina syndrome 36, 219 Comparison of parasympathetic and
superolateral surface 192
Cellular architecture 4 sympathetic nervous systems 212
Arteries of brain 186, 217
grey matter and white matter 7 Complete transaction of spinal cord 52
basilar artery 217
neuroglial cells 6 Compression of III nerve 71
circle of Willis 217
neuron 4 Conus medullaris syndrome 36, 218
anterior cerebral 217
classification of 4 Convulsion 20
central branches 217
reflex arc 7 Cranial nerves 56
choroidal branches 217
Cerebellar dysfunction 124 embryology 56
cortical branches 217
anterior lobe lesion 124 functional components of 56
middle cerebral 217
neocerebellar lesions 124 general somatic afferent nuclei 61, 57
posterior cerebral 217
Cerebellopontine angle 109 general visceral afferent nucleus 58, 59
internal carotid artery 217
Cerebellopontine angle syndrome 218 nuclei of 60
vertebral artery 217
Cerebellum 117 special somatic afferent nuclei 61
Ascending tracts 45
blood supply 121 special visceral afferent nucleus 59
exteroceptive sensations 45
connections of 121 special visceral efferent nuclei 57
anterior spinothalamic 45
development 125 Craniosynostosis 19
lateral spinothalamic 45
external features 117, 118 Crocodile tears syndrome 82
neurons of 46
proprioceptive sensations 47 functional divisions 118
fasciculus cuneatus 47 functions of 123 D
fasciculus gracilis 47 grey matter of 121
reflex proprioceptive sensations 48 histological structure 124 Damage to anterior inferior cerebellar
dorsal spinocerebellar 48 morphological divisions 118 artery 188
ventral spinocerebellar 48 neurons of 124 Deafness 85
Astereognosis 145 sensory fibres of 125 Dementia 147
Athetosis 159 Cerebellum cognitive affective syndrome 124 Descending tracts 41
Attention deficit hyperactive disorder 19 Cerebral hemisphere 135 extrapyramidal tracts 42
Autism 20 four borders 136 comparison of pyramidal and
Autonomic nervous system 205 four lobes 137 extrapyramidal tracts 45
sulci and gyri on lateral reticulospinal 42
medial surface 140 medial reticulospinal 42
B orbital surface 140 rubrospinal 42
superolateral surface 138 vestibulospinal 42
Babinski’s sign 219 tentorial surface 140 pyramidal or corticospinal tracts 41
Ballismus 159 three poles 137 anterior 41
Basal nuclei 156 three surfaces 135 lateral 41
amygdaloid body 158 Cerebral palsy 19 Destructive lesion of primary motor area 4, 144
claustrum 158 Cerebral stroke 218 Development of brain 13
223
224 HUMAN ANATOMY—BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY

cerebral commissures 17 openings in the roof 131 posterior communicating artery 189
cerebral cortex 16 roof 129 Intersegmental tracts 49
cerebral hemispheres 16 tela choroidea of 130 Investigations required in a neurological
development of spinal nerve roots 17 Frey’s syndrome 77 case 200
diencephalon 14 Froin’s syndrome or loculation syndrome 31 angiography 201
lobes of brain 16 Frolich’s syndrome 155 computerised tomography 200
molecular regulation of development of Frontal eye field destruction 144 electrophysiological methods 201
spinal cord and brain 19 Functional areas of cerebral cortex 141 lumbar puncture 30, 200
neural crest cells and their derivatives 14 areas of special sensations 145 magnetic resonance imaging 200
neural tube 13 hearing 145 positron emission tomography 201
parts of brain 18 smell 146 sonography 200
telencephalon 15 taste 146 X-ray skull 200
Diabetes insipidus 155 vestibular area 146 Irritation of the auricular branch of the
Diencephalic autonomic epilepsy 155 vision 145 vagus 92
Diencephalon 149 functions of cerebral cortex 146 Irritation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve 92
connections and functions of 150 motor areas 141, 143
epithalamus 153 frontal eye field 144
pineal body 153 motor speech area of Broca 144 J
hypothalamus 154 prefrontal cortex 144
functions of 155 premotor 142 Jugular foramen syndrome 89
parts of 154 primary 141
metathalamus 150 supplementary 144 L
lateral geniculate body 151 sensory areas 144
medial geniculate body 150 first somesthetic area 144 Laminar organisation in spinal cord 40
subthalamus 155 receptive speech area of Wernicke 145 Lateral medullary/Wallenburg
thalamus 149 second somesthetic area 145 syndrome 106, 218
structure and nuclei of 149 somesthetic association cortex 145 Lateral ventricle 169
Disturbance of sleep 155 anterior horn 172, 215
Divisions of nervous system 3 boundaries 172
anatomical 3
G central part 170, 215
functional 3 Gliomas 10 boundaries 171
Down syndrome 19 Glossopharyngeal neuralgia 89 choroid fissure 171
Gross study of brain 20 dissection 170
features 169
E coronal plane 20
horizontal plane 20 inferior horn 173, 215
oblique plane 21 boundaries 173
Eighth cranial nerve 82 posterior horn 172, 215
pathway of hearing 82 sagittal plane 20
Guillain-Barre syndrome 20 boundaries 172
vestibular pathway 85 Lesion of the pyramidal tract 180
Eleventh cranial nerve 92 Lesions of spinal root of accessory nerve 93
course and distribution 92 H Limbic system 173
cranial root 92 constituent parts 173
spinal root 92 Haemorrhage-cortical or subcortical 197 functions 173
functional components 92 Head injury 63 Papez circuit 176
Embolism 197 Hemianopia 68 rhinencephalon 176
Epilepsy 20 Hemiballismus 156 Loss of corneal blink reflex 77
Evolution of the head 202 Hemiplegia 194 Loss of jaw jerk reflex 77
Hippocampal-amygdala complex 176 Loss of sneeze reflex 77
Homonymous hemianopia 68, 146
F Horner’s syndrome 211
Lumbar epidural space 30
Lumbar puncture 30
Human speech 147 Lumbar puncture in a child 36, 218
Facial nerve palsy in newborn 82
Hydrocephalus 32, 218
Fifth cranial nerve 74
communicating 32
branches of 75
non-communicating 32 M
mandibular nerve 77
Hydrocephalus in infants 169
maxillary nerve 76 Medial medullary/Dejerine
Hyperglycaemia 155
ophthalmic nerve 76 syndrome 106, 218
Hypertensive encephalopathy 197, 219
nuclear columns 74 Medulla oblongata 100
Hypothalamic symptoms 169
motor component 75 blood supply 106
sensory components 74 development 107
First cranial nerve 63 I external features 100
Foramina for cranial nerves and internal structure 102
their branches 96 Infranuclear unilateral lesion of the transverse section
Foster Kennedy syndrome 68 hypoglossal nerve 95 through the lower part of the medulla 102
Fourth cranial nerve 71 Infratentorial brain tumours 131 through the middle of medulla 103
course and distribution 72 Injury to lower part of medulla oblongata 107 through the upper part of medulla 103
functional components 71 Injury to pharyngeal branch 92 Meniere's syndrome 85
Fourth ventricle 128 Injury to right recurrent laryngeal nerve 92 Meninges 25
angles 131 Internal carotid artery 189 arachnoid mater 26
cavity and recesses of 131 branches 189 cisterns 29
communication 130 anterior cerebral artery 189 cerebellomedullary 29
features of 129 anterior choroidal artery 189 cisterna pontis 29
floor 128 middle cerebral artery 189 interpeduncular 30
lateral boundaries 128 ophthalmic artery 189 lumbar 30
 INDEX 225

of great cerebral vein 30 Paralysis of the vagus nerve 91 optic pathways 64

of lateral sulcus 30 Parasympathetic nervous system 208 reflexes 65
dissection 25 craniosacral outflow 208 Seventh cranial nerve 78
dura mater 25 development 213 branches and distribution 79
folds of 26 efferent pathways of cranial part 209 course and relations 78
extradural spaces 28 pelvic splanchnic nerves 209 functional components 78
pia mater 27 sacral outflow 209 Sixth cranial nerve 73
subarachnoid space 29 Parinaud’s syndrome 114, 218 course and distribution 73
subdural spaces 28 Parkinsonism 159, 218 functional components 73
Meningioma 177 Partial cord lesion 51 Sixth nerve paralysis 73
Meningitis 30 Parts of the nervous system 8 Sparing of macula in thrombosis of posterior
Midbrain 110 central nervous system 8 cerebral artery 218
development 114 peripheral nervous system 8 Spasmodic torticollis 93
external features 110 Pathway of pain and temperature 180 Speech area lesion 144
internal structure 111 Pathway of proprioceptive (kinaesthetic) Spina bifida 20, 52
subdivisions 110 impulses 181 Spinal cord 34
transverse section Pathway of touch 180 ascending tracts of 50
at the level of inferior colliculi 111 crude touch 181 cauda equina 36
at the level of superior colliculi 112 fine touch 180 different segments of 37
Millard-Gubler syndrome 109, 218 Perivascular spaces 194 dissection 34
Myasthenia gravis 13 Pharyngitis 89 enlargements 35
Poliomyelitis 36 external features of 36
N Pons 107
basilar part 107
features 34
internal structure 36
Nerve supply of the viscera 209 blood supply 109 meningeal coverings 35
afferent autonomic fibres 211 development 110 Spinal nerves 38
female reproductive organs 211 external features 107 spinal segment 38
gastrointestinal tract 209 internal structure of pons 107 Spinal stenosis 20
gallbladder 210 tegmentum in the lower part of 108 Stroke 20
large intestine 210 tegmentum in the upper part of 108 Subarachnoid haemorrhage 218
liver 210 Pontine haemorrhage 109 Summary of the ventricles of the brain 215
oesophagus 209 Pseudobulbar palsy 107 fourth ventricle 215
pancreas 210 Ptosis or drooping of upper eyelid 71 apertures 215
rectum and anal canal 210 Pyramidal tract 179 floor 215
small intestine 210 course 179 lateral boundaries 215
stomach 210 functions 180 recesses in roof 215
heart 209 origin 179 lateral ventricle 215
lungs 209 termination 179 third ventricle 215
male reproductive organs 211 anterior wall 215
urinary system 211 floor 215
Ninth cranial nerve 85
R lateral wall 215
branches and distribution 88 posterior wall 215
Radiological anatomy of the brain 202
course and relations 87 recesses 215
cerebral angiography 202
functional components 86 roof 215
Ramsay-Hunt syndrome 82
Nuclear components of cranial nerves 215 Supranuclear lesions of the
Receptors 10
abducent 215 hypoglossal nerve 95
functional classification 13
facial 215 Surface anatomy 201
exteroceptors 13
glossopharyngeal 215 borders of cerebral hemisphere 201
interoceptors/enteroceptors 13
hypoglossal 215 central sulcus 201
proprioceptors 13
oculomotor 215 functional areas of cerebral cortex 202
special sense receptors 13
olfactory 215 lateral sulcus 202
motor efferent endings 12
optic 215 superior temporal sulcus 202
skeletal muscle 12
spinal part of accessory nerve 215 Sympathetic nervous system, thoracolumbar
sensory afferent 10
trigeminal 215 outflow 205
free nerve endings 10
trochlear 215 abdominal/lumbar part 206
Krause's end bulb 11
vagus and cranial part of CN XI 215 branches 206
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles 11
vestibulocochlear 215 cervical part 205
Merkel endings 10
Nuclei of spinal cord 38 development 213
neuromuscular spindles 11
in anterior grey column 39 ganglia of the sympathetic trunk 205
neurotendinous spindle of Golgi 11
in lateral grey column 40 pelvic/sacral and coccygeal parts 206
Ruffini's corpuscles 11
in posterior grey column 40 prevertebral ganglia and plexuses 208
tactile corpuscles of Meissner 11
superior hypogastric plexus 208
Referred pain 212
O Reticular formation 182
thoracic part 205
branches 206
action of drugs 183
Obesity 155 Syringomyelia 51, 217
connections 182
Occlusion of anterior cerebral artery 195 functions 183
Optic neuritis 68 location and identify 183 T
P Tabes dorsalis 218
S Thalamic syndrome 453, 218
Papilloedema 30, 68 Taste pathway 181
Paralysis of both vocal cords 92 Scotoma 68 Tenth cranial nerve 89
Paralysis of the trochlear nerve 73 Second cranial nerve 64 branches 90
226 HUMAN ANATOMY—BRAIN–NEUROANATOMY

course and relations 89 Twelfth cranial nerve 94 two terminal posterior cerebral
functional components 89 branches and distribution 95 branches 187
Third cranial nerve 69 course and relations 94 branches of posterior cerebral arteries 187
course and distribution 69 functional components 94 intracranial branches 187
functional components 69 anterior spinal artery 187
Third ventricle 168 medullary branches 187
boundaries 169 U meningeal branches 187
communications 168 posterior inferior cerebellar artery 187
Uncinate fits 177 posterior spinal artery 187
dissection 168
Unilateral dilatation of the lateral Vertigo 85
features 168
ventricle 169
recesses 169
Thrombosis 197
of anterior spinal artery 186 V W
of Heubner's recurrent branch of
Veins of the brain 195 Weber’s syndrome 71, 113, 218
anterior cerebral artery 164, 195
characteristics of 195 White matter of cerebrum 159
of lateral striate branches of middle
association fibres 159
cerebral artery 194 groups of 195
long 159
of posterior cerebral artery 188 external cerebral 195
short 159
of posterior inferior cerebellar artery 188 internal cerebral 196
commissural fibres 159
of superior cerebellar artery 188 terminal 196 corpus callosum 160
of the paracentral artery 195 Ventricular puncture 30 corona radiata 161
Tinnitis 85 Vertebral arteries 186 development 164
Total paralysis of the third nerve 71 basilar artery 187 dissection 160
Tracts of the spinal cord 41 anterior inferior cerebellar artery 187 inernal capsule 162
Trigeminal neuralgia 77 labyrinthine artery 187 blood supply 164
Tumours of pons 110 pontine branches 187 fibres of 162
Tumours of the nervous tissue 10 superior cerebellar artery 187 projection fibres 161