USMANU DANFODIYO UNIVERSITY, SOKOTO

(POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL)

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND EXTENSION SERVICES

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION

EDU 904: ADVANCED EDUCATIONAL THOUGHT

ASSIGNMENT

ON THE TOPIC

" THOSE WHO MERELY JUDGE BY THEIR TITLES TAKE

PLATO'S REPUBLIC FOR TREATISE ON POLITICS, BUT
IT IS THE FINEST TREATISE ON EDUCATION EVER
WRITTEN ". DISCUSS

BY

UMAR BINJI, BASHAR

21310409001

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Abstract

The assignment discusses the claim that Plato's Republic, is often regarded as a treatise on
politics, but it is the finest treatise on education ever written. To critically and systematically
addresses the argument, the assignment traces Plato's early life, including his time at the
Academy, an overview of his book The Republic, the relationship between the main key
themes of the Republic and education, Plato's theory of education, and his thoughts on good
citizenship. Also, the assignment explored the educational aspects of Plato's Republic and
determine whether it can be considered the finest treatise on education. In addressing this
argument, methods employed include an extensive literature review and analysis of Plato's
works, particularly The Republic. The most important finding is that Plato's Republic indeed
offers a comprehensive and profound theory of education and argue that a just society can
only be achieved if philosophers, who have received the highest form of education, become
the rulers. It emphasizes the importance of moral and intellectual development in creating
good citizens and a just society. The conclusions drawn from this assignment indicate that
The Republic can be considered a significant contribution to the field of education,
surpassing its reputation as a mere political treatise by those who judged a book by its cover.
The implications of this assignment are far-reaching, as it highlights the relevance of Plato's
educational thought in contemporary discussions on education and citizenship. The
assignment also has potential applications for practitioners and policymakers, who can draw
insights from Plato's ideas to inform educational practices and policies. In conclusion, this
assignment sheds light on the educational significance of Plato's Republic and argues that it
surpasses its reputation as a treatise on politics because most of the themes of The Plato
Republic if not all have a connection with education and the issue of who and how to educate
were properly addressed in the Republic. It also contributes to the field of education by
highlighting the importance of moral and intellectual development in creating good citizens
and just society. The assignment has implications for practitioners and policymakers,
providing insights that can inform educational practices and policies.

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 THOSE WHO MERELY JUDGE BY THEIR TITLES TAKE PLATO'S REPUBLIC

FOR TREATISE ON POLITICS, BUT IT IS THE FINEST TREATISE ON

EDUCATION EVER WRITTEN

Introduction

The quote provided by Rousseau which is the title of this assignment highlights an interesting

perspective on Plato's work. The subject of Education is integral in Plato’s Republic, which

rests heavily on an analysis of the proper education of its guardians. As Rousseau wrote in

Emile, or on Education, The Republic “is not at all a political work, as think those who judge

books only by their titles, it is the most beautiful educational treatise ever written (Bagudo,

2006, Bishop & Bishop, 2019). Even though the title of the book suggests it is a political

work, the Republic at its core is about the human soul and its education. The original title

«Πολιτεία» has a common root with the words “polis” and “politics,” which encompasses the

meaning of city, constitution, and state (Topaloğlu, 2014). However, the main theme of the

book is expressed in its subtitle «Δικαίον» which means “On Justice.” It depicts the

discussion of Socrates and the interlocutors who attempt to discover what is justice in the

individual. Like most of Plato’s works, the Republic is written in the form of a dialogue and

is presented from the point of view of Socrates (Goodman, 2023).

Plato treats the subject of education in The Republic as an integral and vital part of a wider

subject of the well-being of human society. The ultimate aim of education is to help people

know the Idea of the Good, which is to be virtuous. According to Plato, a just society always

tries to give the best education to all of its members in accordance with their abilities. Plato’s

educational thought illuminates many problems today’s educators face: Who are worthy

models for children to imitate? How does education help to shape good citizenship? How

does education serve humankind’s search for truth? (Murphy, 2015).

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In an attempt to justify the argument raised by the great thinker Rousseau that the Plato

Republic “is not at all a political work, as think those who judge books only by their titles, it

is the most finest educational treatise ever written, the assignment begins with Plato's early

life, his Academy, an overview of his book The Republic and the relationship between main

key themes of the Plato Republic and education, theory of education in the Plato Republic,

and Plato's Educational Thought on Good Citizenship were discussed in details.

Plato's Early Life and Family

Plato was born in 427 B.C. and died in 347 B.C., the son of Ariston and Perictione, both of

whom were descended from distinguished Athenians of royalty. His father died when Plato

was a few years old and his mother remarried a friend of the great Athenian statesman

Pericles which meant that Plato was familiar with Athenian politics from childhood and was

expected to take up a political career himself (Murphy, 2015).

Plato grew up in a city at war; the Peloponnesian War began before he was born and lasted

until he was 23 years old (Topaloğlu, 2014). The demoralization of Athens due to defeat

during the war led to an oligarchy revolution, followed by a savage tyranny that finally gave

way to the re-establishment of a democratic constitution. During this turmoil, Socrates was

put to death on a charge of impiety and corrupting the youth. Some

scholars maintain that Plato served as the "defense attorney" for Socrates during his trial. The

fact that he lost the case and his beloved mentor had a profound effect on him made him

anxious to preserve the memory of Socrates (Murphy, 2015).

Plato dedicated his life to the vindication of Socrates' memory and teachings, he wrote 34

dialogues, with The Republic in the middle (Olatunji, 2019). It is of general consensus that

the first dialogues written by Plato were the immortalization of his mentor’s thoughts, and

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indeed a uniquely distinctive Socratic philosophy and philosophy of education (Olatunji,

2019).

Plato is interested in joining politics but the killings of his master Socrates make him become

disillusioned with politics. And described politics as dirty because, to him, it is that dirty

politics that lead to the Peloponnesian War, and also it is that dirty politics that lead to the

killings of his master Socrates. Then he said what is the solution, according to Plato, the only

solution was philosophy. Philosophers should become rulers, and he set out to ensure that

philosophers become rulers by establishing his Academy (Bagudo, 2006).

Plato Academy

Plato founded The Academy in 387 BC, the first institution of higher learning in Greece. It

became the intellectual center in Greece and the equivalent of the first university in the

history of Europe. It continued for over 900 years until it was dissolved by Justin in 529 A.D.

along with other Pagan institutions (Murphy, 2015). The ultimate objective and purpose of

the Academy according to Bagudo (2006), was to train rulers who would usher in peace,

justice, tranquillity in the society, and achieve the final philosophic truth. Plato divided

society into three, rulers, guardians, and artisans/producers.

Rulers, according to Plato should be individual who possesses the qualities of wisdom,

knowledge, and virtue. In Plato's Republic, he presents the concept of philosopher-kings as

the ideal rulers. These philosopher-kings are individuals who have gone through rigorous

education and training in philosophy and have acquired a deep understanding of truth, justice,

and the forms or ideals that exist beyond the physical world. Plato believed that philosophers,

due to their pursuit of knowledge and truth, are best equipped to govern society (Aufderheide,

2023). Their intellectual abilities and commitment to virtue make them capable of making

just and rational decisions for the benefit of the entire society. Plato argued that rulers should

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not be motivated by personal gain or power but should instead be driven by the pursuit of the

common good. Also, he is of the view that rulers should have a comprehensive understanding

of various disciplines, including politics, ethics, and metaphysics. They should have the

ability to discern what is truly just and good and use their wisdom to guide society in the right

direction. Plato believed that such rulers would create an ideal state where harmony, justice,

and the well-being of all citizens could be achieved (Friesen, 2019).

Guardians, are the next division of the society who will make up the army and protect the

city. The founders must choose the men who by nature are most fit for guarding the city

(Frankel, 2023). They must be “philosophic, spirited, swift, and strong,” and resemble noble

dogs, which are known to be philosophic animals. Noble dogs are courageous because they

have an “irresistible and unbeatable spirit,” and philosophic because they have knowledge of

what is familiar. Thus, they can be gentle to what is familiar and aggressive to what is foreign

and protects the city. However, picking the guardians with the best nature for this position is

not enough, they must also be educated to develop their natural elements.

Artist/Producers, the third category includes the majority of the population, comprising the

working class or producers. These individuals are primarily engaged in agricultural and

industrial activities. They provide the necessary goods and services for the functioning of

society (Aufderheide, 2023). Plato's emphasis in this class is primarily on their productive

abilities rather than their artistic or creative skills.

And he defined what is Justice, he said justice, is when these three groups of people discharge

their responsibility efficiently and effectively, meaning that, rulers should rule properly, the

guardian should protect the state, and the Artisan/producers should provide the necessity of

life food and technology that is required (Bagudo, 2006). This is what is also called the

Theory of Division of Labour. Plato felt that the division of labour is very important in state

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affairs, anybody who is not capable of leadership should not be given the leadership, any

body who does not have the spirit of guardianship to be a soldier should not be (Bagudo,

2006). With the division of labour, the members of the city work together to provide food,

housing, and clothing. From the beginning, Socrates clarifies that a prerequisite for the city in

a speech to be successful is that every man specializes in what he is naturally most fit to do

(Mcdavid, 2019). He claims it is best to have one man, one art, where each man will apply his

skills to the art that suits him the best. The City slowly grows in population and it requires

doctors, craftsmen, farmers, house builders, shoemakers, and tradesmen, who make up the

moneymaking class of the city.

The method of teaching was by question and answer, argument, and discussion. Plato did

give some lectures but his main method was oral discussion and dialogue comparable to the

modern-day seminar class (Bazaluk, 2019). The subjects taught at the academy included

philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and geometry. It is interesting to note that two women

students were members of the academy: the idea of collegiate co-education is as old as the

idea of a college itself (Murphy, 2015). This, like other ideas proposed by the school,

provoked criticism, as higher education for women went directly against the

the tradition of the times. The Academy was a great success. Aristotle came to Plato's

Academy in 367 B.C. at the age of 17 and remained there until Plato died in 347 B.C. Plato

wrote the Meno and Protagorus around the same time as he founded the Academy; one can

see in the dialogues how much Plato was thinking about education and educational issues at

the time (Mintz, 2018).

Plato remained at the Academy teaching, writing, and living comfortably until he died in 347

B.C. at the age of 81 (Murphy, 2015). Aristotle eulogized his teacher by saying that Plato

"clearly revealed by his own life and by the methods of his words that to be happy is to be

good."

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Brief Overview of Plato's Republic

Plato's "Republic" is a renowned philosophical work in which he presents his vision of an

ideal state and explores fundamental concepts such as justice, education, and the nature of

human beings. Here is a summary of the key ideas and themes presented in "The Republic",

1. The Allegory of the Cave

Plato begins with the allegory of the cave, where he portrays humans as prisoners chained

inside a cave, perceiving only shadows on the wall. This allegory serves as a metaphor for the

limited understanding of reality and the importance of education and philosophical

enlightenment (Shadi, 2022). According to the Allegory of the Cave, humans are in this

world like some people bound in a cave from the beginning of their life. Their hands, feet,

and heads are bound so that they can only see the wall in front of them. On the wall, they can

see shadows, which appear when creatures pass by behind them. As the shadows are the only

things they know, they think they are real (Frankel, 2023). Their whole life revolves around

the shadows. When one of the prisoners is freed and makes his way out of the cave, he

realizes that the life outside is totally different from the life in the cave, which is just a

shadow and a copy of the real world. In the beginning, he has difficulties being outside with

the sunlight. Gradually, however, he can see the sun, the Truth. This lucky free person, whom

Plato regards as a philosopher, is happy now with what has happened and enjoys being in the

real world. There have been many different readings of Plato’s Cave perception it is regarded

as a pedagogical process and interpreted as Plato's emphasis on the vital role of education in

training mature individuals and good citizens (Friesen, 2019).

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 2. The Division of the Soul

In Plato's "Republic," he presents a division of the human soul into three parts, each

representing different aspects of a person's inner self. This division helps explain the

dynamics of individual behavior and the qualities necessary for a harmonious and just

society. The three parts of the soul as described by Plato are:

i. Reason (logos): The rational part of the soul is associated with intellect, wisdom, and

the capacity for logical thinking. It is the highest part of the soul and is represented by

the philosopher or the ruler in Plato's ideal state. Reason seeks truth, knowledge, and

understanding, and its role is to guide and govern the other parts of the soul (Hjelm,

2020).

ii. Spirit or Will (thumos): The spirited part of the soul represents our emotions, desires,

and ambition. It encompasses courage, determination, and the pursuit of honor and

recognition. This part of the soul is associated with the warrior class or the auxiliaries

in Plato's ideal state. Its function is to defend the state, maintain order, and enforce the

decisions of reason (Sanday, 2023).

iii. Appetite (epithumia): The appetitive part of the soul pertains to our physical desires,

pleasures, and basic instincts. It encompasses bodily needs, such as hunger, thirst, and

sexual desires, as well as material cravings. Plato associates this part with the

producers or the working class in his ideal state. The appetitive part of the soul needs

to be controlled and disciplined by reason to prevent excessive indulgence and

maintain harmony within the individual and society (Hjelm, 2020).

Plato argues that a just and well-ordered soul is one in which reason governs both spirit and

appetite. When reason holds the dominant position, it directs the other parts of the soul

toward virtue and the pursuit of the common good (Johnstone, 2020). In an individual, this

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harmony results in a virtuous and fulfilled life. In a society, it leads to a just state where rulers

possess wisdom, auxiliaries exhibit courage, and producers fulfill their functions without

excessive desire or greed. Plato's division of the soul provides a framework for understanding

human nature, the dynamics of internal conflict, and the conditions necessary for individual

and societal well-being. It underscores the importance of cultivating reason and wisdom as

the guiding principles for a just and harmonious existence (Hjelm, 2020).

3. The Ideal State

Plato's ideal state, as outlined in his work "The Republic," is a philosophical and visionary

concept of an ideal society governed by principles of justice, wisdom, and virtue. Plato

constructs this ideal state to explore questions of political philosophy and to illustrate the

conditions necessary for individual and societal well-being (Fajobi, 2022).

Plato places significant emphasis on education in his ideal state. The educational system aims

to identify and nurture the best potential rulers. It includes a rigorous curriculum that involves

the study of philosophy, mathematics, physical training, and moral development. Education is

seen as a means to cultivate wisdom, virtue, and a sense of justice in individuals (Hossain,

2023).

4. The Theory of Forms

Plato introduces the theory of forms, asserting that beyond the physical world lies a realm of

ideal, unchanging forms or concepts. These forms represent the true reality and provide the

basis for knowledge and understanding (Heinaman, 2023). Plato's theory of forms, also

known as the theory of Ideas, is a central concept in his philosophy. According to Plato, the

physical world we perceive through our senses is a mere reflection or imperfect copy of a

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higher reality that exists beyond the material realm. This higher reality consists of abstract,

eternal, and unchanging forms of Ideas (Frankel, 2023).

Based on Knowledge and Recollection, Plato argues that true knowledge is not derived from

sensory experience but rather acquired through recollection or remembering. He suggests that

our souls had a preexistence in the realm of forms before being embodied in the physical

world (Frankel, 2023). Thus, knowledge is the process of recollecting the eternal truths and

forms that our souls once knew.

Plato's theory of forms has profound implications for various areas of education and

philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics. It provides a framework for

understanding the nature of reality, the possibility of objective knowledge, and the quest for

truth and wisdom (Frankel, 2023). The theory of forms also informs Plato's views on the

nature of the soul, the purpose of education, and the pursuit of justice and virtue (Mintz,

2018).

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Relevance of Some Key Themes of Plato's Republic with Education

1. The Allegory of the Cave and Education

Plato's Allegory of the Cave is a powerful metaphorical story that serves as a foundation for

understanding his views on education. It depicts a group of prisoners who have been chained

inside a dark cave since birth, facing a wall on which shadows are projected (Frankel, 2023).

These prisoners perceive these shadows as reality since they have never experienced anything

else.

In the allegory, education is portrayed as the process of liberation from the cave and the

journey toward the realm of true knowledge and enlightenment (Friesen, 2019). Here's how

the Allegory of the Cave relates to education in Plato's Republic:

a. Ignorance and Illusion: The prisoners in the cave represent the general population,

who are trapped in a state of ignorance and illusion. They mistake the shadows on the

cave wall for reality since they have never encountered anything beyond them. This

ignorance symbolizes the limited understanding that individuals have before receiving

an education (Mintz, 2018).

a. Liberation and Enlightenment: Education, according to Plato, is the process of

liberation from the cave and the attainment of knowledge. It involves turning away

from the illusory world of shadows and ascending toward the realm of the Forms,

where true knowledge and enlightenment reside (Friesen, 2019). This journey

represents the pursuit of wisdom and the discovery of higher truths.

b. The Role of the Educator: In the allegory, the role of the educator is crucial. The

philosopher, who has escaped the cave and experienced the world of Forms, returns to

the cave to enlighten the prisoners (Friesen, 2019). The educator's responsibility is to

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 guide and teach others, leading them out of the realm of ignorance toward knowledge

and understanding.

c. The Challenges of Education: Plato recognizes that the process of education can be

challenging and met with resistance. The prisoners initially resist leaving the familiar

cave and adjusting to the bright light outside (Frankel, 2023). Similarly, individuals

may resist new ideas, challenging their existing beliefs and perceptions. Education

requires openness and the willingness to question one's assumptions.

Plato's Allegory of the Cave serves as a powerful illustration of the transformative nature of

education. It emphasizes the importance of seeking knowledge beyond appearances,

challenging preconceived notions, and engaging in philosophical inquiry to attain

enlightenment(Mintz, 2018). Education, in Plato's view, is a liberating force that frees

individuals from ignorance and guides them toward a deeper understanding of truth, justice,

and the nature of reality.

2. The Division of the Soul and Education

Plato believed that education plays a significant role in cultivating the different parts of the

soul and achieving harmony within individuals. Here is how Plato's division of the soul

relates to education:

a. Reason (logos): According to Plato, reason is the highest part of the soul and

represents intellect, wisdom, and rationality. It is associated with the capacity for

logical thinking and the pursuit of truth. Education, in Plato's view, is aimed at

nurturing and developing the rational aspect of the soul. Through philosophical

education, individuals engage in intellectual pursuits, critical thinking, and the study

of truth and knowledge (Frankel, 2023).

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 b. Spirit or Will (thumos): The spirited part of the soul represents our emotions, desires,

and ambition. It encompasses courage, determination, and the pursuit of honor and

recognition. Education is crucial in shaping and directing the spirited aspect of the

soul. Plato believed that physical and moral training, including the study of literature

and music, can help cultivate courage, temperance, and noble character within

individuals (Friesen, 2019).

b. Appetite (epithumia): The appetitive part of the soul pertains to our physical desires,

pleasures, and basic instincts. It encompasses bodily needs such as hunger, thirst, and

sexual desires, as well as material cravings. Plato believed that education should also

address the appetitive aspect of the soul (Frankel, 2023). By instilling discipline and

self-control, individuals can learn to moderate their desires and avoid excessive

indulgence.

Through education, Plato aimed to achieve a harmonious balance among the different parts of

the soul. He believed that a well-rounded education would develop a reason to govern over

spirit and appetite (Friesen, 2019). By cultivating reason, individuals can make rational and

virtuous decisions, ensuring that their actions are in alignment with the pursuit of truth,

justice, and the common good. Plato's educational philosophy aimed to shape individuals into

well-rounded citizens who possess wisdom, knowledge, and virtue (Mintz, 2018). The

educational system he envisioned involved the study of philosophy, mathematics, physical

training, and moral development. Through education, individuals would not only acquire

intellectual knowledge but also develop moral character and the capacity for self-governance.

The goal of education, in Plato's view, was to produce individuals who possess a

harmoniously balanced soul, with reason guiding their actions, spirit supporting virtuous

pursuits, and appetite under control. By achieving this balance, individuals can contribute to

the well-being of the state and live fulfilling and just lives (Frankel, 2023).

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 3. The Ideal State and Education

Plato's ideal state and his views on education are closely intertwined, as education plays a

fundamental role in shaping individuals and preparing them to participate in and contribute to

the ideal state. Here is how Plato's ideal state and education are connected:

a. Purpose of Education in the Ideal State: In Plato's ideal state, the purpose of education

is to produce citizens who possess wisdom, knowledge, and virtue. Education is seen

as the means to develop individuals who are capable of governing and leading the

state with justice and wisdom. It is a transformative process that aims to shape the

souls of individuals and prepare them for their roles as rulers, guardians, or producers

(Mintz, 2018).

a. Selection and Training of Rulers: In Plato's ideal state, philosopher-kings are the

rulers who possess the highest wisdom and knowledge. Education plays a crucial role

in identifying and training these potential rulers. Through a rigorous educational

system that emphasizes philosophy, mathematics, and the study of truth and justice,

individuals with the intellectual capacity and moral character necessary for leadership

are identified and prepared for their roles (Friesen, 2019).

b. Division of Labor and Education: Plato's ideal state involves a division of labor,

where individuals are assigned roles based on their natural abilities and talents.

Education is tailored to suit the specific roles within society. The producers receive

the education that equips them with practical skills and knowledge relevant to their

work in agriculture or industry. The guardians, or auxiliaries, receive physical and

military training to fulfill their role in protecting and maintaining the state (Frankel,

2023).

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 c. Moral and Ethical Education: Plato emphasizes the importance of moral and ethical

education in his ideal state. Education is not solely focused on intellectual

development but also aims to cultivate virtue and moral character. Through the study

of literature, music, and poetry, individuals are exposed to stories and art that convey

moral lessons and inspire a noble character (Hossain, 2023). Plato believed that

education should shape individuals who possess virtues such as justice, courage, and

temperance.

d. Equality of Education: Plato advocated for equal education for both men and women

in his ideal state. He believed that women with the necessary abilities should receive

the same educational opportunities as men. Plato challenged the traditional gender

roles of his time and argued that women, like men, could become philosopher-queens

and contribute to the governance and well-being of the state (Friesen, 2019).

In Plato's ideal state, education is seen as a transformative process that aims to develop

individuals who possess wisdom, knowledge, and virtue. It plays a vital role in identifying

and training rulers, cultivating moral character, and preparing individuals for their roles

within society. By shaping individuals through education, Plato envisioned a just and

harmonious state where each citizen fulfills their proper function and contributes to the well-

being of the whole (Mintz, 2018).

4. The Theory of Forms

Plato's theory of Forms has a significant influence on his educational philosophy. The theory

of Forms posits that beyond the physical world we perceive through our senses lies a realm of

abstract, eternal, and unchanging Forms or Ideas. These Forms represent the true reality and

serve as the basis for knowledge and understanding (Frankel, 2023). Here is how Plato's

theory of Forms relates to education:

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a. The Role of Education: According to Plato, education is the process of recollecting

the eternal truths and Forms that our souls once knew before being embodied in the

physical world. Education is not about acquiring new knowledge but about

rediscovering the knowledge that already exists within us. It involves bringing the

soul into contact with the realm of Forms through philosophical inquiry and

contemplation (Hossain, 2023).

b. Knowledge of the Forms: Plato believed that true knowledge and understanding come

from grasping the Forms. Through education, individuals engage in the study of

philosophy, mathematics, and other disciplines that enable them to access and

comprehend the eternal truths and universal concepts represented by the Forms.

Education is a means to guide individuals toward the apprehension of the Forms and

the pursuit of wisdom (Friesen, 2019).

c. Forms as the Objects of Study: In Plato's educational system, the study of the Forms

takes a central place. Rather than focusing solely on the sensory world and empirical

observations, education aims to transcend the physical realm and delve into the study

of the universal and unchanging truths represented by the Forms (Hossain, 2023).

This intellectual pursuit allows individuals to develop a deeper understanding of

reality and to go beyond mere appearances (Mintz, 2018).

d. Ideal Curriculum: Plato's educational philosophy advocates for a comprehensive

curriculum that includes the study of philosophy, mathematics, music, and literature.

These subjects provide avenues for engaging with abstract and universal concepts,

which are seen as stepping stones to the apprehension of the Forms. Through these

disciplines, individuals cultivate their reasoning abilities, develop critical thinking

skills, and train their minds to grasp higher truths (Friesen, 2019).

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e. Education and Moral Character: Plato believed that education should not only

cultivate intellectual knowledge but also shape moral character. By exposing

individuals to literature, music, and poetry that convey moral lessons and ideals,

education influences the development of virtues and ethical behavior. Education helps

individuals align their actions with the true and just nature of the Forms, promoting

the well-being of the individual and society (Frankel, 2023).

Plato's theory of Forms profoundly shapes his educational philosophy. Education, in

Plato's view, is the process of recollecting the eternal truths represented by the Forms. It

involves engaging in philosophical inquiry, studying abstract concepts, and cultivating

moral character. Through education, individuals strive to grasp the higher realities and

universal truths beyond the sensory world, guiding them toward wisdom and a deeper

understanding of the nature of reality (Mintz, 2018).

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Theory of Education in Plato's The Republic

In The Republic, Plato sets up a theory of what education means for both the individual and

the state, focusing on the important role of those who must carefully choose the material to

teach the future guardians of the state (Frankel, 2023). Also his book ‘The Republic’ says that

an ‘Ideal State’ could be achieved if ‘justice’ is the basis of the state and justice can only be

realized through ‘Education’.

Plato was the first to suggest equal education for men and women; based on their natural

abilities. He challenges traditional gender roles by suggesting that women should be given the

same educational opportunities as men (Hossain, 2023). He believes that women with the

necessary abilities should be allowed to become philosopher-queens and participate in ruling

the state. According to Murphy 2015, Plato saw equality in men and women in their

personhood as so he was one of the first to propose equal education for men and for women

based on their ability to learn, not on their gender. In the Republic, he states that,

“If women are to have the same duties as men, they must have the same nurture and

education?.. Then women must be taught music and gymnastics and also the art of war,

which they must practice like the men’’ Book V

1. Plato Curriculum

Plato's curriculum is carefully chosen to include training for the spirit (music) and training for

the body (gymnastics), with more difficult academic subjects added when the child is

developmentally ready. Plato also supported a type of vocational education, education to

complete a role in life; education for the producer, the guardians, and the philosopher kings,

but each grouped according to one’s abilities. In The Republic, Book II, according to Murphy

(2015), Plato tells Galucon.

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“What will be the education of our heroes? the two divisions, gymnastics for the body,

and music for the soul. gymnastics has also two branches dancing and wrestling Music

includes literature. they will begin by telling young children fictitious stories; ... But it

is important that only good stories be told so there must be censorship of the writers of

fiction, keeping the good, and rejecting the bad; authorizing mothers and nurses to

only tell their children the good ones only.

At the age when the necessary gymnastics are over the period, whether of two or three

years, those who are selected from the class of twenty years old will be promoted to

higher honor, and the sciences which they learned without any order in their early

education will now be brought together, and they will be able to see the natural

relationship of them to one another and to true being. who are most steadfast in their

learning, and in their military and other appointed duties, when they have arrived at

the age of thirty will have to be chosen by you out of the select class, introducing them

to dialectic the study of philosophy ...for five years, At the end of the time they must be

sent down again into the den and compelled to hold any military or other office which

young men are qualified to hold for Fifteen years...and when they have reached fifty

years of age, then let those who still survive and have distinguished themselves in every

action of their lives, and in every branch of knowledge, come at last to their

consummation: the time has now arrived at which they must raise the eye of the soul to

the universal light which lightens all things, and behold the absolute good; for that is

the pattern according to which they are to order the State and the lives of individuals,

and the remainder of their own lives also; making philosophy their chief pursuit, but,

when their turn comes, toiling also at politics and ruling for the public good, not as

though they were performing some heroic action, but simply as a matter of duty; for

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you must not suppose that what I have been saying applies to men only and not to

women as far as their natures can go’’.

2. Plato Scheme of Education

Plato thought that education must begin at an early age. To make sure that children study

well, Plato insisted that children be brought up in a hale and healthy environment and that

the atmosphere implant ideas of truth and goodness (Frankel, 2023). Plato believed that

early education must be related to literature, as it would bring out the best of the soul. The

study must be mostly related to story-telling and then go on to poetry (Lodge, 2014).

Secondly, music and thirdly arts were the subjects of early education. Plato believed in

the regulation of necessary steps toward conditioning the individual. For further conve-

nience, Plato’s system of education can be broadly divided into two parts: early education

and higher education as given below;

a. Early Education (Early childhood up to 20 yrs):

Plato thought that for the first 10 years, there should be predominantly physical education.

In other words, every school must have a gymnasium and a playground to develop the

physique and health of children and make them resistant to any disease (Friesen, 2019).

Apart from this physical education, Plato also recommended music to bring about certain

refinement in their character and lent grace and health to the soul and the body. Plato also

prescribed subjects such as mathematics, history, and science. However, these subjects

must be taught by smoothing them into verses and songs and must not be forced on

children (Mintz, 2018). This is because, according to Plato, knowledge acquired under

compulsion has no hold on the mind. Therefore, he believed that education must not be

forced, but should be made a sort of amusement as it would enable the teacher to

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 understand the natural bent of mind of the child. Plato also emphasized on moral

education. The stages are shown below;

1st stage:

Education begins with early childhood. Since the human mind is imitative, a young

should be brought up in a good environment and taught a simple lesson and true

stories that yields the right moral effect (Mintz, 2018).

2nd stage (6-17yrs):

It includes training in music and gymnastic. Gymnastics means the development of

the body and music for the mind (Hossain, 2023).

3rd stage (18-20yrs):

It includes exclusive military training (martial arts) to defend the country when the

need arises. Only those successful guardians in the test should undergo higher

education whereas others shall remain in the class of soldiers (Friesen, 2019).

b. Higher Education

According to Plato, a child must take an examination that would determine whether or not to

pursue higher education at the age of 20. Those who failed the examination were asked to

take up activities in communities such as businessmen, clerks, workers, farmers, and the like

(Friesen, 2019).

Those who passed the exam would receive another 10 years of education and training in body

and mind. At this stage, apart from physical and mathematical sciences, subjects like

arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and dialectics were taught. Again at the age of 30, students

would take yet another examination, which served as an elimination test, much more severe

than the first test (Lodge, 2014).

Those who did not succeed would become executive assistants, auxiliaries, and military

officers of the state. Plato stated that based on their capabilities, candidates would be assigned

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a particular field. Those who passed the examination would receive another 5-year advanced

education in dialectics to find out who was capable of freeing himself from sense perception.

The education system did not end here. Candidates had to study for another 15 years for

practical experience in dialectics. Finally, at the age of 50, those who withstood the hard and

fast process of education were introduced to the ultimate task of governing their country and

their fellow beings. These kings were expected to spend most of their time in philosophical

pursuits. Thus, after accomplishing perfection, the rulers would exercise power only in the

best interests of the state. The ideal state would be realized and its people would be just,

honest, and happy (Lodge, 2014). The stages are shown below;

1st stage (21-30yrs)

At first, the guardians would train in Arithmetic, Astronomy, Geography, etc. so that

the guardians possess the knowledge of numbers; heavenly body, and location which

is useful in times of war. However, only those successful students in the test will be

given further training, especially in Dialectics(Mintz, 2018).

2nd stage (31-35yrs)

Secondly, the guardians should study Dialectics for a period of five years. Dialectics

is the realization of the idea of good. Thereafter, the guardians should be given public

service for experience for fifteen years. At the age of 50, only those successful

guardians in the test would be appointed as philosopher kings. He will rule the state

and trains the next generation till death (Frankel, 2023).

Distribution of Studies

Early education should complete at the age of 16. For 3yrs after early education that is from

17 to 22 years of age, he wants the youth to serve as cadets to be brought to the battlefield

(Bagudo, 2006). At the age of 20, the chosen student is to undergo the study of mathematics

and other subjects. This training should continue for 10yrs after the selected ones begin the

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study of dialectics 10yrs. For the next 15yrs soldiers or rulers should return to practical life

and take the command in war and hold offices of state. This takes them to the age of 50 when

they spend their lives in the pursuit of truth or ‘’The God, such is the scheme of education

proposed by the Plato Republic. Women should also be given the same education, which he

designed for men.

Plato's Educational Thought on Good Citizenship

Plato’s educational theories have the practical aim of training for good citizenship and

leadership; his chief interest is education for character. An important maxim proposed by

Plato is, "The quality of the State depends on the kind of education that the members (groups)

of the state receive". The purpose of education is to help students to grow and develop their

character and ability to do good in any society found themselves (Lodge, 2014).

Plato's educational thought is closely linked to his concept of creating good citizens for his

ideal state. According to Plato, education plays a crucial role in shaping individuals and

preparing them for their roles in society. Plato believed that the primary purpose of education

is to develop individuals who possess wisdom, knowledge, and virtue. Education should aim

at cultivating the intellectual and moral qualities necessary for individuals to contribute to the

well-being of the state and live a just and fulfilling life (Frankel, 2023).

Plato emphasized the importance of identifying and training the most capable individuals to

become philosopher-kings, the rulers of the ideal state. The educational system should

identify those with the highest intellectual abilities, a love for wisdom, and a strong sense of

justice. These potential rulers would then undergo extensive philosophical education to

develop their understanding of truth, justice, and the forms. He also advocated for a

comprehensive and holistic education that encompasses various disciplines. He stressed the

importance of philosophy, mathematics, and physical training (Frankel, 2023). Philosophy

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would cultivate the capacity for critical thinking, logical reasoning, and the pursuit of

wisdom. Mathematics would develop the analytical and abstract thinking skills necessary for

understanding the eternal truths of the world of forms. Physical training would instill

discipline, courage, and physical well-being.

When it comes to moral and ethical Education, Plato believed that education should focus on

instilling moral values and virtues in individuals (Friesen, 2019). Through the study of

literature, music, and poetry, individuals would be exposed to stories and art that convey

moral lessons and inspire a noble character. Plato was cautious about allowing certain forms

of art that might corrupt or mislead individuals. Plato's educational thought also encompassed

the training of the guardian class (auxiliaries or warriors) who would protect and maintain

order in the state. Their education would focus on physical and military training, discipline,

and the cultivation of virtues such as courage and loyalty (Mintz, 2018).

Overall, Plato's educational thought aimed at producing individuals who possessed wisdom,

knowledge, and virtue. By instilling a deep understanding of truth, justice, and the forms,

education would create good citizens who were capable of governing justly, defending the

state, and living virtuous lives.

Summary/Conclusion

In Summary, while "The Republic" by Plato is commonly regarded as a treatise on politics, it

can indeed be seen as a profound treatise on education. Plato's exploration of education's role

in shaping individuals and society, his curriculum recommendations, and his belief in the

connection between education and governance make it an enduring work on the subject.

The Republic, addresses various philosophical questions, including the nature of justice, the

purpose of education, the composition of an ideal society, and the pursuit of truth and

25
enlightenment. It remains a significant work in political philosophy and continues to

stimulate discussions and debates on these topics.

Also, Plato's Republic remains a paradigmatic source for understanding the significance of

education in individual and societal development. Through analyzing the various aspects of

Plato's educational theory captured in this assignment, One can gain valuable insights into the

enduring relevance and profound impact of his ideas on education. By considering

viewpoints from multiple scholars, one can appreciate the depth and breadth of Plato's work,

solidifying its status as a pivotal treatise on education.

In conclusion, those who dismiss Plato's Republic as purely a treatise on politics overlook its

true brilliance and its unparalleled insights into education. Plato's Republic offers a

comprehensive vision of education that encompasses intellectual, moral, and physical

development. Its teachings highlight the significance of nurturing individuals to become

virtuous citizens capable of governing wisely. Thus, it is evident that Plato's Republic

deserves recognition as the finest treatise on education ever written, surpassing its misjudged

title.

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