AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA.

FACULTY OF ART & SOCIAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS & DIPLOMACY

KANO DLS CENTRE

COURSE CODE : MIAD 808

COURSE TITLE: Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis

TUTOR:

Dr Adamu Halimat

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION:

1. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the level of analysis problem in comparative
foreign policy.

2. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Nigeria and India's foreign policy.

3. Identify and discuss the areas of Comparison in international relations

By

YAHAYA ADO WASAI

P22DLPS80048

July, 2023
INTRODUCTION:
Greek thinker Aristotle (c. 384 BCE–c. 322 BCE) is often cited as the father of comparative
politics and political science. Comparative policy analysis is a research area aimed at explaining
policy outputs and outcomes, at the crossroad of political science, sociology, economy, history,
international relations and administrative studies. It captures the porousness of the borders
between the domestic and international, examining the rich interchanges which happen in
between. Scholars and diplomats have found it helpful to think about the different things that
affect international relations by breaking them down into three levels of analysis: individual,
state, and international. State level analysis examines the foreign policy behavior of states in
terms of state characteristics. For example, some scholars say that all democracies behave a
certain way; they don't fight with other democracies.

The atheoretical, interpretative, hypothesis-generating, theory-confirming, theory-infirming,

and deviant case analyses are distinguished, and their theoretical value is analyzed. It examines
foreign policy decision-making processes related to momentous events as well as patterns in
day-to-day foreign interactions of nearly 200 different states (along with thousands of
international and nongovernmental organizations). Main models in foreign policy analysis:- A
levels-of-analysis framework to organize a theoretical literature on the making of foreign policy.
We examine rational state actor, neoclassical realist, bureaucratic/organizational, institutional,
societal, and psychological models. the main types of analysis. At different stages of business
analytics, a huge amount of data is processed and depending on the requirement of the type of
analysis, the types of analytics – Descriptive, Diagnostic, Predictive, Prescriptive and cognitive
analytics, the three level of analysis of foreign policy, levels of Analysis, often abbreviated to
LOA, are the various ways of observation in psychology. IR generally distinguishes between
three levels of analysis: the system, the state, and the individual – but the group level is also
important to consider as a fourth. To be able to use the level of analysis as an analytical device,
we need to be clear about what we are most interested in. The level of analysis includes the
international organizations and regimes. The global economy can be studied at different levels
of analysis. At the macro level are international organizations and regimes that establish rules
and norms for the global community. The three LOAs are biological, cognitive, and sociocultural.
There are three main levels of analysis: the individual level, the state level, and the international
level. Each level offers a different perspective on the causes and consequences of international
relations and foreign policy.

1. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the level of analysis problem in comparative
foreign policy.

The strength of international or systemic level of analysis argues that all foreign policy can
be understood without even looking at the internal characteristics of nations or individuals.
Rather, characteristics of the international system lead nations to behave in particular ways
based upon how much power they hold. Importance of level of analysis in foreign policy, the
levels of analyzing International Relations are the tools to describe the international conflicts
and relations between nations. To understand how international relations operate, it is
important to note that in the increasingly interconnected world, it might take new approaches,
but the core factors are the same. Comparative Foreign Policy analysis is a field of inquiry that
aims to understand and explain how foreign policy is made and who shapes it, but is also
interested in outcomes, their impact and the assessment of performance. Foreign Policy
Analysis (FPA) is a field of study that analytically straddles international relations and
comparative politics. It captures the porousness of the borders between the domestic and
international, examining the rich interchanges which happen in between. This guide introduces
and explains three levels of analysis: close reading, local analysis, and global analysis. If you're
just starting out with analysis, aim to provide all three levels whenever you use evidence.
Despite the fact that others viewed it as four levels of analysis. But it looks some how partially
acceptable to standard level. All four levels create the puzzle of analytics: describe, diagnose,
predict, prescribe. When all four work together, you can truly succeed with a data and analytical
strategy. If the four aren't working well together or one part is completely missing, the
organization's data and analytical strategy isn't complete.

The weaknesses of the level of analysis problem in comparative foreign policy. Occur when
the objectives of foreign policy were poorly determine. It vary depending on the country and its
specific circumstances, but some common goals include: National security: Ensuring the safety
and security of the country and its citizens is a major goal of foreign policy fails to be achieved.

2. Compare and contrast the foreign policies of Nigeria and India's foreign policy.

Nigeria's foreign policy, since independence, with Jaja Wachuku as the first Minister for
Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, later called External Affairs, Nigerian foreign
policy has been characterised by a focus on Africa as a regional power and by attachment to
several fundamental principles: African unity and independence. Foreign Policy are committed
to building an efficient Foreign Ministry that is knowledge-based and techology-drive in service
delivery in the pursuit of Nigeria;s interests and foreign policy goals aand objectives. Promotion
and protection of Nigeria’s national interests; Representing and protecting the interests of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria, Nigerian citizens, and legal entities abroad; Promotion of African
integration and support for African unity; Promotion of international cooperation for the
consolidation of universal peace and mutual respect among nations and elimination of
discrimination in all its manifestation; Respect for international law and treaty l as seeking
settlement of the internal dispute by negotiation, mediation, conciliations, arbitration, and
adjudication; and Promotion of a just world economic order.

While India's foreign policy has always regarded the concept of neighbourhood as one of
widening concentric circles, around a central axis of historical and cultural commonalities. As
many as 44 million people of Indian origin live and work abroad and constitute an important link
with the mother country. In short, their Foreign policy has at least four important goals : 1. to
protect India from traditional and non-traditional threats; 2. to create an external environment
which is conducive for an inclusive development of India so that the benefits of growth can
reach the poorest of the poor in the country; 3. to ensure Nehru developed from Buddhist
thought the Panchsheel (also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence), which
would be included in future agreements.

Nehru based India's foreign policy on these five principles, as articulated in 1954:
coexistence. respect for the territorial and integral sovereignty of others. Following Nehru, Prime
Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P. V. Narasimha Rao, I. K. Gujral, Atal
Behari Vajpayee, Manmohan Singh and Narendra Modi have each initiated measures signifying
their unique contribution to the making and execution of foreign policy in modern India. Japan.
Japan is one of India's greatest friends since the two countries retain spiritual ties in addition to
conducting business and exchanging technologies due to Buddhism's expansion in Japan.
Along with commercial partnerships, they began to share cultural ideals. The FTP's emphasis on
e-commerce signals the commitment of the government to encourage India's exports through
cross-border digital trade. India and China have historically maintained peaceful relations for
thousands of years of recorded history, but the harmony of their relationship has varied in
modern times, after the Chinese Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, and
especially post the Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic The FTP 2023 encourages
recognition of new towns through “Towns of Export Excellence Scheme” and exporters through
“Status Holder Scheme”. The FTP 2023 is facilitating exports by streamlining the popular
Advance Authorization and EPCG schemes, and enabling merchanting trade from India.
Currently, India and the United States enjoy close relations and have deepened collaboration on
issues such as counterterrorism and countering Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific. Embassy
of India, Washington, D.C.

The Parliament is the supreme policy making body and the legislature reigns supreme.
Even the Prime Minister is dependent on the support of the legislature to remain in office. The
Parliament in India makes the laws and policies and legitimizes the decisions of the government.
The United States and India have shared interests in promoting global security, stability, and
economic prosperity through trade, investment, and connectivity.India is a parliamentary secular
democratic republic in which the president of India is the head of state & first citizen of India
and the prime minister of India is the head of government. It is based on the federal structure of
government, although the word is not used in the Constitution itself.

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN NIGERIA AND INDIA

1- The two countries retain spiritual ties in addition to conducting business and other social
activities

2- The both work with legislative council as decision makers

3- They both practice cultural commanalist

4- Their foreign policies are committed to build an effecient foreign affairs based on knowledge
and technology drive in services delivery in the pursuit bof states interest.

5- Both states foreign policies are Representing and protecting the interests of the Federal
Republic of it's state, citizens, and legal entities abroad;

6- Both tries Promotion of international cooperation for the consolidation of universal peace
and mutual respect among nations and elimination of discrimination in all its manifestation;
Respect for international law and treaty l as seeking settlement of the internal dispute by
negotiation, mediation, conciliations, arbitration, and adjudication; and Promotion of a just world
economic order.

7. They both use dollar as foreign exchange currency in the international arena.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NIGERIA AND INDIA

NIGERIA INDIA

Nigeria has Minister for Foreign Affairs and Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs and
Commonwealth Relations, later called External Commonwealth Relation characterised by a
Affairs, Nigerian foreign policy has been focus on India and it's independence entity.
characterised by a focus on Africa as a
regional power and by attachment to several
fundamental principles: African unity and
independence.

Nigerian foreign policy aims at Promotion of Indian foreign policy aims at Promotion of
international cooperation to have huge international cooperation for the
resources of raw materials determine by consolidation of universal peace and mutual
foreign hegemony state. respect among nations and elimination of
discrimination in all its manifestation.
Predetermined by is power

Nigerian foreign policy characterized by Indian foreign policy characterized by normal

Abnormal Promotion of a just world economic Promotion of a just world economic order.
order.

Promotion of African intergrety and support of Promotion of Indian integrety and support it's
African countries. nation.

Nigeria's foreign policy has always reviewed by India's foreign policy has always regarded the
United States of America's interest. concept of neighbourhood as one of widening
concentric circles
 3. Identify and discuss the areas of Comparison in international relations

Modern theories in comparative politics, such as modernization theory, dependency theory,

world systems theory and social power theories. The major areas of international relations.
International relations is traditionally divided into two main fields: international security (the
study of war, conflict, peace, etc.,) and international political economy (trade, foreign direct
investment, international finance, etc.). However, other scholars viewed the 4 pillars of
international relations as Security, Prosperity, Democracy, and Development.Global stability and
thriving, stable economies are vital to ensuring the security and welfare of all Americans.
Therefore, the United States works closely with other governments, international organizations,
and local institutions to promote security, prosperity, democracy, and economic development.
Both the political science fields of International Relations (IR) and Comparative Politics (CP)
developed around a scholarly concern with the nature of the state. IR focused on the nature,
sources, and dynamics of inter-state interaction, while CP delved into the structure, functioning,
and development of the state itself. The natural synergies between these two lines of scholarly
inquiry found expression in the works of classical and neo-classical realists, liberals, and
Marxists, all of whom, to varying degrees and in varied ways, recognized that the line dividing
domestic and international politics was not hermetically sealed. As processes of economic
globalization, on the one hand, and the globalization of the state system, on the other, have
expanded the realm of political and economic interaction, the need for greater cross-fertilization
between IR and CP has become even more evident. The global expansion of the interstate
system has incorporated non-European societies into world politics and increased the salience
of cultural and religious variables. These dynamics suggest that a study of cultures, religions,
and histories, which shape the world views of states and peoples, is therefore necessary before
assessments can be made about how individual states may respond to varied global pressures
in their domestic and foreign policy choices.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the evolution of comparative politics from a legal- institutional study

Comparative Politics came to be transformed into a behavioural, process- oriented, functional
and scientific study of all political systems in terms of their structures, functions, environments
and development processes. The levels of analysis in comparative politics; In political science,
level of analysis is generally divided into three categories – individual, state, and international
system.The problem is defining actors in international relations theory. In this use of the term,
the level of analysis problem refers to the prob- lem of defining a "primitive unit" in international
relations theory, i.e., the actors in world politics. the advantages of foreign policy analysis
Foreign policy analysis allows us to better understand how political actors make policy
decisions and how they relate to other foreign government and non-government entities.
Foreign policy is “a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to
achieve national objectives. Therefore, while “international relations” is a broad and
comprehensive term, “foreign policy” has a more specific meaning, and it refers to all actions
made by a country with regard to other. The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the
European Union was established by the Treaty on European Union (TEU) in 1993 with the aim of
preserving peace, strengthening international security, promoting international cooperation and
developing and consolidating democracy, the rule of law and respect for human. Concepts
include revolution, dictatorship, political development, legitimacy, and others. The author
formulates ways in which the key concept can be made clearer, the hypothesis can be modified
to give it more explanatory power, or the model refined so that it approximates empirical reality
more closely.
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