11th World Perspectives ISPCAN

World Perspectives
World Perspectives on Child Abuse

on Child Abuse
Eleventh Edition
The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Edited by Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS
13123 E 16th Ave. B390, Aurora, Colarado 80045 USA
Telephone: 1.303.864.5220 Fax: 1.303.864.5222
Email: ispcan@ispcan.org Website: www.ispcan.org
Eleventh Edition
ISBN-978-0-9787530-4-7
The International Society for
the Prevention of Child Abuse
and Neglect
Eleventh edition
An official publication of the International Society

for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
Edited by Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS
Sponsored by
Australian Institute of Criminology
Oak Foundation
Prepared by:
About ISPCAN
To support individuals and organizations working to protect children from abuse and neglect worldwide
The International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN), founded in 1977, is the only multidisciplinary international
organization that brings together a worldwide cross-section of committed professionals to work towards the prevention and treatment of
child abuse, neglect and exploitation globally.
ISPCAN’s mission is to protect children in every nation—be they street children, child prostitutes or children of war—from cruelty of every
form: physical and sexual abuse, neglect and emotional abuse, child labor and fatality. ISPCAN is committed to increasing public awareness
of all forms of violence against children, developing activities to prevent such violence, and promoting the rights of children in all regions
of the world.
ISPCAN’s objectives are to:
• increase awareness of the cause and extent of all forms of child abuse and to find possible solutions
• disseminate academic and clinical research to those in a position to enhance practice and improve policy
• improve the quality of current efforts to detect, treat and prevent child abuse
• facilitate the exchange of best practice being developed by ISPCAN members throughout the world
• design and deliver comprehensive training programs to professionals and concerned volunteers engaged in efforts to prevent and treat
child abuse.
International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN)

13123 E 16th Ave. B390
AURORA, Colorado 80045 USA
ispcan@ispcan.org
www.ispcan.org
Copyright © 2014 by the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
All rights reserved.
Printed in: United States
ISBN 978-0-9787530-4-7
Errors and omissions

The editors and authors have made every attempt to present accurate information. If a reader identifies an error or omission in the facts
as presented, the reader is invited to submit a correction and explanation in writing to ISPCAN’s secretariat office for possible inclusion in
future editions of this book.
ii
Contents Colombia 74
Croatia 77
About ISPCAN ii Ecuador 79
Acknowledgements v El Salvador 80
Executive Summary 1 Estonia 83
Overview 1 France 86
The survey 1 Georgia 89
Sample 1 Germany 92
Findings 1 Ghana 94
Summary 5 Greece 97
Section 1: A global snapshot of child Haiti 99
maltreatment and child protection 7
Hong Kong 102
Method 8
Hungary 105
Sample 8
Iceland 108
Findings 9
India 111
Responses to Child Maltreatment 12
Ireland 114
Section 2: Country profiles 27
Israel 117
Afghanistan 28
Italy 120
Albania 31
Japan 123
Argentina 34
Kenya 126
Armenia 37
Latvia 128
Australia 39
Lebanon 130
Azerbaijan 42
Liberia 132
Barbados 44
Lithuania 135
Belarus 47
Macau 138
Belgium 50
Malaysia 140
Belize 53
Mauritius 143
Botswana 56
Mexico 146
Brazil 59
Nepal 149
Bulgaria 62
Netherlands 152
Canada 65
Nigeria 155
Chile 68
Norway 158
China 71
Pakistan 161
iii
Philippines 164
Tables
Poland 167
Portugal 170 Table 1: Regional Participation and
Response Rates 9
Qatar 173
Table 2: Behaviors Generally Viewed as
Republic of Korea 176
CM—by Region and by Country Income Level 10
Romania 179
Table 3: Aspects Present in National Policies and
Russia 182 Programs concerning CM—by Region and
by Country Income Level 12
Saudi Arabia 185
Table 4: Elements Present in National
Singapore 188
Government Policy on Child Abuse and
South Africa 191 Neglect—by Region and by Country
Sri Lanka 194 Income Level 13
Sudan 196 Table 5: Services Reported to be

Moderately or Usually Available—by
Switzerland 199 Region and Country Income Level 16
Taiwan 201 Table 6: Moderate to High Levels of
Thailand 204 Involvement of Community Agencies
or Institutions in CM Treatment and Prevention
Togo 207
Services—by Region and Country Income Level 18
Trinidad and Tobago 210
Table 7: Strategies Used and Perceived to
Turkey 213 be Effective in Preventing CM—by Region
Turkmenistan 216 and Country Income Level 19
Uganda 219 Table 8: Barriers to Child Maltreatment

Prevention – by Region and by
United Arab Emirates 222 Country Income Level 21
United Kingdom 223 Table 9: Legal Responses to Child
United States 226 Sexual Exploitation (CSE) 22
Vietnam 229 Table 10: UNICEF Indicator Data:

“Every Child Counts” 2014 23
Section 3: Appendices 232
Appendix A: Aspects of National Policies
and Programs concerning CM—by Country 233
Appendix B: International and
National Resources 236
Appendix C: Respondents and Contributors 245
Appendix D: Survey 248
iv
Acknowledgements
This eleventh edition of World Perspectives on Child Abuse has been a collaborative effort, produced through the
contributions of many individuals and organisations. We would like to thank all those who contributed their in-kind
support, including our ISPCAN members, country partners and professional colleagues.
We are grateful to the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) for providing the editing and typesetting of this document.
We are deeply appreciative of the enormous help provided by Dr Adam Tomison and Colin Campbell at the AIC.
A special thank you to the participants in our online survey who provided the portraits of child protection in their
country, summarized in the profiles. We would also like to acknowledge UNICEF’s State of the World’s Children study,
which continues to provide timely, reliable and comparable statistics.
We would also like to offer our thanks to the members of our Advisory Committee for their invaluable assistance—
Maha Almuneef, Deborah Daro, Evelyn Eisenstein, John Fluke, Jenny Gray, Patricia Ip and Lil Tonmyr. Special thanks go
to two who spent long hours researching, preparing and formatting the tables and country profiles:
Niki Bornes, ISPCAN Membership Services and Communications Coordinator, who coordinated the project and
worked on the country surveys, and
Kim Wittenstrom for analyzing the responses to the country surveys.
Since its inaugural publication in 1992, World Perspectives on Child Abuse has been released in conjunction with
most ISPCAN international congresses. This reflects ISPCAN’s continued commitment to helping disseminate current
knowledge in the field of child maltreatment, including profiles of child protection policies and practice in many countries
around the world. We think that our eleventh edition brings you important, interesting and useful information.
Dr Howard Dubowitz Sherrie L Bowen
Editor Executive Director
v
World Perspectives on Child Abuse: Eleventh edition
Executive Summary
Overview
Since 1982, the International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) has published the World
Perspectives on Child Abuse every two years, released in conjunction with our international congresses. This eleventh
edition follows this tradition, released at the time of our congress in Nagoya, Japan. The title, World Perspectives
on Child Abuse, suggests an ambitious goal. It is naturally difficult to cover the entire world and to capture what is
happening related to child abuse and neglect or child maltreatment (CM) in all countries in any depth. Nevertheless,
World Perspectives offers valuable glimpses of this problem in many countries, an opportunity to track trends and
progress, and provide information that hopefully many will find useful.
There are a few changes from the last edition. We decided to focus in greater depth on the country-level data gathered
via the survey; the country profiles now include almost all the information provided. Special interest was expressed in
adding a section on child sexual exploitation. Although accurate data are difficult to find, the information is interesting
and important. Adding a topic such as this may well become a regular feature of World Perspectives. In addition,
readers may wish to know more about a specific country. They may contact the respondent from the country, as well
as the national resources now listed at the end of each country profile. The eleventh edition of World Perspectives has
two main sections. The first section covers aggregated data for different regions of the world, based on reports from 73
countries. It also includes findings by country income level category—low, middle and high.
The second section has several Appendices, including a list of the respondents to the survey, the survey itself, a profile
of child maltreatment and protection in each country, and lists of international resources and ISPCAN Country Partners.
The survey
A slightly modified version of the 2012 World Perspectives survey was used. Topics included: behaviors and conditions
defined as constituting CM and professional responses to CM such as reporting systems, case investigative systems
and prosecution. We surveyed the scope and availability of services to help maltreated children and their families, the
major barriers to better addressing CM and strategies thought to be effective in preventing CM. As mentioned above,
a section on child sexual exploitation was added. Respondents were given a link to the survey to complete it online.
Sample
We obtained information from 73 countries, representing 76% of countries where we had a potential respondent. The
sample represents all regions of the world, with 10 countries in Africa, 14 in the Americas, 25 in Asia, 23 in Europe
and just Australia in Oceania. Response rates exceeded 75%, except in Africa. It is clear, however, that there are many
countries missing. Countries were also categorized by income level using designations by the World Bank; 33 countries
were high income, 33 middle income and 7 were low income. The low number in the last category requires caution in
interpreting those findings.
Findings
What is Considered Child Maltreatment?

As in past surveys, the most common behaviors considered as CM across all or most regions and country income
categories were physical abuse by parents or caregivers (97%) and sexual abuse (96%). Other parental behaviors
1

mentioned as CM by 90% of all respondents included: failure to provide adequate food, clothing or shelter; commercial
sexual exploitation; and emotional abuse (e.g. belittling or insulting of a child). “Social conditions” defined as CM by
around 90% of respondents included physical beating of a child by any adult, child prostitution, infanticide and child
labor under 12 years of age.
Interestingly, one of the behaviors least often considered child abuse was the use of physical discipline (53%).
Approximately 50% of respondents across most regions defined this as CM, in contrast to 70% in Europe and low
income countries. This pattern suggests that physical discipline, despite considerable evidence of harming children,
remains a normative disciplinary practice in many countries, rather than being considered CM.
It is noteworthy that most respondents considered emotional abuse as CM, although it is unlikely that this problem
is addressed by most child welfare agencies. Psychological neglect was also thought to be a form of CM by 78% of
respondents. Similarly, 77% of respondents considered children’s witnessing intimate partner (or domestic) violence as
CM. These high rates suggest increasing awareness that CM is not limited to physical and sexual abuse.
Other behaviors less often viewed as CM included: parent mental illness affecting the child (49%), female circumcision/
female genital mutilation (60%) and children serving as soldiers (66%). These views varied greatly by region with 74% of
European countries, for example, viewing female circumcision as CM compared with 38% of Asian countries. Similarly,
only 54% of countries in the Americas viewed child soldiers as CM compared with 74% of European countries.
It is remarkable that some behaviors and conditions were not considered CM by all or most. Examples include slavery
(62% of those in the Americas), abandonment (71% in low income countries) and prostituting a child. It seems there
would be good agreement that such conditions are devastating for children. It is possible that the responses reflect
what legal systems consider CM, rather than acceptance of such conditions. Conditions such as forcing a child to beg,
female genital mutilation, slavery and internet solicitation were considered CM by only 57% of low-income countries.
This could reflect unfortunate acceptance of these pervasive problems, with limited resources to address them. One
other finding that stands out is the relatively few Asian countries where abuse or neglect in institutions, such as schools
and psychiatric facilities, was considered CM.
National Policies and Programs

Most countries have national laws or policies on CM, as well as government agencies to respond to reports, and 77%
maintain an official count of CM cases. Of note, such counts often exclude some subgroups, especially in the Americas.
The rates of countries with mandatory reporting laws vary greatly by region; in the Americas, 85% have such laws
compared with only 9% in Europe. This variation reflects ongoing debate on the pros and cons of mandatory reporting.
Only 19% of respondents described having legislative backing for child death review teams and just half or fewer
countries have such teams.
A national policy should guide institutions and individuals in responding to concerns about possible child abuse
and neglect. Most respondents (93%) indicated that their country has such a policy; almost two-thirds having been
established prior to 2000. Higher income countries were more likely to have initiated policies earlier than middle- and
low-income countries. It is encouraging to note the progress in the past decade with the development of national
policies concerning CM in 23 countries.
Types of Child Maltreatment Included in Official Reporting Systems

Almost half (43%) of the 53 countries with responses to this section included all 4 types of CM (sexual, physical and
emotional abuse, and neglect), as well as children’s exposure to partner violence in their reporting systems. Another
third included all forms of CM, but not exposure to partner violence. Twenty-two percent of countries excluded
emotional abuse and 16% excluded neglect.
2
Responses to Child Maltreatment

Reporting Systems. Most countries allow for voluntary reporting of CM and this was similar across countries’ income
levels. Mandatory reporting for professionals was more commonly described than for the general population, reflecting
a higher expectation of those working with children. Once again though, there is much variability with fewer European
and low-income countries requiring reporting. Fewer than half of countries reported penalties for professionals failing
to report suspected CM.
Judicial Responses. Approximately two-thirds of countries require reports to be investigated within a set time period.
Most countries have provisions for removing children from maltreating families, but notably fewer have provisions
for removing alleged perpetrators from the home. Most countries have criminal penalties for abusing a child. It is
surprising that not all have this. Only about two-thirds of countries require legal representation for a child. Contrary to
the general pattern where low income countries have fewer resources, 83% of the seven reporting countries described
having legal representation compared with 44% of high income countries.
Investigations, Substantiation, Out-of-Home Placement and Prosecution. The percentage of reported families who
go on to be investigated varies greatly by country. While one-third of countries reported investigating up to 30% of
reported cases, just over a quarter investigate more than 75% of reports. The extent to which countries substantiated
reports is equally varied. Two-thirds substantiated fewer than 50% of investigated cases, while one-third substantiated
more than 50% of cases. There was more consistency regarding removal of children from the home and prosecution.
Two-thirds reported that a child is removed from the home or an alleged perpetrator is prosecuted in fewer than 15%
of cases.
Is the Incidence of Child Maltreatment (CM) Decreasing?

The survey is not a precise method for determining changes in the incidence of CM or for comparing rates. Not only do
countries differ in what is viewed as CM, their surveillance systems also vary considerably. For example, 18 respondents
indicated that their official counts of CM exclude certain subgroups, such as aboriginal children, migrants, street
children, or various native populations. For these reasons, it is often difficult to determine good national estimates of
CM and it is not feasible at this time to make an international estimate.
Respondents were asked how the number of official records of CM might have changed over the past 4 years, regarding
each of the types of CM. Of the approximately 40 countries with responses, more than half said that CM had increased
over the past four years. Slightly more than half indicated increases in physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and in
neglect.
The reported increases are troubling, but may be due to increased surveillance or awareness. Newly implemented
reporting systems often document increases because more professionals are trained to identify and respond to CM.
Other factors could influence CM rates in countries with longstanding surveillance systems, such as changes in laws
and policies or an economic downturn.
Services
It is noteworthy that 74% of respondents reported a requirement that all victims receive some form of service. However,
considerably fewer described a specific budget for prevention, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Only 35%
reported policies requiring that all perpetrators receive services. Respondents reported on the availability of an array of
services falling into one of three broad categories: services for parents, services for children and general services.
Services for Parents. Most services were available in only about a quarter of countries, the exception being substance
abuse treatment (49%). As might be expected, services were far more available in high-income and European countries.
3

Even there, however, only about one-third had therapy programs for perpetrators of sexual abuse. Despite good
research support for home visiting programs to prevent CM, only 21% of countries have these.
Services for Children. More countries reported services for children than they did for parents, although most services
were available in only one-third to one-half of countries. Again, European and high-income countries have more
services. In contrast, only one in seven of the low-income countries reported having most of the services. Of interest,
while neglect has generally attracted less attention than physical and sexual abuse, services for neglected children were
almost as common as for the other forms of CM.
General Services. The most widely provided services were hospitalization for mental illness (66%) and universal free
medical care for children (60%). European and high-income countries again reported more services, while fewer were
available in Africa and low-income countries. Middle-income countries occupied a middle position.
Involvement by Community Sectors

Respondents described the involvement of 10 different sectors in supporting CM treatment and prevention services.
Those sectors most often reported as moderately to highly involved included community-based, non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) (82%), public social service agencies (75%), hospitals and medical centers (71%), and courts and
law enforcement (68%). The least involved sector was the local business community, with only 7% of respondents
reporting business as moderately or highly involved. Universities and religious institutions were also said to be playing
a limited role.
There were a few regional differences. More African and low-income countries reported involvement of businesses
and factories compared with other regions and higher income countries. Religious institutions appeared more active
in Africa and the Americas compared with Asia and Europe. In low-income countries, schools and universities were
described as not being at all involved.
Funding for Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention and Treatment

Just under one-third of all respondents (32%) indicated major governmental funding; 3 countries reported no government
funding. Twenty-one percent indicated major funding from NGOs and only 2 countries indicated no NGO funding.
Funding levels varied by country income level, with 48% of high-income countries indicating major governmental
funding compared with 21% of middle-income countries and none in low-income countries. By contrast, more
low-income countries reported major NGO funding (40%) than middle- (27%) or high-income countries (13%). As
expected, the primary funding sources for prevention efforts in low-income countries are international NGOs, such as
UNICEF and the World Bank, and international relief organizations. By contrast, government (national, state or local)
provides the primary funding streams for CM interventions in high-income countries.
It is evident that funding for services to prevent and address CM is not adequate in any country. This remains a major
challenge to build greater support from all possible sources. In addition, enabling help from family members and
communities is a much needed approach.
CM Prevention Strategies and Perceived Effectiveness

The four most common prevention strategies were media (90%), advocacy for children’s rights (89%), professional
training (89%) and prosecution (86%). The first two strategies were equally likely to be used across regions, while
professional training was more common in Europe and Asia than in Africa and the Americas. Also, prosecution was
more common in European countries (96%) compared with about 75% in other regions. As for the effectiveness of the
4
strategies, around two-thirds thought media campaigns and advocacy were effective versus closer to half regarding
prosecution and professional training.
The majority of respondents also reported using four additional strategies: improving or increasing local services (75%),
universal health care and preventive medical care (73%), improving living conditions (75%) and increasing individual
responsibility for child protection (73%). Although not as common as the prior set of strategies, they appear to be
widely used, but only in certain regions. For example, European countries more often reported improving or increasing
local services (91%) and countries in the Americas more often reported improving families’ basic living conditions
(92%). Universal health care was more common in countries in the Americas and Europe (77%, 83%). Between one-half
and two-thirds of users thought these four services were effective.
Less frequently used strategies included home-based services and support for at-risk parents (44%), and universal
home visitation programs for new parents (36%). These numbers, however, hide important regional differences, with
78% of European countries offering home-based services for at-risk parents compared with only a third of countries in
Asia and the Americas, and no countries in Africa. Interestingly, here too these services were considered effective by
approximately two-thirds of those using them.
Overall, European countries provide access to a greater range of prevention strategies than the rest of the world. At
the same time, it is encouraging to note how countries at all income levels are employing several prevention strategies.
It should be helpful for local professional associations and advocacy groups to ascertain why there are discrepancies in
the availability and effectiveness of some strategies. It could be that some were not effective because of inadequate
resources to implement them as widely as necessary or in a high-quality way to ensure their effectiveness. It may
also be important to examine how different strategies are, or should be, linked. Another consideration is that most
interventions are successful with only a portion of the at-risk population (for example, young parents or those with
certain information needs) or are more appropriate for only a certain type of CM (for example, physical abuse but not
neglect). Ideally, there needs to be an array of interventions to tailor the response to meet the individual family’s needs.
Barriers to CM Prevention
Barriers were examined individually and in two broad categories—those relating to a country’s economic and social
resources (for example, limited government resources or poverty) and those relating to a country’s social norms (for
example, sense of family privacy or support for physical punishment).
The barriers to preventing CM rated most important were limited resources and lack of trained professionals. These
two were the most commonly cited barriers by European countries. American and African countries added to the above
barriers the decline in informal support systems, extreme poverty, poorly developed system of basic health care or
social services and public resistance to prevention efforts. Asian countries emphasized a strong sense of family privacy
(slightly more than the other countries) and described poverty and lack of basic health care or social services as slightly
less significant. In general, the lower the income of the countries, the more barriers they identified as significant.
Legal Responses to Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

It is evident that many countries appear to not pursue those responsible for CSE. At the same time, it is striking that a
small but significant minority arrest the exploited children.
Summary
This report offers a somewhat representative view of the state of CM and child protection across different regions of
the world and according to countries’ income levels. Low-income countries face huge challenges, which compromise
5

children’s wellbeing and protection. Without equating the circumstances, it is fair to say that middle- and high-income
countries are also grossly lacking in resources and much remains to be done for them to invest in their young. Enough
is known about the potential harm of CM to support a compelling argument for building societies that strengthen
families, support parents/caregivers and promote children’s health, development and safety—as so doing should also
help prevent child CM.
There are clear areas of agreement (for example, regarding child sexual abuse) but there are also striking differences (for
example, regarding mandatory reporting). In general, there is a fairly good agreement among high- and middle-income
countries, whereas low-income countries differed in reporting that certain experiences constituted CM (for example,
exposure to pornography). This may reflect less developed child welfare and legal systems rather than complacency
about such conditions and having limited resources may also focus attention on other priorities.
National laws and policies that address CM exist in most countries, many of which have government agencies
to help address the problem. When examining the above policies, some limitations are apparent. Few are widely
enforced—anywhere—and governmental support is sorely lacking. Very few services were deemed adequate in at
least two-thirds of the country. Once again, low-income and African countries reported the fewest resources. Adequate
funding is naturally critical. High-income countries have better government support than middle-income countries and
low-income countries reported no government funding, relying instead on NGOs.
At least half the countries reported using the different prevention strategies listed and most had tried some of them.
It is striking, however, that these were considered by significant numbers to not be effective. For example, one-third
described professional training as having no impact. Still, two-thirds thought they were effective and a glass two-thirds
full is not bad! It is uncertain on what those perceptions are based, as evaluations of strategies and programs remain
relatively rare. There is a need for such evaluation to guide policymakers and program development.
Finally, with regard to perceived barriers to addressing CM, Europeans thought public acceptance of corporal
punishment was a major barrier, probably reflecting high expectations. Low-income countries described the lack of
child welfare and basic health services (often in a context of conflict and instability) and few services to meet children’s
and families’ needs. All regions reported a decline in family life and support systems to be a significant barrier. It is very
clear that there are no easy answers to such systemic problems, but it is also clear that ignoring these and only focusing
on individual families will not be enough.
Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS
Editor
ISPCAN Councilor
6
Section 1: A global snapshot of child maltreatment and child protection
Section 1: A global snapshot of child

maltreatment and child protection
This section covers the aggregated data, presented according to different regions
in the world and by countries’ income level. It complements the detailed responses
concerning individual countries presented later.
7
Method
The Eleventh Edition, as with previous editions, utilizes a convenience sample to gather information on child abuse
and neglect (or child maltreatment (CM)) globally. With members in over 100 countries, ISPCAN has the capacity to
identify a broad respondent pool with representation from all regions. More recently, the pool has been augmented by
professionals working with our Country Partners and other international CM organizations. We began with respondents
to past surveys. In addition, potential participants thought to be familiar with child protection in their countries were
sought from ISPCAN’s membership. Repeated efforts were made to reach as many respondents and countries as
possible. ISPCAN members and Executive Council members were also asked to reach out to their networks, particularly
in countries in which a respondent had not been identified.
Development of the ISPCAN World Perspectives Survey has been an iterative process over the years. The editor and
advisory committee made several changes for the current edition. These changes involved prioritizing topics while
paying attention to what data exists and/or is reasonably available. This remains an issue but one that is highly variable
across countries. ISPCAN’s Executive Council expressed interest in adding a section on child sexual exploitation. The
editor and advisory committee, together with experts on this topic, developed this section.
Participants were invited to complete the World Perspectives Survey, administered online using SurveyMonkey®. Each
respondent was sent a link to the online survey by email. They were also encouraged to seek input from colleagues
when necessary. In 13 instances, more than one person from a country volunteered; they were asked to collaborate
and complete a single survey for their country. In a few cases, more than one respondent from a country completed
separate surveys. In those cases, responses were averaged. Of the 96 countries with identified respondents, 76%
completed the survey—slightly more than last year.
Table 1 summarizes response rates for each of the world’s five major regions—Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and
Oceania. The response rates this year were very high, at or above 75% for all regions except Africa.
It is naturally difficult to know the many aspects of child protection in one’s country, especially when systems are not
centralized and considerable variation may exist. It was beyond the scope of this project to check the accuracy of
responses. These data, therefore, may not always accurately represent the complex picture or the nuanced variations
within a country. When examining the aggregate data, some categories had few countries (for example, low-income
countries) and inferences need to be drawn with much caution. In particular, the only country representing Oceania
was Australia.
The names and affiliations of respondents who agreed to be listed are in Appendix A. Those wishing additional
information on a country are encouraged to contact the relevant respondent and/or the national organizations listed
at the end of the country profile.
Sample
The list of individual countries with their data is presented later. We were able to obtain a fairly representative, albeit
incomplete sample. The number of countries listed in the second column includes many protectorates and territories
that were outside our reach. The sample includes good representation of high- and middle-income countries (33 for
each) but responses were obtained for only 7 low-income countries. Again, much caution is needed when interpreting
findings based on such low numbers.
8
Table 1: Regional Participation and Response Rates
Countries with Countries with

Countries* in Region Identified Participant Completed Survey Response Rate
Africa 58 20 10 50%
Americas 55 16 14 88%
Asia 50 29 25 86%
Europe 53 30 23 77%
Oceania 25 1 1 100%
Total 241 96 73 76%
*Includes states, protectorates and territories.
Findings
What is Considered Child Abuse or Neglect (i.e., Child Maltreatment or CM)?

As in past surveys, the most common behaviors considered CM across all or most regions and country income categories
were physical abuse by parents or caregivers (97%) and sexual abuse (96%). Other parental behaviors mentioned as
comprising CM by 90% of all respondents included failure to provide adequate food, clothing or shelter; commercial
sexual exploitation; and emotional abuse (for example, belittling or insulting of a child). “Social conditions” defined as
CM by around 90% of respondents included physical beating of a child by any adult, child prostitution, infanticide and
child labor under age 12 years.
Interestingly, one of the behaviors least often considered child abuse is the use of physical discipline (53%). Approximately
50% of respondents across most regions defined this as CM, in contrast to 70% in Europe and low-income countries.
This pattern suggests that physical discipline, despite the considerable evidence of it harming children, remains a
normative disciplinary practice in many countries, rather than CM.
It is noteworthy that most respondents considered emotional abuse as CM, although it is unlikely that this problem
is addressed by most child welfare agencies. Psychological neglect was also thought to be a form of CM by 78% of
respondents. Similarly, 77% of respondents considered children’s witnessing intimate partner (or domestic) violence as
CM. These high rates suggest increasing awareness that CM is hardly limited to physical and sexual abuse.
Other behaviors less often viewed as CM included: parent mental illness affecting the child (49%), female circumcision/
female genital mutilation (60%) and children serving as soldiers (66%). These views varied greatly by region with,
for example, 74% of European countries viewing female circumcision as CM compared with 38% of Asian countries.
Similarly, only 54% of countries in the Americas viewed child soldiers as CM compared with 74% of European countries.
It is remarkable that some behaviors and conditions were not considered CM by all or most. Examples include slavery
(62% of those in the Americas), abandonment (71% in low-income countries) and prostituting a child. It seems there
would be good agreement that such conditions are devastating for children. It is possible that the responses reflect
what legal systems consider CM, rather than acceptance of such conditions. Conditions such as forcing a child to beg,
female genital mutilation, slavery and internet solicitation were considered CM by only 57% of low-income countries.
This could reflect unfortunate acceptance of these pervasive problems, with limited resources to address them. One
other finding that stands out is the relatively few Asian countries where abuse or neglect in institutions, such as schools
and psychiatric facilities, was considered CM.
9
Table 2: Behaviors Generally Viewed as CM—by Region and by Country Income Level (Percentages)
Region Country Income Level
Total Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania High Middle Low
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
Involving a parent or caregiver toward a child
Physical abuse (e.g.,
97 100 92 100 96 100 97 100 86
beatings, burnings)
Physical discipline
(e.g., spanking, hitting 53 50 54 42 70 0 52 52 71
to correct behavior)
Failure to provide
adequate food,
90 90 92 85 96 100 97 85 86
clothing, or shelter
(neglect)
Failure to seek
medical care for child
77 90 62 73 83 100 82 73 71
based on religious
beliefs
Sexual abuse (e.g.,
incest, sexual 96 100 92 96 96 100 97 94 100
touching)
Exposing child to
86 70 92 77 100 100 97 82 57
pornography
Commercial sexual
90 90 77 92 96 100 91 88 100
exploitation
Abandonment 88 90 85 88 87 100 94 85 71
Emotional abuse (e.g.,

repeated belittling or 90 100 100 81 91 100 94 85 100
insulting of a child)
Psychological neglect
(e.g., failure to
78 100 77 69 78 100 82 73 86
provide emotional
support/attention)
Parental substance
abuse affecting the 67 70 77 65 65 0 64 70 71
child
Parental mental
illness affecting the 49 40 46 46 61 0 58 45 29
child
Child witnessing
intimate partner (or 77 90 77 62 87 100 79 79 57
domestic) violence
Social conditions and behaviors affecting child safety, health, and development
Physical beating of a
89 80 92 88 91 100 88 91 86
child by any adult
Children living on the
84 100 92 69 87 100 79 88 86
street
10
Table 2: Behaviors Generally Viewed as CM—by Region and by Country Income Level (Percentages) cont.
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
Prostituting a child 92 90 92 88 96 100 91 94 86
Female/child
88 80 92 81 96 100 88 91 71
infanticide
Female circumcision/
female genital 60 80 62 38 74 100 73 48 57
mutilation
Forcing a child to beg 82 80 77 81 87 100 82 88 57
Abuse by another
79 80 85 69 91 0 76 82 86
child
Children serving as
66 60 54 65 74 100 79 52 71
soldiers
Child labor under
88 100 85 88 83 100 82 91 100
age 12
Slavery 75 80 62 81 74 100 76 79 57
Internet solicitation 84 90 77 73 96 100 88 85 57

Child marriage 73 100 54 65 78 100 73 70 86
Abuse or neglect of a child in a specific setting
Foster care, group
97 90 100 100 96 100 97 100 86
home, or orphanage
Day care center 90 100 92 85 91 100 88 94 86
School or educational
90 100 100 77 96 100 91 88 100
training
Psychiatric institution 79 80 77 65 96 100 88 76 57
Detention facility 86 90 92 77 91 100 85 85 100
National Policies and Programs

Most countries have national laws or policies on CM, as well as government agencies to respond to reports, and 77%
maintain an official count of CM cases. Of note, such counts often exclude some subgroups, especially in the Americas.
The rates of countries with mandatory reporting laws vary greatly by region; in the Americas, 85% have such laws
compared with only 9% in Europe. This variation reflects ongoing debate on the pros and cons of mandatory reporting.
Only 19% of respondents described having legislative backing for child death review teams and just half or fewer
countries have such teams.
A national policy should guide institutions and individuals in responding to concerns about possible child abuse and
neglect. Most respondents (93%) indicated that their country has such a policy, with almost two-thirds having been
established prior to 2000. Higher income countries were more likely to have initiated policies earlier than middle- and
11
low-income countries. It is encouraging to note the progress in the past decade with the development of national
policies concerning CM in 23 countries.
Table 3: Aspects Present in National Policies and Programs concerning CM—by Region and by Country
Income Level (Percentages)
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
National law
or policy 93 90 92 92 96 100 97 91 86
regarding CM
Identified
government
agency to 90 100 92 88 87 100 88 91 100
respond to
cases
Government
agency
maintains
77 70 85 73 78 100 82 73 71
“official” count
of reported
CM
Some
subgroups
excluded from 25 10 46 19 26 0 9 24 43
reporting
system
Law
mandating
53 60 85 73 9 100 61 85 29
reporting of
suspected CM
Child death
40 30 38 54 57 100 36 27 14
review teams
Legislative
backing for
19 20 31 15 13 100 18 21 14
child death
review teams
Types of Child Maltreatment Included in Official Reporting Systems

Almost half (43%) of the 53 countries with responses to this section included all 4 types of CM (sexual, physical and
emotional abuse, and neglect), as well as children’s exposure to partner violence in their reporting systems. Another
third included all forms of CM but not exposure to partner violence. Twenty-two percent of countries excluded
emotional abuse and 16% excluded neglect.
Responses to Child Maltreatment

The survey probed aspects of such policies and Table 6 describes these for 68 countries.
Reporting Systems. Most countries allow for voluntary reporting of CM and this was similar across countries’ income
levels. Mandatory reporting for professionals was more commonly described than for the general population, reflecting
12
a higher expectation of those working with children. Once again, though, there is much variability, with fewer European
and low-income countries requiring reporting. Fewer than half of countries reported penalties for professionals failing
to report suspected CM.
Judicial Responses. Approximately two-thirds of countries require reports to be investigated within a set time period.
Most countries have provisions for removing children from maltreating families, but notably fewer have provisions for
removing alleged perpetrators from the home. Most countries have criminal penalties for abusing a child. It is surprising
that not all have this. Only about two-thirds of countries require legal representation for a child. Contrary to the
general pattern where low-income countries have fewer resources, 83% of them reported having legal representation
compared with 44% of high-income countries. A cautionary note regarding comparisons across country income levels:
only 7 low-income countries participated in the survey.
Services. It is noteworthy that 74% of respondents reported a requirement that all victims receive some form of service
and nearly two-thirds (59%) for prevention services. Considerably fewer, however, described a specific budget for
prevention, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Only 35% reported policies requiring that all perpetrators
receive services or intervention.
Investigations, Substantiation, Out-of-Home Placement and Prosecution

The percentage of reported families who go on to be investigated varies greatly by country. While one-third of
countries reported investigating up to 30% of reported cases, just over a quarter investigate more than 75% of reports.
The extent to which countries substantiated reports is equally varied. Two-thirds substantiated fewer than 50% of
investigated cases, while one-third substantiated more than 50% of cases. There was more consistency regarding
removal of children from the home and prosecution. Two-thirds reported that a child is removed from the home and
that an alleged perpetrator is prosecuted in fewer than 15% of cases.
Table 4: Elements Present in National Government Policy on Child Abuse and Neglect—by Region and by
Country Income Level (Percentages)
(n=68) (n =9) (n =12) (n =24) (n =22) (n =1 ) (n =32) (n=30) (n =6)
Implementation Issues
Policies
established after 35 22 33 42 36 0 22 47 50
2000
The Reporting System
Voluntary
reporting by
85 100 92 83 77 100 84 87 83
professionals or
individuals
Mandated
reporting by
68 67 92 67 55 100 56 87 33
professionals or
individuals
Penalties for
professionals
44 44 58 46 32 100 44 47 33
who fail to
report
13
Table 4: Elements Present in National Government Policy on Child Abuse and Neglect—by Region and by
Country Income Level (Percentages) cont.
(n=68) (n =9) (n =12) (n =24) (n =22) (n =1 ) (n =32) (n=30) (n =6)
Judicial Response
Reports must
be investigated
59 67 67 63 45 100 50 60 100
within a specific
time
Provisions for
removing child
84 100 92 71 86 100 88 83 67
from parents/
caretakers
Provisions
for removing
alleged 60 78 67 50 64 0 53 63 83
perpetrator
from home
Specific criminal
penalties for 93 100 100 88 86 100 88 97 100
abusing a child
Requires that
a separate
advocate be
59 67 67 54 59 0 44 70 83
assigned to
represent child’s
interests
Services
Requires a
child(ren)’s and
76 100 75 67 77 100 78 77 67
family’s needs
assessment
Requires that all
victims receive
74 100 75 79 59 0 59 83 100
services/
intervention
Development
and support
59 89 58 50 59 0 56 57 83
for prevention
services
Requires that
all perpetrators
35 56 33 50 14 0 25 43 50
receive services/
intervention
Provides a
specific budget
31 33 42 21 32 100 44 20 17
for preventing
CM
Note: Fewer countries are reported here due to 5 not having a national policy regarding CM.
14
Is the Incidence of Child Maltreatment Decreasing?

The survey is not a precise method for determining changes in the incidence of CM or for comparing rates. Not only do
countries differ in what is viewed as CM, their surveillance systems also vary considerably. For example, 18 respondents
indicated that their official counts of CM exclude certain subgroups, such as aboriginal children, migrants, street
children, or various native populations. For these reasons, it is often difficult to determine good national estimates of
CM and it is not feasible at this time to make an international estimate.
Respondents were asked how the number of official records of CM might have changed over the past 4 years, regarding
each of the types of CM. Of the approximately 40 countries with responses, more than half said that CM had increased
over the past four years. Slightly more than half indicated increases in physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and in
neglect.
The reported increases are troubling, but may be due to increased surveillance or awareness. Newly implemented
reporting systems often document increases because more professionals are trained to identify and respond to CM.
Other factors could influence CM rates in countries with longstanding surveillance systems, such as changes in laws
and policies or an economic downturn.
Services (Table 5)
It is noteworthy that 74% of respondents reported a requirement that all victims receive some form of service. As noted
above, considerably fewer described funding for prevention, especially in low and middle-income countries. Only 35%
reported policies requiring that all perpetrators receive services. Respondents reported on the availability of an array
of services falling into one of three broad categories: services for parents, services for children and general services.
Services for Parents. Most services were available in only about a quarter of countries, the exception being substance
abuse treatment (49%). As might be expected, services were far more available in high-income and European countries.
Even there, however, only about one-third had therapy programs for perpetrators of sexual abuse. Despite good
research support for home visiting programs to prevent CM, only 21% of countries have these.
Services for Children. More countries reported services for children than they did for parents, although most services
were available in only one-third to one-half of countries. Again, European and high-income countries have more
services. By contrast, only one in seven of the low-income countries reported having most of the services. Of interest,
while neglect has generally attracted less attention than physical and sexual abuse, services for neglected children were
almost as common as for the other forms of CM.
General Services. The most widely provided services were hospitalization for mental illness (66%) and universal free
medical care for children (60%). European and high-income countries again reported more services, while fewer were
available in Africa and low-income countries. Middle-income countries occupied a middle position.
Funding for Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention and Treatment

Just under one-third of all respondents (32%) indicated major governmental funding; 3 countries reported no
government funding. Twenty-one percent indicated major funding from non-governmental agencies and only 2
countries indicated no non-governmental funding.
Funding levels varied by country income level, with 48% of high-income countries indicating major governmental
funding compared with 21% of middle-income countries and none in low-income countries. By contrast, more
low-income countries reported major non-governmental funding (40%) than middle- (27%) or high-income countries
(13%). As expected, the primary funding sources for prevention efforts in low-income countries are international NGOs
15
such as UNICEF, the World Bank and international relief organizations. By contrast, government (national, state or local)
provides the primary funding streams for CM interventions in high-income countries.
It is evident that funding for services to prevent and address CM is not adequate in any country. This remains a major
challenge to build greater support from all possible sources. In addition, enabling help from family members and
communities is a much-needed approach.
Table 5: Services Reported to be Moderately or Usually Available—by Region and Country Income Level
(Percentages)
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
Services for Parents

Programs for
those who 27 10 38 15 39 100 45 12 14
neglect a child
Therapy
programs for
those who 23 10 31 19 26 100 36 12 14
physically abuse
a child
Therapy
programs for
those who 21 10 15 12 39 0 36 6 14
sexually abuse a
child
Home-based
services to
assist parents 33 30 23 19 57 0 52 18 14
in changing
behavior
Substance abuse
treatment for 49 20 54 35 74 100 73 33 14
parents
Centers for
parents to share
15 10 8 4 35 0 30 3 0
experiences/
concerns
Universal home
visits for all new 25 0 8 12 61 0 42 12 0
parents
Targeted home
visits for new 21 0 15 12 39 100 39 6 0
parents at risk
Services for Children
Programs for
neglected 36 30 23 27 52 100 52 24 14
children
Therapy
programs for
42 20 38 38 57 100 61 30 14
physically abused
children
16
Table 5: Services Reported to be Moderately or Usually Available—by Region and Country Income Level
(Percentages) cont.
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
Therapy
programs for
49 20 62 46 57 100 67 33 43
sexually abused
children
Substance abuse
treatment for 45 40 38 38 57 100 64 30 29
children
Foster care with
official foster 44 20 46 27 70 100 67 27 14
parents
Group homes
for maltreated 37 20 69 19 48 0 52 27 14
children
Public shelters
for maltreated 33 20 38 38 30 0 39 30 14
children
Institutional care
for maltreated 52 20 54 50 70 0 73 39 14
children
General Services
Case
management
support services 49 20 46 46 65 100 70 36 14
meeting families’
basic needs
Financial and
other material 41 10 31 38 61 100 73 18 0
support
Hospitalization
66 50 69 54 83 100 82 58 29
for mental illness
Free child care 22 20 15 15 35 0 24 18 29
Universal health
screening for 66 30 62 62 87 100 82 58 29
children
Universal free
medical care for 60 30 62 62 70 100 64 67 14
children
Universal free
medical care for 48 10 54 50 57 100 61 39 29
all citizens
17
Involvement by Community Sectors (Table 6)

Respondents were asked to describe the involvement of 10 different sectors in supporting CM treatment and prevention
services. For each sector, respondents rated whether the sector had no, minimal, moderate, or high involvement. As
illustrated in Table 6, those sectors most often reported as moderately to highly involved included community-based
non-governmental organizations (82%), public social service agencies (75%), hospitals and medical centers (71%),
and courts and law enforcement (68%). The least involved sector was the local business community, with only 7%
of respondents reporting business as moderately or highly involved. Universities and religious institutions were also
reported to be playing a limited role.
There were a few regional differences in involvement. More African and low income countries reported involvement
of businesses and factories compared with other regions and higher income countries. Religious institutions appeared
more active in Africa and the Americas compared with Asia and Europe. In low-income countries, schools and
universities were described as not being at all involved.
Table 6: Moderate to High Levels of Involvement of Community Agencies or Institutions in CM Treatment

and Prevention Services—by Region and Country Income Level (Percentages)
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
Hospitals,
71 80 77 69 65 100 76 70 57
medical centers
Mental health
55 50 46 50 65 100 67 48 29
agencies
Businesses,
7 20 0 8 4 0 9 3 14
factories
Schools 56 50 38 58 65 100 70 55 0
Public social
75 70 77 65 87 100 85 76 29
service agencies
Community-
82 90 85 73 87 100 79 85 86
based NGOs
Religious
30 40 46 23 26 0 30 30 29
institutions
Voluntary civic
49 60 31 46 57 100 45 52 57
organizations
Courts, law
68 60 62 73 70 100 76 67 43
enforcement
Universities 29 10 23 31 35 100 39 24 0
CM Prevention Strategies and Perceived Effectiveness (Table 7)

The four most common prevention strategies were media (90%), advocacy for children’s rights (89%), professional
training (89%) and prosecution (86%). The first two strategies were equally likely to be used across regions, while
professional training was more common in Europe and Asia than in Africa and the Americas. Also, prosecution was
more common in European countries (96%) compared with about 75% in other regions. As for the effectiveness of
18
the strategies, around two-thirds thought media campaigns and advocacy were effective versus nearly half believing
prosecution and professional training to be effective.
The majority of respondents also reported using four additional strategies: improving or increasing local services (75%),
universal health care and preventive medical care (73%), improving living conditions (75%) and increasing individual
responsibility for child protection (73%). Although not as common as the prior set of strategies, they appear to be
widely used, but only in certain regions. For example, European countries more often reported improving or increasing
local services (91%), while countries in the Americas more often reported improving families’ basic living conditions
(92%). Universal health care was more common in countries in the Americas and Europe (77%, 83%). Between half and
two-thirds of users thought these four services were effective.
Less frequently used strategies included home-based services and support for at-risk parents (44%) and universal
home visitation programs for new parents (36%). These numbers, however, hide important regional differences, with
78% of European countries offering home-based services for at-risk parents compared with only a third of countries in
Asia and the Americas, and no countries in Africa. Interestingly, here too these services were considered effective by
approximately two-thirds of those using them.
Overall, European countries provide access to a greater range of prevention strategies than the rest of the world. At
the same time, it is encouraging to note how countries at all income levels are employing several prevention strategies.
It should be helpful for local professional associations and advocacy groups to ascertain why there are discrepancies in
the availability and effectiveness of some strategies. It could be that some were not effective because of inadequate
resources to implement them as widely as necessary or in a high-quality way to ensure their effectiveness. It may
also be important to examine how different strategies are, or should be, linked. Another consideration is that most
interventions are successful with only a portion of the at-risk population (for example, young parents, those with
certain information needs) or are more appropriate for only a certain type of CM (for example, physical abuse, not
neglect). Ideally, there needs to be an array of interventions to tailor the response to meet the individual family’s needs.
Table 7: Strategies Used and Perceived to be Effective in Preventing CM—by Region and Country Income
Level (Percentages)
Strategy Total Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania High Middle Low
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
Home-based Used service 44 0 31 35 78 100 76 21 0
services and Of those, %
support for felt service 66 0 100 78 50 100 60 86 0
parents at risk effective
Media Used service 90 90 92 92 87 100 85 97 86
campaigns to Of those, %
raise public felt service 64 67 67 63 60 100 68 59 67
awareness effective
Used service 47 30 38 35 70 100 70 27 29
Risk
assessment Of those, %
methods felt service 59 67 40 67 56 100 61 56 50
effective
Increasing Used service 73 70 69 73 74 100 73 73 71
individual Of those, %
responsibility felt service 53 57 56 42 59 100 63 46 40
for child(ren) effective
19
Table 7: Strategies Used and Perceived to be Effective in Preventing CM—by Region and Country Income
Level (Percentages) cont.
Strategy Total Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania High Middle Low
(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)
Used service 86 70 77 73 96 100 97 67 71
Prosecution
of child abuse Of those, %
offenders felt service 49 33 45 48 60 0 59 41 43
effective
Universal Used service 36 0 38 23 65 0 52 24 0
home Of those, %
visitation for felt service 65 0 60 67 67 0 59 75 0
new parents effective
Used service 75 70 62 69 91 100 85 70 57
Improving or
increasing Of those, %
local services felt service 56 14 38 61 71 100 75 43 0
effective
Universal Used service 73 60 77 65 83 100 76 70 71
health care
and access Of those, %
to preventive felt service 58 50 40 59 68 100 72 48 40
medical effective
Used service 89 80 77 92 96 100 91 88 86

Professional Of those, %
training felt service 55 25 40 54 73 100 73 41 33
effective
Used service 51 40 54 42 61 100 55 52 29
University
programs for Of those, %
students felt service 51 25 14 36 86 100 61 47 0
effective
Used service 89 90 92 88 87 100 85 91 100
Advocacy for
children’s Of those, %
rights felt service 65 56 42 65 80 100 75 50 86
effective
Improving Used service 75 80 92 58 83 100 88 67 57

families’ Of those, %
basic living felt service 62 25 42 73 79 100 86 36 25
conditions effective
Barriers to CM Prevention (Table 8)

Barriers were examined individually and in two broad categories—those relating to a country’s economic and social
resources (for example, limited government resources, poverty) and those relating to a country’s social norms (for
example, sense of family privacy, support for physical punishment).
The barriers to preventing CM rated most important were limited resources and lack of trained professionals. These
two were the most commonly cited barriers by European countries. American and African countries added to the
above barriers, the decline in informal support systems, extreme poverty, poorly developed system of basic health
care or social services and public resistance to prevention efforts. Asian countries emphasized a strong sense of family
20
privacy, slightly more than the other countries and described poverty and lack of basic health care or social services as
slightly less significant. In general, the lower the income of the countries the more barriers they identified as significant.
Table 8: Barriers to Child Maltreatment Prevention—by Region and by Country Income Level (Average
Scores1)
Barrier
(n=69) (n=10) (n=12) (n =25) (n=21) (n=1) (n=31) (n=31) (n=7)
Social Conditions
Limited resources
for improving the
2.6 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.0
government’s response
to CM
Lack of specific laws
1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.0 1.8 1.9 2.3
related to CM
Lack of system to
investigate reports of 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.0 1.9 2.3 2.7
CM
Lack of trained
2.5 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.5 1.0 2.3 2.6 2.7
professionals
Extreme poverty 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.0 1.7 2.3 2.9
Decline in family life

and informal support 2.2 2.8 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.9
systems
Country’s dependency
on foreign investment to 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.7
sustain local economy
Overwhelming number
of children living on their 1.6 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.4
own
Generally inadequate
and poorly developed
2.0 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.0 1.5 2.3 2.7
systems of basic health
care or social services
Political or religious
1.5 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.2
conflict and instability
Social Norms
Public resistance to
1.9 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.0 1.6 2.0 2.4
prevention efforts
Strong sense of family
privacy and parental
2.2 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.1
rights to raise children as
they choose
General support for
2.3 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.6
corporal punishment
Little commitment or
support for children’s 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.0 1.9 2.2 2.7
rights
1
1=not a significant barrier, 2=moderately significant barrier and 3=major significance.
21
Legal Responses to Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

This year’s survey asked respondents for the first time to describe their countries’ legal responses to child sexual
exploitation (CSE). The aggregated findings are shown in Table 9. It needs to be acknowledged that it is difficult to
obtain reliable statistics for these problems. It is evident that many countries appear to not pursue those responsible
for CSE. At the same time, it is striking that a small but significant minority arrest the exploited children.
Table 9: Legal Responses to Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Number of Countries Reporting Percentage

the Practice
Often or sometimes prosecute citizens who
engage in CSE in home country 56 77%
Often or sometimes prosecute citizens who
engage in CSE abroad 28 38%
Often or sometimes prosecute foreigners who
engage in CSE 43 59%
Arrest involved children 14 19%

Made an arrest of an adult in the last year for
CSE 41 56%
Made an arrest last year for child pornography 47 64%
It is helpful to have a snapshot of conditions facing children in different countries, before focusing on child maltreatment
and protection. The data provided by UNICEF in Table 10 provide this context.
22
Table 10: UNICEF Indicator Data: “Every Child Counts” 2014
% of Maternal % of pop
under-5 mortality using Primary Primary
Under % of children ratio improved school school Estimated
1 infant Under 5 infants suffering adjustedb drinking Life participation, participation, adult (aged GNIc
Total Population mortality mortality with moderate (per water expectancy net attend net attend 15–49) HIV per
Region/ Population under 18 rate (per rate (per low or severe 100,000 sources at birth ratio (%) ratio (%) prevalence capita
Country (thousands) (thousands) 1000) 1000) BWa wasting live births) 2011 (years) Male Female (%) 2012 (US $)
Africa
Botswana 2,004 810 41 53 13 7 160 97 47 86 88 23.0 7,720
Ghana 25,366 11,424 49 72 11 6 350 86 61 72 74 1.4 1,550
Kenya 43,178 21,023 49 73 8 7 360 61 61 72 75 6.1 840
Liberia 4,190 2,073 56 75 14 3 770 74 60 32 28 0.9 370
Mauritius 1,240 307 13 15 14 - 60 100 73 - - 1.2 8,570
Nigeria 168,834 85,406 78 124 15 10 630 61 52 72 68 3.1 1,430
South Africa 52,386 18,347 33 45 - 6 300 91 56 - - 17.9 7,610
Sudan 37,195 17,880 49 73 - 16 - 55 62 78 72 - 1,450
Togo 6,643 3,216 62 96 11 5 300 59 56 91 87 2.9 500
Uganda 36,346 20,159 45 69 12 5 310 75 59 81 81 7.2 440
23
Americas
Argentina 41,087 12,089 13 14 7 1 77 99 76 99 99 0.4 M
Barbados 283 65 17 18 12 - 51 100 75 - - - N
Belize 324 132 16 18 11 3 53 99 74 94 95 1.4 4,180
Brazil 198,656 58,867 13 14 8 2 56 97 74 95 95 - 11,630
Canada 38,838 6,990 5 5 6 - 12 100 81 - - - 50,970
Chile 17,465 4,577 8 9 6 - 25 98 80 - - 0.4 14,280
Colombia 47,704 16,018 15 18 6 1 92 93 74 90 92 0.5 6,990
Ecuador 15,492 5,568 20 23 8 2 110 92 76 96 96 0.6 5,190

El Salvador 6,297 2,378 14 16 9 1 81 90 72 - - 0.6 3,580
Haiti 10,174 4,262 57 76 23 5 350 64 63 77 78 2.1 760
Mexico 120,847 42,111 14 16 9 2 50 94 77 97 97 0.2 9,740
Portugal 10,604 1,904 3 4 8 - 8 100 80 - - - 20,580
Trinidad and
Tobago 1,337 330 18 21 10 - 46 94 70 98 98 - 14,400
United States
(USA) 317,505 75,321 6 7 8 0 21 99 79 - - - 50,120
Asia
Afghanistan 29,825 16,317 71 99 - 9 460 61 61 63 46 <0.1 570
Armenia 2,969 732 15 16 8 4 30 99 74 97 97 0.2 3,720
Azerbaijan 9,309 2,556 31 35 10 7 43 80 71 74 72 0.2 6,050
China 1,377,065 302,230 12 14 3 2 37 92 75 - - - 5,740
Hong Kong* - - - - - - - - - - - - -
India 1,236,687 434,782 44 56 28 20 200 92 66 85 81 0.3 1,530
Israel 7,644 2,467 3 4 8 - 7 100 82 - - - 28,930
Japan 127,250 20,310 2 3 8 - 5 100 83 - - - 47,870
Lebanon 4,647 1,274 8 9 12 - 25 100 80 98 98 - 9,190
24
Macau* - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Malaysia 29,240 9,434 7 9 11 12 29 100 75 - - 0.4 9,800
Nepal 27,474 11,601 34 42 18 11 170 88 68 96 91 0.3 700
Pakistan 179,160 73,845 69 86 32 15 260 91 66 70 62 <0.1 1,260
Philippines 96,707 39,420 24 30 21 7 99 92 69 88 89 <0.1 2,470
Qatar 2,051 328 6 7 - - 7 100 78 - - - 78,720
Republic of
Korea 49,003 9,555 3 4 4 - 16 98 81 - - - 22,670
Saudi Arabia 28,288 9,698 7 9 - - 24 97 75 - - - 18,030
Singapore 5,303 1,094 2 3 8 4 3 100 82 - - - 47,210
Sri Lanka 21,098 6,262 8 10 17 15 35 93 74 98 98 <0.1 2,920
Taiwan* - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Thailand 66,785 15,107 11 13 7 5 48 96 74 98 98 1.1 5,210
Turkey 73,997 23,098 12 14 11 1 20 100 75 94 92 - 10,830
Turkmenistan 5,173 1,777 45 53 4 7 67 71 65 99 99 - 5,550
United Arab
Emirates
(UAE) 9,206 1,625 7 8 6 - 12 100 77 - - - 36,040
Vietnam 90,796 25,343 18 23 5 4 59 96 76 98 98 0.4 1,400
Europe
Albania 3,162 857 15 17 4 9 27 95 77 90 91 - 4,090
Belarus 9,405 1,725 4 5 4 2 4 100 70 93 90 0.4 6,530
Belgium 11,060 2,245 3 4 - - 8 100 80 - - - 44,990
Bulgaria 7,278 1,188 11 12 9 - 11 99 73 - - - 6,870
25
Croatia 4,307 799 4 5 5 - 17 99 77 - - - 13,290
Estonia 1,291 242 3 4 4 - 2 99 74 - - - 15,830
France 63,937 14,011 3 4 - - 8 100 82 - - - 41,750
Georgia 4,358 930 18 20 5 2 67 98 930 95 96 0.3 3,280
Germany 82,800 13,395 3 4 - - 7 100 81 - - - 44,010
Greece 11,125 1,951 4 5 - - 3 100 81 - - - 23,260
Hungary 9,976 1,780 5 6 9 - 21 100 74 - - - 12,390
Iceland 326 81 2 2 4 - 5 100 81 - - - 38,710
Ireland 4,576 1,160 3 4 - - 6 100 81 - - - 38,970
Italy 60,885 10,296 3 4 - - 4 100 82 - - - 33,840

Latvia 2,060 360 8 9 5 - 34 98 72 - - - 14,180
Lithuania 3,028 569 4 5 4 - 8 - 72 - - - 13,850
Netherlands 16,714 3,469 3 4 - - 6 100 81 - - - 48,250
Norway 4,994 1,131 2 3 5 - 7 100 81 - - - 98,860
Poland 38,211 7,021 4 5 6 - 5 - 76 - - - 12,670
Romania 21,755 3,954 11 12 8 4 27 - 74 - - - 8,420
Russia 143,170 26,369 9 10 6 - 34 97 68 - - - 12,700
Switzerland 7,997 1,457 4 4 - - 8 100 82 - - - 82,730
United
Kingdom 62,783 13,304 4 5 8 - 12 100 80 - - - 38,250
Oceania
Australia 23,050 5,280 4 5 7 - 7 100 82 - - - 59,570
a BW represents birth weight.
b Data are adjusted to account for the well-documented problems of underreporting and misclassification of maternal deaths. World Health Organization (WHO), UNICEF, United Nations Population
Fund (UNFPA) and the World Bank.
c Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income.
(compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by mid-year population. GNI per capita in US dollars is converted using the World Bank
Atlas method
26
* Independent statistics for Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan are not included in the UNICEF report.
M Upper-middle-income country (GNI per capita is $4,086-$12,615)
N High-income country (GNI per capita >$12,615)
These data are drawn from UNICEF’s The State of the World’s Children 2014: Every Child Counts, which strives to provide accurate information on the circumstances facing
children around the world. , Although much progress has been made in the last decade, many children continue to live in difficult circumstances, related to family income,
gender, location, and other factors. Many children are not being counted, due to circumstances such as lack of birth registration, trafficking, institutionalization, and refugee
status, , further marginalizing them.
About UNICEF Indicators

The indicators listed are meant to reflect a country’s level of national health and its children’s well-being. Together, they offer a partial glimpse of a country’s capacity and
success in providing for a child’s basic health care, educational, and economic and safety needs. They also offer a general context for considering the findings related to child
protection described in this edition of World Perspectives.
References
UNICEF (2014). The State of the World’s Children 2014: Every Child Counts. New York: UNICEF. Available at: www.unicef.org/sowc2014/numbers
Section 2: Country profiles
The following profiles are based on information provided by knowledgeable

professionals in each country. It is often difficult to capture the varying circumstances
in a country, and ISPCAN was not able to verify the accuracy of the information.
Nevertheless, it is hoped that each profile offers a useful snapshot of issues related to
child protection in the country.
Items that are missing are due to no information being available.
N/A = not available or not answered.
27
Afghanistan
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
both abuse and neglect)? or individuals
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Enforcement: Inconsistent

Support: Very inadequate
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning)
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education,
or shelter (neglect) Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Support: Very inadequate
• Commercial sexual exploitation Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting
Enforcement: Don’t know
of a child)
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional
support/attention) Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Support: Very inadequate
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9)
Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Physical beating of a child by any adult
Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Forcing a child to beg Support: N/A
• Abuse by another child
Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
• Child serving as soldier
• Child labor—under age 12 Enforcement: Inconsistent
Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child marriage
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
interest
• Foster care, group home or orphanage
Enforcement: Wide
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center
• Detention facility Official Documentation of CM
• Religious institution
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
Laws and Policies regarding CM Duration system in place (Q12) 5 to 10 years
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
This law applies to (Q19) • Physical abuse
• Physical abuse • Sexual abuse
• Sexual abuse • Emotional maltreatment
• Neglect Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
• Emotional maltreatment Physical abuse Don’t know
• Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV)
Sexual abuse Don’t know
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
Neglect Don’t know
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Emotional maltreatment Don’t know
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Exposure to IPV Don’t know
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) Child Deaths
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
28
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54)
due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know
• Media campaigns
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No • Prosecution of offenders
• Professional training
Services • Advocacy for children’s rights
Availability of Services (Q37) Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Programs for those who neglect children No • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Lack of specific laws related to CM
Programs for neglected children Occasionally
• Lack of system to investigate reports
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Lack of trained professionals
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Public resistance to prevention efforts
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents
Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Case management services Occasionally
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
Home-based services/family support No they choose
• Support for the use of corporal punishment
Foster care with official foster parents No
• Lack of support for children’s rights
Group homes for maltreated children No
• Overwhelming number of children living alone
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally • Inadequate health or social services
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally • Political or religious conflict, instability
Financial and other material support Occasionally Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Occasionally
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally • E stablishment of Child Protection Action Network (CPAN) at the
national, provincial and district levels
Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
• Involvement of religious leaders and using them as change agents
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No • Working with media
Universal home visits for all new parents No
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Universal health screening—children No
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
Universal free medical care—children Occasionally act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
and prevention (Q38)
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Hospitals/medical centers Minimal
Mental health agencies Minimal Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
agency or NGO (Q43) Not really
Businesses None
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Schools Minimal
Community-based NGOs Moderate Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Religious institutions Minimal Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
Voluntary civic organizations Moderate Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
Universities None health care (Q47) Rarely
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes
Government Moderate
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Non-government Major
abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Sometimes
29
Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE

within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
Extent to which children who are exploited

sexually are arrested (Q51) Most of the time
Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex

trafficking of children (Q52) Don’t know
Arrests in the past year for possession or

production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
30
Albania
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Support: Very inadequate
both abuse and neglect)?
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) interest
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Enforcement: Wide
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Support: Very inadequate
or shelter (neglect)
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching)
Official Documentation of CM
• Exposing child to pornography
• Commercial sexual exploitation Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children
of a child) per year (Q20) 1.46
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV)
% of reported cases involving (Q21)
Physical abuse 0–15%
Sexual abuse 0–15%
• Child living on the street
• Prostituting a child Neglect 0–15%
• Infanticide Emotional maltreatment 0–15%
• Forcing a child to beg
Street children 0–15%
Abandoned children 0–15%
• Child labor—under age 12
• Internet solicitation for sex % of reported cases investigated (Q22) 16–30%
• Child marriage
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 46–60%
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10)
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15%
• Daycare center Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15%
• School or educational training center Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15%
• Psychiatric institution
• Detention facility Child Deaths
Laws and Policies regarding CM Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Services
Availability of Services (Q37)

Elements in laws/policies (Q34)
Programs for those who neglect children No
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Programs for neglected children Occasionally
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home Therapy for physically abused children No
Enforcement: Inconsistent Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
Support: Very inadequate Therapy for sexually abused children No

Criminal penalties for abusing a child
Home-based services/family support No
Enforcement: Inconsistent
31
Foster care with official foster parents No • Decline in informal support for parents
Group homes for maltreated children No • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
they choose
Institutional care for maltreated children No • Support for the use of corporal punishment
Financial and other material support No • Lack of support for children’s rights
• Inadequate health or social services
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally
Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Substance abuse treatment - children Occasionally
• Approval of the Law for Protection of Children’s Rights in Albania
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
• Approval of the Law for Protection from Discrimination
Universal home visits for all new parents No • Establishment of ALO 116: Albanian National Child Helpline
Free child care Moderately
Universal free medical care—children Occasionally act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Universal free medical care - all citizens No Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
prevention (Q38)
Mental health agencies Minimal Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Businesses None
Schools Minimal
Public social services agencies Moderate Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Community-based NGOs Very involved Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
Religious institutions None
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
Voluntary civic organizations Moderate health care (Q47) Rarely
Courts/law enforcement Moderate Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE

Universities Minimal
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE abroad
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely
Government Moderate
Non-government Major within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54) Extent to which children who are exploited
• Media campaigns sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• University programs for students Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Advocacy for children’s rights trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Arrests in the past year for possession or
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
• Lack of specific laws related to CM
Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
• Lack of trained professionals Children’s Human Rights Centre of Albania (CRCA)
• Public resistance to prevention efforts
Rr Rreshit Collaku, Vila 13/1
• Extreme poverty
32
Kutia Postare 1738

Tirana, Albania 1001
altin.hazizaj@crca.al
www.crca.al
Psycho-social services, legal services, human resources, training
courses, library, networking.
ALO 116: Albanian National Child Helpline
33
Argentina
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Enforcement: Inconsistent
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8)
Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) individuals
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Exposing child to pornography (e.g., 24 hours)
• Commercial sexual exploitation Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Abandonment
of a child) Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Enforcement: Inconsistent
support/attention)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
• Child living on the street Support: Very inadequate
• Prostituting a child
Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Infanticide
• Abuse by another child Support: Very inadequate
• Child labor—under age 12 Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Internet solicitation for sex
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Psychiatric institution Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Detention facility
• Sporting organization Enforcement: Inconsistent
Laws and Policies regarding CM
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes interest
Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000 Enforcement: Never or almost never

Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No
-Extent they are enforced (Q35)
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Child Deaths

Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No
professionals or individuals
34
Services Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54)
Availability of Services (Q37) • Home-based services for at-risk parents

• Media campaigns
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally
• Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
Programs for neglected children Occasionally • Prosecution of offenders
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Moderately • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally
• Advocacy for children’s rights
Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Case management services Moderately
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Home-based services/family support Occasionally
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Lack of system to investigate reports
Group homes for maltreated children Moderately • Lack of trained professionals
Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately • Public resistance to prevention efforts
• Extreme poverty
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Financial and other material support Occasionally • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately
Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally • Inadequate health or social services
Universal home visits for all new parents No • Political or religious conflict, instability
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
concerning CM (Q56) Significantly
Free child care Occasionally
Universal health screening—children Usually
• Increased awareness of CM
Universal free medical care—children Usually
• More professionals trained
Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually • Significant involvement of the media
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38) Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Hospitals/medical centers Moderate CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Mental health agencies Moderate act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Businesses None
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly
Schools Very involved
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Greatly
Public social services agencies Very involved
Community-based NGOs Very involved Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Religious institutions Moderate Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public

Voluntary civic organizations Moderate
Courts/law enforcement Moderate Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
Universities Minimal Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
health care (Q47) Most of the time
Government Moderate
Non-government Moderate Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE within
the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes
35

are prosecuted (Q49) Sometimes
Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE within

the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex trafficking

of children (Q52) Yes
Arrests in the past year for possession or production of child

pornography (Q53) Yes
Nuestras Manos
Guayaquil 755 PB A
Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, Argentina 1424
mlourdesmolina@gmail.com
www.nuestrasmanos.org.ar
Training, counseling, assistance to adolescents and offenders
Direccion General de la Mujer
36
Armenia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Official Documentation of CM
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Child Deaths
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior)
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No
• Exposing child to pornography Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to
CM has (Q28) Don’t know
• Commercial sexual exploitation
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
of a child)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Services
• Child labor—under age 12 Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
• Slavery Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally
• Detention facility Case management services Moderately
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Institutional care for maltreated children No
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Financial and other material support No
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Substance abuse treatment—children No
Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
professionals or individuals Universal home visits for all new parents No
Enforcement: Never or almost never Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Support: Very inadequate Free child care No
Criminal penalties for abusing a child Universal health screening—children Occasionally
Enforcement: Never or almost never Universal free medical care—children Usually
Support: Very inadequate Universal free medical care—all citizens No
Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Hospitals/medical centers None
Mental health agencies None
37
Businesses None Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Not really
Schools Minimal Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Don’t know
Public social services agencies Minimal
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Not really
Community-based NGOs Moderate
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Religious institutions None agency or NGO (Q43) Not really
Voluntary civic organizations None
Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Universities None
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) health care (Q47) Rarely
Government None
Non-government Major within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Rarely
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely
• Limited resources for improving the government’s
response to CM Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Lack of specific laws related to CM within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
• Lack of trained professionals sexually are arrested (Q51) Don’t know
• Extreme poverty
trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy Arrests in the past year for possession or
production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children
as they choose
• Support for the use of corporal punishment Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
• Lack of support for children’s rights Save the Children
Agatangeghos 2a
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
Yerevan, Armenia 23
programs concerning CM (Q56) Slightly
www.savethechildren.org
Package of training materials for professionals, protecting children
Creation of an independent CM monitoring group for special and from violence, implementing training in all regions, creating child
boarding schools, orphanages and child care institutions—2011 protection network, research on violence.
Involvement of media
Active work of UNICEF Armenia and OSI Armenia during the last 3
years in lobbying with government decision makers

act by force, fraud, or coercion.
38
Australia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) professionals or individuals
Enforcement: inconsistent
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Support: N/A
• Exposing child to pornography individuals
Enforcement: Wide
• Abandonment
Support: N/A
of a child) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional (e.g., 24 hours)
support/attention)
Enforcement: Wide
Support: N/A
Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Child living on the street Enforcement: Wide
• Prostituting a child Support: N/A
• Infanticide
Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation
safety
Enforcement: Wide
• Child labor—under age 12 Support: N/A
• Slavery Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Child marriage
Support: N/A
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
• Daycare center Enforcement: Wide
• School or educational training center Support: N/A
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM
• Religious institution Enforcement Inconsistent
• Sporting organization Support: N/A
Laws and Policies regarding CM Official Documentation of CM
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
Year law passed (Q18) Before 1990 Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980 • Physical abuse

• Sexual abuse
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes • Neglect
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) • Emotional maltreatment
39
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Physical abuse Increase Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Sexual abuse Increase Universal home visits for all new parents Occasionally
Neglect Increase Home visits for new, at-risk parents Moderately
Emotional maltreatment Increase Free child care Occasionally
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Universal health screening—children Usually
Incidence rate of reported CM per Universal free medical care—children Usually

1,000 children per year (Q20) 7.4 substantiated or 34.0 notified Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
Physical abuse 16–30% prevention (Q38)
Sexual abuse 0–15% Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Neglect 16–30% Mental health agencies Moderate
Emotional maltreatment 31–45% Businesses None

Schools Moderate
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 46–60%
Community-based NGOs Very involved
Child Deaths Religious institutions Minimal

Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to CM has (Q28)
Don’t know Universities Moderate
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Government Major
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes
Non-government Moderate
Services
Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54)
Programs for those who neglect children Usually • Media campaigns
Programs for neglected children Moderately • Risk assessment
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Moderately
• Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately
• Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally • Professional training
Therapy for sexually abused children Usually • University programs for students
Case management services Usually
• Improving families’ basic living conditions
Foster care with official foster parents Usually
Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
Public shelters for maltreated children No • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Financial and other material support Usually
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly
Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
40
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Extent to which children who are exploited
sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Development of a National Framework for Protecting Australia’s
Children and implementation of its action plans. This offers a Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
national perspective, because child protection is a state level trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
jurisdiction. Laws/policies/definitions vary from state to state (e.g.,
mandatory reporting requirements vary from state to state) Arrests in the past year for possession
• Royal Commission on Institutional Child Sexual Abuse or production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Appointment of a National Children’s Commissioner
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Australian Institute of Family Studies
Level 20
act by force, fraud, or coercion. 485 LaTrobe St
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3000
http://www.aifs.gov.au/
The Australian Institute of Family Studies (AIFS) is the Australian
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Greatly Government’s key research body in the area of family wellbeing.
Access to research reports, alerts that provide the latest information in
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public the child, family and community welfare sectors.
agency or NGO (Q43) Greatly
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
Age at which it’s legal to

be a sex worker (Q46) 18 Only in some jurisdictions

Extent to which citizens who engage in

CSE within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time

abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Most of the time

41
Azerbaijan
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to % of reported cases involving (Q21)
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Sexual abuse 16–30%
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Neglect 31–45%
Emotional maltreatment 31–45%
or shelter (neglect) Street children 16–30%
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Abandoned children 0–15%
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting % of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 31–45%
of a child)
support/attention)
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15%
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 16–30%
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Child Deaths
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
• Abuse by another child due to CM has (Q28) Increased
• Child serving as soldier Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
• Child marriage
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Services
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Availability of Services (Q37)
• Daycare center
Laws and Policies regarding CM Programs for neglected children No

Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes
Year law passed (Q18) After 2005
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
This law applies to (Q19) Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately
• Physical abuse Case management services Moderately
• Sexual abuse
Home-based services/family support Moderately
• Emotional maltreatment
• Exposure to IPV Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) No Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
Public shelters for maltreated children No
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) No
Official Documentation of CM Financial and other material support Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 c
hildren per year (Q20) 200–300 Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
42
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately Major developments to address CM (Q59)

Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally • In 2011, a rehabilitation center for child victims of violence and
crime was created. The center also has a shelter for children faced
with domestic violence. Children registered in the center are served
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No legally, psychologically and with social services.
• In 2013, the National Assembly organized an international meeting
Free child care No
about preventing child abuse (especially sexual abuse) and neglect.
Universal health screening—children Usually The Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population of
Azerbaijan gave financial support to the above center.
Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
prevention (Q38) or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
Mental health agencies Minimal Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Not really
Businesses Minimal Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat

Schools Moderate Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Public social services agencies Moderate
Community-based NGOs Very involved agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Religious institutions Minimal Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) health care (Q47) Rarely
Government Moderate
Non-government Major within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Rarely
Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Universal health care and preventive medical care Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Limited resources for improving the government’s Extent to which children who are exploited
response to CM sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Lack of system to investigate reports trafficking of children (Q52) No
• Lack of trained professionals
Arrests in the past year for possession or production
• Public resistance to prevention efforts of child pornography (Q53) No
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
raise children as they choose
• Support for the use of corporal punishment Reliable Future Youth Organization
• Lack of support for children’s rights Nizami Street 183
• Inadequate health or social services Baku, Baku, Nasimi District, Azerbaijan AZE 1010
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and reliablefuture@ymail.com
programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
43
Barbados
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Elements in laws/policies (Q34)
- Extent they are enforced (Q35)
- Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
or shelter (neglect) individuals
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Enforcement: Never or almost never
Support: Adequate
• Commercial sexual exploitation Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Enforcement: Wide
of a child) Support: Adequate
support/attention) Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Enforcement: Wide
• Parental mental illness affecting the child
Support: Adequate
safety
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Infanticide Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Enforcement: Inconsistent
Support: Adequate
• Child serving as soldier Official Documentation of CM
• Slavery Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Internet solicitation for sex Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
• Child marriage
Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Daycare center
• Neglect
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
• Sporting organization Physical abuse None
Sexual abuse None
Neglect Increase
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Emotional maltreatment None
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Exposure to IPV Don’t know
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980 % of reported cases involving (Q21)
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Physical abuse 0–15%
44
Sexual abuse 0–15% Universities None

Neglect 0–15% Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Emotional maltreatment 0–15% Government Moderate
Street children 0–15% Non-government Moderate
Services • Media campaigns

Programs for neglected children No
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Lack of trained professionals
Therapy for physically abused children No • Public resistance to prevention efforts
• Extreme poverty
Therapy for sexually abused children No
Case management services Usually • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
Home-based services/family support Moderately they choose
Group homes for maltreated children Usually
Institutional care for maltreated children Usually
Financial and other material support Usually programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually Major developments to address CM (Q59)

Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually The research on “Child Sexual Abuse in the Eastern Caribbean” by
Jones and Trotman Jemmott
Increased media campaigns by UNICEF
Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Free child care No or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
Universal free medical care—children No
Universal free medical care—all citizens No Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Greatly
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Don’t know
prevention (Q38)
Hospitals/medical centers Very involved agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Mental health agencies Moderate
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know
Businesses None
Schools Moderate
Public social services agencies None
Community-based NGOs Moderate Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
health care (Q47) Rarely
Religious institutions Don’t know
Voluntary civic organizations Don’t know
Courts/law enforcement Very involved
45

abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
Extent to which foreigners who engage in

CSE within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Don’t know

sexually are arrested (Q51) Don’t know

Arrests in the past year for possession

or production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

United Nations House
Marine Gardens
Christ Church, Barbados
http://www.unicef.org/barbados
Varied and wide information on child protection and the status of
children in Barbados
Child Care Board
46
Belarus
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) professionals or individuals
• Exposing child to pornography Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Commercial sexual exploitation Support: Adequate
• Abandonment
Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
of a child)
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Enforcement: Wide
support/attention)
Support: Adequate
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Enforcement: Wide
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Support: Adequate
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Prostituting a child safety
• Infanticide Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Internet solicitation for sex Enforcement: Wide
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Support: Adequate
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
• Daycare center interest
• School or educational training center Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Sporting organization
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
Year law passed (Q18) 2001–2005 • Physical abuse
This law applies to (Q19) • Sexual abuse

• Neglect
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
Exposure to IPV Physical abuse Increase
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Sexual abuse Increase
47
Neglect Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually

Emotional maltreatment Don’t know Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately
Exposure to IPV Increase Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 47 Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Universal home visits for all new parents Usually
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Moderately
Neglect
16–30% Universal free medical care—children Usually
Emotional maltreatment 0–15% Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually
Street children 0–15% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
Abandoned children 0–15% prevention (Q38)
Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Businesses None
Schools Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15% Public social services agencies None
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 76–90% Community-based NGOs Very involved
Religious institutions Minimal
Child Deaths
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Courts/law enforcement Very involved
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to CM has (Q28) Universities Moderate
Remained about the same
Government None
Services Non-government Major
Availability of Services (Q37) Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54)
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Risk assessment

Programs for neglected children Usually
• Prosecution of offenders
• Universal home visitation for new parents
Therapy for physically abused children No • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Professional training
• University programs for students
• Limited resources for improving the government’s
Foster care with official foster parents Usually response to CM
Group homes for maltreated children Usually • Lack of specific laws related to CM
Public shelters for maltreated children Usually • Lack of trained professionals
• Extreme poverty
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for
Financial and other material support No its economy
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately • Inadequate health or social services
• Political or religious conflict, instability
48
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly health care (Q47) Rarely
• Adjustment of the Strategy to Prevent Child Abuse and Support within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
Abused Children in 2009, update of the Strategy in 2011 and 2012,
the Strategy is included in the National Plan of Action towards Child Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Protection for 2012–16. abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Most of the time
• Establishment of 7/24 toll-free National Child Helpline Belarus in
partnership with Ponimanie and the Ministry of Health Care— Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
Associate member of Child Helpline International in transition to full within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
membership in April 2011–2014
Extent to which children who are exploited sexually
• Establishment of the 15 CACs, managed by Ponimanie, Investigation are arrested (Q51) Rarely
Committee in partnership with the Ministry of Education, State
Forensic Committee, and local authorities—2009–2013 Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex trafficking
• Establishment of treatment services for abused children—CAC in of children (Q52) Yes
Children’s Hospital—2013
• Establishment of National Center for Missing and Exploited Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Children—Member of GMCN—2012
International NGO “Ponimanie”
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Leschinskogo 8, bld. 5, office 403–404
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, Minsk, Belarus 220140
office@ponimanie.org
www.ponimanie.org
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Training for professionals, MDT development, CAC development,
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Not really National Child Helpline maintenance and development, treatment for
abused children, support to search for missing children, support to
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Not really exploited children, development of technologies, methods and policy-
making in all above areas, holding annual international conference
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public “Safe Belarus and Commonwealth - for Children”
Academy of Postgraduate Studies
49
Belgium Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes

• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Enforcement: Inconsistent
or shelter (neglect) Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs
safety
• Abandonment Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Criminal penalties for abusing a child
of a child)
Enforcement: Wide
support/attention) Support: Somewhat inadequate

• Prostituting a child Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Infanticide
Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years
• Forcing a child to beg Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
• Abuse by another child • Physical abuse
• Child serving as soldier • Sexual abuse
• Child labor—under age 12 • Neglect
• Slavery • Emotional maltreatment
• Internet solicitation for sex • Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV)
• Child marriage Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Physical abuse Don’t know
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Sexual abuse Don’t know
• Daycare center
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know
• Detention facility Exposure to IPV Don’t know
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000
• Sporting organization children per year (Q20) 698

Neglect 16–30%
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Don’t know Emotional maltreatment 0–15%
50
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 46–60% Voluntary civic organizations None
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 61–75% Courts/law enforcement Moderate

Universities None
Child Deaths
Government Major
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No Non-government Moderate

Services
• Home-based services for at-risk parents
Programs for those who neglect children No • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Programs for neglected children No Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Lack of specific laws related to CM
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Moderately • Lack of system to investigate reports
Therapy for sexually abused children Usually
• Extreme poverty
Home-based services/family support Usually • Decline in informal support for parents
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Public shelters for maltreated children No • Lack of support for children’s rights
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
Financial and other material support Moderately programs concerning CM (Q56) Slightly
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually Major developments to address CM (Q59)

Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately • Establishing a Forum for Child Maltreatment, regular meetings with
representatives of both Welfare and Justice (2010)
• Revision of the law 458bis (2012)
• Funding of a national helpline 1712 (2012)
Universal home visits for all new parents Usually Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Free child care Occasionally act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Universal free medical care—children Occasionally
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Not really
Universal free medical care—all citizens No
prevention (Q38) Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Mental health agencies Very involved Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
Businesses None Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
Schools Minimal Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 18, commercial sex
Public social services agencies Very involved work is legal; exploitation is not
Community-based NGOs Minimal Extent to which victims of CSE receive

mental health care (Q47) Most of the time
51






52
Belize
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Neglect
both abuse and neglect)? • Emotional maltreatment
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) • Exposure to IPV
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000
or shelter (neglect) Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes
• Exposing child to pornography - Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Commercial sexual exploitation - Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
• Prostituting a child Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Infanticide (e.g., 24 hours)
• Forcing a child to beg Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Slavery Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Internet solicitation for sex Support: Adequate
• Child marriage
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) safety
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Enforcement: Wide
• Daycare center Support: Adequate
• Psychiatric institution Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Detention facility Enforcement: Inconsistent

• Religious institution Support: Adequate
Laws and Policies regarding CM Enforcement: Inconsistent
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Support: Adequate
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
Enforcement Inconsistent
This law applies to (Q19)
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
53
Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally
Enforcement: Inconsistent Group homes for maltreated children No
Support: Somewhat inadequate Public shelters for maltreated children No
Requires development of prevention services Financial and other material support Occasionally
Enforcement: Inconsistent Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Occasionally
Support: Adequate Hospitalization for mental illness—children No

interest Substance abuse treatment—children No
Enforcement: Inconsistent Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
Support: Adequate Universal home visits for all new parents No
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally
Enforcement: Inconsistent Free child care Occasionally
Support: Adequate Universal health screening—children No

Official Documentation of CM Universal free medical care—all citizens No
prevention (Q38)
Mental health agencies Minimal
• Physical abuse
Businesses None
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Schools Minimal
• Emotional maltreatment Public social services agencies Very involved
Religious institutions Moderate
Sexual abuse Increase
Voluntary civic organizations Minimal
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Government Moderate
Services
• Media campaigns
Availability of Services (Q37) • Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
Programs for those who neglect children Moderately • Universal home visitation for new parents
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally
Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally • Lack of trained professionals
Case management services Occasionally • Public resistance to prevention efforts
• Extreme poverty
54
• Decline in informal support for parents Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
they choose Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Support for the use of corporal punishment health care (Q47) Rarely
• Overwhelming number of children living alone within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes
programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
• The prohibition of corporal punishment in all child care institutions, sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
including schools
• The revision of CSEC and anti-trafficking laws Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Several national conferences on child protection and parenting
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know

or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
NCFC
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Cleghorn Street
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat Belize

55
Botswana
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes
• Commercial sexual exploitation -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Abandonment -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
of a child) Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
support/attention) Enforcement: Inconsistent
individuals
• Infanticide Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation (e.g., 24 hours)
• Forcing a child to beg Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Internet solicitation for sex Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child marriage
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Daycare center Support: Somewhat inadequate

• Religious institution Support: Somewhat inadequate
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Support: Somewhat inadequate
Year law passed (Q18) After 2005 Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
56
Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15%
Enforcement: Inconsistent Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15%
Child Deaths
Requires development of prevention services
Support: Somewhat inadequate Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
Requires a separate attorney or advocate represents the child’s
interests Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
Services
Programs for neglected children Moderately
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally
Enforcement: Inconsistent Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally
Support: Somewhat inadequate Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) Don’t know
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
• Physical abuse Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
• Sexual abuse
Financial and other material support Occasionally
• Neglect
• Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
Sexual abuse Increase Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
Neglect Increase Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
Emotional maltreatment Increase Universal home visits for all new parents No
Exposure to IPV Increase Home visits for new, at-risk parents No

Free child care No
Universal free medical care—all citizens Occasionally
Neglect 16–30%
Emotional maltreatment 16–30% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Businesses Minimal
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 16–30% Schools Moderate
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15% Public social services agencies Very involved
57
Community-based NGOs Very involved Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly
Religious institutions Minimal Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
Voluntary civic organizations Very involved
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency
Universities Minimal or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Government Major
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) None
• Media campaigns health care (Q47) Rarely
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which children who are exploited sexually
are arrested (Q51) Don’t know
• Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex trafficking
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy of children (Q52) Don’t know
• Lack of support for children’s rights of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
• Political or religious conflict, instability Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and Department of Social Services
Gaborone, Botswana 00 267
Phone: 00 267 3971916
• Child Line-Botswana led the development of a foster care program.
Policy formulation, monitoring and evaluation.
The program has not yet been implemented due to shortage of
funds
Child Line Botswana
• The development of the Children’s Act of 2009 which now reflects
the contents of the CRC
• The establishment of the National Children’s Council

58
Brazil
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000
• Exposing child to pornography -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Commercial sexual exploitation -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
Support: Adequate
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Child living on the street Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Prostituting a child safety
• Infanticide Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Support: Adequate
• Child serving as soldier Enforcement: Wide
• Child labor—under age 12 Support: Adequate
• Slavery
• Child marriage Enforcement: Wide
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Daycare center Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Detention facility Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
interest
• Sporting organization Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
Enforcement: Wide
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 Support: Adequate
This law applies to (Q19) Provide a specific budget for preventing CM

• Physical abuse Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Sexual abuse
59
Official Documentation of CM Group homes for maltreated children Moderately
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately
Duration system in place (Q12) 5 to 10 years
Financial and other material support Moderately
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
• Emotional maltreatment Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
Physical abuse Increase Universal home visits for all new parents No
Sexual abuse Increase Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Neglect Increase Free child care Occasionally
Emotional maltreatment Increase Universal health screening—children Usually
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
per year (Q20) No information
% of reported cases involving (Q21) prevention (Q38)
Physical abuse 31–45% Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Sexual abuse 0–15% Mental health agencies Minimal
Neglect 31–45% Businesses None
Emotional maltreatment 16–30% Schools Minimal
Street children 0–15% Public social services agencies Very involved
Abandoned children 0–15% Community-based NGOs Moderate

Child Deaths Voluntary civic organizations Don’t know
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths Universities Minimal

due to CM has (Q28) Increased
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes Government Moderate
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes Non-government Don’t know

Services
• Media campaigns
Programs for those who neglect children Moderately • Prosecution of offenders
Programs for neglected children Moderately • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Advocacy for children’s rights
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally
Case management services Occasionally • Lack of system to investigate reports
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Lack of trained professionals
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Public resistance to prevention efforts
60
• Extreme poverty Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE

• Decline in informal support for parents within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Most of the time
they choose
• Overwhelming number of children living alone Extent to which children who are exploited
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs Arrests in the past year for engaging in
concerning CM (Q56) Significantly sex trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Arrests in the past year for possession or
• Maria da Penha Law—protection against domestic violence
• Significant involvement of the media using ads regarding child abuse
• Forensic psychology and/or psychiatry to assess CM
Disque 100—Secretaria Nacional de Direitos Humanos
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Setor Comercial Sul-B, Quadra 9, Lote C, Edificio Parque Cidade
Corporate
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Torre “A”, 10º andar
Brasilia, Brazil
direitoshumanos@sdh.gov.br
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat http://www1.direitoshumanos.gov.br/clientes/sedh/sedh
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat Public policies regarding protection and promotion of human rights.
They have a call line, Disque 100, where any citizen can call regarding
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency CM help/information.
or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 18

61
Bulgaria
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000
• Exposing child to pornography - Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Commercial sexual exploitation - Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
Support: Adequate
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Child living on the street Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Prostituting a child (e.g., 24 hours)
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Support: Adequate
• Child serving as soldier Enforcement Wide
• Child labor—under age 12 Support: Adequate
• Slavery Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Internet solicitation for sex safety
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Daycare center

Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Enforcement: Inconsistent
Year law passed (Q18) 2001–2005 Support: Somewhat inadequate
This law applies to (Q19) Requires development of prevention services

• Sexual abuse Support: Somewhat inadequate
62
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Case management services Moderately
interest
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately
Official Documentation of CM Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally

Financial and other material support No
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Emotional maltreatment Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Universal home visits for all new parents No
Physical abuse Increase Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Sexual abuse Decrease Free child care Usually
Emotional maltreatment Increase Universal health screening—children Usually

Physical abuse 31–45% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Neglect 31–45%
Businesses None
Schools Moderate
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 31–45% Public social services agencies Very involved
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15% Community-based NGOs Very involved
Courts/law enforcement Minimal
Child Deaths Universities Minimal
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths Government Major

due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Non-government Major
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54)
• Media campaigns
Services
Availability of Services (Q37) • Improving or increasing local services
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Moderately programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly
63
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Extent to which children who are exploited
• Coordination for collaborative actions with children, victims of
violence, or those at risk for violence (2010) Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Coordination for referral and care of unaccompanied children and trafficking of children (Q52) Don’t know
child-victims of trafficking returning from abroad (2010)
• Mechanism for counteractions against bullying at school (2010)

or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex State Agency for Child Protection
Triadica 2
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat Sofia, Bulgaria 1051
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat sacp@sacp.government.bg

www.sacp.government.bg
Legislation, national programs for CAN prevention, reports, child
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public hotline
Animus Association Foundation

health care (Q47) Sometimes


64
Canada
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to This law applies to (Q19)
• Physical abuse
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) • Sexual abuse
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) • Neglect
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) • Emotional maltreatment
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, • Exposure to IPV
or shelter (neglect) National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980
• Exposing child to pornography Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting - Extent they are enforced (Q35)
of a child)
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child professionals or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
• Infanticide Support: Adequate
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Forcing a child to beg (e.g., 24 hours)
• Abuse by another child Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Slavery Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Internet solicitation for sex Enforcement: Wide
• Child marriage Support: Adequate
Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure
• Foster care, group home or orphanage child’s safety
Support: Adequate
• Detention facility Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Religious institution Enforcement: Inconsistent
Laws and Policies regarding CM Criminal penalties for abusing a child
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Enforcement: Wide

Year law passed (Q18) Before 1990
65
Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention % of reported cases investigated (Q22) 61–75%
Enforcement: Wide % of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 31–45%
Enforcement: Wide
Child Deaths
Support: Somewhat Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes

inadequate
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Don’t know
interest
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) No
Support: Don’t know
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Services

Enforcement: Inconsistent Availability of Services (Q37)
Support: Adequate Programs for those who neglect children Usually
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Programs for neglected children Usually
Enforcement: Wide Therapy for those who physically abuse children Usually
Support: Don’t know Therapy for physically abused children Usually
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Moderately
Duration system in place (Q12) 5 to 10 years Home-based services/family support Usually
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Foster care with official foster parents Usually
• Physical abuse Group homes for maltreated children Usually

• Sexual abuse Public shelters for maltreated children No
• Neglect
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Physical abuse Don’t know
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Moderately
Universal home visits for all new parents Moderately
Exposure to IPV Don’t know
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Usually
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded
from reporting system (Q15 & 16) Aboriginal Free child care Usually
Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually
Neglect 0–15% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
66
Businesses None Major developments to address CM (Q59)

Schools Very involved • Provinces and territories have formed child advocate offices in parts
of Canada
• Canada presented with the NGO sector to the UN Committee on the
Community-based NGOs Moderate right of children to review and monitor compliance
Religious institutions Minimal • Increased attention by national media on fatal child abuse cases of
children in care
Courts/law enforcement Minimal Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Universities Minimal CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Government Major
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
• Media campaigns Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
• Risk assessment
• Universal home visitation for new parents Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know
• Advocacy for children’s rights Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
Extent to which victims of CSE receive
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) mental health care (Q47) Don’t know
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Lack of specific laws related to CM within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Don’t know
• Lack of trained professionals abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
• Extreme poverty
within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Don’t know
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy Extent to which children who are exploited
sexually are arrested (Q51) Sometimes
they choose
• Support for the use of corporal punishment trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
67
Chile
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Exposing child to pornography Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
• Commercial sexual exploitation professionals or individuals
• Abandonment Enforcement: Wide
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Support: Somewhat
of a child) inadequate
individuals
Support: Adequate
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Support: Somewhat
• Forcing a child to beg inadequate
Enforcement: Wide
• Slavery
• Internet solicitation for sex Support: Adequate
• Child marriage Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s

• Sporting organization Criminal penalties for abusing a child
Laws and Policies regarding CM Enforcement: Wide

Support: Adequate
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
• Emotional maltreatment Enforcement: Inconsistent
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Support: Very inadequate
68
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Group homes for maltreated children Moderately
Enforcement: Wide Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately
Support: Adequate Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately
• Physical abuse Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No

• Sexual abuse Universal home visits for all new parents Occasionally
• Neglect
Free child care Usually
Physical abuse Increase
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know prevention (Q38)
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded from reporting Mental health agencies Moderate
system (Q15 & 16)
Businesses Minimal
No one official record. Police, legal system, and SENAME (Servicio
Nacional de Menores), have separate records. Schools Moderate
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) No Public social services agencies Very involved
information Community-based NGOs Moderate
Child Deaths
Universities Moderate
Don’t know
Government Major

• Media campaigns
Programs for those who neglect children Moderately
• Risk assessment
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Moderately • Prosecution of offenders
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Improving families’ basic living conditions
69
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 18
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Lack of specific laws related to CM health care (Q47) Most of the time
• Extreme poverty within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely
Major development to address CM (Q59) within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
• Media attention to child abuse
act by force, fraud, or coercion. Arrests in the past year for possession or
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat SENAME
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public Huerfanos 587

agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat Santiago, Chile
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes www.sename.cl
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes Maintains a record system
UNICEF
70
China
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
both abuse and neglect)? professionals or individuals
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Enforcement: Don’t know
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Support: Don’t know

• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) individuals
• Commercial sexual exploitation Enforcement: Don’t know
• Abandonment
of a child) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child (e.g., 24 hours)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Enforcement: Don’t know
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Support: Don’t know
• Infanticide Support: Very inadequate
• Forcing a child to beg Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Child labor—under age 12 safety
• Slavery Enforcement: Don’t know
• Child marriage
• Daycare center Support: Don’t know
Enforcement: Wide
• Religious institution Support: Don’t know
• Sporting organization Requirement that all victims receive a service or
intervention
• Sexual abuse
Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000 interest
Support: Somewhat
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) inadequate
71
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Universal health screening—children Occasionally
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Universal free medical care—children No
• Physical abuse Universal free medical care—all citizens No

• Sexual abuse Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) prevention (Q38)
Physical abuse Don’t know Hospitals/medical centers None
Sexual abuse Don’t know Mental health agencies None
Neglect Don’t know Businesses None
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know Schools Moderate
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Public social services agencies None

Community-based NGOs Minimal
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20)
The mandated policy started only October 2013. The data is not Religious institutions Minimal
open to the public and it’s not clear.
Child Deaths Courts/law enforcement Very involved

Over the past 10 years, the number of
deaths due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Government Moderate

Services
• Media campaigns
Availability of Services (Q37) Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Programs for those who neglect children No • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Programs for neglected children No • Lack of specific laws related to CM
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Lack of system to investigate reports
Therapy for physically abused children No
• Extreme poverty
Therapy for sexually abused children No • Decline in informal support for parents
Case management services Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Foster care with official foster parents No • Lack of support for children’s rights
Group homes for maltreated children No • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately • Inadequate health or social services
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
• Passage of 2 policies addressing child sexual abuse
• Significant involvement of the media
• Piloting programs on community-based CP services
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Universal home visits for all new parents No CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Free child care No
72
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Not really within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public Extent to which children who are exploited
agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat sexually are arrested (Q51) Most of the time
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE within

73
Colombia
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) professionals or individuals
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Support: Somewhat
inadequate
• Commercial sexual exploitation Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
• Abandonment individuals
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Enforcement: Inconsistent
of a child)
Support: Somewhat
inadequate
support/attention)
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
Enforcement: Wide
• Prostituting a child Support: Somewhat
inadequate
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Abuse by another child Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Internet solicitation for sex Criminal penalties for abusing a child
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Support: Adequate

• Daycare center
• Detention facility Support: Somewhat inadequate
Requires a separate attorney or advocate represents the child’s

Laws and Policies regarding CM interests
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Enforcement: Wide

Support: Adequate
Enforcement: Wide
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Support: Adequate
• Neglect
• Emotional maltreatment Official Documentation of CM
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) • Physical abuse

• Sexual abuse
74
• Neglect Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately

• Emotional maltreatment Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Financial and other material support No
Physical abuse Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately
Sexual abuse Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally
Neglect None Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately
Emotional maltreatment Increase Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately
Exposure to IPV None Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded Universal home visits for all new parents No
from reporting system (Q15 & 16) Native children
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Free child care Occasionally
Physical abuse 31–45% Universal health screening—children Moderately
Sexual abuse 31–45% Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Neglect 16–30% Universal free medical care—all citizens No
Street children 0–15% prevention (Q38)
Abandoned children 0–15% Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 46–60% Mental health agencies Minimal

Businesses None
Schools Minimal
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 16–30% Religious institutions Minimal
Child Deaths Voluntary civic organizations Moderate

Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due
to CM has (Q28) Decreased Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Government Moderate
Services
Availability of Services (Q37) • Lack of system to investigate reports
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Lack of trained professionals
• Extreme poverty
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Decline in informal support for parents
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Case management services Moderately • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Home-based services/family support No • Inadequate health or social services
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Political or religious conflict, instability
Group homes for maltreated children Usually Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
75
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE abroad
• Better efforts in child protection
• Mass media campaign Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE within
• Specific laws for reporting sexual abuse the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
Extent to which children who are exploited sexually

Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) are arrested (Q51) Don’t know
Asociacion Creemos En Ti
or NGO (Q43) Greatly Calle 39 #28-40
Bogota, Cundinamarca, Colombia 571
asociacioncreermosenti@yahoo.com
www.asocreemosenti.org
Therapy for sexual abuse children
Opciones

76
Croatia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Physical abuse
both abuse and neglect)? • Sexual abuse
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) • Neglect
• Exposure to IPV
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes
• Abandonment -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
of a child)
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
support/attention) professionals or individuals
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Enforcement: N/A
Support: N/A
safety
Enforcement: N/A
Support: N/A
• Infanticide Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Enforcement: N/A
Support: N/A
• Child serving as soldier Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Child labor—under age 12 Enforcement: N/A
• Slavery Support: N/A
• Child marriage Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Enforcement: N/A
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Support: N/A
• Daycare center Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention

Enforcement: N/A
Support: N/A
• Religious institution Requires development of prevention services
• Sporting organization Enforcement: N/A
Support: N/A
interest
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 Enforcement: N/A
This law applies to (Q19) Support: N/A
77
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Enforcement: N/A CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Support: N/A
Enforcement: N/A
Support: N/A
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) NGO Brave Phone
• Physical abuse Đorđićeva 26
• Sexual abuse
Zagreb, Croatia
• Neglect
info@hrabritelefon.hr
• Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) www.hrabritelefon.hr
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded Brave Phone for children (helpline), Brave Phone for moms and dads,
from reporting system (Q15 & 16) Roma children E-counseling workshops for children.
Ombudsman for Children

Services

programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly
Major development to address CM (Q59)

• Significant changes in the national policies addressing CM
• Media involvement increased, raising public awareness
• More NGOs dealing with CM and providing counseling to families
and experts
78
Ecuador
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Laws and Policies regarding CM
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) This law applies to (Q19)
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, • Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Exposure to IPV
• Abandonment Official Documentation of CM
of a child) Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
• Parental mental illness affecting the child • Physical abuse
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) • Sexual abuse
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) • Neglect
• Child living on the street Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
• Prostituting a child Physical abuse Don’t know
• Infanticide Sexual abuse Don’t know
• Abuse by another child Emotional maltreatment Don’t know
• Child serving as soldier Exposure to IPV Don’t know

Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded from reporting
• Slavery system (Q15 & 16) Migrants, refugees, immigrants
• Child marriage
• Daycare center
79
El Salvador
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) individuals
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Enforcement: Inconsistent
of a child)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Child living on the street Support: Very inadequate
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Support: Very inadequate
• Abuse by another child Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Slavery safety
• Internet solicitation for sex Enforcement: Inconsistent
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Support: Very inadequate
• Daycare center
• Psychiatric institution Support: Very inadequate
Laws and Policies regarding CM Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
Year law passed (Q18) After 2005 Support: Very inadequate
This law applies to (Q19) Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention

• Sexual abuse Support: Very inadequate
• Neglect
interest
80
Official Documentation of CM Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Free child care No
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Universal health screening—children Moderately
Physical abuse Increase Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Sexual abuse Increase Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
Neglect Increase Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and

prevention (Q38)
Emotional maltreatment Decrease
Hospitals/medical centers None
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded
from reporting system (Q15 & 16) Trafficked children Businesses None
Schools None
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000
children per year (Q20) Not enough information Public social services agencies Moderate
Child Deaths
Religious institutions Very involved
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No Voluntary civic organizations None
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due Courts/law enforcement Very involved
to CM has (Q28) Don’t know
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes Government Moderate
Services
• Extreme poverty
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Decline in informal support for parents
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally • Support for the use of corporal punishment
Case management services No • Lack of support for children’s rights
Home-based services/family support No • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Public shelters for maltreated children Usually programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
• LEPINA Law (child protection)
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately • Reports to the UN about CM
81
• UN representatives came to El Salvador to raise public awareness Extent to which children who are exploited
about violence sexually are arrested (Q51) Sometimes

Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Arrests in the past year for possession or
act by force, fraud, or coercion. production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Not really CONNA
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat Colonia Costa Rica, Avenida Irazú y final Calle Santa Marta N°2
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency San Salvador, El Salvador
or NGO (Q43) Greatly info@conna.gob.sv
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes http://www.conna.gob.sv/
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No This agency coordinates the national policy of child protection.
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age UNICEF




82
Estonia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Elements in laws/policies (Q34)
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs - Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Exposing child to pornography professionals or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
• Abandonment
Support: Adequate
of a child)
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional individuals
support/attention)
Enforcement: Wide
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Support: Adequate
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) (e.g., 24 hours)
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Enforcement: Wide

• Child living on the street Support: Adequate
• Infanticide
Enforcement: Wide
• Abuse by another child Support: Adequate
• Internet solicitation for sex Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s

• Religious institution Support: Adequate


Support: Adequate
Enforcement: Wide
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Requires development of prevention services
• Neglect Enforcement: Wide

• Emotional maltreatment Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Exposure to IPV
83
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Universal free medical care—children Usually
interest
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate prevention (Q38)
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Hospitals/medical centers Very involved
Enforcement: Wide Mental health agencies Very involved
Support: Somewhat inadequate Businesses Minimal
Child Deaths
Universities Very involved
Decreased
Government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children Usually • Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
• Universal health care and preventive medical
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Professional training
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Usually • University programs for students
Home-based services/family support Occasioanally
Group homes for maltreated children Usually • Lack of trained professionals
Public shelters for maltreated children Usually • Extreme poverty
Institutional care for maltreated children Usually • Decline in informal support for parents
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally • Inadequate health or social services
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately • Political or religious conflict, instability
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
• The position of Childrens Ombudsman was established
• The Children and Families Development Plan for 2012–2020
Universal health screening—children Usually • New Child Protection Law
84
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
act by force, fraud, or coercion. within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Sometimes
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Greatly of child pornography (Q53) Yes
agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes Ministry of Social Affairs
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes Gonsiori29

Tallinn, Estonia 15027
www.sm.ee
health care (Q47) Most of the time Family politics, issues of health and welfare of children and families,
coordinator of child protection politics.
within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time Ministry of Justice
85
France
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
Enforcement: Wide
• Abandonment
Support: Adequate
of a child)
support/attention)
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
• Prostituting a child Enforcement: Wide
Enforcement: Wide
• Slavery Support: Adequate
• Internet solicitation for sex Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Child marriage
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate

• Psychiatric institution Support: Adequate
Support: Adequate
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes interest
Year law passed (Q18) After 2005 Enforcement: Wide

Support: Adequate
• Physical abuse Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
• Sexual abuse Enforcement: Wide

• Neglect Support: Adequate
86
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Case management services Usually

Enforcement: Wide Home-based services/family support Usually
Support: Adequate Foster care with official foster parents Usually
Public shelters for maltreated children Usually
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Financial and other material support Usually
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
• Physical abuse Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually

• Sexual abuse Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
• Neglect
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children
per year (Q20) 3.8 Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Hospitals/medical centers Very involved
Mental health agencies Very involved
Businesses None
Neglect 16–30%
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 46–60% Community-based NGOs Very involved
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to Universities Minimal
CM has (Q28) Decreased
Government Major

• Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Moderately • Prosecution of offenders
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately • Universal home visitation for new parents
87
• Advocacy for children’s rights Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
• Lack of trained professionals Commercial sex work is authorized, but trafficking
• Public resistance to prevention efforts and solicitation are not
• Extreme poverty
• Support for the use of corporal punishment health care (Q47) Sometimes
• The setting up of a detailed and longitudinal observation system abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Most of the time
regarding children in the care system at local and national levels.
The 2011 decree has created local observatories of child protection Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
(ODPE) and provided for the collection of longitudinal data within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
(130 variables). The national observatory ONED is in charge of
implementing the network of ODPEs and centralizing the data. A Extent to which children who are exploited
consensus-building process has led to the stabilization of this system. sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• The last national campaign raising awareness on CAN occurred Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
in 1997. Following an evaluation in 2007, the necessity for more trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
campaigns has been identified and has become a concern of
public authorities. In 2012, a charter on the protection of children Arrests in the past year for possession or
in the media has been signed by the Ministry for Family and a production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
number of actors of the field to raise awareness in the media on
child protection issues and to ensure that the media broadcasts
information on resources against CM. 135,000 posters advertising
child helpline 119 have been posted in 68,000 schools. A very active Observatoire national de l’enfance en danger (ONED)
campaign to make CM the issue of 2014 has received favorable
attention from the Ministry. A reform of adoption and abandonment BP 30302
legislation is being studied.
Paris, France 75823
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) contact@oned.gouv.fr
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, www.oned.gouv.fr

or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex ONED is the national observatory for children in danger. It offers a
act by force, fraud, or coercion. number of resources that are directly linked to its missions: statistical
data and knowledge regarding the processes of child endangerment
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly and child protection, as studied by research and surveys, elements
regarding best practices in the field of child protection, and a yearly
report on child protection to Government and Parliament.
Convention nationale des associations de protection de l’enfant
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public (CNAPE)
88
Georgia
Enforcement: Wide
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
Enforcement: Wide
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Prostituting a child Enforcement: Wide
Enforcement: Wide
• Slavery Support: Very inadequate
• Child marriage safety
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Enforcement: Wide
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Daycare center
• Psychiatric institution Enforcement: Wide


• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Official Documentation of CM
• Neglect
• Exposure to IPV Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years
89
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
• Physical abuse Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately
• Sexual abuse Home-based services/family support No
• Neglect
• Exposure to IPV
Neglect Increase
Exposure to IPV Decrease
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals)
excluded from reporting system (Q15 & 16) Roma children Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
Universal health screening—children Occasionally
Neglect 16–30%
Abandoned children 61–75% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 16–30% Mental health agencies Minimal
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 16–30% Businesses None
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed Schools Minimal

from home (Q25) 46–60% Public social services agencies Very involved
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator Community-based NGOs Moderate
prosecuted (Q26) 46–60%
Child Deaths Voluntary civic organizations Minimal

to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes Government Moderate
Services • Media campaigns
Availability of Services (Q37) • Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • University programs for students
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Advocacy for children’s rights
90
• Improving families’ basic living conditions Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM or NGO (Q43) Greatly
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
• Public resistance to prevention efforts Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Extreme poverty health care (Q47) Sometimes
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
they choose Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Lack of support for children’s rights Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Overwhelming number of children living alone within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
• Inadequate health or social services Extent to which children who are exploited
• Political or religious conflict, instability sexually are arrested (Q51) Don’t know
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
concerning CM (Q56) Slightly trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Development of the child protection referral procedure production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Development of the Child Protection and Welfare Country Action
Plan Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
UNICEF Georgia
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Georgia State Social Agency

91
Germany
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
or shelter (neglect) Enforcement: Don’t know
Support: N/A
• Exposing child to pornography Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
• Abandonment Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Support: Adequate
of a child)
Support: Adequate
Enforcement: Wide
• Prostituting a child Support: Adequate
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No
• Child serving as soldier per year (Q20) No data
• Slavery Child Deaths
• Child marriage
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to
• Daycare center Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
• Psychiatric institution Services
• Detention facility Availability of Services (Q37)
Programs for those who neglect children Usually
Laws and Policies regarding CM Therapy for those who physically abuse children Moderately
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Therapy for physically abused children Moderately
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Home-based services/family support Usually
92
Foster care with official foster parents Usually • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Institutional care for maltreated children Usually concerning CM (Q56) Slightly
• An expert panel (Round Table) consulting the three Federal
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually Ministries of Justice, Family/Social/Youth Affairs, and Education/
Research to improve policies regarding prevention of and
Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately intervention in child sexual abuse. The round table increased
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately awareness for CM among policymakers and in the media
• Improvement of the laws regarding procedures to respond to child
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Usually
endangerment, especially the “Child Protection Act” enabling
Universal home visits for all new parents Occasionally healthcare professionals to consult with child welfare services/child
protection experts and to report cases if necessary without violating
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally confidentiality
Free child care Occasionally • The Federal Ministry of Education and Research dedicated funds
for a comprehensive research program on CM. This was one of the
recommendations of the Round Table
prevention (Q38)
Businesses None
Schools Minimal Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Don’t know
Public social services agencies Very involved Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency
or NGO (Q43) Not really
Religious institutions Minimal Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
Voluntary civic organizations Moderate Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
Courts/law enforcement Moderate Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 18
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental health
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) care (Q47) Don’t know
Government Major Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE within

• Risk assessment
• Professional training Extent to which children who are exploited sexually
are arrested (Q51) Rarely
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex trafficking
of children (Q52) Don’t know
• Lack of system to investigate reports Arrests in the past year for possession or production
of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
• Extreme poverty
93
Ghana
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
individuals
• Prostituting a child Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Infanticide safety
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Forcing a child to beg Support: Very inadequate
• Slavery Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Internet solicitation for sex Support: Very inadequate
• Child marriage
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Psychiatric institution Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Sporting organization Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
Enforcement: Never or almost ever
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 interest
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
94
Official Documentation of CM Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally

Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 10
Free child care No
Neglect 31–45%
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 0–15% Hospitals/medical centers Moderate

Businesses None
Schools Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed
from home (Q25) 0–15% Public social services agencies Minimal
Child Deaths Voluntary civic organizations Very involved
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to CM has (Q28) Universities Minimal
Don’t know
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No Government Moderate
Services
• Media campaigns
Programs for neglected children Occasionally • Prosecution of offenders
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally • Public resistance to prevention efforts
Group homes for maltreated children No • Extreme poverty
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally • Decline in informal support for parents
Financial and other material support No • Lack of support for children’s rights
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately • Inadequate health or social services
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
95
Major development to address CM (Q59) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• A National Policy on Children is being developed involving various
stakeholders Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• The expansion of the Domestic Violence and Victim Support Units abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely
of the Ghana Police and the wide public recognition of its role in
combatting child abuse Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Wide support for a National Child Helpline and the development of
protection/prevention services along a continuum
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Not really Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat PLAN Ghana
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public Yiyiwa Road

Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know plan.org
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No Prevention-Protection programs, child services
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) Ghana NGO Coalition on the Rights of the Child
At no age, but mostly ignored

96
Greece
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Official Documentation of CM
Incidence rate of reported CM per
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) 1,000 children per year (Q20) Unknown; No registry
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Child Deaths
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
• Exposing child to pornography due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know
• Abandonment
Services
of a child)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Availability of Services (Q37)
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Programs for neglected children Moderately
• Child living on the street Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally
• Infanticide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
• Forcing a child to beg Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately

• Abuse by another child Case management services Occasionally
• Slavery
• Internet solicitation for sex Group homes for maltreated children Moderately
• Child marriage Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Financial and other material support Occasionally
• School or educational training center Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately
Laws and Policies regarding CM Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Universal home visits for all new parents No
Year law passed (Q18) After 2005 Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Universal free medical care—children Occasionally
• Neglect Universal free medical care—all citizens Occasionally
• Exposure to IPV prevention (Q38)
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) No Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) No Mental health agencies Very involved
97
Businesses None Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

Schools Moderate CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Courts/law enforcement Very involved Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Universities Minimal Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency

or NGO (Q43) Not really
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
Government Moderate
Non-government Moderate Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54) Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 18
• Media campaigns Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental health

• Risk assessment care (Q47) Sometimes
• Prosecution of offenders Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Improving or increasing local services within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
• Professional training abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Lack of specific laws related to CM trafficking of children (Q52) No
• Lack of trained professionals Arrests in the past year for possession or production
of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Extreme poverty
• Inadequate health or social services Ombudsman for the Child
• Political or religious conflict, instability 5 Ch. Mexi Street
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs Athens, Greece 11528
cr@synigoros.gr
Major developments to address CM (Q59) http://www.0-18.gr/contact-info
• Implementation of the most extensive CAN-related field research
(BECAN project) with publshed results on the magnitude of the National Center for Social Solidarity
problem in Greece
• Addressing the biggest case ever of pedophilia in Greece, which
was disclosed in December 2011, by a comprehensive program to
support children and families in the local community—to serve as a
model intervention for related issues
• The initiation (but not yet implementation) of a project for
developing a national protocol for referring and investigating CAN
alligations and a national CAN registry
98
Haiti
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Support: Very inadequate
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Support: Somewhat inadequate
of a child) Support: Very inadequate
• Infanticide
• Abuse by another child Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Sexual abuse
• Exposure to IPV
• Religious institution Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
Sexual abuse Decrease
Year law passed (Q18) 2001–2005 Emotional maltreatment Don’t know
This law applies to (Q19) Exposure to IPV Decrease
• Sexual abuse Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded from reporting
• Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) system (Q15 & 16) Street children and domestic workers
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20)
Approximately 20
Neglect 0–15%
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Emotional maltreatment 0–15%
Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period Street children 0–15%
(e.g., 24 hours)
99
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15% Public social services agencies Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 46–60% Community-based NGOs Moderate
Child Deaths Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No Universities None
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Government Moderate

Services
• Media campaigns
Programs for those who neglect children No • Prosecution of offenders
Programs for neglected children No • Professional training
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Public resistance to prevention efforts
Foster care with official foster parents No • Extreme poverty
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally • Lack of support for children’s rights
Financial and other material support Occasionally • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Occasionally • Inadequate health or social services
Substance abuse treatment—parents No
• Validation by the Social Affairs Ministry of a National Child Protection
Universal home visits for all new parents No Plan
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No • Ratification of the Convention of Palerme and others related to child
adoption, child trafficking and laws on child and woman abuse
Free child care No
• Assessment of Child Centers to regulate their work and guarantee
Universal health screening—children No child protection against abuse and neglect by the Social Institute of
Well-Being, within the Social Affairs Minstry
Universal free medical care—all citizens No Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Mental health agencies Minimal Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Businesses None Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat

Schools Minimal
100
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat Extent to which children who are exploited
or NGO (Q43) Somewhat Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) Any age

health care (Q47) Sometimes World Vision Haiti
Juvenat, Haiti 509 Ouest
within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes camille_gallie@wvi.org
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE Child protection, reports against violence and other relevant
abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know information.
Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE UNICEF Haiti

101
Hong Kong Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or

individuals
Enforcement: Wide
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to
both abuse and neglect)? Support: Adequate
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
Enforcement: Wide
or shelter (neglect) Support: Adequate
• Exposing child to pornography Enforcement: Wide

• Abandonment
of a child) Enforcement: Wide
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Support: Somewhat inadequate

• Prostituting a child Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
• Child serving as soldier • Physical abuse
• Child labor—under age 12 • Sexual abuse
• Slavery • Neglect
• Internet solicitation for sex • Emotional maltreatment
• Child marriage Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Physical abuse None
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Sexual abuse None
• Daycare center
Neglect None
Emotional maltreatment None
• Detention facility % of reported cases involving (Q21)
Laws and Policies regarding CM Neglect 0–15%
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Emotional maltreatment 0–15%

Child Deaths
102
Services Government Moderate
Availability of Services (Q37) Non-government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54)
Programs for neglected children Occasionally • Home-based services for at-risk parents
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally • Prosecution of offenders
Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally • Improving or increasing local services
Case management services Usually • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Group homes for maltreated children Moderately • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Public shelters for maltreated children Usually Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Financial and other material support Usually • Lack of specific laws related to CM
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually • Lack of system to investigate reports

Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually • Extreme poverty Moderately Important
Substance abuse treatment—children Usually • Decline in informal support for parents
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally • Lack of support for children’s rights
Free child care No Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
Universal health screening—children Usually concerning CM (Q56) Slightly
Universal free medical care—children No Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Universal free medical care—all citizens No • Establishment of the Sex Offender Conviction Record Check
mechanism in December 2011; however, it is just an administrative
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and measure, not mandatory
prevention (Q38) • The standing Child Fatality Review Panel began its services in June
Hospitals/medical centers Very involved 2011. The Panel is a non-statutory body

Businesses Minimal
Schools Moderate or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
Community-based NGOs Moderate Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Religious institutions Minimal Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Not really
Voluntary civic organizations Minimal Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Not really
Universities Moderate agency or NGO (Q43) Not really
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
103
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental Extent to which children who are exploited
health care (Q47) Rarely sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time trafficking of children (Q52) No
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE Arrests in the past year for possession or
abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Most of the time production of child pornography (Q53) Yes

104
Hungary
• Commercial sexual exploitation - Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Abandonment - Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Physical beating of a child by any adult individuals
• Child living on the street Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Infanticide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
• Abuse by another child Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Child serving as soldier Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Slavery
• Child marriage Support: Somewhat inadequate
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Requires development of prevention services

• Foster care, group home or orphanage Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Psychiatric institution Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
interest
• Sporting organization Support: Somewhat inadequate

• Physical abuse Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Sexual abuse Duration system in place (Q12) Don’t know
105
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately

• Physical abuse Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
• Sexual abuse Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
• Neglect
Universal health screening—children Moderately
Sexual abuse None
Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Neglect Increase
Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
Emotional maltreatment Increase
prevention (Q38)
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Physical abuse 16–30% Mental health agencies Moderate
Sexual abuse 0–15% Businesses Minimal
Neglect 16–30% Schools Moderate
Street children 0–15% Public social services agencies Moderate
Abandoned children 0–15% Community-based NGOs Moderate
Child Deaths
Universities None
Government Major
Services Non-government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children No • Universal home visitation for new parents
Programs for neglected children No Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Case management services Occasionally • Extreme poverty
Home-based services/family support No • Decline in informal support for parents
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Group homes for maltreated children Moderately
they choose
Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately • Support for the use of corporal punishment
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately • Lack of support for children’s rights
Hospitalization for mental illness—children No programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly
106
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Changes in the legislation: implementation of child friendly justice
• Involvement of media Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Development of the nursery system abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely

Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Extent to which children who are exploited
act by force, fraud, or coercion. sexually are arrested (Q51) Sometimes
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to

public agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Central Statistical Office
http://www.ksh.hu/?lang=en
Statistics.
OGYEI
mental health care (Q47) Rarely
107
Iceland
• Physical abuse
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, • Exposure to IPV
or shelter (neglect) National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
• Exposing child to pornography Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
of a child)
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child professionals or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
individuals
Enforcement: Wide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Forcing a child to beg (e.g., 24 hours)
• Slavery Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Foster care, group home or orphanage safety
Support: Adequate
• Detention facility Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
Laws and Policies regarding CM Criminal penalties for abusing a child

108
Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15%
Enforcement: Wide Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15%
Support: Adequate
Child Deaths
Support: Somewhat inadequate Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
interest Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
Enforcement: Wide
Services
Support: Adequate
Official Documentation of CM Therapy for physically abused children Moderately

• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Emotional maltreatment Public shelters for maltreated children No
• Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Financial and other material support Usually
Physical abuse No Change Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Sexual abuse No Change Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Neglect Decrease Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
Emotional maltreatment Decrease Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Exposure to IPV Increase Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Moderately
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 59 Universal home visits for all new parents Usually
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally
Neglect 31–45%
Street children 0–15% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 46–60% Businesses None
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15% Schools Very involved
109
Public social services agencies Very involved Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency
or NGO (Q43) Greatly
Religious institutions Minimal Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Voluntary civic organizations Very involved Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Courts/law enforcement Very involved Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) health care (Q47) Most of the time
Government Major Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE

• Media campaigns
• Prosecution of offenders Extent to which children who are exploited
• Improving or increasing local services Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Universal health care and preventive medical care trafficking of children (Q52) No
• Professional training Arrests in the past year for possession or
• University programs for students production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Improving families’ basic living conditions Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) The Government Agency for Child Protection
Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM Borgartún 21
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and Reykjavík, Iceland 105

bvs@bvs.is
Major developments to address CM (Q59) www.bvs.is
• Implemeting Parent Management Training (PMTO) The primary role is to coordinate and strengthen child protection
• Implementing Multi-systemic Therapy (MST) work. By law it is required to 1. Offer instruction and counsel to Child
Protection Committees at the local level with regard to family welfare
• Awareness raising and new programmes for children who experience
and the management of child protection cases; 2. Monitor the work of
domestic violence
Child Protection Committees, through the review of annual reports; 3.
Supervise and monitor institutions and homes operated or supported
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) by the government for children and youth; 4. Assist Child Protection
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, Committees in finding suitable foster parents; 5. Support research and
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex development in the area of child protection; 6. Provide education and
act by force, fraud, or coercion. instruction concerning child protection.
The Government Agency for Child Protection is also responsible for
the operation of specialized services in child protection. There are two
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Greatly principal services in operation: a center for investigation of child sexual
abuse cases and treatment facilities for children and youth.
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Greatly
Directorate of Health
110
India
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Support: Very inadequate
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Child living on the street Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Prostituting a child Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Infanticide
Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed—Yes
• Child serving as soldier Support: Very inadequate
• Child labor—under age 12 Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Slavery safety
• Child marriage
• Daycare center Enforcement: Inconsistent
• School or educational training center Support: Very inadequate

• Sporting organization Support: Very inadequate

This law applies to (Q19) interest
• Sexual abuse Support: Very inadequate
111
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
Enforcement: Inconsistent Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
Support: Very inadequate Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Financial and other material support Occasionally
Support: Somewhat inadequate Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally

Official Documentation of CM Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) Poor Universal home visits for all new parents No
documentation
Sexual abuse 0–15% Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Neglect 46–60% Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
Abandoned children 0–15% Hospitals/medical centers Moderate

Businesses None
Schools Moderate
Child Deaths
Government Moderate
Services Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Availability of Services (Q37) • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Public resistance to prevention efforts
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Extreme poverty
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Decline in informal support for parents
Case management services Occasionally they choose
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Support for the use of corporal punishment
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally • Lack of support for children’s rights
112
• Overwhelming number of children living alone Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Inadequate health or social services health care (Q47) Rarely
• Political or religious conflict, instability Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes
Major developments to address CM (Q59) abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely
• Adaptation of a new law, The Right of Children to Free and Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
Compulsory Education Act, 2009 within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Sometimes
• Adaptation of a new policy called the Integrated Child Protection
Scheme (ICPS) by the Ministry of Women and Child Development,
Government of India for addressing the needs of children. It is
a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at building a protective
environment for children in difficult circumstances, as well as other
vulnerable children, through government–civil society partnership
• Significant role of media in highlighting the incidence of child sexual Arrests in the past year for possession or
and physical abuse cases production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, The Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex India
Jeevandeep Building, Mezzanine Floor, Room No.3, Sansad Marg
New Delhi, Delhi, India 110 001
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat min_wcd@nic.in/sec.wcd@nic.in
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat www.wcd.inc.in
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public Develops policies and programs for mother and child welfare. Operates
agency or NGO (Q43) Not really mother and child related intervention programs like Integrated Child
Development Scheme, empowerment of women and protection from
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know domestic violence. Funds research projects, seminars and conferences.
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) No specific law
113
Ireland
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
or shelter (neglect) Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Exposing child to pornography Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Abandonment Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Support: Very inadequate
of a child)
support/attention) Enforcement: Wide
safety
Enforcement: Wide
• Infanticide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Child marriage
Enforcement: Wide
• Daycare center Support: Very inadequate
• School or educational training center Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
• Psychiatric institution interest
• Physical abuse
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes • Sexual abuse
114
• Neglect Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately

• Emotional maltreatment Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Universal home visits for all new parents Usually
Physical abuse Increase Home visits for new, at-risk parents Usually
Sexual abuse Increase Free child care No
Neglect Increase Universal health screening—children Usually
Emotional maltreatment Increase Universal free medical care—children No
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Universal free medical care—all citizens No
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
13.77 prevention (Q38)
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Physical abuse 0–15% Mental health agencies Moderate
Sexual abuse 0–15% Businesses None
Neglect 16–30% Schools Moderate
Emotional maltreatment 16–30% Public social services agencies Very involved
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to CM has (Q28) Courts/law enforcement Minimal
Don’t know
Universities None
Government Moderate
Services
• Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for physically abused children No • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally • Professional training
Group homes for maltreated children Usually • Lack of specific laws related to CM
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally • Lack of system to investigate reports
Financial and other material support No
• Extreme poverty
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually • Decline in informal support for parents
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
115
• Support for the use of corporal punishment Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Lack of support for children’s rights health care (Q47) Sometimes
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
concerning CM (Q56) Slightly within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes
• Bill currently being prepared to introduce mandatory reporting for
organisations Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Referendum on children’s rights improved children’s rights in limited within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Sometimes
circumstances
• Media coverage on child sexual abuse
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, trafficking of children (Q52) Don’t know
Health Service Executive
St Steeven’s Hospital
Dublin, Ireland D8
or NGO (Q43) Greatly
www.hse.ie
Statutory child protection and welfare services, assessment and
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No therapeutic services.
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age Children’s University Hospital
116
Israel National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes

What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting individuals
of a child)
safety
• Prostituting a child Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Slavery Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child marriage
• Daycare center Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
• School or educational training center Enforcement: Inconsistent
Laws and Policies regarding CM Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years
Year law passed (Q18) Before 1990 • Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Physical abuse Increase
117
Sexual abuse Increase Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately

Neglect Increase Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know Universal home visits for all new parents No
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 Free child care Occasionally

children per year (Q20) 16.1 Universal health screening—children No
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Universal free medical care—children Usually
Physical abuse 31–45% Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually
Sexual abuse 16–30% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
Neglect 31–45% prevention (Q38)
Businesses None
Schools Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15% Public social services agencies Very involved
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15% Community-based NGOs None
Child Deaths
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No Courts/law enforcement Very involved
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths Universities Moderate
Government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Professional training
Programs for neglected children Moderately Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to
Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately • Decline in informal support for parents
Case management services Moderately • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Inadequate health or social services
Group homes for maltreated children No • Political or religious conflict, instability
Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
Financial and other material support Moderately Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately • The activities carried out by Haruv Institute profoundly impact the
field of child abuse and neglect in Israel, focusing on developing and
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately dissiminating knowledge, and training professionals
Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately • Growing awareness in the media
118
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
act by force, fraud, or coercion. sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Not really production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
agency or NGO (Q43) Greatly Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No Haruv Institute
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes The Hebrew University Jersusalem
Jerusalem, Israel 91905
http://haruv.org.il
health care (Q47) Sometimes Research, developing knowledge and its dissemination in the field,
training professionals.
within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes The Israel National Council for the Child

119
Italy
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Emotional maltreatment
both abuse and neglect)? • Exposure to IPV
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
individuals
• Infanticide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Forcing a child to beg safety
• Child labor—under age 12 Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Slavery
• Child marriage Enforcement: Inconsistent
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Support: Very inadequate
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Detention facility Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
Laws and Policies regarding CM Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Neglect
120
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Financial and other material support Moderately
Enforcement: Inconsistent Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately
Support: Very inadequate Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Universal home visits for all new parents No
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally
• Physical abuse Free child care No

• Sexual abuse Universal health screening—children Usually
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Universal free medical care—children Usually
Physical abuse Increase Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually
prevention (Q38)
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 7–14
Businesses Minimal
Schools Moderate
Neglect 46–60%

Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to
CM has (Q28) Don’t know Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No Government Major
Services
Programs for neglected children Usually • Professional training
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
• The establishment of the National Ombudsman on children’s rights.
• Awareness raising concerning domestic violence and feminicide
Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately since there is more consciousness about the impact on children.
121
act by force, fraud, or coercion. sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
or NGO (Q43) Somewhat Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes Italian Coordination of Public and Private Service Against Child Abuse
(CISMAI)
Corso Stati Uniti 11 h
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 18 Torino, Italy 10128
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental segreteria@cismai.org
http://www.cismai.org
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE within Counselling, documentation, training.

122
Japan This law applies to (Q19)

• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
both abuse and neglect)? • Neglect
• Exposure to IPV
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Elements in laws/policies (Q34)
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
of a child) professionals or individuals
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) individuals
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Support: Somewhat inadequate
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Infanticide
• Abuse by another child Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Slavery
• Child marriage safety

• Daycare center
• Religious institution Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
Laws and Policies regarding CM Support: Very inadequate
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Requires development of prevention services
123
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) No

Services
Official Documentation of CM Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Programs for neglected children Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally
• Neglect Case management services Occasionally
• Emotional maltreatment Home-based services/family support Occasionally
Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately
Neglect Increase
Exposure to IPV Increase
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
per year (Q20) 2.6
Neglect 16–30%
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 76–90% prevention (Q38)
Businesses Minimal
Schools Moderate
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number
of deaths due to CM has (Q28) Remained about the same
124
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Government Moderate Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
• Home-based services for at-risk parents or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
• Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
• Increasing individual responsibility for child Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
• Universal health care and preventive medical care Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Advocacy for children’s rights Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Improving families’ basic living conditions within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Rarely
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Lack of system to investigate reports within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which children who are exploited
• Public resistance to prevention efforts sexually are arrested (Q51) Sometimes
• Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
they choose
• Overwhelming number of children living alone Japanese Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect
• Inadequate health or social services 5-6-8 Minami Azabu
Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan 106-8580
info@jaspcan.org
http://www.jaspcan.org/
Japanese current status of child maltreatment
• Support for the family and children in need
• Prevention of institutional abuse (including corporal punishment)
• Increased awareness of the UN Convention on the Rights of the
Child

125
Kenya
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Child Deaths
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Services
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Programs for those who neglect children No
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Programs for neglected children No
• Exposing child to pornography Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
Therapy for physically abused children No
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally
of a child) Case management services No
Home-based services/family support No
support/attention)
• Prostituting a child Public shelters for maltreated children No
• Infanticide Substance abuse treatment—parents No
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Substance abuse treatment—children No
• Slavery Universal home visits for all new parents No
• Internet solicitation for sex Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
• Child marriage Free child care No
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Universal health screening—children Moderately
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Universal free medical care—all citizens No
• Daycare center
prevention (Q38)
• Religious institution Mental health agencies Minimal
• Sporting organization Businesses Minimal
Schools Minimal
Public social services agencies Don’t know
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) Religious institutions Minimal
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Voluntary civic organizations Don’t know
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Universities Minimal
Criminal penalties for abusing a child Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Enforcement: Wide Government Don’t know
Support: Somewhat inadequate Non-government Don’t know
126
Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54) Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know
• Universal health care and preventive medical care Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
• Public resistance to prevention efforts Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
they choose
• Lack of support for children’s rights Extent to which children who are exploited
concerning CM (Q56) Significantly trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• A requirement that every parent must ensure that all children get
basic education. Failure to do this may lead to a conviction
• Media involvement in discouraging female genital mutilation.
• To reduce neglect, poor and elderly grandparents who care for Department of Children’s Services
orphans receive money to assist them in their caregiving role.
P.O. BOX 16936
Although this money is limited and has not reached 100% coverage,
it is a step in the right direction Nairobi, Kenya 100
ps@gender.go.ke
www.gender.go.ke
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Child protection
Child Welfare Society, Kenya

or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
127
Latvia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Abandoned children 0–15%
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15%
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15%
Child Deaths
Laws and Policies regarding CM Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No
due to CM has (Q28) Decreased
• Physical abuse Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) No
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Services
• Emotional maltreatment Availability of Services (Q37)
• Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
Programs for those who neglect children Usually
Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000 Therapy for those who physically abuse children Usually
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) No Therapy for physically abused children Usually
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Usually
Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years Home-based services/family support Usually
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Foster care with official foster parents Usually
• Sexual abuse Group homes for maltreated children Usually
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Public shelters for maltreated children Usually
Physical abuse Don’t know Institutional care for maltreated children Usually
Sexual abuse Don’t know Financial and other material support Usually
Neglect Don’t know Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually

Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Usually
Neglect 0–15%
128
Universal free medical care—children Usually • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and • Support for the use of corporal punishment
prevention (Q38)
Hospitals/medical centers Don’t know • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Mental health agencies Don’t know • Inadequate health or social services
Businesses Don’t know
Schools Don’t know
Public social services agencies Don’t know
Community-based NGOs Don’t know Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Religious institutions Don’t know CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Voluntary civic organizations Don’t know act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Courts/law enforcement Don’t know
Universities Don’t know
Government Don’t know
Non-government Don’t know
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Don’t know
• Media campaigns
• Risk assessment Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 16
• Improving or increasing local services Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Professional training Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• University programs for students abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
• Advocacy for children’s rights Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Improving families’ basic living conditions within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Extent to which children who are exploited
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Lack of system to investigate reports trafficking of children (Q52) Don’t know
• Public resistance to prevention efforts production of child pornography (Q53) No
• Extreme poverty
129
Lebanon
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Support: Somewhat inadequate
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
• Prostituting a child Enforcement Inconsistent
• Infanticide
• Slavery Requires development of prevention services

• Daycare center
• School or educational training center interest


• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) • Neglect
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
professionals or individuals Sexual abuse Don’t know
Enforcement: Inconsistent Neglect Don’t know
Support: Somewhat inadequate Emotional maltreatment Don’t know
Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) Don’t know
individuals
Child Deaths
Support: Somewhat inadequate Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes
Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
safety due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know
Enforcement: Inconsistent Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes
130
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)

Services • Lack of specific laws related to CM
Availability of Services (Q37) • Lack of system to investigate reports
• Extreme poverty
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Decline in informal support for parents
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Therapy for sexually abused children No
Case management services Occasionally • Lack of support for children’s rights
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Inadequate health or social services
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Financial and other material support Occasionally CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Occasionally act by force, fraud, or coercion.
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Don’t know
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Don’t know
Substance abuse treatment—children No
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Don’t know
Universal home visits for all new parents No Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
agency or NGO (Q43) Don’t know
Free child care No
Universal health screening—children No Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Universal free medical care—children No Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
health care (Q47) Don’t know
prevention (Q38)
Hospitals/medical centers Moderate within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
Mental health agencies Moderate Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Businesses None
Schools Minimal Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
Public social services agencies Minimal
Voluntary civic organizations Moderate trafficking of children (Q52) Don’t know
Universities Minimal production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
131
Liberia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
both abuse and neglect)? individuals
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Support: Don’t know

• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, (e.g., 24 hours)
Enforcement: Wide
• Commercial sexual exploitation Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Abandonment
Enforcement: Wide
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
support/attention) safety
Support: N/A
• Prostituting a child Enforcement: Don’t know
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Support: Don’t know
• Child labor—under age 12 Support: N/A
• Slavery
• Child marriage
Enforcement: Wide
• Daycare center Requires development of prevention services
• School or educational training center Enforcement: Don’t know
• Psychiatric institution Support: Don’t know
interest
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
132
• Neglect Foster care with official foster parents No

• Emotional maltreatment Group homes for maltreated children No
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Public shelters for maltreated children No
Physical abuse Decrease Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Sexual abuse Increase Financial and other material support No
Neglect Decrease Hospitalization for mental illness—adults No
Emotional maltreatment Decrease Hospitalization for mental illness—children No
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Substance abuse treatment—parents No
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 40% Substance abuse treatment—children No
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Physical abuse 16–30% Universal home visits for all new parents No
Sexual abuse 46–60% Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Neglect 31–45% Free child care Occasionally
Emotional maltreatment 16–30% Universal health screening—children No
Street children 61–75% Universal free medical care—children Occasionally
Abandoned children 16–30% Universal free medical care—all citizens Occasionally
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 46–60% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 16–30% Mental health agencies Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed Businesses None

from home (Q25) 16–30%
Schools Minimal
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 16–30% Public social services agencies Moderate
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to Courts/law enforcement Moderate
CM has (Q28) Decreased
Universities None
Government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Prosecution of offenders

Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally • Lack of trained professionals
Case management services No • Public resistance to prevention efforts
• Extreme poverty
133
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
• Overwhelming number of children living alone health care (Q47) Rarely
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
act by force, fraud, or coercion. within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Extent to which children who are exploited
134
Lithuania
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) professionals or individuals
of a child) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
• Physical beating of a child by any adult safety
Enforcement: Wide
• Infanticide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Child labor—under age 12 Requires development of prevention services
• Child marriage

• Physical abuse
This law applies to (Q19) • Sexual abuse
• Physical abuse • Neglect
• Sexual abuse • Emotional maltreatment

• Emotional maltreatment Physical abuse Increase
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Sexual abuse Decrease
135
Emotional maltreatment Increase Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually

Exposure to IPV Don’t know Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 2.26
Businesses None
Schools Moderate
Child Deaths Community-based NGOs Moderate

to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Services
Government Moderate
Availability of Services (Q37) Non-government Major
• Media campaigns
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No • Risk assessment
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately • Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Prosecution of offenders
Home-based services/family support Moderately • Advocacy for children’s rights
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Occasionally • Extreme poverty
Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately • Decline in informal support for parents
Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
they choose
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally • Support for the use of corporal punishment
Universal home visits for all new parents Usually • Lack of support for children’s rights
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Moderately • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Free child care No
Universal health screening—children Usually concerning CM (Q56) Significantly
136
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Increase in multi-disciplinary cooperation
• Trainings for multi-disciplinary professionals Extent to which children who are exploited
• More awareness of the system for mandatory reporting sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely

Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Greatly NGO Children Support Centre
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat Latviu str. 19A
Vilnius, Lithuania 8113
agency or NGO (Q43) Greatly pvc@pvc.lt
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes www.pvc.lt, www.vaikystebesmurto.lt

Literature on child abuse prevention and intervention, database
of organizations providing help for abused children and reviews of
statistics.
State Child Rights Protection and Adoption Service under the
Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour


137
Macau
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Child Deaths
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Services
• Abandonment Availability of Services (Q37)
of a child) Programs for those who neglect children No
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Programs for neglected children No
support/attention)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Therapy for sexually abused children No
• Prostituting a child Case management services Occasionally

• Infanticide Home-based services/family support No
• Abuse by another child Foster care with official foster parents No
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately
Laws/policies first established (Q33) 1990–2000 Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally

Free child care No
Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s Universal health screening—children Usually
safety
Criminal penalties for abusing a child prevention (Q38)
Enforcement: Wide Hospitals/medical centers Minimal
Support: Somewhat inadequate Mental health agencies Minimal
Businesses None
Schools Moderate
138
Public social services agencies Minimal Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

Community-based NGOs None CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Universities None
Government Major Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
• Media campaigns
• Increasing individual responsibility for child protection Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) Don’t know
• Improving or increasing local services health care (Q47) Rarely
• Universal health care and preventive medical
• Improving families’ basic living conditions Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which children who are exploited
• Public resistance to prevention efforts sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Extreme poverty Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex

• Decline in informal support for parents trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as production of child pornography (Q53) No
they choose
concerning CM (Q56) Slightly
139
Malaysia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Emotional maltreatment
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Exposing child to pornography -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Support: Adequate
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Child living on the street (e.g., 24 hours)
• Prostituting a child Enforcement Inconsistent
• Abuse by another child Enforcement Inconsistent
• Child serving as soldier Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Slavery safety
Enforcement Wide
• Daycare center Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home

Enforcement: Wide
This law applies to (Q19) Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
• Physical abuse Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
140
Official Documentation of CM Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Therapy for physically abused children Moderately
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally
• Emotional maltreatment Group homes for maltreated children Moderately
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Public shelters for maltreated children Usually
Physical abuse None Institutional care for maltreated children Usually
Sexual abuse Increase Financial and other material support Moderately
Neglect Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Emotional maltreatment None Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
per year (Q20) 0.35 Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Universal home visits for all new parents Usually
Physical abuse 16–30% Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally
Sexual abuse 16–30% Free child care No
Neglect 31–45% Universal health screening—children Usually
Emotional maltreatment 0–15% Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Street children 0–15% Universal free medical care—all citizens No

prevention (Q38)
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15% Businesses Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed Schools Moderate
from home (Q25) 0–15%

to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30)
No Government Major
Services
Programs for neglected children Moderately • Professional training
141
• Improving families’ basic living conditions Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
• Public resistance to prevention efforts Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Extreme poverty
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
they choose
Extent to which foreigners who engage in
CSE within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
• Prevention of child maltreatment as one of the social policies to
address under a national committee involving all ministries with Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
children as stakeholders, chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Significant involvement of the media in addressing risk factors and
not just numbers of child maltreatment Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Protect and Save the Children

No. 5, Jalan 7/14, Section 7,
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia 46050
protect@psthechildren.org.my
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) http://www.psthechildren.org.my
Greatly
Resources related to prevention of sexual abuse and protection of
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat sexually abused children.
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Greatly Malaysian Paediatric Association

142
Mauritius
of a child) Support: Somewhat inadequate
support/attention)
individuals
Enforcement: Wide
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Support: Somewhat inadequate
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Child living on the street Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Infanticide
• Slavery Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Internet solicitation for sex safety
• Daycare center

This law applies to (Q19) Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Physical abuse Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Official Documentation of CM
• Exposure to IPV
143
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Home-based services/family support Moderately
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Foster care with official foster parents No
• Physical abuse Group homes for maltreated children Moderately

• Sexual abuse Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately
• Neglect Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately
Neglect Decrease
Neglect 16–30% prevention (Q38)
Emotional maltreatment 31–45% Hospitals/medical centers Very involved
Street children 0–15% Mental health agencies Very involved
Abandoned children 0–15% Businesses Moderate
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 46–60% Schools Moderate
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 31–45% Public social services agencies Very involved
Child Deaths
Government Moderate
due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Non-government Moderate
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Services • Public resistance to prevention efforts
Availability of Services (Q37) • Decline in informal support for parents
Programs for neglected children Moderately they choose
Therapy for those who physically abuse children No Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
Case management services Moderately or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
144
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly Extent to which children who are exploited
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Greatly trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency Arrests in the past year for possession or production
or NGO (Q43) Greatly of child pornography (Q53) Yes

Helpline Mauritius
Excellence House
Savanne Road
the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time Nouvelle France, Mauritius 250
info@helplinemauritius.org
are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know www.helplinemauritius.org
Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE Online counseling service

Halley Movement
145
Mexico
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
• Exposing child to pornography Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
• Abandonment
of a child) Support: Somewhat inadequate
support/attention) Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Support: Very inadequate
• Infanticide Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Child marriage
• School or educational training center Requires development of prevention services
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes interest
• Physical abuse Official Documentation of CM
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Emotional maltreatment Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years
• Exposure to IPV
• Physical abuse
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 • Sexual abuse
• Neglect
146
• Emotional maltreatment Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally

• Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Financial and other material support Occasionally
Physical abuse Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately
Sexual abuse Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately
Neglect Increase Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
Emotional maltreatment Increase Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
Exposure to IPV Increase Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 2 at Universal home visits for all new parents No
5%
Neglect 61–75% Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Emotional maltreatment 16–30% Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 16–30% Hospitals/medical centers Very involved

Businesses Minimal
Schools Moderate
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 16–30% Community-based NGOs Moderate
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due Universities Minimal
to CM has (Q28) Increased
Government Moderate
Availability of Services (Q37) • Media campaigns

Therapy for those who sexually abuse Moderately • Lack of trained professionals
Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately • Public resistance to prevention efforts
• Extreme poverty
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally they choose
147
• Overwhelming number of children living alone Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
• The Convention for the Rights of the Child has been better Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
disseminated by governmental agencies, by NGOs and by both within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
traditional and electronic communication media
• A national interdisciplinary working group from the health sector is
currently working on policies for the good treatment of children and
adolescents and for adequate service provision to young victims of Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
abuse within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
• The National Institute of Pediatrics in Mexico City delivers a post-
graduate course on this issue that has university accreditation Extent to which children who are exploited
• The Mexican Academy of Pediatrics, consultant to the Federal Health
Department, is working on the establishment of a preventive and
early detection program that we expect to be launched in 2014
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Arrests in the past year for possession or production
of child pornography (Q53) Yes
act by force, fraud, or coercion. Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat D.I.F. Nacional
www.dif.org.mx
Officially in charge of the protection of minors.
Red por los derechos de la infancia en México
148
Nepal
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Sexual abuse
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) • Emotional maltreatment
• Exposure to IPV
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
individuals
• Child marriage

• Religious institution Support: Very inadequate
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Support: Very inadequate
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Physical abuse
149
Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention % of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15%
Enforcement: Inconsistent Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15%
Child Deaths
Support: Very inadequate Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths
interest due to CM has (Q28) Increased
Enforcement: Inconsistent Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No

Services
Support: Very inadequate Availability of Services (Q37)
Official Documentation of CM Programs for neglected children Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Case management services No
• Neglect Home-based services/family support Occasionally
• Exposure to IPV
Physical abuse Decrease
Neglect Decrease
Exposure to IPV None
system (Q15 & 16) Migrants, refugees, immigrants from India
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 250
Neglect 46–60%
Abandoned children 31–45% Hospitals/medical centers Minimal
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 0–15% Mental health agencies Minimal

Businesses Minimal
150
Schools Minimal Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

Public social services agencies Minimal CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Universities Minimal Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Government None
• Advocacy for children’s rights Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) None
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Lack of system to investigate reports within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Public resistance to prevention efforts abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Sometimes
• Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Sometimes
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as Extent to which children who are exploited
they choose sexually are arrested (Q51) Sometimes
• Support for the use of corporal punishment Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Lack of support for children’s rights trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Inadequate health or social services production of child pornography (Q53) No
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Central Child Welfare Board
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Pulchok, way to HR commission
• Formation of a national taskforce on eradicating child labor with Patan
representatives from government, NGOs, INGOs, UN Agencies,
bilateral agencies etc Lalitpur, Bagmati, Nepal 16404
• Increase in coalition group to work on child protection issues such as ccwb@gov,org,np
NACRO (National Alliance of Child Rights Organization), Consortium
for Children’s Participation, School as Zone of Peace State of children in Nepal, street children detailed survey report, child
care home services, national child-related acts etc.
• Cabinet passed special child protection policies and child sensitive
social protection policy Concern for Children and Environment Nepal
• Passed a bill on right to information
151
Netherlands
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) - Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Commercial sexual exploitation Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Abandonment Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting individuals
of a child)
Enforcement: Wide
• Parental mental illness affecting the child safety
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Prostituting a child Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Infanticide Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Slavery Official Documentation of CM
• Internet solicitation for sex Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Child marriage
• Daycare center • Physical abuse
• School or educational training center • Sexual abuse
• Psychiatric institution • Neglect
• Detention facility • Emotional maltreatment
• Religious institution • Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV)
• Sporting organization Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
Physical abuse None
Neglect Increase
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Emotional maltreatment Increase
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Exposure to IPV Increase
152
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 34 Universal free medical care—all citizen No
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Neglect 46–60%
Businesses None
Schools Minimal
Child Deaths
Universities None
Over the past 10 years, the number
of deaths due to CM has (Q28) Remained about the same
Government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately • Decline in informal support for parents
Case management services Usually • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Home-based services/family support Usually
Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally • The Mandatory Reporting Code for all professionals (2013)
Financial and other material support Usually • The Children’s Ombudsman (2012)
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually • Focus on sexual abuse in residential care (Samson Committee 2012)

Substance abuse treatment—children Usually or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
Universal home visits for all new parents Usually Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
Free child care No Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Universal free medical care—children No agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
153
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes Arrests in the past year for possession or
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 21 Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental Netherlands Youth Institute

health care (Q47) Sometimes Postbus 19221
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE Utrecht, The Netherlands 3501 DE
info@nji.nl
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE www.youthpolicy.nl
Compiling, verifying and disseminating knowledge on children and
Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE youth matters, such as child abuse, youth work, youth care and
within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Sometimes parenting support in the Netherlands.
Extent to which children who are exploited Netherlands Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect

154
Nigeria
• Physical abuse
of a child)
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
Enforcement: Wide
• Infanticide Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation safety
• Forcing a child to beg Enforcement: Wide
• Child marriage
Enforcement: Wide
• School or educational training center Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
• Sporting organization Requires development of prevention services
Enforcement: Wide
155
Official Documentation of CM Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Public shelters for maltreated children No
• Emotional maltreatment Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Financial and other material support Occasionally
Physical abuse Decrease Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Sexual abuse Decrease Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Neglect Decrease Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Universal home visits for all new parents No
Physical abuse 16–30% Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Sexual abuse 0–15% Free child care Usually
Emotional maltreatment 16–30% Universal free medical care—children Usually
Street children 16–30% Universal free medical care—all citizens No

prevention (Q38)
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 16–30% Mental health agencies Very involved
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15% Schools Moderate
Child Deaths Religious institutions Very involved
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No Voluntary civic organizations Very involved
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due Courts/law enforcement Moderate
to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Universities Very involved
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes Government Moderate

Services
• Media campaigns
Programs for those who neglect children Moderately • Risk assessment
Programs for neglected children Occasionally • Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Prosecution of offenders
156
• University programs for students Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
• Advocacy for children’s rights agency or NGO (Q43) Greatly
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Public resistance to prevention efforts health care (Q47) Don’t know
• Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Rarely
they choose Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Lack of support for children’s rights Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Overwhelming number of children living alone within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Don’t know
• Inadequate health or social services Extent to which children who are exploited
• Political or religious conflict, instability sexually are arrested (Q51) Most of the time
concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Significant involvement of media and other social groups production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
• Increasing advocacy for passage of specific child protection policies
and laws in state and local governments Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
• Increased awareness and child rights groups
African Network for the Protection and Prevention Against Child
Abuse and Neglect
43 Lumumba St. New Haven, Enugu, Nigeria 400001
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex anppcannigeria@yahoo.com
Public enlightenment and awareness; sensitization to Child Rights
Act/laws and advocacy to states, visits, media programs; child rights
monitoring, local programs for prevention.
National Association of Women Lawyers
157
Norway
• Exposure to IPV
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
of a child)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Enforcement: Inconsistent
individuals
• Infanticide Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation (e.g., 24 hours)
• Abuse by another child Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child marriage
• Psychiatric institution Criminal penalties for abusing a child

Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Support: Somewhat inadequate
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 Requires development of prevention services
This law applies to (Q19) Enforcement: Inconsistent

158
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Foster care with official foster parents Moderately
interest
Enforcement: Wide
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Financial and other material support Usually
Enforcement: Inconsistent Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Support: Somewhat inadequate Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Home visits for new, at-risk parents Usually
• Physical abuse Free child care Usually
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Businesses None
Schools Moderate
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Religious institutions Minimal
CM has (Q28) Increased Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes Universities Moderate
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) No Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)

Government Major
Services
Non-government None
Programs for neglected children Occasionally • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Home-based services/family support Moderately programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
159
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
• Media covering severe cases Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Campaigns (Red Cross etc) health care (Q47) Sometimes
• Increased scientific focus on long-term effects of CM
act by force, fraud, or coercion. Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
160
Pakistan
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Requires development of prevention services
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Support: Very inadequate
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) interest
• Abandonment
• Infanticide Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children
• Forcing a child to beg per year (Q20) Less than 10 %
• Abuse by another child % of reported cases involving (Q21)
• Slavery
Sexual abuse 16-30%
Neglect 0–15%
• Daycare center Street children 0–15%
• School or educational training center Abandoned children 16–30%
Laws and Policies regarding CM % of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 16–30%
Child Deaths
- Adequacy of government resources (Q36) to CM has (Q28) Increased
Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
individuals
Enforcement: Inconsistent Services
Criminal penalties for abusing a child Programs for those who neglect children No
Enforcement: Inconsistent Programs for neglected children Occasionally
Support: Very inadequate Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
161
Case management services Occasionally Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)

Home-based services/family support No • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Foster care with official foster parents No • Lack of specific laws related to CM
• Extreme poverty
Institutional care for maltreated children No • Decline in informal support for parents
Financial and other material support Occasionally • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally • Political or religious conflict, instability
Substance abuse treatment - children Occasionally Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No concerning CM (Q56) Significantly
Universal home visits for all new parents No Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No • Laws related to child protection by provincial governments
Free child care No • Formation of Child Protection and Welfare Bureaus
• Increased coverage of child maltreatment and protection related
issues by media
Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
prevention (Q38)
Businesses None
Schools Minimal Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Public social services agencies Moderate Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Religious institutions None Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
Voluntary civic organizations Moderate Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Courts/law enforcement Moderate Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) health care (Q47) Sometimes
Government N/A Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE

• Media campaigns
162

trafficking of children (Q52) No

production of child pornography (Q53) No
Sahil
First Floor, Al-Babar Centre
F-8 Markaz
Islamabad, Capital Territory, Pakistan 25100
www.sahil.org
Data on child sexual abuse issue
LHRLA
163
Philippines
• Abandonment
support/attention)
individuals
Support: Adequate
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Abuse by another child Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Slavery
• Child marriage Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s



• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
• Neglect Enforcement: Inconsistent

• Emotional maltreatment Support: Very inadequate
164
Requires development of prevention services Programs for neglected children Occasionally

Enforcement: Never or almost never Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally
Support: Very inadequate Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
Enforcement: Never or almost never Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally
Support: Somewhat inadequate Case management services Moderately

Official Documentation of CM Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Occasionally
• Neglect Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally
Neglect None
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) excluded from reporting Universal free medical care—children Moderately
system (Q15 & 16) Some ethnic groups
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20)
Unknown Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Businesses Minimal
Neglect 31–45%
Schools Minimal
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 16–30% Religious institutions Moderate
Child Deaths
Government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Media campaigns
165
• Risk assessment Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Greatly
• Universal home visitation for new parents or NGO (Q43) Greatly
• Professional training Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
• Improving families’ basic living conditions Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE within
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE abroad
• Extreme poverty are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely
• Decline in informal support for parents Extent to which children who are exploited sexually
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as are arrested (Q51) Rarely
they choose
programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly Arrests in the past year for possession or
• The passage of the Department of Health executive order on the Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Establishment of Women and Child Protection Units in Government
Hospitals Child Protection Network Foundation, Inc.
• Competency Enhancement Training of Judges and Court Personnel in Tropicana Suites, Luis Ma. Guerrero St., Malate
the Handling of Cases Involving Children
Manila, Philippines 1004
• Child Protection Policy of the Department of Education
Info@childprotectionnetwork.org
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) www.childprotectionnetwork.org
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, Trainings, publications, research, child protection management
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex information system.
Council for the Welfare of Children
166
Poland
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) individuals
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Support: Don’t know
or shelter (neglect) Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Exposing child to pornography Support: Very inadequate
• Abandonment
support/attention) Criminal penalties for abusing a child
interest
• Infanticide
• Abuse by another child Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Internet solicitation for sex Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
• Physical abuse
• Daycare center
• Sexual abuse
• Detention facility Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
• Religious institution Physical abuse Decrease

• Sporting organization Sexual abuse Don’t know
Laws and Policies regarding CM Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 30
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No % of reported cases involving (Q21)

167

to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)

Services
• Media campaigns
Programs for those who neglect children No • Prosecution of offenders
Programs for neglected children Moderately • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Professional training
Home-based services/family support Moderately • Lack of system to investigate reports
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Lack of trained professionals
Group homes for maltreated children No • Public resistance to prevention efforts

• Extreme poverty
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children
Financial and other material support Moderately as they choose
Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Usually Major development to address CM (Q59)
Universal home visits for all new parents Moderately • In 2010, the explicit ban on using corporal punishment was
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No introduced to Polish Family Law (Dz U. z 1964 r. Nr 9, poz. 59, art. 961)

Universal free medical care—children Usually or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
prevention (Q38) Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Not really
Businesses None or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Schools Moderate
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex
worker (Q46) 15 is age of consent
168
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental Arrests in the past year for possession or
health care (Q47) Sometimes production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE within the country are
prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
Fundacja Dzieci Niczyje/Nobody’s Children Foundation

abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely Katowicka 31
Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE Warszawa, Polska 3932

fdn@fdn.pl
Extent to which children who are exploited sexually Publications, consultation, education
are arrested (Q51) Rarely

169
Portugal
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Sexual abuse
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) • Emotional maltreatment
• Exposure to IPV
Support: Adequate
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Enforcement: Wide
• Child labor—under age 12 Enforcement: Wide
• Child marriage child’s safety
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Psychiatric institution Enforcement: Wide

Enforcement: Wide
Laws and Policies regarding CM Support: Somewhat inadequate
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
interest
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Physical abuse
170
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Financial and other material support Moderately
Support: Somewhat inadequate Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
Enforcement: Wide Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Support: Adequate Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally

Universal home visits for all new parents Occasionally
Official Documentation of CM Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Free child care Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Universal health screening—children Usually
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
• Neglect prevention (Q38)
• Emotional maltreatment Hospitals/medical centers Very involved
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Mental health agencies Very involved
Physical abuse Decrease Businesses Moderate
Sexual abuse Decrease Schools Very involved
Neglect Decrease Public social services agencies Very involved
Emotional maltreatment Decrease Community-based NGOs Very involved
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Religious institutions Very involved
Child Deaths
Government Major
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
• Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally • Lack of system to investigate reports
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately • Lack of trained professionals
171
• Extreme poverty Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
they choose
• Overwhelming number of children living alone Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
concerning CM (Q56) Significantly abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Development of guidelines for social, health, education, law
enforcement services and media Extent to which children who are exploited
• Adminstrative informatization of CM cases, including the sexually are arrested (Q51) Don’t know
implementation of a national database
• More training (including local events) available to professionals trafficking of children (Q52) Don’t know
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Arrests in the past year for possession or
CNPCJR - Comissão Nacional de Protecção de Crianças e Jovens em

Risco
Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat Lisbon, Portugal
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat cnpcjr@seg-social.pt
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public http://www.cnpcjr.pt

agency or NGO (Q43) Greatly Law: Guidelines; Statistical Data; Training
172
Qatar
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
or shelter (neglect) professionals or individuals
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Abandonment Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
individuals
support/attention)
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Infanticide Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Slavery
• Internet solicitation for sex Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Daycare center
Enforcement: Wide
• Detention facility Support: Adequate
• Religious institution Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
Enforcement: Wide
Laws and Policies regarding CM Support: Adequate
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Requires development of prevention services
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Physical abuse
interest
• Sexual abuse
Enforcement: Wide
• Neglect
• Emotional maltreatment Support: Adequate
• Exposure to IPV Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Enforcement: Wide
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Support: Adequate
173
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Services

Enforcement: Wide Availability of Services (Q37)
Support: Adequate Programs for those who neglect children Moderately
Therapy for physically abused children Usually
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Therapy for sexually abused children Usually
• Physical abuse Case management services Usually
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
Physical abuse None
Neglect Increase
per year (Q20) 0.7 Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Neglect 31–45%
prevention (Q38)
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 31–45% Hospitals/medical centers Very involved
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15% Mental health agencies Very involved
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from Businesses Very involved

home (Q25) 16–30% Schools Moderate
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator Public social services agencies Moderate

prosecuted (Q26) 16–30%

Don’t know Universities Minimal
174
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Don’t know
Government Major Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Don’t know
Non-government None
• Home-based services for at-risk parents or NGO (Q43) Greatly
• Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
• Increasing individual responsibility for child protection Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
• Improving or increasing local services Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Improving families’ basic living conditions within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
• Lack of system to investigate reports Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Lack of trained professionals within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as Extent to which children who are exploited
they choose sexually are arrested (Q51) Don’t know
Arrests in the past year for engaging in
sex trafficking of children (Q52) No
• Increased public awareness production of child pornography (Q53) No
• Increased awareness among teachers and social workers. Now there
are many reporting suspected child abuse and neglect from schools Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
and social agencies. Country is working to improve and develop rules
in this regard Qatar Foundation of Child and Woman Protection Centre (QFCWP)
Doha-Qatar
Doha, Qatar
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex http://www.qfcw.org.qa
Data, public awareness.
175
Republic of Korea
• Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8)
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
Enforcement: Wide
• Exposing child to pornography Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Commercial sexual exploitation Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
• Abandonment individuals
of a child)
support/attention)
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) (e.g., 24 hours)
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Enforcement: Wide
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child serving as soldier Enforcement: Don’t know

Enforcement: Wide
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
• Neglect Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Emotional maltreatment Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Exposure to IPV
Enforcement: Wide
176
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Child Deaths

interest
Support: Somewhat inadequate Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Services

Enforcement: Wide Availability of Services (Q37)
Support: Somewhat inadequate Programs for those who neglect children Moderately
Therapy for physically abused children Usually
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Therapy for those who sexually abuse Usually
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Therapy for sexually abused children Usually
• Physical abuse Case management services Moderately
• Sexual abuse Home-based services/family support Occasionally
• Neglect
Public shelters for maltreated children Moderately
Neglect Decrease
system (Q15 & 16) Children of undocumented migrant workers, Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
asylum seekers, children from North Korean defectors Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 1.17 Universal home visits for all new parents No
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Physical abuse 16–30% Free child care Occasionally
Sexual abuse 0–15% Universal health screening—children Usually
Neglect 16–30% Universal free medical care—children Occasionally
Emotional maltreatment 31–45% Universal free medical care—all citizens No
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 76–90% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15% Businesses None
177
Community-based NGOs Very involved Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Religious institutions Very involved Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency
Voluntary civic organizations Very involved or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
Courts/law enforcement Moderate Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Universities Moderate Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
Government Moderate
Non-government Moderate health care (Q47) Most of the time
Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Media campaigns
• Prosecution of offenders Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Improving or increasing local services abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
• Improving families’ basic living conditions Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Don’t know
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM Extent to which children who are exploited
• Decline in informal support for parents sexually are arrested (Q51) Sometimes
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
they choose trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
National Child Protection Agency
• Promulgation of child abuse and neglect law
781-46 Yeoksam 2-dong, Gangnam-gu
• Policies regarding child maltreatment
Seoul, Korea 135-515
• Passage of system of legal representation for children
ncpa@gni.kr
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) http://korea1391.org
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, Statistics
178
Romania
• Physical abuse
of a child)
Support: Somewhat
inadequate
• Physical beating of a child by any adult individuals
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
• Abuse by another child (e.g., 24 hours)
• Child serving as soldier Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Slavery
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
• Daycare center safety
• Religious institution Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Sporting organization Enforcement: Never or almost never

179
Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention Child Deaths

Enforcement: Inconsistent Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No
Requires development of prevention services due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know
Enforcement: Inconsistent Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No

Support: Somewhat inadequate Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) No
Services
Official Documentation of CM Programs for neglected children Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) 5 to 10 years Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Case management services Moderately
• Neglect Home-based services/family support Occasionally
• Emotional maltreatment Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
Physical abuse None Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
Sexual abuse None Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Neglect None Financial and other material support Occasionally
Emotional maltreatment None Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Occasionally
Exposure to IPV None Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally
Subgroups (e.g., refugees, Aboriginals) Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
excluded from reporting system (Q15 & 16) Roma children
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
children per year (Q20) 3.007
Neglect 46–60%
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 76–90% prevention (Q38)
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 76–90% Hospitals/medical centers Minimal

Businesses None
Schools Moderate
180
Public social services agencies Moderate Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

Community-based NGOs Very involved CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Government Moderate Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Non-government N/A
• Media campaigns Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
• Improving or increasing local services mental health care (Q47) Rarely
• Improving families’ basic living conditions abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Lack of system to investigate reports Extent to which children who are exploited
• Lack of trained professionals sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Public resistance to prevention efforts Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Extreme poverty trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
they choose
• Support for the use of corporal punishment Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
• Inadequate health or social services Ministry of Labor, General Directorate of Child Protection
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and Bld Magheru, 7

programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly Bucharest, Sector 1, Romania
Major developments to address CM (Q59) office@anpfdc.ro
• Improvement of the child protection law in 2013 with amendments www.copii.ro

that have been expected for a long time:
This is the national governmental body in charge of policies, legislation
• Emergency interventions have been facilitated and legislation and monitoring in the field of children’s rights
for case management improved
• The law in the field of domestic violence was also improved; Save the Children
now a protection order can be emitted by a judge, not only by
the president of the state
• More focus on the training of professionals who work with
children and in childcare
181
Russia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
both abuse and neglect)? (e.g., 24 hours)
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Support: Somewhat inadequate

• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
Enforcement: Wide
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Support: Very inadequate
Enforcement: Wide
• Abandonment Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Requires development of prevention services
of a child)
Enforcement: Wide
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Official Documentation of CM
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Prostituting a child Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
• Infanticide • Physical abuse
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation • Sexual abuse
• Abuse by another child • Neglect
• Internet solicitation for sex Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Physical abuse None
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Sexual abuse Increase
• Daycare center
Neglect None
• Psychiatric institution Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 7.9
• Religious institution Child Deaths

Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Services
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Availability of Services (Q37)

182
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Case management services Moderately • Lack of specific laws related to CM
Group homes for maltreated children No • Decline in informal support for parents
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally they choose
Financial and other material support Moderately • Support for the use of corporal punishment
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
• A national strategy toward children’s interests
Home visits for new, at-risk parents Moderately • The public informational company against violence
Free child care Occasionally • Regional child protection programs
Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
prevention (Q38) Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Businesses Minimal
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency or
Schools Moderate
NGO (Q43) Not really
Voluntary civic organizations Moderate Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental health
care (Q47) Rarely
Government Moderate are prosecuted (Q49) Sometimes
Non-government Moderate Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE within
the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
• Professional training Extent to which children who are exploited
• Advocacy for children’s rights Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Improving families’ basic living conditions trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
183

The Foundation of Support of Children in Difficult Life Situation

Iliinka,21
Moscow, Russia 127994
info@fоnd-detyam.ru
http://www.fond-detyam.ru
Financial, organizational, coordination.
184
Saudi Arabia
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
both abuse and neglect)? individuals
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Enforcement: Never or almost never

• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
or shelter (neglect) safety
• Commercial sexual exploitation Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Abandonment
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Abuse by another child Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Child labor—under age 12 Support: Very inadequate
• Child marriage
Laws and Policies regarding CM Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
Year law passed (Q18) After 2005 Support: Very inadequate

• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years
• Physical abuse
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 • Sexual abuse
• Neglect
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Physical abuse Increase
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Sexual abuse Increase

Neglect Increase
professionals or individuals Emotional maltreatment Increase
185
Sexual abuse 16–30% Universal free medical care—children Usually

Neglect 31–45% Universal free medical care—all citizens Usually
Abandoned children 0–15% Hospitals/medical centers Very involved

Businesses None
Schools Moderate
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15% Community-based NGOs Very involved
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15% Religious institutions Moderate
Child Deaths
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Universities Very involved
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
due to CM has (Q28) Increased
Government Moderate
Availability of Services (Q37) • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Decline in informal support for parents
Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as
they choose
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Lack of support for children’s rights
Foster care with official foster parents No Extent of UN CRC improved policies and programs
Group homes for maltreated children No concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
Public shelters for maltreated children No Major developments to address CM (Q59)

Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally • Establishment of a child helpline
Financial and other material support Moderately • Approval of the child maltreatment and domestic violence law
• Establishment of 41 hospital-based child protection centers
• Significant involvement of the media in the awareness campaign
Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Free child care No
Universal health screening—children Usually Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Greatly
186
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public agency Arrests in the past year for possession or production
or NGO (Q43) Somewhat of child pornography (Q53) No

National Family Safety Program
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age King Abdulaziz Medical City
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental health P.O.Box 22490 mail code 3202
care (Q47) Don’t know
Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 11426
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE NFSP@ngha.med.sa
www.nfsp.org.sa
It is a national program focusing on prevention and offering services
to professionals and government and non-government institutions
Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE working in the field of domestic violence and child abuse through
within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time training, raising awareness, advocacy and research.
Extent to which children who are exploited Ministry of Social Affairs


187
Singapore
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals or
or shelter (neglect) individuals
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Commercial sexual exploitation Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Abandonment
support/attention) Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
Support: Adequate
safety
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
Support: Adequate
• Slavery Support: Adequate

Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Religious institution Requires development of prevention services
Support: Adequate
interest
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980 Support: Adequate
188
Official Documentation of CM Therapy for physically abused children Usually
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Therapy for those who sexually abuse Usually
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Group homes for maltreated children Usually
• Emotional maltreatment Public shelters for maltreated children Usually
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Institutional care for maltreated children Usually
Physical abuse Increase Financial and other material support Usually
Sexual abuse Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Neglect Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Emotional maltreatment Increase Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 0.1 Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Usually
Free child care No
Neglect 61–75%
prevention (Q38)
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 16–30% Mental health agencies Very involved
% of substantiated cases, child removed (Q24) 0–15% Businesses Moderate

Child Deaths Religious institutions Moderate
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Voluntary civic organizations Very involved
deaths due to CM has (Q28) Remained about the same Universities Minimal
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes Government Major

Services
Programs for those who neglect children Usually • Increasing individual responsibility for child protection
Programs for neglected children Usually • Prosecution of offenders
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Usually
189
• Professional training Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes

Lack of specific laws related to CM Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
Lack of system to investigate reports
Lack of trained professionals
Decline in informal support for parents
Support for the use of corporal punishment abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Most of the time
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
programs concerning CM (Q56) Significantly within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
Major developments to address CM (Q59) Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Singapore ratified the UN Convention on Rights of Persons With trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Disabilities in 2013
• Enabling Masterplan I (2007–2012) production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Enabling Masterplan II (2012)
• Second and Third Report to UNCRC and oral presentation (January Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
2011)
Ministry of Social and Family Development
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) 512 Thomson Rd
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, #10-00 MSF Building
act by force, fraud, or coercion. Singapore, 298137
msf_email@msf.gov.sg
http://app.msf.gov.sg/
Child protection
Family and Juvenile Court
190
South Africa
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Elements in laws/policies (Q34)
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Abandonment
support/attention)
individuals
• Child living on the street Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure child’s
safety
• Slavery
• Child marriage Criminal penalties for abusing a child
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
• Psychiatric institution Enforcement: Never or almost never

Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
Year law passed (Q18) Before 1990 Enforcement: Never or almost never
This law applies to (Q19) Support: Very inadequate
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
• Emotional maltreatment Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
191
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
• Physical abuse Financial and other material support Moderately
• Sexual abuse Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately
• Neglect
Neglect Decrease
Free child care No
Neglect 0–15%
Emotional maltreatment 0–15% prevention (Q38)
% of reported cases investigated (Q22) 61–75% Hospitals/medical centers Minimal

Businesses Minimal
Schools Moderate
Child Deaths
Government Moderate
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Lack of system to investigate reports
• Extreme poverty
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children
as they choose
Case management services Occasionally • Lack of support for children’s rights
Home-based services/family support No • Overwhelming number of children living alone
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Inadequate health or social services
Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
192
• The passage and attempted implementation of the Children’s Act
• The acknowledgment of the need for specialised training in Child Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
Protection within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
• An increased shift to prevention; law reforms have contributed to
this
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Arrests in the past year for possession or
act by force, fraud, or coercion. production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
Childline South Africa
PO Box 51418
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public Musgrave
Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 4062
admin@childlinesa.org.za
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No National helpline for children, therapeutic services in child protection,
prevention and education programmes in child protection, analysis of
law and policy and advocacy for change where appropriate, training -
both intra and inter-sector on child protection, research.
Child Welfare South Africa
193
Sri Lanka

• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Sexual abuse 46–60%
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) % of reported cases investigated (Q22) 61–75%
• Commercial sexual exploitation Child Deaths
• Abandonment
support/attention) Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child to CM has (Q28) Increased
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
• Child living on the street Services
• Prostituting a child Availability of Services (Q37)
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Programs for neglected children Occasionally
• Abuse by another child Therapy for those who physically abuse children No
• Child serving as soldier Therapy for physically abused children Moderately
• Slavery
• Child marriage Case management services Occasionally
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Home-based services/family support No
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Foster care with official foster parents No
• Daycare center Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
• School or educational training center Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
• Religious institution Financial and other material support No
Laws and Policies regarding CM Hospitalization for mental illness—children Usually
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately

• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
• Neglect Free child care No
• Emotional maltreatment Universal health screening—children Moderately
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) No Universal free medical care—children Usually
194
Businesses Minimal Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
Public social services agencies None Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Community-based NGOs Moderate Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Religious institutions Moderate agency or NGO (Q43) Not really
Voluntary civic organizations Moderate Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know
Courts/law enforcement Minimal Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
Government Moderate health care (Q47) Sometimes
Non-government N/A Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Media campaigns Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Extent to which children who are exploited
• Lack of trained professionals Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
• Extreme poverty trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
• Decline in informal support for parents Arrests in the past year for possession or
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
as they choose Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
National Child Protection Authority
• Overwhelming number of children living alone No. 330, Thalawathugoda Road, Madiwela,
• Political or religious conflict, instability Sri Jayawadrenapura, Sri Lanka.
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and ncpa@childprotection.gov.lk
www.childprotection.gov.lk
Major development to address CM (Q59) Child protection officers are available when needed, hotline for
• Training doctors on examination of sexual assault victims—most children—24 hour access to psychosocial services, awareness
victims are under 16 programmes for children and adults islandwide.
• A programme by Ministry of Justice to expedite child abuse cases in UNICEF Sri Lanka
the criminal justice process—very helpful and ambitious project—to
be implemented island-wide
• Development of a protocol for the examination of child abuse
victims by the college of forensic pathologists of Sri Lanka
195
Sudan
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
Enforcement: Wide
• Abandonment Support: Very inadequate
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
of a child) or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Support: Very inadequate
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) (e.g., 24 hours)
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Enforcement: Wide
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Support: Very inadequate
• Forcing a child to beg Enforcement: Wide
• Internet solicitation for sex child’s safety
• Child marriage
Enforcement: Wide
• Daycare center
• Detention facility Support: Very inadequate
Enforcement: Wide
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
Year law passed (Q18) Before 1990 Enforcement: Wide

• Physical abuse Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
• Sexual abuse Enforcement: Wide
• Neglect Support: Very inadequate
• Exposure to IPV Requires development of prevention services

196
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to
interest CM has (Q28) Decreased
Enforcement: Wide Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes
Support: Adequate
Enforcement: Wide
Services

Enforcement: Widely enforced
Official Documentation of CM Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) 5 to 10 years Case management services Occasionally

• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
• Neglect Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
• Emotional maltreatment Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
• Exposure to IPV
Neglect Increase
Universal home visits for all new parents Occasionally
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 60% Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally
Physical abuse 31–45% Universal health screening—children Occasionally
Sexual abuse 16–30% Universal free medical care—children Occasionally
Neglect 16–30% Universal free medical care—all citizens Occasionally
Abandoned children 31–45% Hospitals/medical centers Very involved

Businesses Minimal
Schools Moderate
Child Deaths
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Universities Minimal
197
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly
Government Moderate Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Greatly
• Media campaigns agency or NGO (Q43) Greatly
• Risk assessment
• Prosecution of offenders Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
• University programs for students Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Lack of specific laws related to CM Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Public resistance to prevention efforts within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
• Extreme poverty Extent to which children who are exploited
• Decline in informal support for parents sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children production of child pornography (Q53) No
as they choose
• Overwhelming number of children living alone Child Rights Instituit
• Inadequate health or social services Khartoum, Sudan 249
• Political or religious conflict, instability yas_shalabi@yahoo.com
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and info@cricssudan.org
Training on child protection
African Solidarity mechanism
• Formation of the desk of child protection
• Enforcement of Child Right Act

198
Switzerland
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) child’s safety
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Abandonment
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Enforcement: Wide

• Child living on the street Support: Adequate
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg Support: Adequate
• Child serving as soldier Official Documentation of CM
• Child labor—under age 12 Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) No
• Slavery
per year (Q20) No data
• Child marriage
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Child Deaths
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Over the past 10 years, the number of
deaths due to CM has (Q28) Remained about the same
• Detention facility Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
• Sporting organization Services

National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980 Therapy for physically abused children Usually
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Foster care with official foster parents Usually
Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals Group homes for maltreated children Moderately
or individuals
199
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
programs concerning CM (Q56) Slightly
Financial and other material support Moderately Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually • Law: change of statute of limitations; there is no longer a limit for
the prosecution of CSA under the age of one
• Media coverage of institutional CSA in Europe—raising public
Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually awareness on a taboo topic
• Implementing of preventive strategies in institutions for handicaped
persons (after a single case of a serial sex offender came to light).
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally Twelve NGOs have issued the Charta in 2011; and now leading to
a public vote on mandatory banning of pedophile offenders from
working with children and juveniles
Free child care No Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Universal health screening—children Usually CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Universal free medical care—children No act by force, fraud, or coercion.
prevention (Q38)
Hospitals/medical centers Very involved Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Mental health agencies Very involved Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Businesses Minimal
Schools Minimal Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Public social services agencies Moderate Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
Community-based NGOs Very involved Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 16
Voluntary civic organizations Very involved health care (Q47) Rarely
Courts/law enforcement Minimal Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Universities Minimal within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Most of the time
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
Government Moderate
• Increasing individual responsibility for child protection sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
• Advocacy for children’s rights trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55) production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Lack of trained professionals Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
• Public resistance to prevention efforts Kinderschutz Schweiz
www.kinderschutz.ch
as they choose
• Support for the use of corporal punishment Lobbying for children’s rights
200
Taiwan
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) -Extent they are enforced (Q35)
• Exposing child to pornography -Adequacy of government resources (Q36)
• Abandonment
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Support: Very inadequate
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Criminal penalties for abusing a child

Enforcement: Wide
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention
Year law passed (Q18) 1990–2000 Enforcement: Inconsistent
This law applies to (Q19) Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Physical abuse Requires development of prevention services

• Sexual abuse Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Neglect
201
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) Yes
interest
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Somewhat inadequate Services
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM Availability of Services (Q37)
Enforcement: Never or almost never Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally
Support: Very inadequate Programs for neglected children Occasionally
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Usually
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Therapy for sexually abused children Usually
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Case management services Moderately
• Physical abuse Home-based services/family support Moderately
• Sexual abuse Foster care with official foster parents Usually
• Neglect
Neglect Decrease
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 6.55
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Universal home visits for all new parents No
Physical abuse 31–45% Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Sexual abuse 0–15% Free child care Occasionally
Emotional maltreatment 0–15% Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Street children 0–15% Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
Businesses None
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15% Public social services agencies Very involved
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due Courts/law enforcement Minimal
202
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Government Major Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Non-government Moderate agency or NGO (Q43) Greatly
Strategies used and thought to be effective in preventing CM (Q54) Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
• Home-based services for at-risk parents Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
• Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
• Universal health care and preventive medical care Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
• Lack of trained professionals Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
• Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents Extent to which foreigners who engage in
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children CSE within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
as they choose
• Child protection manpower increase.
• Amendment of The Child and Youth Rights Protection Act Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
• Promoting the structured decision-making model
Department of Protection Service, Ministry of Health and Welfare
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) 36, Tarcheng St.
CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, Taipei, Taiwan 10341
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex http://www.mohw.gov.tw/cht/DOPS
The central governmental agency in charge of child protection.
203
Thailand
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000
Support: Adequate
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home

Enforcement: Wide
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
Year law passed (Q18) 2001–2005 Enforcement: Wide
This law applies to (Q19) Support: Somewhat inadequate
204
Requirement that all perpetrators receive a service or intervention Services

Enforcement: Inconsistent Availability of Services (Q37)
Support: Somewhat inadequate Programs for those who neglect children Moderately
Requires development of prevention services Programs for neglected children Moderately
Enforcement: Inconsistent Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally
Support: Somewhat inadequate Therapy for physically abused children Moderately
Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally
interest Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately
Enforcement: Inconsistent Case management services Usually
Support: Somewhat inadequate Home-based services/family support Usually
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Foster care with official foster parents Moderately
Enforcement: Inconsistent Group homes for maltreated children Occasionally
Support: Somewhat inadequate Public shelters for maltreated children Usually
Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years Hospitalization for mental illness—children Occasionally
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally
• Physical abuse Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally

• Sexual abuse Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
• Neglect
Businesses Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from
home (Q25) 0–15% Schools Very involved
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 31–45% Public social services agencies Very involved
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) No Voluntary civic organizations Minimal
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths due to CM has (Q28) Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Don’t know Universities Minimal
205
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Greatly
Government Moderate Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Greatly
• Home-based services for at-risk parents or NGO (Q43) Greatly
• Risk assessment
• Prosecution of offenders Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No
• Extreme poverty
as they choose Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Support for the use of corporal punishment within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time
• Overwhelming number of children living alone sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
Extent of UN CRC improved policies and trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Major developments to address CM (Q59) production of child pornography (Q53) Yes
• Establishment of child protection system at local level in all areas
• Development of a hotline system in reporting and responding to Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
child abuse
The Center for the Protection of Children’s Rights Foundation (CPCR)
• Revision of the Child Protection Act after 10 years of enforcement
(in process) cpcrheadoffice@yahoo.com
http://www.cpcrthailand.org/
206
Togo
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Support: Adequate

• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Abandonment
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure
of a child) child’s safety
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Enforcement: Inconsistent
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Support: Don’t know
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Support: Somewhat inadequate
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Requires development of prevention services
• Daycare center
• Detention facility Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
interest
Enforcement: Wide
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Enforcement: Inconsistent
Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes Support: Somewhat inadequate
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) Official Documentation of CM

-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years
Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals Official labels for types of CM (Q13)
or individuals
• Physical abuse
Enforcement: Wide
• Sexual abuse
Support: Somewhat inadequate • Neglect
207
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Universal free medical care—children No
Physical abuse Decrease Universal free medical care—all citizens No
Sexual abuse None Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
Neglect Decrease prevention (Q38)
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know Hospitals/medical centers Moderate
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Mental health agencies Moderate

Businesses None
system (Q15 & 16) Migrant children and refugees Schools Minimal
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 Public social services agencies Very involved
children per year (Q20) Don’t know Community-based NGOs Very involved
Child Deaths
Government maintains count of deaths due to
CM (Q27) No Courts/law enforcement Moderate
Universities None
due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Services
• Media campaigns
Therapy for those who sexually abuse No • Lack of system to investigate reports
Case management services No
• Extreme poverty Very Significant
Home-based services/family support No • Decline in informal support for parents
Foster care with official foster parents No • Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy
Group homes for maltreated children Usually • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children
as they choose
Institutional care for maltreated children Usually • Lack of support for children’s rights
Financial and other material support Occasionally • Overwhelming number of children living alone
• The involvement of the media has increased in Togo during the last
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No three years with the case of child exploitation involving a French
Universal home visits for all new parents No colonel
• The drafting and adoption of a code of the child
• The creation of the network against child abuse and sexual
Free child care Usually exploitation of children
208
act by force, fraud, or coercion. sexually are arrested (Q51) Don’t know
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know
agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No WAO-Afrique
Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) No Rue des Frères Franciscains-Adidogomé
Lomé, Togo 80242
waoafrique@cafe.tg
health care (Q47) Sometimes www.waoafrique.tg
Résources Humaines et Techniques
within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes Réseau des Organisations de Lutte contre la Maltraitance l’Abus et
l’Exploitation Sexuelle des Enfants (ROMAESE)
209
Trinidad and Tobago

• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of
or shelter (neglect) professionals or individuals
• Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Commercial sexual exploitation Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or individuals
• Abandonment
support/attention) Provisions for removing child from parents/caretakers to ensure
child’s safety
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV) Enforcement: Inconsistent
Social conditions and behaviors (Q9) Support: Very inadequate
• Physical beating of a child by any adult Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Infanticide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Criminal penalties for abusing a child
• Forcing a child to beg Enforcement: Never or almost never
• Child labor—under age 12 Requires development of prevention services
• Daycare center
• School or educational training center Support: Very inadequate
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes year (Q20) No Data

Child Deaths
• Sexual abuse
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes to CM has (Q28) Increased
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No
210
Programs for neglected children Occasionally • Lack of trained professionals
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Occasionally • Extreme poverty
Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Decline in informal support for parents
Case management services Occasionally • Inadequate health or social services
Home-based services/family support Occasionally Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
Group homes for maltreated children Moderately Major developments to address CM (Q59)
Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally • Formation of the Children’s Authority as a regulatory agency
for child protection However, after more than 10 years, it is not
Institutional care for maltreated children Moderately yet operational. The present government hopes it will become
Financial and other material support Occasionally operational in 2014
• Passage of the Children Act to include most recommendations of
the CRC
Hospitalization for mental illness—children No • Development of a strategic plan for children by a government
Substance abuse treatment—parents Occasionally ministry
Substance abuse treatment—children No

Universal home visits for all new parents No or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex
Free child care No Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Universal health screening—children Moderately Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Not really
Universal free medical care—children Moderately Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and agency or NGO (Q43) Somewhat
prevention (Q38)
Businesses Minimal
Schools Minimal Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental
Voluntary civic organizations Very involved are prosecuted (Q49) Sometimes
Universities Minimal within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Rarely
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Extent to which children who are exploited
Government Moderate
Non-government Moderate Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
211

of child pornography (Q53) No
Children’s Authority
35A Wrightson Road
Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago 0 NA
info@ttchildren.org
www.ttchildren.org
It is a government agency mandated by legislation to protect children.
Resources include data, research, legal and social services.
Institute of Gender Development Studies
212
Turkey
• Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning) Support: Adequate

• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Commercial sexual exploitation Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Abandonment
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child child’s safety
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Forcing a child to beg Support: Adequate
• Slavery
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Sporting organization Requirement that all victims receive a service or intervention
Year law passed (Q18) Before 1990 interest
This law applies to (Q19) Enforcement: Wide
• Physical abuse Support: Adequate

• Sexual abuse Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Enforcement: Inconsistent
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980 Support: Adequate

-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Physical abuse 31–45%
Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of Sexual abuse 0–15%
Neglect 16–30%
Support: Adequate
Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals

Child Deaths
or individuals
Support: Adequate deaths due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know
213
Country has child death review team(s) (Q29) No Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Government Moderate
Services
• Media campaigns
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Usually • Improving or increasing local services
Therapy for physically abused children Usually • Professional training
Foster care with official foster parents Occasionally • Lack of trained professionals
Group homes for maltreated children Moderately • Extreme poverty
Public shelters for maltreated children No • Decline in informal support for parents
Financial and other material support Moderately as they choose
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately • Lack of support for children’s rights
Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately concerning CM (Q56) Slightly
• Training for professionels working in the child protection system
Home visits for new, at-risk parents No (judges, prosecuters, social workers, law enforcement etc)
Free child care Occasionally • University hospital-based child protection centers
• Child advocacy centers from the Ministry of Health where the first
interview of sexually abused children is conducted
Universal free medical care—all citizens Occasionally Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
prevention (Q38)
Businesses None
Schools Minimal Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Not really
Public social services agencies Very involved Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public
Religious institutions Don’t know Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Voluntary civic organizations Don’t know Commercial sex work (or prostitution) is legal (Q45) Yes
Courts/law enforcement Minimal Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 21
Universities Very involved
214
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Turkish Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (TSPCAN)
abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Rarely Necatibey cad. 19/ Sihhiye Ankara
Ankara, Turkey
within the country are prosecuted (Q50) Most of the time figens2001@yahoo.com
Extent to which children who are exploited www.cocukistismari.org

sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely Training for professionals, books, youth activities, training for families
Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex COKMED


215
Turkmenistan
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Laws/policies first established (Q33) Don’t know
• Abandonment
of a child)
support/attention)
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or individuals
Enforcement: Wide
• Prostituting a child (e.g., 24 hours)
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Support: Somewhat inadequate
• Child serving as soldier Enforcement: Don’t know
• Child labor—under age 12 Support: Don’t know
• Slavery
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
• Daycare center interest

216
Official labels for types of CM (Q13) Universal free medical care—all citizens Occasionally
• Physical abuse Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
• Sexual abuse prevention (Q38)
• Neglect Hospitals/medical centers Very involved
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Mental health agencies Very involved
Physical abuse Don’t know Businesses Minimal
Sexual abuse Don’t know Schools Moderate
Neglect Don’t know Public social services agencies Moderate
Emotional maltreatment Don’t know Community-based NGOs Minimal
Exposure to IPV Don’t know Religious institutions Minimal
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children Voluntary civic organizations Minimal
per year (Q20) Not known
Child Deaths Universities Minimal
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39)
Government Don’t know
due to CM has (Q28) Don’t know Non-government Don’t know

Services
Programs for those who neglect children Occasionally • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Programs for neglected children Occasionally • Advocacy for children’s rights
Case management services No • Lack of trained professionals
Home-based services/family support Occasionally • Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children
as they choose
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally programs concerning CM (Q56) Somewhat
Financial and other material support No Major developments to address CM (Q59)

Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually • Passage of the legislation governing the wellbeing of children (family
code, social protection code)
• Improvement in living standards
Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No CSE is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision,
Universal free medical care—children Usually Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat
217
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE
agency or NGO (Q43) Don’t know abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Most of the time
Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Don’t know Extent to which children who are exploited
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age trafficking of children (Q52) Don’t know
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental Arrests in the past year for possession or
health care (Q47) Don’t know production of child pornography (Q53) Don’t know

218
Uganda
• Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior) Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or individuals
• Exposing child to pornography Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting Support: Very inadequate
of a child)
support/attention) Enforcement: Never or almost never
child’s safety
• Slavery Support: Very inadequate
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Support: Very inadequate

• Sporting organization Requires development of prevention services
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes interest
Laws/policies first established (Q33) After 2000 Enforcement: Inconsistent

219
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM Public shelters for maltreated children No
Enforcement: Inconsistent Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Support: Very inadequate Financial and other material support Occasionally
Duration system in place (Q12) Less than 5 years Substance abuse treatment—children Moderately
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns No
per year (Q20) 0.8
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Home visits for new, at-risk parents No
Physical abuse 16–30% Free child care Moderately
Sexual abuse 31–45% Universal health screening—children Moderately
Neglect 46–60% Universal free medical care—children Moderately
Emotional maltreatment 0–15% Universal free medical care—all citizens Moderately
Businesses Minimal
Schools Moderate
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15% Public social services agencies Moderate
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15% Community-based NGOs Moderate
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of Universities Minimal
deaths due to CM has (Q28) Remained about the same
Government Moderate

• Media campaigns
• Risk assessment
Programs for neglected children Moderately • Universal health care and preventive medical care
Therapy for those who physically abuse children Moderately • Advocacy for children’s rights
Therapy for physically abused children Moderately • Improving families’ basic living conditions
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Moderately Major barriers to preventing CM (Q55)
Therapy for sexually abused children Moderately • Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM
Foster care with official foster parents Moderately • Extreme poverty
Group homes for maltreated children No • Decline in informal support for parents
220
• Country’s dependency on foreign investment for its economy Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
as they choose
• Support for the use of corporal punishment Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age
• The media has improved reporting on CM cases in a professional
manner Extent to which foreigners who engage in CSE
• Uganda is in the process of amending the Children Act to update it
with the current realities Extent to which children who are exploited
• The National Program Plan of Interventions for OVC-2 has been sexually are arrested (Q51) Sometimes
developed to guide the response to children’s issues
• The National Plan of Action to eliminate all forms of child labor
• Establishment of the Anti-Trafficking Committee in the Ministry of
Internal Affairs Arrests in the past year for possession or
ANPPCAN Uganda Chapter
PO Box 24640
Kampala, Uganda 256
anppcan@anppcanug.org
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat www.anppcanug.org
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public Research studies and information materials
Save the Children International
221
United Arab Emirates

What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to • Religious institution
both abuse and neglect)? • Sporting organization
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) Yes
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) This law applies to (Q19)
• Exposing child to pornography • Physical abuse
• Commercial sexual exploitation • Sexual abuse
• Abandonment • Neglect
• Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting • Emotional maltreatment
of a child)
• Exposure to IPV
support/attention) National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Don’t know
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence(IPV) Government agency to respond to CM (Q31) Yes

• Prostituting a child Duration system in place (Q12) Don’t know
• Infanticide
• Forcing a child to beg • Physical abuse
• Abuse by another child • Sexual abuse
• Child serving as soldier • Neglect
• Child labor—under age 12 • Emotional maltreatment
• Slavery • Exposure to IPV
• Internet solicitation for sex Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14)
• Child marriage Physical abuse Don’t know
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) Sexual abuse Don’t know
• Foster care, group home or orphanage Neglect Don’t know
• Daycare center
222
United Kingdom
• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
or shelter (neglect) or individuals
• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Abandonment Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
(e.g., 24 hours)
support/attention)
• Parental substance abuse affecting the child Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
• Parental mental illness affecting the child Enforcement: Wide
• Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence (IPV
Support: Adequate
• Physical beating of a child by any adult child’s safety
Enforcement: Wide
Support: Adequate
• Infanticide
• Female circumcision/female genital mutilation Provisions for removing alleged perpetrator from the home
• Child marriage
• School or educational training center Requires development of prevention services

Enforcement: Wide
• Sporting organization Requires a separate attorney or advocate to represent the child’s
interest
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Support: Adequate
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Provide a specific budget for preventing CM
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980 Enforcement: Inconsistent

Support: Adequate
223
Official Documentation of CM Therapy for physically abused children Moderately
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Therapy for those who sexually abuse Moderately
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect Group homes for maltreated children Usually
• Emotional maltreatment Public shelters for maltreated children No
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Institutional care for maltreated children Usually
Physical abuse Increase Financial and other material support Usually
Sexual abuse Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Usually
Neglect Increase Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately
Emotional maltreatment Increase Substance abuse treatment—parents Usually
Exposure to IPV Increase Substance abuse treatment—children Usually
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per year (Q20) 45.4 Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Usually
Neglect 31–45%
prevention (Q38)
% of investigated cases substantiated (Q23) 31–45% Mental health agencies Moderate

Child Deaths Religious institutions Moderate
Government maintains count of deaths due to CM (Q27) Yes Voluntary civic organizations Moderate
Remained about the same Universities Moderate
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes Government Major

Services
Programs for those who neglect children Usually • Media campaigns
Programs for neglected children Usually • Risk assessment
224
• Improving or increasing local services Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) No
• University programs for students Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) 18
• Improving families’ basic living conditions health care (Q47) Sometimes
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Sometimes
• Support for the use of corporal punishment abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Sometimes
• Increasing awareness of and attention paid to child sexual sexually are arrested (Q51) Rarely
exploitation
• Negative impact of reforms to National Health Service
• Publication of new child protection guidance
act by force, fraud, or coercion. British Association for the Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and
Neglect (BASPCAN)
17 Priory Street
York, England YO1
baspcan@baspcan.org.uk
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public www.baspcan.org.uk
225
United States
What is generally viewed as child maltreatment (CM, term refers to Provisions for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by professionals
both abuse and neglect)? or individuals
Parent or caregiver behaviors (Q8) Enforcement: Wide

• Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period
or shelter (neglect) (e.g., 24 hours)
Enforcement: Wide
• Abandonment Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed
of a child)
• Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional Support: Very inadequate
support/attention)
Abuse or neglect of a child within (Q10) child’s safety
• Detention facility Enforcement: N/A

interest
This law applies to (Q19) Enforcement: Wide
• Physical abuse Support: Adequate
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
• Emotional maltreatment Enforcement: Inconsistent
National laws/policies regarding CM (Q32) Yes Support: Somewhat inadequate
Laws/policies first established (Q33) Before 1980 Provide a specific budget for preventing CM
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Official Documentation of CM
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes
Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of Duration system in place (Q12) More than 10 years
• Physical abuse
• Sexual abuse
• Neglect
226
Change in number of cases over past 4 years (Q14) Hospitalization for mental illness—children Moderately
Physical abuse Decrease Substance abuse treatment—parents Moderately
Sexual abuse Decrease Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
Neglect None Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
Emotional maltreatment Decrease Universal home visits for all new parents Occasionally
Incidence rate of reported CM per 1,000 children per Home visits for new, at-risk parents Occasionally
year (Q20) 17.1 Free child care Occasionally
% of reported cases involving (Q21) Universal health screening—children Occasionally
Physical abuse 0–15% Universal free medical care—children Occasionally
Sexual abuse 0–15% Universal free medical care—all citizens No
Neglect 0–15% Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
Emotional maltreatment 0–15% prevention (Q38)
Businesses Minimal
Schools Minimal
Of all CM reports, % perpetrator removed from home (Q25) 0–15% Public social services agencies Very involved
Of all CM reports, % alleged perpetrator prosecuted (Q26) 0–15% Community-based NGOs Very involved
Child Deaths
Over the past 10 years, the number of deaths Universities Moderate
Government N/A
Team(s) supported by legislation (Q30) Yes Non-government Moderate

Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally • Lack of trained professionals
Therapy for those who sexually abuse Occasionally • Public resistance to prevention efforts
• Extreme poverty
Home-based services/family support Moderately as they choose
Foster care with official foster parents Usually • Support for the use of corporal punishment
Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally • Political or religious conflict, instability
Financial and other material support Moderately Extent of UN CRC improved policies and
Hospitalization for mental illness—adults Moderately programs concerning CM (Q56) Not at all
227
Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Extent to which children who are exploited
or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial sex Arrests in the past year for engaging in sex
act by force, fraud, or coercion. trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat Arrests in the past year for possession or
Extent that agencies collaborate to stop CSE (Q42) Somewhat Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Extent of policies for reporting CSE to public U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
agency or NGO (Q43) Don’t know
Administration for Children & Families
Children’s Bureau
370 L’Enfant Promenade, S.W.
Age at which it’s legal to be a sex worker (Q46) At no age Washington, D.C. 20447
Extent to which victims of CSE receive mental United States of America

www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb
Extent to which citizens who engage in CSE Supports programs, research, and monitoring systems that prevent
within the country are prosecuted (Q48) Don’t know child abuse and neglect while ensuring that children who are victims
receive treatment and care.

228
Vietnam Child Deaths

• Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching) Services
• Prostituting a child Therapy for physically abused children Occasionally
• Abuse by another child Therapy for those who sexually abuse No
• Child labor—under age 12 Therapy for sexually abused children Occasionally
• Slavery
• Daycare center
Laws and Policies regarding CM Public shelters for maltreated children Occasionally
Law mandating suspected CM be reported (Q17) No Institutional care for maltreated children Occasionally
Elements in laws/policies (Q34) Substance abuse treatment—children Occasionally
-Extent they are enforced (Q35) Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns Occasionally
-Adequacy of government resources (Q36) Universal home visits for all new parents No
Free child care No
Official Documentation of CM Universal free medical care—all citizens No
Government maintains count of suspected CM (Q11) Yes Involvement of community sectors in supporting CM treatment and
prevention (Q38)
• Physical abuse
Businesses Minimal
• Sexual abuse
Schools Moderate
• Neglect
• Emotional maltreatment Public social services agencies Minimal
229
Community-based NGOs Minimal Extent that there are laws concerning CSE (Q40) Somewhat
Religious institutions Minimal Extent of programs combating CSE (Q41) Somewhat
Universities Minimal agency or NGO (Q43) Not really
Funding for CM treatment or prevention (Q39) Country keeps official data on CSE (Q44) Yes
Government Major
• Home-based services for at-risk parents health care (Q47) Rarely
• Media campaigns
• Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM abroad are prosecuted (Q49) Don’t know
• Public resistance to prevention efforts Extent to which children who are exploited
• Extreme poverty
• Decline in informal support for parents Arrests in the past year for engaging in
• Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children sex trafficking of children (Q52) Yes
as they choose
• Inadequate health or social services Agencies and Organizations for More Information on CM
Child Helpline Vietnam
35 Tran Phu
Hanoi, Vietnam 1,0000
• With technical and financial support from NGOs and the UN, the
government of Vietnam developed a national program on child http://18001567.vn/
protection for 5 years (2011–2015)
Information about all calls to Child Helpline
• Raising awareness among parents, particularly parents in urban
areas about positive discipline

230
Section 3: Appendices
231
Appendix A: Aspects of National Policies and Programs

concerning CM—by Country
Each respondent provided detailed information regarding key aspects of their country’s national policies and programs
concerning child maltreatement.
These are summarized in the following table. The notes at the bottom explain the denotations.
Year Child
National Year Law Government Official Mandated Legislative
Exclusions5 Mandate Death
Law1 Established2 Agency3 Count4 Reporting6 Backing9
Established7 Review8
Africa
Botswana  1990–2000    After 2005 X
Ghana  1990–2000  X  1990–2000 X
Kenya  X
Liberia  1990–2000   X X  
Mauritius  1990–2000   X  1990–2000 X
Nigeria     2001–2005
South Africa  Before 1980   X  Before 1990  X
Sudan  1990–2000   X  Before 1990  
Togo  After 2000    X X
Uganda  After 2000  X X X
America
Barbados  Before 1980   X X
Belize  1990–2000    1990–2000 X
Brazil  1990–2000   X  1990–2000  
Canada  Before 1980    Before 1990 
Chile  1990–2000   X  1990–2000 X X
Colombia  After 2000     2001–2005 X
Ecuador    Before 1990
El Salvador  After 2000     After 2005  
Haiti  After 2000     2001–2005 X
Mexico  After 2000     Before 1990  
Trinidad and
Tobago  After 2000  X  After 2005 X
USA  Before 1980   X  Before 1990  
Europe
Albania  After 2000  X X X
Belarus  After 2000   X  2001–2005 X
Belgium    X X X
Bulgaria  After 2000   X  2001–2005 X
Croatia  1990–2000     1990–2000
Estonia  1990–2000  X  1990–2000  X
France  1980–1989   X  After 2005  X
232
Year Child
Germany  Before 1980  X X X
Hungary  1990–2000   X  1990–2000 X
Iceland  Before 1980   X  Before 1990 X
Ireland  1980–1989   X X  
Italy  After 2000    1990–2000 X
Latvia  1990–2000 X  X Before 1990 X X
Lithuania  1990–2000   X  1990–2000 X
Netherlands  Before 1980     After 2005  
Norway  Before 1980   X  1990–2000  X
Poland  After 2000 X  X X X
Portugal  1990–2000   X  1990–2000 X
Romania  After 2000     2001–2005 X X
Russia  After 2000   X X  
Switzerland  Before 1980  X X X
Turkey  Before 1980  X  Before 1990 X
United
Kingdom  Before 1980   X X  
Asia
Afghanistan  After 2000   X X
Armenia  After 2000  X X X
Azerbaijan X X X  After 2005 X
China  1990–2000     After 2005 X
Georgia  After 2000     After 2005  
Hong Kong  1980–1989 X  X X  X
India  After 2000  X  Before 1990 X
Israel  Before 1980    Before 1990 X
Japan  1990–2000   X  1990–2000  X
Lebanan  After 2000    2001–2005  
Macao  1990–2000  X X X
Malaysia  1990–2000   X  1990–2000  X
Nepal  1990–2000     1990–2000 X X
Pakistan  After 2000  X X X
Philippines  1990–2000     1990–2000 X
Qatar  After 2000   X  2001–2005 X
Republic of
Korea  Before 1980     1990–2000 X X
Saudi Arabia  After 2000   X  After 2005 X
Singapore  Before 1980   X X  
Sri Lanka X  X  1990–2000 X
Taiwan  1990–2000   X  1990–2000  
233
Year Child
Thailand  After 2000   X  2001–2005 X
Turkmenistan     1990–2000
UAE    X  After 2005
Vietnam  After 2000 X  X X
Oceana
Australia  Before 1980   X  Before 1990  
Notes:
1
Existence of national laws or policies implemented at the state/provincial/territorial level regarding CM. Check = yes, X = no, blank =
unknown.
2
Year laws or policies first established.
3
Existence of an identified government agency (or agencies) at the national, state, or local levels mandated to respond to cases of CM.
Check = yes, X = no, blank = unknown.
4
Existence of a government agency that maintains an “official” record or count of all reported CM cases. Check = yes, X = no, blank =
unknown.
5
Existence of subgroups systematically excluded from this reporting system. Check = yes, X = no, blank = unknown.
6
Existence of a law mandating reporting of suspected CM. Check = yes, X=no, blank = unknown.
7
Year law first took effect.
8
Existence of child death (or fatality) review teams. Check = yes, X = no, blank = unknown.
9
Existence of legislative backing for child death review teams. Check = yes, X = no, blank = unknown.
234
Appendix B: International and National Resources

The African Child Policy Forum (ACPF) Asociación Afecto—Contra El Maltrato Infantil
Off Bole Road (Afecto)
Behind Alem Building #2 Transversal 4 No. 51 A–01
PO Box 1179 Bogotá D.C.,
Addis Ababa COLOMBIA
Ethiopia Telephone: 571 2879801
Email: info@africanchildforum.org Fax: 571 2459387
Website: www.africanchildforum.org Email: afecto@afecto.org.co
ACPF aims to specifically contribute to improved knowledge Website: www.afecto.org.co

on children in Africa, monitor and report progress, identify ISPCAN Country Partner
policy options, provide a platform for dialogue, collaborate
AFECTO carries out projects of care, prevention of child
with governments, intergovernmental organisations and
maltreatment and sexual abuse, and promotion of good
civil society in the development and implementation of
treatment by providing training to groups, mobilizing
effective pro-child policies and programmes, and also
public opinion, generating and starting campaigns and
promote a common voice for children in and out of Africa.
studies with the purpose of reducing maltreatment and
violence against boys and girls.
American Professional Society on the Abuse of
Children (APSAC)
350 Poplar Avenue
Elmhurst, Illinois 60126
USA
Telephone: 630 941 1235 or 1 877 402 7722
Fax: 630 359 4274
Email: apsac@apsac.org
Website: www.apsac.org
ISPCAN Country Partner
APSAC seeks to improve the quality of practice provided
by professionals who work in child abuse and neglect by
providing professional education that promotes effective,
culturally sensitive and interdisciplinary approaches to
identification, intervention, treatment and prevention of
child abuse and neglect; as well as promoting research
and practice guidelines to inform all forms of professional
practice in child maltreatment.
235
Asociación Argentina de Prevención del Maltrato Against Child Abuse (ACA)

Infanto-Juvenil (ASAPMI) 107–108, G/F, Wai Yuen House, Chuk Yuen (North) Estate
Av. Las Heras 3361 9 piso depot Wong Tai Sin, Kowloon
43 Capital Federal HONG KONG
ARGENTINA Telephone: 852 2351 1177
Email: info@asapmi.org.ar Fax: 852 2752 8483
Website: www.asapmi.org.ar Email: aca@aca.org.hk
ISPCAN Country Partner Website: www.aca.org.hk
Mission: ISPCAN Country Partner
1. Contribute to the physical, psychological and ACA strives for the removal of all forms of child abuse
social development of children. and/or child neglect in Hong Kong, to establish, maintain
2. Further develop interdisciplinary visions and support a professional service for the assistance of
within limits established by the child abused or neglected children or parents having problems
protection community, especially by the with their children and to promote the awareness of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child. general public in Hong Kong towards prevention of child
abuse.
3. Support the integration of public
organizations and civil society, tied to the
prevention of child maltreatment, from
British Association for the Study and Prevention of
different regions in Argentina. Child Abuse and Neglect (BASPCAN)
4. Facilitate the establishment of a common 10 Priory Street

ethical framework that reconciles judicial, York YO1 6EZ
psychological and social disciplines in
UNITED KINGDOM
relation to the professional work of each
discipline. Telephone: 0904 621133
5. Protect the quality of life of the professionals Fax: 0904 642239
and technicians who work with traumatic
Email: baspcan@baspcan.org.uk
situations.
Website: www.baspcan.org.uk
BASPCAN aims to prevent physical, emotional and
sexual abuse and neglect of children by promoting the
physical, emotional and social wellbeing of children. We
aim to promote rights of children as citizens, through
multi-disciplinary collaboration, education, campaigning
and other appropriate activities within our powers and
resources.
236
Canadian International Development Agency Child Rights International Network (CRIN)

(CIDA) Unit W125–127, Westminster Business Square
200 Promenade du Portage 1–45 Durham Street

Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0G4 London, SE11 5JH
CANADA UNITED KINGDOM
Telephone: 819 997 5456 Toll free: 1 800 230 6349 Telephone: 44 20 7401 2257
Fax: 819 953 6088 Email: info@crin.org
Email: info@acdi-cida.gc.ca Website: www.crin.org
Website: www.international.gc.ca CRIN is a global network that disseminates information
The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) about the Convention on the Rights of the Child and child
is Canada’s lead agency for development assistance. rights amongst non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
CIDA’s aim is to manage Canada’s support and resources United Nations agencies, inter-governmental organization
effectively and accountably to achieve meaningful, (IGOs), educational institutions, and other child rights
sustainable results and engage in policy development in experts.
Canada and internationally, enabling Canada’s effort to
realize its development objectives. Child Soldiers International
International Secretariat
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
4th floor, 9 Marshalsea Road
Public Inquiries/MASO, Mailstop F07
London SE1 1EP
1600 Clifton Road
UNITED KINGDOM
Atlanta, GA 30333
Telephone: +44 (0)20 7367 4110
USA
Fax: +44 (0)20 7367 4129
Telephone: 1 800 232 4636
Email: info@child-soldiers.org
Email: cdcinfo@cdc.gov
Website: www.child-soldiers.org
Website: www.cdc.gov
The Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (CSC)
The CDC works with partners throughout the nation and unites national, regional and international organizations
world to monitor health, detect and investigate health and networks in Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and
problems, conduct research to enhance prevention, the Middle East. It is the leading network for monitoring
develop and advocate sound public health policies, and reporting on the use of child soldiers worldwide.
implement prevention strategies, promote healthy
behaviors, foster safe and healthful environments, and
provide leadership and training.
237
Danish Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and ECPAT International (End Child Prostitution, Child
Neglect (DASPCAN) Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual
c/o Department of Pediatrics, Purposes)
County Hospital, DK-4700 ECPAT International Secretariat
DENMARK 328/1 Phayathai Road
Telephone: 45 56514022 Ratchatewi
Fax: 45 56513771 Bangkok 10400
Email: tos@regionsjaelland.dk THAILAND
Website: www.daspcan.dk Telephone: +662 215 3388
ISPCAN Country Partner Fax: +662 215 8272
DASPCAN works to increase and facilitate knowledge Email: info@ecpat.net

on children exposed to physical violence, sexual and Website: www.ecpat.net
psychological abuse and neglect, and to enhance
ECPAT represents a network of organisations and
cooperation among professionals in the field of child
individuals working together to eliminate the commercial
abuse and neglect.
sexual exploitation of children. It seeks to encourage the
world community to ensure that children everywhere
Defence for Children International enjoy their fundamental rights free from all forms of
Rue de Varembé 1 commercial sexual exploitation.
Case Postale 88
Federation of Associations for Prevention of Child
Geneva 20 CH–1211
Mistreatment (FAPMI)
SWITZERLAND
C/. Delicias 8, entreplanta.
Telephone: +41 (0)22 734 0558
28045, Madrid
Fax: +41 22 740 11 45
SPAIN
Email: info@defenceforchildren.org
Telephone: (+34) 91 468 26 62
Website: www.defenceforchildren.org
Fax: (+34) 91 527 76 26
To foster awareness about and solidarity around children’s
Website: www.fapmi.es
rights situations, issues and initiatives throughout the
world. To seek, promote and implement the most Email: fapmi@fapmi.es
effective means of securing the protection of children’s
rights in concrete situations, from both a preventative and
curative standpoint. President: Dr Pedro Jaén Rincón
FAPMI was founded in 1990 as a National Federation of
Associations related with the defense of children. Our
Mission: beginning with the Convention of Child Rights of
the United Nations, we work to promote good treatment
to children and the prevention, detection, accusation and
intervention of any situation of mistreatment that affects
children, adolescents and their families.
238
German Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Human Rights Watch—Children’s Rights
Neglect (GESPCAN) 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor
Stern Strasse 58 New York, NY 10118–3299
40 479 Düsseldorf USA
GERMANY Telephone: +1 212 290 4700
Telephone: 0211 4976 80 0 Fax: +1 212 736 1300
Fax: 0211 4976 80 2 Website: www.hrw.org
Email: info@dgfpi.de Human Rights Watch established the Children’s Rights
Website: www.dgfpi.de Division in 1994 to monitor human rights abuses against
children around the world and to campaign to end
them. They challenge abuses carried out or tolerated by
GESPCAN is a multidisciplinary organization established governments and when appropriate, by armed opposition
as a forum where the exchange and discussion of various groups.
concepts and ideas of different professions is possible
in order to enhance the ability to understand each INGO “Ponimanie”
other and to improve interdisciplinary cooperation and
8 Leszczynski Street
communication.
Building 5, Suite 403–404
The Global Initiative to End All Corporal Minsk, Belarus 220140
Punishment of Children BELARUS
Email: info@endcorporalpunishment.org
Telephone: 375 29 761 1201
Website: www.endcorporalpunishment.org
Fax: 375 17 259 4883
The Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of
Email: office@ponimanie.org
Children aims to ensure that the recommendations of the
Committee on the Rights of the Child and other human Website: www.ponimanie.org; www.rasskazhi.net
rights bodies are accepted and that governments move ISPCAN Country Partner
speedily to implement legal reform and public education
INGO “Ponimanie” is nationwide/international NGO
programs.
focused on child protection. They are dedicated to
creating a world fit for children through the professional
contributions and help for difficult situations. Children in
residential institutions and shelters, abused and neglected
children and children at risk, as well as their families and
professionals working for such children are the target
population.
239
International Labour Organization (ILO) Italian Network of Agencies Against Child Abuse
(CISMAI)
International Programme on the Elimination of Bureau and Secretariat
Child Labour (IPEC)
Via del Mezzetta, 1 Interno
International Labour Office
50135 Firenze
4, route des Morillons
ITALY
CH–1211 Geneva 22
Tel: 0039 055 6121306
SWITZERLAND
Fax: 0039 055 6193818
Telephone: +4 (0) 22 799 6111
Email: presidenza@cismai.org or cismai@infinito.it
Fax: +41 (0) 22 798 8685
Website: www.cismai.org
Email: ilo@ilo.org
Website: www.ilo.org/ipec/lang--en
The Association CISMAI, Italian Network of Agencies
A UN specialized agency that seeks the promotion of against Child Abuse, is a free association founded by deed,
social justice and internationally recognized human preserved in the acts of the association, 20 February
and labour rights. IPEC’s aim is to work towards the 1993 at Milan under the name “Coordination of centers
progressive elimination of child labour by strengthening and services for prevention and treatment of abuse
national capacities to address child labour problems and harmful to juveniles “, which has operated continuously in
by creating a worldwide movement to combat it. the pursuit of social purpose.
International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse Japanese Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and
and Neglect (ISPCAN) Neglect (JaSPCAN)
13123 E. 16th Ave. B390 5–6–8 Minami-Azabu
Aurora, Colorado 80045 Minato-ku, Tokyo 106–8580
USA JAPAN
Telephone: 1 303 864 5220 Telephone: 03-3440-2581
Fax: 1 303 864 5222 Email: info@jaspcan.org
Email: ispcan@ispcan.org Website: www.jaspcan.org
Website: www.ispcan.org ISPCAN Country Partner
ISPCAN is a multidisciplinary professional society whose JaSPCAN is a national multidisciplinary association of
mission is to support professionals and individuals physicians, nurses, legal experts, social workers and other
around the world working to prevent child abuse and professionals dedicated to the prevention and treatment
neglect. It brings together a worldwide cross-section of of child abuse and neglect by developing basic, practical
committed professionals to work towards the prevention and systematic research, promoting cooperation among
and treatment of child abuse, neglect and exploitation public and private agencies, and raising public awareness.
globally.
240
National Association for Prevention of Child Abuse Nordic Association for Prevention of Child Abuse
and Neglect (NAPCAN) and Neglect (NASPCAN)
PO BOX K241 Gunnar M. Sandholt, Chair
Haymarket, 1240 Ráðhúsinu
AUSTRALIA IS 550 Sauðárkróki
Telephone: 02 9269 9200 ICELAND
Fax: 02 9261 0020 Telephone: 354 455 6080
Email: contact@napcan.org.au GSM: 354897 54 85
Website: www.napcan.org.au Fax: 354 455 6001
ISPCAN Country Partner Email: sandholt@skagafjordur.is
NAPCAN is committed to stopping child abuse by Website: www.nfbo.com
producing national campaigns and distributing free
resources, which promote positive and practical actions
to stop child abuse. They work with federal, state Representing all Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland,
government and non-government organisations to Iceland, Norway and Sweden), NASPCAN’s mission is to
develop child protection legislation, policies and practices improve the work being done to protect children from
that are in the best interests of children. abuse and neglect by offering members and professionals
working in the field, the opportunity to share experiences,
to update knowledge as well as stimulate the exchange of
National Family Safety Program (NFSP)
knowledge and to network. NASPCAN organizes biannual
Dr. Maha Al Muneef, Executive Director conferences, national training events and publishes a
PO Box 22490 newsletter 2–3 times per year.
Riyadh 11426
Save the Children
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
St Vincent House
Email: mahamuneef@gmail.com
30 Orange Street
Telephone: 2520088 Ext 40102 40101
London, WC2H 7HH
Fax: 2520088 ext 40 103
UNITED KINGDOM
Website: nfsp.org.sa
Telephone: 44 (0) 208 748 2554
Fax: 44 (0) 20 8237 8000
NFSP’s vision is to establish the foundation of an aware
Email: info@savethechildren.org
and safe community that protects and defends individuals’
rights and helps the victims of domestic violence. The Website: www.savethechildren.net/alliance
mission of the NFSP is “To decrease the incidence of
Thirty member organizations work together in 120
Child abuse and neglect, as well as domestic violence in
countries, campaigning for better outcomes for children
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia thought awareness, training and
and delivering programmes to support children.
advocacy, and creation of programs to care for the victims
of the violence”.
241
Singapore Children’s Society The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)

9 Bishan Place, Junction 8 UNICEF House
#05–02 3 United Nations Plaza
Singapore 579837 New York, New York 10017
SINGAPORE USA
Telephone: 6358 0911 Telephone 1 212 326 7000
Fax: 6358 0936 Fax: 1 212 887 7465
Email: info@childrensociety.org.sg Email: visit: www.unicefusa.org/about/contact
Website: www.childrensociety.org.sg Website: www.unicef.org
ISPCAN Country Partner UNICEF works for children’s rights, their survival,
development and protection. Guided by the Convention
They are committed to protect the physical, emotional
on the Rights of the Child, UNICEF strives to establish
and mental wellbeing of children, particularly the
children’s rights as enduring ethical principles and
disadvantaged and those at risk, through child abuse and
international standards of behavior towards children.
neglect prevention efforts, social services and a children’s
home.
Turkish Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and
Terre des Hommes Neglect (TSPCAN)
Terre des Hommes International Federation Oyak sitesi 7. blok No. 7
31 chemin Franck Thomas Cankaya, Ankara 6610
CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva TURKEY
SWITZERLAND Email: fsahin@gazi.edu.tr
Telephone: +41 22 736 33 72 Telephone: 90 312 4398947
Fax: 41 22 736 15 10 Fax: 90 312 4413352
Email: info@terredeshommes.org ISPCAN Country Partner
Website: www.terredeshommes.org With more than 200 members, TPSCAN is committed

to the prevention of child abuse and neglect within the
The mission of the Terre des Hommes organizations
framework of human and child rights law and practice.
is to work for the rights of the child and to promote
TSPCAN’s mission is to raise public awareness and to build
equitable development without racial, religious, cultural
capacities of professionals and concerned volunteers
or gender-based discrimination. To this end, they support
working for the prevention of child abuse and neglect.
development and humanitarian aid projects designed to
improve the living conditions of disadvantaged children,
their families and their communities.
242
World Health Organization (WHO)

Avenue Appia 20
1211 Geneva 27
SWITZERLAND
Telephone: 41 22 791 21 11
Fax: 41 22 791 31 11
Email: inf@who.int
Website: www.who.int
The World Health Organization is the United Nations’
specialized agency for health. WHO’s objective is the
attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of
health.
World Vision International (WVI)

Executive Office
1 Roundwood Ave. Stockley Park Uxbridge

Middlesex UB11 1FG
UNITED KINGDOM
Telephone: 1 888 511 6548
Email: worvis@wvi.org
Website: www.wvi.org
World Vision International is a Christian relief and
development organization working for the wellbeing of
all people, especially children. Through emergency relief,
education, health care, economic development and
promotion of justice, World Vision helps communities
help themselves.
243
Appendix C: Respondents and Contributors*
ALBANIA BELARUS ECUADOR

Altin Hazizaj, Children’s Human Rights Andrey Makhanko, International NGO Teresa Borja, University San Francisco de
Centre of Albania (CRCA), altin.hazizaj@ “Ponimanie”, Quito, tborja@usfq.edu.ec
crca.al andrey.makhanko@ponimanie.org
S. Thornton Barkley, Information and Vladimir Yanchuk, Academy of EL SALVADOR
Research Center for Children’s Rights in Postgraduate Studies,
Albania (IRCCRA), yanchuk1303@gmail.com Ana Lorena, Universidad Centroamericana
s.thorntonbarkley@crca.al José Simeón Cañas,
analorenadeorellana@gmail.com
BELGIUM
ARGENTINA
Bert van Puyenbroeck, Kind en Gezin/Child ESTONIA
Maria Ines Bringiotti, Asociacion Argentina & Family Agency,
de Prevencion del Maltrato Infanto Juvenil, bert.vanpuyenbroeck@kindengezin.be Ruth Soonets, Tallinn University, Institute of
mibringiotti@gmail.com Social Work, ruthsoonets@hot.ee
Kaat Peerenboom, Vertrouwenscentrum
Susana Matilde Kindermishandeling Antwerpen, kaat. Reet Rääk, Social Welfare and Health Care
peerenboom@vkantwerpen.be Dept. of Tallinn City, rraak@hot.ee
Asociacion Argentina de Prevencion del
Maltrato Infanto Juvenil,
smtesone@fibertel.com.ar BRAZIL FRANCE
Marta Ogly Marie-Paule Martin-Blachais, GIP Enfance
Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira, Pontifical Catholic
Patricia Visir University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), en Danger,
Juan Pablo Viar rodrigo.grassi@pucrs.br direction-generale@giped.gouv.fr
Hector Raffo Denise Casanova Villela, Public Ministery, Flora Bolter, ONED,
denisevillela@mp.rs.gov.br flora.bolter@oned.gouv.fr
Gilles Séraphin, ONED,
ARMENIA
direction@oned.gouv.fr
BULGARIA
Armine Gmyur-Karapetyan, “Arevamanuk”
child and family care foundation, Vaska Stancheva-Popkostadinova, South-
GEORGIA
gmyurar@gmail.com West University “Neofit Rilski” Blagoevgrad,
vstancheva@gmail.com Lia Saralidze, The Public Health
Foundation, liasaralidze@gmail.com
AUSTRALIA
CHILE
Debbie Scott, Australian Institute of Family
GERMANY
Studies, deborah.scott@aifs.gov.au Maria Beatriz Vizcarra, Universidad de La
Tim Beard, Australian Institute of Health Frontera, maria.vizcarra@ufrontera.cl Lutz Goldbeck, University of Ulm,
and Welfare, tim.beard@aihw.gov.au Lucia Ardura, Servicio Nacional de Department of Child and Adolescent
Menores, lardura@sename.cl Psychiatry/Psychotherapy,
Leah Bromfield, Australian Centre for Child
lutz.goldbeck@uniklinik-ulm.de
Protection, Hawke Research Institute,
University of South Australia CHINA
GREECE
Xiaojun Tong, China Youth University for
AZERBAIJAN Political Sciences, tong_qisheng@126.com George Nikolaidis, Institute of Child Health,
gnikolaidis@ich-mhsw.gr
Elnara Huseynova, Reliable Future Youth
Organization, huseynova.elnare@mail.ru COLOMBIA
HAITI
Isabel Cuadros, Asociación Afecto contra el
BARBADOS maltrato Infantil, direccion@afecto.org.co Carl-Henry Petit-Frere, Plan International
Haiti, kharli25@gmail.com
Ena Trotman Jemmott,
ena.trotman@gmail.com CROTIA
HONG KONG
Gordana Buljan Flander, Centre for Child
Protection, Jessica Ho, PhD, Against Child Abuse,
gordana.flander@poliklinika-djeca.hr jessica@aca.org.hk
244
ICELAND MAURITIUS PHILIPPINES

Steinunn Bergmann, Government Agency Mahendranath Busgopaul, Halley Bernadette J. Madrid, MD, Child Protection
for Child Protection, steinunn@bvs.is Movement, halley@intnet.mu Network Foundation, Inc.,
Páll Ólafsson, Government Agency for Child Leena Devi Boodhoo, DCI-Mauritius, madridb@childprotectionnetwork.org
Protection, pallo@bvs.is leena@halleymovement.org
QATAR
INDIA MEXICO Khalid Alyafei, HMC,
Prof. Sibnath Deb, Dept of Applied Héctor José Villanueva Clift, Hospital khalidalawi5@gmail.com
Psychology, Pondicherry University, Infantil de Especialidades de Chihuahua,
sibnath23@gmail.com hvillanu@uach.mxy REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Yanghee Lee, Sungkyunkwan University,
IRELAND NEPAL leeyh@skku.edu
Rosaleen McElvaney, Dublin City University, Dr. Bijaya Prakash Sainju, Concern
School of Nursing and Human Sciences, for Children and Environment Nepal ROMANIA
rosaleen.mcelvaney@dcu.ie (CONCERN), concern@mos.com.np
Maria Roth, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj,
Mr. Jiyam Shrestha, CONCERN-Nepal,
and SENECAN (NGO), roth.mari@ymail.com
ISRAEL jiyamsh@hotmail.com
Tonk Gabriella, United Nations
Ms. Kasturi Shrestha , CONCERN-Nepal
Carmit Katz, Tel Aviv University, Development Program,
drckatz@gmail.com gszabo2002@yahoo.com
Asher Ben-Arieh, The Hebrew University of NETHERLANDS Imola Antal, 57Babes-Bolyai University,
Jerusalem, benarieh@mail.huji.ac.il Peter van der Linden, Stichting Netherlands imolaan@yahoo.com
Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse
ITALY and Neglect, chair@nespcan.nl RUSSIA
Jessica van Rossum, Netherlands Youth
Dario Merlino, CISMAI, Elena Volkova, NNRC “Childhood without
Institute, j.vanrossum@nji.nl
presidenza@cismai.org violence and cruelty”, envolkova@mail.ru
Esmah Lahlah Ph.D. , Tilburg University/
Donata Bianchi, Istituto degli Innocenti,
NeSPCAN , Netherlands
bianchi@minori.it SAUDI ARABIA
Linda Terpstra, Fier Fryslân,
directie@fierfryslan.nl Dr. Maha Almuneef, National Famiy Safety
JAPAN Program, mahamuneef@gmail.com
Toshihiko Yanagawa, School of Health NIGERIA Ms. Sarah S Inam, National Family Safety
and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical Program, inamsa@ngha.med.sa
University, Dr. Chika G. Ugochukwu, University of
tyanagaw@wakayama-med.ac.jp Nigeria, Department of Nursing Sciences,
chikagugo1@hotmail.com SINGAPORE
Peter O. Ebigbo, University of Nigeria, Alfred Tan, Singapore Children’s Society,
KENYA
Department of Psychological Medicine, atan@childrensociety.org.sg
Catherine Mbagaya, Maseno Uninversity, peterebigbo@yahoo.com Sue Cheng, Singapore Children’s Society,
cmbagaya@gmail.com Chimezie Elekwachi, University of Nigeria scheng@childrensociety.org.sg
Ojochide Okunnu Atojoko-Omovbude, S.E.
LIBERIA Aruwa & CO, chidatojoko@yahoo.com SOUTH AFRICA
Clement O. Stephens, African Network from Shaibu Enejoh Aruwa, S.E. Aruwa & CO,
Joan van Niekerk, Childline South Africa/
the Prevention and Protection against Child searuwa_law@yahoo.com
Private Consultant, joanvn@iafrica.com
Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN) Liberia,
clem2002lib@yahoo.com NORWAY
SRI LANKA
Annika Melinder, University of Oslo,
LITHUANIA Jean Perera, Faculty of Medicine Colombo,
Norway, a.m.d.melinder@psykologi.uio.no
pererajean32@yahoo.com
Ieva Daniunaite, Children Support Centre,
ieva@pvc.lt PAKISTAN
SWITZERLAND
Tufail Muhammad, Child Right and Abuse
MALAYSIA Werner Tschan, MD,
Committeee, Pakistan Pediatric Association,
tschankast@bluewin.ch
Dr. Irene Cheah, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, cracppa@yahoo.com
Department of Paediatrics, igscheah@
streamyx.com
245
TAIWAN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Hon-Yei Annie YU, Dept. of Social Work, Diane DePanfilis, University of Maryland
National Taiwan Univ., School of Social Work,
honyeiyu@ntu.edu.tw ddepanfilis@ssw.umaryland.edu
THAILAND VIETNAM
Vitharon Boon-yasidhi, MD, Faculty Nguyen Thi An, Plan International in
of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol Vietnam,
University, Department of Pediatrics, an.nguyenthi@plan-international.org
vitharon@hotmail.com
Wassana Kaonoparat, The Center for the *Some respondents and contributors chose
Protection of Children’s Rights Foundation to remain anonymous.
(CPCR), wassanacpcr@gmail.com
TOGO
Mally Kwadjo Cléophas, ONG WAO-Afrique,
waoafrique@cafe.tg
Dotse Vaida, WAO-Afrique,
vaidadotse@yahoo.com
TURKEY
Figen Sahin, Gazi University,
figens2001@yahoo.com
Tolga Dagli, MD, Marmara University,
tolga.dagli@marmara.edu.tr
Hatice Kaynak, haticekaynak@gmail.com
Sahin Antakyalioglu,
sahin12147@yahoo.com
TURKMENISTAN
Shohrat Orazov, UNICEF,
shokhrat@yahoo.com
UNITED ARAB EMERITES

Samia Kazi, Arabian Child,
skazi@arabianchild.org
UGANDA
Anslem Wandega, African Network for the
Prevention and Protection against Child
Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN)-Uganda
Chapter, awandega@anppcanug.org
Ruth Birungi, African Network for the
Prevention and Protection against Child
Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN) Uganda
Chapter, rbirungi@anppcanug.org
Agaba Marlon
Miriam Ahumuza
UNITED KINGDOM
John Devaney, PhD, Queen’s University
Belfast, School of Sociology, Social Policy
and Social Work, J.Devaney@qub.ac.uk
246
Appendix D: Survey
World Perspectives on Child Abuse 2014

Introduction
Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey by the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and
Neglect. This questionnaire is part of an important international research project. Your response to the survey will be
combined with those we receive from other professionals and will be reported in World Perspectives on Child Abuse:
Eleventh Edition. This document will be distributed to participants at the XXth International Congress on Child Abuse in
Nagoya, Japan in September 2014 and will be available more broadly through ISPCAN’s website and partner network.

In order to progress through this survey, please use the following navigation buttons:

Click the Next button to continue to the next page.
Click the Previous button to return to the previous page.
Click the Exit this Survey button if you need to exit the survey.

If you have any questions about the survey, please contact us at membership@ispcan.org or call 1 (303) 8645220.

Sincerely,

Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS, FAAP
World Perspectives Editor
ISPCAN Councilor

Jenny Gray, OBE, BSc, DipSW
ISPCAN President

247

PERMISSION TO PRINT NAME IN WORLD PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD ABUSE:
11th EDITION
Please read carefully and choose an option before completing the survey.
1. You are being asked to volunteer as a respondent to this survey. Some questions ask
about programs or policies in your country. Other questions ask for your perception about
attitudes or conditions in your country. If you are unsure how to answer, please discuss
with colleagues. We are aiming to get an accurate as possible picture of how child
protection functions in your county. If you are uncomfortable in answering a question, you
may skip that question.
Your responses will be presented as representative of child protection in your country. It is

possible that some officials or colleagues in your country may disagree with your
responses, or think that you have not presented a fair and accurate description of
conditions in your country. If this is a risk for you, you might not want to have your name
listed in the report.
In order to include your name in the publication, we need your approval. Please check the
appropriate response. If you check “YES” we will list your name in the report. If you check
“NO” we will not list your name.
j YES, you may include my name as a participant in the survey for WORLD PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD MALTREATMENT: 11th EDITION
k
l
m
n
(2014).
j NO, you may not include my name as a participant in the survey for WORLD PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD MALTREATMENT: 11th
k
l
m
n
EDITION (2014).
248

2. Contact information
Name:
Address 1:
Address 2:
City/Town:
State/Province:
ZIP/Postal Code:
Country:
Email Address:
3. Professional Information
Title/Position
Organization
4. Please indicate your PRIMARY discipline

j Social Work/Social Welfare
k
l
m
n j Physician (Pediatrics)
k
l
m
n

j Psychology
k
l
m
n j Physician (Psychiatry)
k
l
m
n

j Education/Teacher
k
l
m
n j Physician (Other)
k
l
m
n

j Law (Lawyer/Judge)
k
l
m
n j Other Health Care (e.g., Nursing)
k
l
m
n

j Law Enforcement
k
l
m
n

j Other (please specify)
k
l
m
n

5. What type of organization do you PRIMARILY work for?

j Governmental organization
k
l
m
n j Nongovernmental organization
k
l
m
n

j Communitybased organization
k
l
m
n j International organization
k
l
m
n

j Research institute
k
l
m
n j University
k
l
m
n

j Other (please specify)
k
l
m
n

249

6. Please list the name and contact information of anyone who helped complete this
survey. Only list those who have given permission for their name to be included.
Name:
Title:
Organization:
Address 1:
Address 2:
City/Town:
State/Province:
Zip/Postal Code:
Country:
Email Address:
7. Please list the name and contact information of any others who coordinated responses
on this survey. Only list those who have given permission for their name to be included:
5
6
250

Section 1: Scope and Awareness of the Child Maltreatment (CM) Problem.
Which of the following are generally viewed as Child Maltreatment (CM) in your country? (Check ALL that apply.)
We use the broad term CM to cover abuse and/or neglect. "Child" is defined as a person under age 18.
8. Involving a parent or caregiver toward a child

c Physical abuse (e.g., beatings, burning)
d
e
f
g

c Physical discipline (e.g., spanking, hitting to correct child’s behavior)
d
e
f
g

c Failure to provide adequate food, clothing, medical care, education, or shelter (neglect)
d
e
f
g

c Failure to seek medical care for child based on religious beliefs
d
e
f
g

c Sexual abuse (e.g., incest, sexual touching)
d
e
f
g

c Exposing child to pornography
d
e
f
g

c Commercial sexual exploitation
d
e
f
g

c Abandonment
d
e
f
g

c Emotional (psychological) abuse (e.g., repeated belittling or insulting of a child)
d
e
f
g

c Emotional (psychological) neglect (e.g., failure to provide emotional support/attention)
d
e
f
g

c Parental substance abuse affecting the child
d
e
f
g

c Parental mental illness affecting the child
d
e
f
g

c Child exposed to intimate partner (or domestic) violence
d
e
f
g
9. Social conditions and behaviors affecting children's safety, health or development

c Physical beating of a child by any adult
d
e
f
g

c Child living on the street
d
e
f
g

c Prostituting a child
d
e
f
g

c Infanticide
d
e
f
g

c Female circumcision/female genital mutilation
d
e
f
g

c Forcing a child to beg
d
e
f
g

c Abuse by another child
d
e
f
g

c Child serving as soldier
d
e
f
g

c Child labor – under age 12
d
e
f
g

c Slavery
d
e
f
g

c Internet solicitation for sex
d
e
f
g

c Child marriage
d
e
f
g
251

10. Abuse or neglect of a child within a:

c Foster care, group home or orphanage
d
e
f
g

c Day care center
d
e
f
g

c School or educational training center
d
e
f
g

c Psychiatric institution
d
e
f
g

c Detention facility
d
e
f
g

c Religious institution
d
e
f
g

c Sporting organization
d
e
f
g
252

Section II: Official Documentation of Child Maltreatment (CM)
11. Does any government agency maintain an “official” record or count of all suspected
CM cases reported in your country?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n
253

12. How long has this system of counting all reported cases been in place?

j Less than 5 years
k
l
m
n

j 5 to 10 years
k
l
m
n

j More than 10 years
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
13. For each type of CM listed below, please indicate if this label is used in your official
system to classify reports.
Yes No
Physical abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Sexual abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Neglect j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Emotional (psychological) j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
maltreatment
Exposure to intimate j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
partner violence (IPV)
14. For each type of CM, please indicate if the official records show any change over the
past 4 years in the number of these cases.
More Cases Fewer Cases No Change Don't Know
Physical abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Sexual abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Neglect j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
maltreatment
Exposure to intimate j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
partner violence (IPV)
15. Are there any subgroups of children (e.g., migrants, refugees, Roma children,
Aboriginals, immigrants) who are systematically excluded from this reporting system?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
16. If YES, please describe this subgroup(s):

5
6
254

17. Does your country have a law mandating reporting of suspected CM?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n
18. If YES, when did this law first take effect?

j Before 1990
k
l
m
n

j 1990 – 2000
k
l
m
n

j 2001 – 2005
k
l
m
n

j After 2005
k
l
m
n
19. Does this law(s) apply to:

Yes No
Physical abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Sexual abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Neglect j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Emotional (psychological) maltreatment j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n

255

National Statistics
20. What is the rate of reported CM in your county per 1000 children per year? Include all
those reported as possibly abused or neglected.

21. What percent of these involve each type of CM?

015% 1630% 3145% 4660% 6175% 7690%
Physical abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Sexual abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Neglect j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
maltreatment
Street children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Abandoned children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
22. Of all children reported for suspected CM, what percent are investigated?

j 015%
k
l
m
n j 1630%
k
l
m
n j 3145%
k
l
m
n j 4660%
k
l
m
n j 6175%
k
l
m
n j 7690%
k
l
m
n
23. Of all cases investigated, what percent are substantiated?

j 015%
k
l
m
n j 1630%
k
l
m
n j 3145%
k
l
m
n j 4660%
k
l
m
n j 6175%
k
l
m
n j 7690%
k
l
m
n
24. Of all cases substantiated, what percent of children are removed from the home?

j 015%
k
l
m
n j 1630%
k
l
m
n j 3145%
k
l
m
n j 4660%
k
l
m
n j 6175%
k
l
m
n j 7690%
k
l
m
n
25. Of all CM reports, what percent result in the perpetrator being removed from the home?

j 015%
k
l
m
n j 1630%
k
l
m
n j 3145%
k
l
m
n j 4660%
k
l
m
n j 6175%
k
l
m
n j 7690%
k
l
m
n
26. Of all CM reports, what percent lead to prosecution of the alleged perpetrator?

j 015%
k
l
m
n j 1630%
k
l
m
n j 3145%
k
l
m
n j 4660%
k
l
m
n j 6175%
k
l
m
n j 7690%
k
l
m
n
256

Child Fatalities
27. Does any government agency maintain an "official" annual count of deaths due to
child abuse or neglect?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n
28. Over the past 10 years has the number of reported deaths due to CM:

j Increased
k
l
m
n

j Decreased
k
l
m
n

j Remained about the same
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
29. Are there child death (or fatality) review teams in your country?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n
30. If YES, are these teams supported by law?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n
257

Section III: Intervention Systems
31. Does your country have an identified government agency (or agencies) at the national,
state or local levels that is mandated to respond to cases of CM?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n
258

Laws and Policies Responding to Child Abuse and Neglect
32. Does your country have national laws or policies implemented at the
state/provincial/territorial level regarding CM (e.g., a child protection plan or formal
procedures about how to respond to CM)?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n
259

33. When were these laws or policies first established?

j Before 1980
k
l
m
n

j 19801989
k
l
m
n

j 19902000
k
l
m
n

j After 2000
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
260

34. Please indicate whether these elements are specified in laws or policies.
Yes No
Mandated reporting of suspected CM for specific groups of professionals or j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
individuals
Provisions that allow for voluntary reporting of suspected CM by any professional or j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
individual
Requirement that reports be investigated within a specific time period (e.g., 24 j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
hours)
Requirement that the child(ren)’s and family’s needs be assessed j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Provisions for removing child from his or her parents/caretakers to ensure the child’s j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
safety
Provisions for removing the alleged perpetrator from the home j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Specific criminal penalties for abusing a child j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Requirement that all victims receive some form of service or intervention j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Requirement that all perpetrators receive some form of service or intervention j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Requires the development of specific prevention services j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Requires that a separate attorney or advocate be assigned to represent the child’s j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
interests
Penalties for professionals who fail to report CM j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Provide a specific budget for preventing CM j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Other key provisions (please specify)
261

35. To what extent are these laws or policies being enforced?
Never or almost never
Widely enforced Inconsistently enforced Don't know
enforced
Mandated reporting of j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
suspected CM for specific
groups of professionals or
individuals
Provisions that allow for j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
voluntary reporting of
suspected CM by any
professional or individual
Requirement that reports j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
be investigated within a
specific time period (e.g.,
24 hours)
Requirement that the j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
child(ren)’s and family’s
needs be assessed
Provisions for removing j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
child from his or her
parents/caretakers to
ensure the child’s safety
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
the alleged perpetrator
from the home
Specific criminal j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
penalties for abusing a
child
Requirement that all j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
victims receive some form
of service or intervention
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
perpetrators receive some
form of service or
intervention
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
development of specific
prevention services
Requirement that a j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
separate attorney or
advocate be assigned to
represent the child’s
interests
Penalties for professionals j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
who fail to report CM
Provision of a specific j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
budget for preventing CM
262

36. How adequate are government resources for implementing these laws or policies?
Adequate Somewhat inadequate Very inadequate Don't know
Mandated reporting of j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
suspected CM for specific
groups of professionals or
individuals
Provisions that allow for j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
voluntary reporting of
suspected CM by any
professional or individual
Requirement that reports j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
be investigated within a
specific time period (e.g.,
24 hours)
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
child(ren)’s and family’s
needs be assessed
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
child from his or her
parents/caretakers to
ensure the child’s safety
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
the alleged perpetrator
from the home
Specific criminal j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
penalties for abusing a
child
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
victims receive some form
of service or intervention
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
perpetrators receive some
form of service or
intervention
Requires the development j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
of specific prevention
services
Requires that a separate j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
attorney or advocate be
assigned to represent the
child’s interests
Penalties for professionals j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
who fail to report CM
Provide a specific budget j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
for preventing CM
263

Services
37. Many families involved in child abuse and neglect cases need services. Please indicate
whether the service is available, and if yes, to what extent.
Yes, occasionally Yes, moderately
No Yes, usually available
available available
Programs for those who neglect a child j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Programs for neglected children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Therapy for those who physically abuse a child j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Therapy for physically abused children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Therapy for those who sexually abuse a child j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Therapy for sexually abused children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Case management support services to meet a family's j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
basic needs
Homebased services to support parents and family j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Foster care with official foster parents j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Group homes for maltreated children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Public shelters for maltreated children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Institutional care for maltreated children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Financial and other material support j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Hospitalization for mental illness for adults j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Hospitalization for mental illness for children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Substance abuse treatment for parents j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Substance abuse treatment for children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Centers for parents to share experiences/concerns j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Universal home visits for all new parents j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Targeted home visits for new parents atrisk j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Free child care j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Universal health screening for children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Universal free medical care for children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Universal free medical care for all citizens j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n

264

Prevention Services
38. Please indicate how involved each of the following community sectors is in providing
CM treatment and prevention services.
Not Involved Minimally Involved Moderately Involved Very Involved Don't Know
Hospitals/medical centers j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Mental health agencies j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Businesses/factories j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Schools j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Public social service agencies j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Communitybased NGOs j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Religious institutions j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Voluntary civic organizations j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Courts/law enforcement j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Universities j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Other (please specify)
39. To what extent do government and nongovernmental agencies fund CM treatment or

prevention services?
No Funding Moderate Funding Major Funding Do Not Know
Government j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Nongovernment j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n

265

Section IV: Child Sexual Exploitation
The following questions pertain to child sex exploitation (CSE) defined as:
the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person under 18 for the purpose of a commercial
sex act by force, fraud, or coercion.

40. To what extent does your country have laws concerning CSE?

j Greatly
k
l
m
n

j Somewhat
k
l
m
n

j Not really
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
41. To what extent does your country have programs to combat the problem of CSE?

j Greatly
k
l
m
n

j Somewhat
k
l
m
n

j Not really
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
42. To what extent do agencies in your country collaborate to stop CSE?

j Greatly
k
l
m
n

j Somewhat
k
l
m
n

j Not really
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
43. To what extent are there clear policies for reporting CSE to a public agency or NGO?

j Greatly
k
l
m
n

j Somewhat
k
l
m
n

j Not really
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
44. Does your country keep official data on CSE?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
266

45. Is commercial sex work (or prostitution) legal in your country?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
46. At what age is it legal to be a sex worker in your country?

j At no age
k
l
m
n

j 14
k
l
m
n

j 16
k
l
m
n

j 18
k
l
m
n
47. To what extent do victims of CSE receive mental health care?

j Most of the time
k
l
m
n

j Sometimes
k
l
m
n

j Rarely
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
48. To what extent does your country prosecute its citizens who engage in CSE within
your country?

j Most of the time
k
l
m
n

j Sometimes
k
l
m
n

j Rarely
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
49. To what extent does your country prosecute its citizens who engage in CSE abroad?

j Most of the time
k
l
m
n

j Sometimes
k
l
m
n

j Rarely
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
267

50. To what extent does your country prosecute foreigners who engage in CSE within
your country?

j Most of the time
k
l
m
n

j Sometimes
k
l
m
n

j Rarely
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
51. To what extent does your country arrest children who are being exploited sexually?

j Most of the time
k
l
m
n

j Sometimes
k
l
m
n

j Rarely
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
52. Have there been arrests in your country in the past year of persons who were engaged
in sex trafficking of children?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
53. Have there been arrests in your country in the past year of persons for the possession
or production of child pornography?

j Yes
k
l
m
n

j No
k
l
m
n

j Don't know
k
l
m
n
268

Prevention
54. How effective have each of the following strategies been in preventing CM in your
country?
Strategy used BUT Strategy used AND
Strategy NOT used
not effective seems effective
Homebased services and support for parents at risk j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Media campaigns to raise public awareness j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Risk assessment methods j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Increasing individual responsibility for child protection j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Prosecution of child abuse offenders j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Universal home visitation for new parents j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Improving/increasing local services j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
A system of universal health care and access to preventive medical care j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Professional training j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
University programs for students j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Advocacy for children’s rights j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Improving the basic living conditions of families (e.g., housing, access to clean water). j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
55. How important are the following issues in limiting efforts to prevent CM in your
country?
Moderately Very
Not Important
Important Significant
Limited resources for improving the government’s response to CM j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Lack of specific laws related to CM j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Lack of system to investigate reports of CM j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Lack of trained professionals j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Public resistance to supporting prevention efforts j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Extreme poverty j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Decline in family life and informal support systems for parents j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Country’s dependency on foreign investment to sustain its local economy j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Strong sense of family privacy and parental rights to raise children as they choose j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
General support for the use of corporal punishment/physical discipline of children j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Lack of commitment or support for children’s rights j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Overwhelming number of children living on their own j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Generally inadequate and poorly developed systems of basic health care or social services j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
Political or religious conflict and instability j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
269

Section V: Resources
56. To what extent has the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child helped improve
policies and programs regarding CM?

j Not at all
k
l
m
n

j Slightly
k
l
m
n

j Somewhat
k
l
m
n

j Significantly
k
l
m
n
57. If significantly, please give a few examples:

58. How useful have the following ISPCAN resources been in helping you address CM?
Not Aware of Moderately
Not Useful Very Useful
Resource Useful
Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
ISPCAN BiAnnual Congresses j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
ISPCANsponsored Regional Conferences j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
The LINK: ISPCAN Newsletter j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n
World Perspectives on Child Abuse j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
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n
ITPI training project j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
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m
n
Other ISPCAN trainings j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
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n j
k
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n
Developing Countries Scholarships j
k
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n j
k
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m
n j
k
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n j
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n
ISPCAN Listserv j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
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n
Web page and Internet services (e.g., virtual discussions, links to other j
k
l
m
n j
k
l
m
n j
k
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n j
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n
resources)
Country Partners Program j
k
l
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n j
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n j
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l
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n j
k
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n
Informal networking/ links to other professionals j
k
l
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n j
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n j
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n j
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n

270

59. Countries address child abuse and neglect in different ways. What have been 3 major
developments in your country in the past 3 years? (e.g., the formation of a specific
organization, passage of specific policies, significant involvement of the media)?
5
6
271

Reputable Organizations in Your Country
60. Readers may want more information on child protection in your country. Please list
reputable agencies or organizations able to provide reliable information with contact
information, especially websites. (We will add a note that we are NOT endorsing any of
these resources.)
Organization
Address 1:
Address 2:
City/Town:
State/Province:
ZIP/Postal Code:
Country:
Email Address:
Website:
61. What resources does this organization offer?

5
6
62. Additional reputable organization:

Organization:
Address 1:
Address 2:
City/Town:
State/Province:
ZIP/Postal Code:
Country:
Email Address:
Website:
63. What resources does this organization offer?

5
6
272

Thank You!
Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Your responses will be used in our next edition of World
Perspectives to be published in 2014. Please click "done" to submit your responses.
273
World Perspectives

on Child Abuse
Eleventh Edition
The International Society for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN) Edited by Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS
13123 E 16th Ave. B390, Aurora, Colarado 80045 USA
Telephone: 1.303.864.5220 Fax: 1.303.864.5222
Email: ispcan@ispcan.org Website: www.ispcan.org
Eleventh Edition
ISBN-978-0-9787530-4-7
The International Society for
the Prevention of Child Abuse
and Neglect

11th World Perspectives ISPCAN

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World Perspectives

World Perspectives on Child Abuse

An official publication of the International Society

Edited by Howard Dubowitz, MD, MS

Australian Institute of Criminology

ISPCAN’s objectives are to:

International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (ISPCAN)

All rights reserved.

Printed in: United States

Errors and omissions

Sudan 196 Table 5: Services Reported to be

Uganda 219 Table 8: Barriers to Child Maltreatment

Vietnam 229 Table 10: UNICEF Indicator Data:

What is Considered Child Maltreatment?

National Policies and Programs

Types of Child Maltreatment Included in Official Reporting Systems

Responses to Child Maltreatment

Is the Incidence of Child Maltreatment (CM) Decreasing?

Involvement by Community Sectors

Funding for Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention and Treatment

CM Prevention Strategies and Perceived Effectiveness

Legal Responses to Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

Section 1: A global snapshot of child

Table 1: Regional Participation and Response Rates

Countries with Countries with

What is Considered Child Abuse or Neglect (i.e., Child Maltreatment or CM)?

Emotional abuse (e.g.,

Prostituting a child 92 90 92 88 96 100 91 94 86

Forcing a child to beg 82 80 77 81 87 100 82 88 57

Internet solicitation 84 90 77 73 96 100 88 85 57

Day care center 90 100 92 85 91 100 88 94 86

Detention facility 86 90 92 77 91 100 85 85 100

National Policies and Programs

Types of Child Maltreatment Included in Official Reporting Systems

Responses to Child Maltreatment

Investigations, Substantiation, Out-of-Home Placement and Prosecution

Is the Incidence of Child Maltreatment Decreasing?

Funding for Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention and Treatment

(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)

Services for Parents

Total Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania High Middle Low

(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)

Free child care 22 20 15 15 35 0 24 18 29

Involvement by Community Sectors (Table 6)

Table 6: Moderate to High Levels of Involvement of Community Agencies or Institutions in CM Treatment

Region Country Income Level

Total Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania High Middle Low

(n=73) (n=10) (n=13) (n=26) (n=23) (n=1) (n=33) (n=33) (n=7)

CM Prevention Strategies and Perceived Effectiveness (Table 7)

Used service 89 80 77 92 96 100 91 88 86

Improving Used service 75 80 92 58 83 100 88 67 57

Barriers to CM Prevention (Table 8)

Decline in family life

Legal Responses to Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

Table 9: Legal Responses to Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE)

Number of Countries Reporting Percentage

Arrest involved children 14 19%

Made an arrest last year for child pornography 47 64%

Ecuador 15,492 5,568 20 23 8 2 110 92 76 96 96 0.6 5,190

Italy 60,885 10,296 3 4 - - 4 100 82 - - - 33,840

About UNICEF Indicators

Section 2: Country profiles

The following profiles are based on information provided by knowledgeable