R1B12115 Chapter09

CHAPTER 9
MATHEMATICS OF GRAPHING
AND SURVEYING
INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHING AND SURVEYING

Real estate typically refers to a physical asset that is tied to one geographic location. Because it is durable (lasts a
long time) and immobile, determining the exact location and size of a given parcel of land is critical. For example,
when the government grants land, when a plot of land is subdivided into individual lots, or when a property is
to be developed, the exact location, dimensions, and size of the lot must be specified. The means of determining
these specifications is by surveying.
This chapter provides an introduction to the kinds of measurements and calculations that a real estate
professional must be familiar with in order to understand and use surveys. We will discuss various
mathematical concepts and provide practical examples to illustrate their application. The first half of the chapter
discusses graphing methods. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the basic fundamentals of surveying and
building measurement.
9.2 Foundations of Real Estate Mathematics
PART ONE: GRAPHING

Why Study Graphs?
Graphing is a tool that can be used in real estate practice to assist in research and to more
effectively present findings. Real estate practitioners often need to gather considerable amounts
of data, which must be analyzed and presented in a form that is clear and understandable to all
readers. Sometimes the complexity of the data gathered in a research situation makes it difficult
to see the interrelationships among the data and therefore makes it difficult to draw conclusions.
In these cases, it may be helpful to chart the information on a graph. A graph may be defined
simply as a diagram that by means of dots and lines shows a relationship between data.
This section introduces how graphs can help analyze and present mathematical data.
Presentation is an important part of any problem analysis, because something that may be simple
or self-evident to the writer of a report may not seem so simple to the reader.
Graphs and Formulas

All information that can be represented by a mathematical formula may be represented in a
graph form. For example, any number can be represented as a point on a number line in order to
illustrate the number visually. Figure 9.1 illustrates a timeline used for investment analysis, where
each point on the line graph may represent one year, thus displaying an investment pattern over
a series of time.
FIGURE 9.1 PV = $10,000 PMT = 0 j1 = 5%

Timeline
Example
0 1 2 3 years
FV = ?
If you wish to visually represent a pair of numbers that belong together, you can do so by means
of a two-dimensional graph. For example, suppose that you have found a parcel of land with 40
frontage feet that recently sold for $86,500. Both of these numbers have a distinct meaning, but
they offer much more useful information when they are provided together. They can be visually
represented by extending the idea of a number line to two dimensions.
A two-dimensional graph is created by drawing two number lines at right angles to each other
(one horizontal and one vertical), with the lines crossing at their respective zero points. A given
pair of numbers can then be represented by a point in the plane defined by these two lines. The
horizontal position corresponds to the first number and the vertical position corresponds to the
second, and thus the pair of numbers has a defined location on the graph (see Figure 9.2).
FIGURE 9.2 Y-axis

A Two- Pair of
Dimensional Numbers
Graph (x,y)
Origin
X-axis
Chapter 9: Mathematics of Graphing and Surveying 9.3
This graphical representation of pairs of numbers is called the co-ordinate plane or the Cartesian
plane (after the French mathematician René Descartes). The perpendicular number lines are
called the axes, with the horizontal one usually called the X-axis and the vertical one the Y-axis.
The point where the two axes cross, which is designated zero on both lines, is called the origin.
An appropriate scale is selected along each axis, with positive numbers increasing to the
right along the X-axis and upward on the Y-axis. For example, for the parcel of land described
previously, the Y-axis might be used to represent cost in number of dollars, while the X-axis
might represent frontage in number of feet. Note that the scale does not have to be the same for
both axes.
These two axes allow you to visually represent the location of a pair of numbers. When a pair
of numbers is graphed, the first number is called the x co-ordinate, because it measures its
position along the X-axis, and the second number is called the y co-ordinate because it measures
the point’s position along the Y-axis. The location of the point corresponding to a pair of numbers
(x,y) is then found by counting from the origin x units to the right along the x-axis and then y
units up parallel to the Y-axis. For example, Figure 9.3 shows the point P that would correspond
to a pair of numbers (6,5).
Y-axis FIGURE 9.3
10 Point
Corresponding to
8
a Pair of Numbers
6 P (6,5)
2
X-axis
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
Note that the number pairs (6,5), (5,6), (-6,5), (6,-5), and (-6,-5) are all different and would result in
different locations on the graph. If either of the numbers in a pair is negative, then we count to the
left or down from the origin instead of to the right or up.
For the land sale example discussed previously, the observation of a 40-foot lot costing
$86,500 could be represented by locating (40, 86500) on a graph with number of dollars on the
Y-axis and number of frontage feet on the X-axis. The origin is set at zero for both axes, with the
scale on the Y-axis set as one square = $10,000 and the scale on the X-axis set as one square = 10
feet. This property could then be graphed as shown in Figure 9.4.
110 FIGURE 9.4
100 Plotting Land
Value by Frontage
90
(40,86500)
Foot
80
70
(Thousands)
Dollars
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Frontage (feet)
A Simple Algebraic Formula

A formula using two variables, such as y = x + 2, assigns a value to a variable y given the value of
a variable x. For example, if x = 0, this equation says that y = 2; if x = 4, then y = 6; if x = 6, y = 8; if
x = -2, y = 0; and so on.
By choosing values for one variable and applying the formula to calculate the corresponding
value of the other variable, you are using the equation to generate a set of pairs of values (x,y)
that satisfy the equation. Since it has been determined that pairs of numbers can be graphed on a
plane, you could represent the equation graphically by graphing all the points corresponding to
the pairs of values (x,y) that the equation generates.
Of course, since you can choose any value for x, the number of pairs defined by an equation
is infinite. The best place to start is to list a few pairs, graph them, and look for a pattern in the
graphed points. Looking at the equation y = x + 2, we have already found several pairs of values.
These are listed below and then graphed in Figure 9.5.
X Y
−2 0
0 2
4 6
6 8
FIGURE 9.5 Y-axis

10
Graphing Pairs
of Values
8
2
X-axis
0
-2
-4
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
For another example, consider the following table of census data for Canada from 1901 to 2014
which is then graphed in Figure 9.6, showing population over time.
Year Population
1901 5,494,000
1921 8,919,000
1941 11,654,000
1961 18,238,000
1981 24,820,393
2001 31,021,251
2009 33,739,900
2014 35,427,524
40,000,000 FIGURE 9.6

Population of
35,000,000 Canada
30,000,000
25,000,000
Population
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
0
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
When the results are examined in table form, it looks like population increases at a steady rate.
However, the graph indicates that the rate of population growth is actually increasing over time –
the line is steepening as it moves to the right.
EQUATION 9.1
Slope-Intercept: Y = mX + b
Any equation can be graphed by making a table of values showing several points satisfying the
equation and joining the points in a smooth line or curve. Except for the last example, the
equations you have worked with so far are called linear equations. The graph of every linear
equation is a straight line. Equations are non-linear when they have exponents other than 1,
which means that these equations will graph as curves, e.g., try graphing the equations y = x 2 or
y = x.
There are two properties of straight lines that make them particularly easy to graph:
1. Any two points define a line. In other words, once you recognize that an equation to be
graphed is linear, you know that only two points need be plotted to be able to draw the line.
Of course, it is wise to check your calculation of the first two points by plotting a third point
and confirming that it lies on the same line, but two points are enough.
2. The slope of a straight line. The slope of a line is defined as the change in the y co-ordinate per
unit change in the x co-ordinate as you move to the right along the line. Another way to express
this definition is “rise over run”. The slope is a numerical measure of how steep a line is.
A straight line has the same steepness everywhere. So we say that its slope is constant. The slope
is illustrated in the graph in Figure 9.7 where the line for the equation y = x + 2 is illustrated.
The slope of this line is 1, which says that if x increases by 1 unit, y will increase by 1 unit as
well. However, if the slope of this line was 3, it would mean that for every 1 unit increase in x,
there will be a 3 unit increase in y. Another point of interest is the value of y where x = 0. This
value is known as the Y-intercept, because it is the point where the line crosses the Y-axis. For this
equation, the Y-intercept is 2.
A standard form of expressing a linear equation is y = mx + b, where x represents the numbers
given and y represents the results formed from applying the equation. In this standard equation,
m is the slope of the line and b is the Y-intercept. This form is called the slope-intercept form of
the linear equation, because it permits us to immediately read the values of the slope and y-inter-
cept. For example, in the formula y = x + 2, the slope was 1 and the Y-intercept was 2.
Another example of a slope-intercept equation could express selling price (P) in terms of
frontage feet (F), P = 2100 F + 2500. This equation tells us that the total cost of a lot increases by
$2,100 per additional frontage foot, while the Y-intercept tells us that if it were possible to buy a
zero-frontage lot, the cost would be $2,500, i.e., the lawyer’s fee. The graph of this equation has a
slope of 2100 and a Y-intercept of 2500 (try graphing it on your own to confirm this).
FIGURE 9.7 Y-axis

Graph of
10
y=x+2
2
X-axis
0
-2
-4
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
The following illustration shows how raw data might be analyzed and presented in graph form.
ILLUSTRATION 9.1
Chris is appraising a small apartment building. He has found the following three recent sales of
properties very similar to the subject property:
Sale # Sale Price
1 $600,000
2 $500,000
3 $250,000
Subject ?
Determine the value of the subject property using the median,1 the mean, and graphing.
Solution:
To find the value of the subject property, the most simple solution would be to use the median
(middle value) of $500,000 or to use the average (mean) price of $450,000 [($600,000 + $500,000 +
$250,000) ) 3]. However, further analysis indicates that this course of action would be inappropriate
since one variable alone for the comparable properties (sale price) does not provide enough
information to calculate the value of the subject property. Chris has determined that the size of the
apartment building is probably an important factor in determining its value, so he has counted the
number of suites in each building, with the following results:
Sale # Sale Price # of Units
1 $600,000 10
2 $500,000 7
3 $250,000 3
Subject ? 6
There appears to be a relationship here, but it is still not clear. The following graph of sale price by
number of units may clarify this relationship.
1
Chapter 10 discusses the median and mean in detail.
Sale Price FIGURE 9.8

($1,000)
700 Sale Price by
Number of Units
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of Units
The situation becomes clearer after graphing – there is definitely a relationship between sale
price and number of units, although it may not be a linear one (because the line seems to curve).
Further analysis appears to be necessary. Chris has now calculated the sale price per unit:
Sale # Sale Price # of Units Sale Price per Unit
1 $600,000 10 $60,000
2 $500,000 7 $71,429
3 $250,000 3 $83,333
Subject ? 6 ?
Another graph is drawn below to illustrate the relationship between sale price per unit and
number of units:
FIGURE 9.9
Sale Price per Unit
($1,000) Sale Price per
Unit by Number
90
of Units
80
74
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of Units
This graph makes it clear that there is a linear relationship between sale price per unit and the
number of units. It seems that as apartment buildings get larger, the sale price per unit decreases.
Is this reasonable? Some possible opinions:
1. Yes – the larger the property, the higher the overall price, and the lower the number of
people who can afford to purchase. (demand side)
2. Yes – larger buildings have economies of scale with respect to construction costs and
operating costs, e.g., a 2 storey or 10 storey building both require the same expense for
roofing and for lobby maintenance (supply side).
3. No – can you think of any reasons why this would not normally be the case?
From this graph, the appraiser can provide convincing evidence that a price per unit of $74,000
would not be unreasonable for valuing the subject property. Given that the subject property has
six suites, this would give an overall market value of $444,000.
Graphing Summary
So far in this chapter, we have considered two approaches to graphing: (1) plotting the observed
values of two variables as points and (2) graphing exact relationships between two variables
specified by equations as lines or curves. When you are evaluating real data, you will almost
always generate the former type of graph. In real estate practice, you will often need to plot graphs
of values that you have observed, and will rarely find that they lie precisely on a straight line
or a smooth curve. Observing the data points and looking for trends in the data that can be
approximately represented by equations or smooth curves involves regression analysis, which
will be discussed later in this course.
There is a natural relationship between graphing and mapping. The representation of pairs
of numbers on a two-dimensional graph is akin to measuring and mapping the boundaries of a
property along the cardinal directions of the compass. In the next section of this chapter, we will
see that skill with graphing and the relation between points and numbers will allow you to draw
scale sketches of properties much more easily and accurately.
EXERCISE 9.1
(a) Determine the co-ordinates of each point on the graph below.
E G
4
F
C A
-8 -4 0 0 4 8 12
D B
-4
-8
A = G =
B = H =
C = I =
D = J =
E = K =
F =
(b) Consider the following pairs of observations:

(i) (12,0) (v) (−4,4)
(ii) (−6,0) (vi) (−4,−4)
(iii) (4,4) (vii) (0,−3)
(iv) (4,−4) (viii) (0,3)
Graph each of these points on the graph in (a).
Solution:
(a) A = 2, 2 G = 9, 4
B = 2, −2 H = 13, 0
C = −2, 2 I = 0, −7
D = −2, −2 J = −7, −6
E = 6, 4 K = 12, −3
F = −7, 3
(v) (iii)
4
(viii)
(ii) (i)
-8 -4 0 0 4 8 12
(vii)
(vi) (iv)
-4
EXERCISE 9.2
In performing an appraisal of a lakeside cottage lot, the following comparables were found. Plot
these on a graph of frontage versus selling price.
X Y
Frontage (m) Selling Price
10 $190,000
15 $260,000
30 $400,000
35 $440,000
40 $520,000
50 $590,000
Solution:
Sale Price
(Thousands)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Frontage (Metre)
EXERCISE 9.3
3. Graph the following linear equations:
(a) y = x + 7 (d) y = −x
(b) 2y = 3x − 6 (e) 2x + y = 10
(c) y = x (f) x + y = 10
Solution:
(a) y = x + 7 (b) 2y = 3x - 6
11 3
2
10
1
9 0
-1
8
-2
7 -3
-4
6
-5
5 -6
-7
4
-8
3 -9
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(c) y = x (d) y = -x
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(e) 2x + y = 10 (f) x + y = 10
18 14
17
16 13
15
14 12
13
12 11
11
10 10
9
8 9
7
6 8
5
4 7
3
2 6
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
PART TWO: SURVEYOR’S MATHEMATICS

Why Study Surveyor’s Mathematics?
Instead of the imposing-sounding title “Surveyor’s Mathematics”, perhaps a simpler title that may
suffice could be “the mathematics of area”. In real estate practice, determining area is important,
whether you are faced with determining the size of the subject building, the size of a subject lot,
or the comparability of a recent sale or listing.
Real estate practitioners need to know pertinent facts about the size and shape of properties.
For the most part, this information is readily available from surveyors, but some further analysis
may be necessary. In introducing this topic, keep in mind there is NOT any intention to teach
students how to be expert surveyors; instead, the intention is to teach students to be able to glean
certain information from plans and sketches, and to know when an expert more experienced and
qualified might be required.
This section of the chapter will first address measurement issues, such as types of measurement
(olde English, Imperial, and metric), and then show how to calculate the area of various geometric
shapes. The chapter concludes with a description of the basics of mapping and surveying.
Basic Measurement Concepts

Before looking at survey systems and actual plans (called plats in some areas), we need to explain
some basic units of measurement and geometry techniques.
Units of Measurement
There are many different ways to measure the area of land and buildings, ranging from metric,
to Imperial, to olde English. Surveys from the Land Title Office or most municipal offices will
show measurements in metric. The information from most Real Estate Boards, such as house or
lot size, will be in Imperial measures, such as feet, inches, and acres. Some very old surveys may
use “rods and chains”, an archaic system known as olde English.
Imperial and metric measures will likely be familiar to most people, since these are often
used interchangeably in everyday life in Canada. The olde English system may not be so familiar.
When Canada was originally surveyed, the basis of measurement was the 66 foot long surveyor’s
chain, which consists of 100 links or 4 rods (also called “rood”, “pole”, or “perch”). Historically,
this explains why standard road allowances are 66 feet wide in many parts of Canada and why
road allowances are often separated by a mile (80 chains) or a mile and a quarter (100 chains).
Table 9.1 shows different measurements and how to convert between them. This table may be
helpful for future reference when reviewing surveys in real estate practice.
TABLE 9.1: Measurements and Conversions
Olde English
1 link = 7.92 inches
1 rod = 1 perch = 1 pole = 16.5 feet
1 chain = 66 feet = 4 rods = 100 links
1 mile = 5,280 feet = 1,760 yards = 320 rods = 80 chains
1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 10 square chains = 0.4046 hectares
1 square mile = 640 acres
Imperial
1 foot = 0.3048 metres
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres
1 square foot = 0.0929 square metres
Metric
1 metre = 100 centimetres = 3.28083 feet
1 centimetre = 0.3937 inches = 0.0328 feet
1 square metre = 10.764 square feet
1 hectare = 2.471 acres
Area of a Rectangle
A rectangle is defined as an area bounded by four straight lines, of which two sets are parallel
(run in the same direction) and there is at least one right angle. For example:
100'
30'
This figure is 30 feet by 100 feet. The 2 lines indicate that both the right and left sides of the figure
(e.g., east and west) are equal length of 100 feet. Therefore, the north boundary must be 30 feet
(you can verify this by measuring it). The m indicates that the north-west corner is a right angle.
The equal lines and the right angle together show this figure must be a rectangle.
The formula for calculating the area of a rectangle is:
EQUATION 9.2
A = L×W
Or, in other words, length multiplied by width equals area. Referring back to the example above,
the area would be:
30' H 100' = 3,000 square feet
This formula is useful for finding the area of a square parcel of land or for calculating the living
area of a house.
Area of a Right-Angled Triangle

A triangle is defined as a geometric figure with three straight sides. By definition, the three
interior angles must add up to 180E (try measuring the angles on any triangle to verify this). A
right-angled triangle has one interior 90E angle. It follows from the 180E rule discussed above
that the sum of the other two angles must equal 90E.
Pythagoras’ Theorem
In approximately 500 B.C., the Greek mathematician Pythagoras proved a useful relationship for
triangles. He found that in right-angled triangles, the sum of the squares of the two shorter sides
equals the square of the hypotenuse (longest side). Or, in other words, c2 = a 2 + b2.
EQUATION 9.3
c2 = a 2 + b 2
Pythagoras’ theorem is useful for finding the length of a line in a right-angled triangle, given the
length of the other two lines. The following example illustrates this:
What is the length of the hypotenuse for the following triangle?
? = 32 + 42
?
? = 9 + 16
3
? = 25
?=5
4
In this example, Pythagoras’ Theorem is applied to find that the length of the hypotenuse is
5. This would be useful to a land surveyor who needed to find the length of the third side of a
pie-shaped lot, without needing to measure that side.
The formula for calculating the area of a triangle is one-half of the base (b) of the triangle
times its height (h):
EQUATION 9.4
A=½×b×h
For example, assume that the triangle given above is a triangular-shaped parcel of land that is 3
miles by 4 miles (with a 5 mile “hypotenuse”, although this measurement is not needed for this
calculation). The area would be:
Area = 2 H 3 miles H 4 miles = 6 square miles
Other Triangles and Irregular Shapes

Triangle: A three-sided polygon
h h
b b
Area = 2 H b H h
The altitude (h) of a triangle is the perpendicular distance from any vertex to the opposite side or
its extension.
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral having its opposite sides parallel.
Area = b H h
The altitude (h) of a parallelogram is the perpendicular distance between the parallel sides.
Trapezoid
A quadrilateral having two and only two sides parallel.
Area = h H 2 (b + c)
c
Irregular Polygon
The area of irregular polygons can be determined by dividing the area into the shapes previously
mentioned and adding the area of the parts.
Trapezoid
b
d
a c e
Triangles
Area = 2 (a H b)
+ c H 2 (b + d)
+ ½ (e × d)
Area of a Circle
The basic formula for calculating the area of a circle is “pi” (π) times the square of the radius:
EQUATION 9.5
A = πr2
The radius is one-half of the diameter of a circle – the diameter is a straight line through the
circle’s centre from one side to the other. Pi, represented by the Greek letter π, is a commonly
used number when measuring the size of circles. Pi is approximately 3.14159, which is the ratio
of the circumference of a circle (measurement around the outside perimeter) to its diameter. The
following example illustrates how this formula can be used to calculate the area of a circle.
EXAMPLE 9.1
Consider the following diagram of a sun room adjoining the side of a house. What is the area of
the semi-circular sun room?
2m
8m
20m
2m
Solution:
A = πr2
A = 22 × 8 × 8
7
= 201 square metres
The area of this entire circle would be 201 square metres (m 2). However, we are looking for the
area of only one-half of this circle. Therefore, the area of the sun room is 201 m2 ) 2 = 100.5 m2.
The examples in Figure 9.10 (and Appendix 9.1) illustrate common residential building types
by number of floors, and demonstrate square metre calculations of living areas.
In practice, it may not be necessary to spend time measuring a building and estimating the
area of its complicated shape if there are registered plans or surveyor’s records available. Many
buildings, particularly those which have been stratified (i.e., changed to condominium
ownership), will have plans registered showing the dimensions and areas of the site and each
individual building. You may be able to obtain a copy of these plans from the local Land Title
Office or Land Registry for a modest fee.
Example 1: One Storey FIGURE 9.10
Basically self-explanatory. Exterior length times width of base of dwelling, and exterior length times width of projections Examples of
and cantilevered areas. Finished basement has same dimensions as Area A. Living Area and
11.30 Calculations
ABOVE GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA:
Area A: 11.30 x 7.65 = 86.5m2
Area B: 4.25 x 1.50 = 6.4m2
AREA “A” +
Total = 92.9m2 AREA “A” & BASEMENT
9.15
AREA “B” (JOG)
7.65
BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: BASEMENT
Basement: 11.30 x 7.65 = 86.5m2

Total = 86.5m2 AREA “B”
1.50
4.25 7.05
Example 2: One and One-Half Storey without Dormers

Area A is calculated as exterior length times width of base of dwelling, and exterior length times width of projections and
cantilevered areas. Finished basement has same dimensions as Area A.
For Area B measurement, consider floor area as interior length times width to knee wall (angle where wall meets ceiling;
ceiling height must be greater than 5 feet; at least 50% of space must have height greater than 7 feet). An additional 15
to 20 centimeters may be included to account for the exterior wall.
7.65 7.65

Area A: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2
Area B: 10.30 x 3.95 = 40.7m2
AREA “A” AREA “B”
10.30
10.30
BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “A” MAIN FLR. & BASEMENT 2nd FLR.
Basement: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

Total = 78.8m2 BASEMENT
3.95
Example 3: One and One-Half Storey with Dormers

Area A is calculated as exterior length times width of base of dwelling, and exterior length times width of projections and
cantilevered areas.
For Area B measurement, consider floor area as interior length times width to knee wall (angle where wall meets ceiling;
ceiling height must be greater than 5 feet; at least 50% of space must have height greater than 7 feet), plus length times
width of dormers. An additional 15 to 20 centimeters may be included to account for the exterior wall.
Finished basement has same dimensions as Area A. 7.65
7.65
1.48
Area A: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2
Area B: 10.30 x 3.95 = 40.7m2
2.12
AREA “B” “C”
Area C & D: 2(2.12 x 1.48) = 6.3m2 AREA “A” AREA “B”

10.30
10.30
Total = 125.8m2 AREA “A” MAIN FLR. & BASEMENT 2nd FLR.
2.12
“D”
Basement: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

Total = 78.8m2 3.95
MAIN & 2nd FLR.
AREA “A” & BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLR.
BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA:
Basement: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2 BASEMENT
9.18 Foundations ofTotal

Real = 109.2m
Estate 2
Mathematics
FIGURE 9.10 Example 5: Two Storey with Built-In Garage

Examples of
Area A is the exterior length times width, excluding the garage. Area B is the
Living Area and exterior length times width. Finished basement has same dimensions as Area A. 15.25
Calculations
Area A: 7.65 x 10.75 = 82.2m2 AREA “B”
7.65
Area B: 7.65 x 15.25 = 116.7m2 2nd FLR.
BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “A” 10.75 4.50
Basement: 7.65 x 10.75 = 82.2m2

AREA “A” & BASEMENT
PLUS BUILT-IN GARAGE BUILT-IN
7.65
MAIN FLR. & BELOW GRADE GARAGE
FINISHED FLR.
Built-in Garage: 7.65 x 4.50 = 34.4m2
Total = 34.4m2
Example 6: Two Storey with Bay Window; 2nd Floor Overhang and Side Addition on Main Floor
Area A is the exterior length times width. Area D is the exterior length times
width, including overhang. Exterior dimensions of addition and bay window
(bay window extends to grade). Finished basement has same dimensions
as Area A. AREA “B”
ABOVE GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “A”
Area A: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2

Area B: 0.55 x 2.05 = 1.1m2 BASEMENT
Area C: 4.25 x 1.85 = 7.9m2

Area D: 11.05 x 10.60 = 117.1m2
Total = 235.3m2 10.60
BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “C”

(MAIN FLR. ONLY)
4.25
Basement: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2
10.30
Total = 109.2m2 1.85
MAIN FLR. & BELOW GRADE
FINISHED FLR.
AREA “B”
0.55
2nd FLR. OVERHANG
2.05
0.75
AREA “D” 2nd FLR.
INCLUDES OVERHANG
Figure 9.11 illustrates a sample surveying plan. The plan shows (1) Lot A is a corner lot; (2) its
length and width; (3) its size; and (4) other characteristics such as the larger lot from which Lot
A came.
Basic Trigonometry
In the plan shown in Figure 9.11, the surveyor calculated the area of Lot A for us, 0.4051 hectares.
What if the surveyor had not given the size? Say a rough estimate is required immediately (not
an uncommon occurrence, with most clients consistently demanding immediate results). If
the property is a rectangle or circle, this is easy to calculate, given the formulas shown earlier.
However, properties are typically irregularly shaped. To find the size of these, you must be able to
estimate the area under a curve and use basic trigonometry.
Note that most real estate professionals will get through their career without needing to
resort to this type of mathematics. The vast majority of land in Canada is described using lot
and block or registered plans, which means that they have already been surveyed and the sizes
and shapes recorded.
Given the limited application of trigonometry to most real estate practitioners, this material
will not be tested on the assignment or final exam for this course. Individuals who service rural
areas where metes and bounds and similar types of legal descriptions are still found may find
trigonometry useful.
FIGURE 9.11
Sample
Surveying Plan
EXERCISE 9.4
Calculate the size of the following areas:
CALCULATIONS
40 Hint: you will need to use deductive

reasoning to find some required data,
20 such as the measurements for some
lines.
25
27
30
20
20
9
15 5 15
40
20 Carport
12
27
8
13 11
12 Deck
8
55
2.5 35
7.5 15
5
30
15
15
12.5
5 5
5 5 45
15
Solution:
CALCULATIONS
10
20 A = 25 H 30 = 750
B = 10 H 25 H 0.5 = 125
25 (B) C = 20 H 27 = 540
(A)
Total = 1,415
25 (C) Hint: To find the 10 at the top of the triangle
in Area B, you have to find 40 ! 30 = 10.
This form of reasoning is necessary for
several measurements in the figures below.
27
30
20
15 5
A = 8 H 12 = 96
(C) (D) 9
B = (27 + 8 + 12)
15 15
H (20 +9 ! 15) = 658
40 C = 15 H 15 = 225
D = 5 H 9 = 45
20 E = (12 H 11)
12 (A) (B) + (8 H 11 H 0.5) = 176
Total = 1,200
27 Carport
8 Deck: 8 H 11 H 0.5 = 44
(E) 11 Carport: 20 H 20 = 400
12 Deck
8
A = 15 H 15 = 225.00
B = (35 ! 15) H
(E) (15 H 12.5) = 550.00
(D) C = 30 H (55 ! 5) = 1,500.00
50 D = 5 H (30 ! 15) = 75.00
2.5 E = (7.5 H 7.5 H
7.5 (3.14159) H 0.5 = 88.36
(A) 15 F = (15 H 5) + (5 H 5)
5 + (0.5 H 5 H 5) +
30 (C) (B)
27.5 (0.5 H 5 H 5) = 100.00
15
15 Total = 2,538.36
12.5
5 5 Rounded to 2,538
5 (F) 5 20
15
Basic Survey Concepts

The next section describes basic survey systems found across Canada: metes and bounds, section
and township systems, and lot and block survey (registered plans).
Appraisers regularly make reference to surveys, measurements, and areas, and rely on
these facts in appraising the value of properties. Therefore, there is a need for an appraiser to
understand the elementary fundamentals of surveying and be able to interpret legal surveys.
However, appraisers must also be careful to qualify any estimate of land size by suggesting a
survey be carried out by someone qualified to do so. An appraiser is not a surveyor and should
not attempt to act as one. Please keep this in mind when dealing with survey plans that are old or
complex (or both). Also keep in mind that advanced surveying math, particularly that including
trigonometry, likely goes beyond most real estate practitioner’s expertise.
Using Legal Descriptions to Determine Site Location

The legal description of land is based on surveys. These may be purely visual and highly
subjective or precise mathematical delineations of the limits of the land. The land description
systems commonly in use are metes and bounds, section and township, and lot and block
(registered plans). Most registered plans indicate the size and dimensions of the site, and portions
of a property surveyed by section/township can generally be determined with relative ease. In
terms of needing to calculate land areas, the real estate practitioner’s main concern is with metes
and bounds description of irregular sites.
Metes and Bounds

The earliest form of land description was the “bounded” description, which described the
property by reference to physical features or adjacent property owners. Typical physical features
included trees, ridge lines, streams, and roads. For example, property might be described as
“bounded on the north by French Creek, bounded on the east by the land of Ezra Jones, bounded
on the south by a wooden fence, and bounded on the west by a line of trees and the county road.”
Little thought was given to the fact that a fence line or tree might someday cease to exist.
As land became more valuable and disputes over unclear “bounds” became more numerous,
better methods of description evolved. It became a common surveying practice to measure the
direction of property lines with compass bearings and the distance with measuring chains or
tapes. Property described in this manner became known as “metes and bounds”. The term metes
refers to measurements and the term bounds refers to the boundaries, including features of the
terrain described in conjunction with compass bearing and distances.
The bearing of a line is the angle between a north-south meridian and the line measured from
north or south toward the east or west. As illustrated in Figure 9.12, property lines are described
in terms of direction within one of the four quadrants of the compass - northeast, southeast,
southwest, northwest (NE, SE, SW, NW).
0
FIGURE 9.12
Quadrants of
N
a Surveyor’s
Compass Line bearing N 45 E
(Northeast quadrant)
45 
Northwest Northeast
quadrant quadrant
(NW) (NE)
90  90 
Southwest Southeast
quadrant quadrant
(SW) (SE)
0
N FIGURE 9.13
north row Plot of Metes
and Bounds
Main
Description
south row
300'
284' point of
beginning
Cook
210'
251.4'
Maple
Smith
east row
134.5'
197.3'
Wilson
In a metes and bounds description, each property line is described with the beginning of each
line being the end of the preceding line. A proper metes and bounds description should “close”;
that is, the last line should come back to the point of beginning. A metes and bounds survey is
described below and illustrated in Figure 9.13.
Beginning at an iron pin located in the South Right of Way of Main Street, Said iron pin is
located N 88 degrees 15 minutes E at a distance or 284 feet from the intersection of the South
ROW of Main Street and the East ROW of Maple Street. Said point is also located at the Northwest
corner of a lot now owned by John Smith, Thence leaving said ROW and running with Smith’s
line S 5 degrees 34 minutes E a distance of 251.4 feet to an iron pin at the corner of Wilson; thence
along Wilson’s North line S 82 degrees 41 minutes E a distance of 197.3 feet to a point in Cook’s
West line, thence N 46 degrees 10 minutes E a distance of 134.5 feet, thence N 5 degrees W a
distance of 210 feet to an iron pin in the South ROW of Main Street, thence along the South ROW
of Main Street S 84 degrees 50 minutes W a distance of 300 feet to the point of beginning,
consisting of 1.65 acres, more or less.
Section and Township System

The section and township or rectangular survey system covers British Columbia, Alberta,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and northwestern Ontario. These systems have a number of indepen-
dent points of origin through which pass true meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude,
called, respectively, principal meridians and base lines. A principal meridian is a true north-
south line that passes through the geographic poles of the earth. A base line is a line that runs
east and west parallel to the equator. In Canada, the principal meridian is located approximately
12 miles west of Winnipeg and the base line is the 49th parallel.
Units of land approximately six miles square are established north of the base line and east
and west of the principal meridian. Each six-mile division north of the base line is called a
township, and each six-mile division east and west is called a range. Each six-mile-square unit is
also called a township (Figure 9.14). A township contains approximately 36 square miles and is
divided into 36 sections, each approximately one mile square (or approximately 640 acres).
North FIGURE 9.14
3 Rectangular
meridian
2
Survey System:
Township
West 1 East Illustration
Base line
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
T2S
2
Principal
Initial point
R3W
3
South
In Canada, the sections are numbered consecutively, beginning in the southeast corner of the
township and continuing west to the southwest corner, then east, then west and so on until each
of the 35 sections is numbered, with section 36 in the northeast corner (Figure 9.15). In the United
States, the numbering system begins as the northeast corner of the township and ends in the
southeast corner.
Road allowances of 66 feet or 1 chain are allowed along every alternate section line running
east and west. Thus, in most subdivisions there is a road along the south and north boundaries
of a township and along the second and fourth sections lines north of the south boundary of
the township.
FIGURE 9.15 31 32 33 34 35 36
Section Numbers
30 29 28 27 26 25
19 20 21 22 23 24
18 17 16 15 14 13
7 8 9 10 11 12
6 5 4 3 2 1
An ideal section would be one mile square (640 acres). It may be subdivided into quarter sections
(160 acres) or quarter-quarter sections (40 acres). However, because the meridians converge
toward the poles, it is impossible for townships to be perfectly regular. In addition, surveyors
often made mistakes in laying out township and section lines. The discrepancies from either
cause are concentrated along the west and north sides of each township. Quarter-quarter sections
that do not have the standard 40 acres are called “fractional lots” or “government lots”, whether
the irregularity is caused by survey or error, rivers and lakes, First Nations land boundaries,
provincial boundaries, or any other reason (Figure 9.16).
le)
FIGURE 9.16
ab
Fractional Lots
er
NW ¼ ¼ ¼
nd
2 1
NW ¼ E½ NW NW
ea
¼ ¼ Northeast
NW NE
(m
4 quarter
3 NE ¼ ¼ ¼ (NE ¼)
Non ¼ NW NW
navi ¼
8 m 6 gab SW SE
tr ea le st
ream
bl es West half
a N ½ SW ¼
avig 7 of E½
N southeast
SE 1/4 SE ¼
SE ¼ Lot 1 quarter
Lot 2
9 SW ¼ Lake
The regular subdivision of sections is done by reference to halves and quarters. Although sections
may be subdivided into units of 2.5 acres (1/256th of a section), 10-acre units – quarter-quar-
ter-quarter sections – are usually the smallest. In describing land, the smallest unit is given first
and largest last (for example, “the S 2 of the NE 3 of the NW 3 of Section 14, Township 2 North,
Range 3 West”). In locating property, the description is read backwards, from the largest to the
smallest unit. For example, a legal description could be given as Section 15, Township 35, Range
10, west of the 4th meridian. This is shortened to Sec. 15 Twp 35-Rge 10 W4th, or Sec. 15/35/10W4.
For a quarter section within this section, the description could be SW 3 Sec. 15/35/10-W4.
There is another refinement of the subdivision of a section of land. This is a method where
the section is divided into 16 parcels of 40 acres, each being called a “Legal Subdivision” or LSD.
The numbering is consecutive starting in the southeast corner and going west to number 4, then
one row north, then east, and continuing east to west, west to east, to number 16 in the northeast
corner. This method is sometimes used by farmers, and is common in the oil industry and in
municipal work. It eliminates the confusion of such descriptions as the NE 3 of the SW 3 of
section 15. This would be LSD 6 Sec. 15.
Lot and Block Survey

Small units of land, particularly in urban areas, are commonly described by lot and block survey.
This is a map in which a larger parcel of land is subdivided into small units for the purposes of
sale. This map is recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds or land titles. Although each lot is
actually surveyed with a metes and bounds description, conveyances need refer only to the lot,
block, and map book designation. It is not necessary to include the survey bearing and distances.
For example, the land description could simply state: “Lot 7, Block 2, Map Book 35, Page 52”, or
“Lot 10, Cameron’s Subdivision” (and then typically the recorder’s office and district in which
recorded). Figure 9.17 shows a page from a map book.
FIGURE 9.17
Example of
Vegas Avenue Lot and Block
50 Description
R
N89 55'50" W =
Vi
20
rg
53.30 53.30 45.27
N00 27'50" W
N00 27'50" W
il S
E
3
64.7
tre
'12"
94.29
94.29
et
1 2 3 4
 32
6.84
enue
46 N14
85
a Av
N00 27'50" W
N00 27'50" W
05' E
103.70
92.44
103.70
Iden
N15
9 8 7 6 5
25.99
50 50 40.96
20
=
R
Watson Street
Tract 1523 (Map Book 35, page 52)
Rectangular Coordinates
Most maps are drawn on flat paper, but the earth has a curved surface. When small areas are
mapped, the earth is projected onto a flat plane. For large areas, however, it is necessary to take
the earth’s curvature into account. A coordinate system creates a plane grid system of rectangular
coordinates expressed in feet or metres. The purpose of this coordinate system is to describe
points by the use of perpendicular x and y axes.
As shown in Figure 9.18, a point of origin is located south and west of the area to be covered
by the system. Any point can be described by reference to its distance east of the point of origin
along the x and north of the point or origin along the y axis. The actual location of the point is the
intersection of lines drawn perpendicular to the x and y axes.
y-axis
Description by coordinates: FIGURE 9.18
1,500 Point 1: x = 1,200, y = 500 Description of
Point 2: x = 300, y = 1,100 Land using State
Point 3: x = 1,000, y = 1,500 Plane Coordinate
North y-direction in feet
1,000
Point 4: x = 1,500, y = 1,300 System
Point 1: x = 1,200, y = 500
Coordinates converted to bearings and distances:

500 Point 1 to Point 2: bearing N56° 18’36”W, distance 1,081.66 feet
Point 2 to Point 3: bearing N60° 15’18”E, distance 806.22 feet
Point 3 to Point 4: bearing S68° 11’55”E, distance 538.52 feet
0 Point 4 to Point 1: bearing S20° 33’22”W, distance 854.40 feet
x-axis
0 500 1,000 1,500
East x-direction in feet
A plane coordinate system may use the terms “eastings” and “northings” instead of x and y. A
parcel of property can be described by giving the coordinates of each corner. It is also possible to
convert coordinates to a description with bearings and distances.
Geographic Coordinates
One of the oldest systematic methods of locating a point on the earth is the system of latitudes
and longitudes. The distance of a point north or south of the equator is its latitude. The distance of
a point east or west of the prime meridian is its longitude. Figure 9.19 shows a globe that has been
divided into north-south meridians and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian, from which
most countries measure longitude, is the meridian running through Greenwich, England, a
suburb of London.
N
FIGURE 9.19
Location of
Prime Meridian,
Latitude, and
Longitude
W Latitude Longitude E
Prime Meridian
Equator
Latitude and longitude are measured in degrees, minutes, seconds, and, if necessary, decimals
of a second. At any point on the earth, the ground distance covered by a degree of latitude is
approximately 111 kilometres or 69 miles. One second of latitude is therefore approximately 30
metres or 100 feet. The ground distance covered by one degree of longitude is also 111 km at the
equator, but it decreases towards the north and south, becoming zero at the poles. For example,
at Winnipeg (latitude 49 degrees, 53 minutes) one second of longitude equals 19.33 m. At Inuvik
(latitude 68 degrees, 21 minutes) one second of longitude is 11.07 m.
Geographic coordinates appear on all standard topographic maps and, on some maps, they
are the only method of locating and referencing a point.
Universal Transverse Mercator Grid

In Canada, the transverse mercator projection is used for most topographic mapping. The
Universal Transverse Mercator Grid (UTM grid) is designed to cover the world between 84
degrees north and 80 degrees south latitude. As there is no land north of 84 degrees, the whole of
Canada is covered by the UTM grid. The grid is used for point referencing in the same manner as
the geographical coordinates but the grid is printed right on the map.
To keep distortion due to the spherical shape of the earth to a minimum, the surface of the
globe is projected down to a flat surface in sixty north-south strips, called zones. Each zone is
six degrees of longitude wide. The UTM grid is placed over each zone. A grid normally has the
following spacing between lines:
1:5,000 and larger scales 100 metre squares
1:5,000 to 1:100,000 1 kilometre squares
smaller than 1:100,000 10 kilometre squares
The grid lines are numbered eastward and northward from the southwest corner. The grid lines
on the map running north-south are called easting lines or x coordinates because they are used
to measure the distance of points eastward from the left side of the grid. The grid lines running
east-west are called northing lines or y coordinates because they allow the measurement of the
distance that point lie to the north of the equator. The actual measurements are called the eastings
and northings or x and y coordinates of a point. Eastings are always given before northings.
The UTM zones covering Canada are number 7 to 22 and shown in Figure 9.20.
FIGURE 9.20
UTM Zones and
Central Meridians
for Canada
National Topographic System

The National Topographic System (NTS) was designed in 1925 by the Ministry of Energy, Mines
and Resources (then referred to as the Department of the Interior). Because these were the days of
imperial units of measure, Canada was provided with a series of map scales at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16
miles to the inch. On the NTS grid, the north-south lines are 8 degrees apart and the east-west
lines are 4 degrees apart. The lines formed the boundaries of the maps scaled at 16 miles to the
inch. As illustrated in Figure 9.21, the numbering is methodical: the numbers in the columns
increase toward the north and the numbers increase by 10 in the east-west rows.
FIGURE 9.21
The Primary
Quadrangles of
the NTS System
In the next larger series, 8 miles to the inch, each sheet covers one quarter of the area of the 16
mile sheet. The numbering of the 8 mile series starts with the basic quadrangle number: NW, NE,
SW, and SE.
The 4 mile series divides the 8 mile series into 16 divisions, which are numbered A to P.
Numbering of the 4 miles series begins in the SE corner and proceeds west. The 2 miles series
divides each quarter of the 4 miles series into NW, NE, SW, and SE quadrangles. Finally, the 1
miles series divides the 4 mile series into 16 divisions, numbered 1 to 16 beginning in the SE
corner. Thus, a 1 mile map could be referenced as 31 A/9.
FIGURE 9.22
The Breakdown
of the Primary
Quadrangle
The mile series are now converted to metric equivalents as follows:

1 mile 1:50,000 series
16 mile 1:1,000,000 series
In 1953, the 1:25,000 series was added to NTS. Each 1:50,000 sheet was divided into 8 smaller
quadrangles numbered A to H starting in the SE corner. The 1:1,000,000 series no longer exists.
SUMMARY
This chapter outlined graphing techniques, the measurement of shapes, and the basics of
surveying. The intent was to give students a basic understanding of approaches to describing and
measuring both land and buildings. Most buildings are rectangular and therefore basic geometry
is all that is needed. For more complicated and irregular shapes, geometric and trigonometric
functions may be necessary. However, in practice, registered plans will often suffice for the
measurements required for a real estate professional’s work.
APPENDIX 9.1: EXAMPLES OF LIVING AREA AND CALCULATIONS
Example 7: Two and One-half Storey without Dormers
Exterior length times width multiplied by two (Area A and B), plus length times width to knee wall (angle where wall meets
ceiling; ceiling height must be greater than 5 feet; at least 50% of space must have height greater than 7 feet) and again
account for width of exterior walls. Finished basement has same dimensions as Area A.
Consider full second, third, etc., levels where 7.65 7.65
ceiling height is acceptable.
ABOVE GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “C”
Area A: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

AREA “B”
Area B: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2 AREA “A” & “B” AREA “C”
10.30
10.30
& BASEMENT
Area C: 10.30 x 3.95 = 40.7m2 3rd FLR.
Total = 198.3m2 AREA “A” MAIN FLR., 2nd FLR. &

BELOW GRADE
FINISHED FLR.
Basement: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

Total = 78.8m2 3.95
Example 8: Bi-Levels, Raised Bungalows or Split Entries

Two elevation drawings are shown. The first drawing is without an overhang and the
second drawing includes an overhang. The calculations assume the former; finished
basement has same dimensions as Area A.
Basement in Bi-levels are usually fully developed and quite often finished below grade AREA “A”
floor area.
10.60 BASEMENT

Area A: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2
Total = 109.2m2
10.30

AREA “A”
Basement: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2 BASEMENT
Total = 109.2m2
Example 9: Split Level or Three Level Side Split

Consider Areas A and B above grade. Area under right
side of diagram is a crawl space, approximately 60 cm to
1.2 m (two to four feet) in height. Finished basement has AREA “B”
same dimensions as Area B and crawlspace has same AREA “A”
dimensions as Area A. BASEMENT

CRAWL SPACE

12.45
Area A: 7.25 x 8.18 = 59.3m2
Area B: 5.20 x 8.97 = 46.6m2
Total = 105.9m2
AREA “B” & AREA “A” &
BASEMENT
BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: CRAWL SPACE
8.97
8.18
UPPER FLR. & MAIN FLR. & BELOW

Basement: 5.20 x 8.97 = 46.6m2 BELOW GRADE
FINISHED
GRADE UNFINISHED
FLOOR AREA
Total = 46.6m2 FLOOR AREA
BELOW GRADE UNFINISHED FLOOR AREA:

5.20 7.25
Crawl Space: 7.25 x 8.18 = 59.3m2
Total = 59.3m2
APPENDIX 9.1 continued
Example 10: Three Level Split Without Built-in Garage (Four-Level Split)
Measure exterior length times width of Areas A, B and C.

Finished basement has same dimensions as Area A and
crawlspace has same dimensions as Area B.
AREA “B”

AREA “C”
Area A: 7.25 x 8.18 = 59.3m2
BASEMENT
Area B: 5.20 x 8.97 = 46.6m2 CRAWL SPACE
Area C: 5.20 x 8.97 = 46.6m2

Total = 152.5m2 12.45

Basement: 7.25 x 8.18 = 59.3m2 AREA “B”&“C” AREA “A” &
& CRAWL
8.18
SPACE
MAIN FLR. & BELOW
8.97
UPPER & GRADE FINISHED
LOWER LEVEL & FLR. AREA
BELOW GRADE UNFINISHED FLOOR AREA: BELOW GRADE
UNFINISHED
Basement: 5.20 x 8.97 = 46.6m2 FLR. AREA
Total = 46.6m2
5.20 7.25
Example 11: Three Level Split with Built-in Garage

Area C, living space beside the garage, does not have a crawl
space area or basement beneath but is considered above
grade finished floor area. Above ground finished floor area
AREA “B”
includes Areas A, B, and C.
AREA “A”
Finished basement has same dimensions as Area A. AREA “C”
BASEMENT
Area A: 8.18 x 7.35 = 60.1m2 12.45 12.45
Area B: 8.18 x 5.10 = 41.7m2
Area C: 3.30 x 5.10 = 16.8m2
3.30
AREA “C”
Total = 118.6m2 AREA “B” AREA “A”
LOWER FLR.
BASEMENT
TOP FLR. MAIN FLR. BELOW GRADE
8.18
8.18
BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: FINISHED FLR. AREA
BUILT-IN
Basement: 8.18 x 7.35 = 60.1m2
4.88
GARAGE
Total = 60.1m2
5.10 7.35 5.10 7.35
PLUS BUILT-IN GARAGE:
Built-In Garage: 4.88 x 5.10 = 24.9m2
Total = 24.9m2
Example 12: One Storey with Concrete Slab Foundation

There is no basement in this design. Measure 11.30
exterior length times width. All finished floor area

is above grade.

9.15
7.65
AREA “A” +
Area A: 11.30 x 7.65 = 86.5m2 AREA “B” (JOG)
Area B: 4.25 x 1.50 = 6.4m2

Total = 92.9m2 SLAB
AREA “B”
1.50
4.25 7.05
APPENDIX 9.1 continued
Example 13: Bi-Level or Two Storey on Slab Foundation (Maritime Style)
In the Maritimes, bi-levels are the same as two stories built on slab. Hence both levels have above grade finished floor areas.
There is no basement in this design. Measure exterior length times width. All finished floor area is above grade.
10.60
Area A: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2
Area B: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2
AREA “A” & “B”
10.30
MAIN & 2nd FLR.
AREA “A”
SLAB
Example 14: One, One and One-Half Storey, and Two Storey with Part Basement
Measure all finished floor area above grade. See Examples 1, 2, and 7.
Example 15: Two Storey with Open Foyer to Second Level

Measure length times width of Area A foyer only.
Open space on Area B is not considered finished 10.60
floor area. Finished basement has same dimensions
as Area A. AREA “B”
However, should Area B have a loft area extending

into open air space, length times width of loft should
10.30
AREA “A”
AREA “A”
be calculated and considered in overall finished floor
area. BASEMENT

Area A: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2
Area B: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2
Subtotal = 218.4m2 10.60 10.60
Less Foyer: 3.00 x 3.20 = 9.6m2

Total = 208.8m2
3.20

10.30
10.30
3.00
AREA “B” BASEMENT

Basement: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2
Total = 109.2m2

R1B12115 Chapter09

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R1B12115 Chapter09

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CHAPTER 9

INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHING AND SURVEYING

PART ONE: GRAPHING

Graphs and Formulas

FIGURE 9.1 PV = $10,000 PMT = 0 j1 = 5%

FIGURE 9.2 Y-axis

A Simple Algebraic Formula

FIGURE 9.5 Y-axis

40,000,000 FIGURE 9.6

FIGURE 9.7 Y-axis

Sale # Sale Price

Sale # Sale Price # of Units

Sale Price FIGURE 9.8

Sale # Sale Price # of Units Sale Price per Unit

(b) Consider the following pairs of observations:

Graph each of these points on the graph in (a).

PART TWO: SURVEYOR’S MATHEMATICS

Basic Measurement Concepts

TABLE 9.1: Measurements and Conversions

Area of a Right-Angled Triangle

Other Triangles and Irregular Shapes

Example 1: One Storey FIGURE 9.10

Basement: 11.30 x 7.65 = 86.5m2

Example 2: One and One-Half Storey without Dormers

ABOVE GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA:

Basement: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

Example 3: One and One-Half Storey with Dormers

AREA “B” “C”

Area C & D: 2(2.12 x 1.48) = 6.3m2 AREA “A” AREA “B”

Basement: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

9.18 Foundations ofTotal

FIGURE 9.10 Example 5: Two Storey with Built-In Garage

BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “A” 10.75 4.50

Basement: 7.65 x 10.75 = 82.2m2

PLUS BUILT-IN GARAGE BUILT-IN

ABOVE GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “A”

Area A: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2

Area C: 4.25 x 1.85 = 7.9m2

BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “C”

Basement: 10.30 x 10.60 = 109.2m2

2nd FLR. OVERHANG

40 Hint: you will need to use deductive

(E) 11 Carport: 20 H 20 = 400

Basic Survey Concepts

Using Legal Descriptions to Determine Site Location

Metes and Bounds

Section and Township System

Lot and Block Survey

Tract 1523 (Map Book 35, page 52)

Coordinates converted to bearings and distances:

Universal Transverse Mercator Grid

National Topographic System

The mile series are now converted to metric equivalents as follows:

APPENDIX 9.1: EXAMPLES OF LIVING AREA AND CALCULATIONS

Example 7: Two and One-half Storey without Dormers

ABOVE GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: AREA “C”

Area A: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

Total = 198.3m2 AREA “A” MAIN FLR., 2nd FLR. &

BELOW GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: BASEMENT

Basement: 10.30 x 7.65 = 78.8m2

Example 8: Bi-Levels, Raised Bungalows or Split Entries

ABOVE GRADE FINISHED FLOOR AREA: