Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

Pumps: Classification:
Pump is a device which is used to convert According to the piston being in contact with
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Here piston or plunger.
hydraulic energy refers to potential and kinetic a) Single acting pump
energy of a liquid Hydraulic pumps are the b) Double acting pump
energy-absorbing machines. Since, it requires According to the number of cylinders provided,
mechanical power to run. a) Single cylinder pump
b) Double cylinder pump
Classification of pumps c) Triple cylinder pump
d) Duplux double acting pump
e) Quantiplex pump
Discharge work done and power required to
drive Reciprocating pump:
Case (i): Single acting pump
Let D = Diameter of the cylinder
A = Area of cross section of the cylinder or
π
piston = 4 D2

r = Radius of crank
Reciprocating pumps: N = Speed of the crank in rpm
The reciprocating pump is a positive L = Length of the stroke (= 2r)
displacement pump. It operates on a principle of hs = Height of the axis of the cylinder from
actual displacement or pushing of liquid by a water surface in sump
piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely hd = Height of the delivery outlet above the
fitting cylinder. These pumps usually have one cylinder axis.
or more cylinders which are alternatively filled Volume of water delivered in one revolution =
with liquid to be pumped and then emptied Area × Length of stroke
again. In this pump, the mechanical energy is =A×L
converted into hydraulic energy by sucking the N
Number of revolution per second = 60
liquid into a cylinder in which a piston is ALN
reciprocating and exerts the thrust on the liquid Discharge / sec = Q = 60
and increases its hydraulic energy. The Weight of water delivered per second
WALN
reciprocating pumps are generally employed for W = WQ =
60
light at pumping, feeding small boiler
condensate return and pneumatic pressure
systems.
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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

Work done per second = Weight of water 3. Number of stages:

lifted/sec × Total height through which liquid is a) Single stage
lifted WALN b) Multistage
WALN 4. Liquid handled
= W(hs+hd) = (hs+hd)
60
a) closed impeller pump
where W = Weight density of liquid.
b) semi-closed impeller pump
Case (ii) Double acting pump
2ALN c) open impeller pump
Discharge, Q = 5. Specified speed
60
2WALN
Work done per second = (hs+hd) a) Low specific speed pumps
60
Power required to drive the pump b) Medium specific speed pumps
2WALN c) High specific speed pumps
P= hs + hd 6. Number of entrances to the impeller
60
a) Single suction pr single entry pump
Slip of a Reciprocating pump: b) Double suction or double entry pump
The difference between the theoretical discharge Workdone by the Impeller of a centrifugal
and actual discharge is called slip of the pump. pump:
Centrifugal pumps: Let
Centrifugal pumps are the devices which D1 = Diameter of the impeller at inlet.
converts mechanical energy into hydraulic u1 = tangential velocity of the impeller at inlet =
πD 1 N
energy by means of centrifugal force acting on
60
the fluid. v1 = Absolute velocity of water at inlet
Centrifugal pumps are classified as roto vw1 = Velocity of whirl at inlet
dynamic type of pumps in which a dynamic vr1 = Relative velocity of liquid at inlet
pressure is developed to lift liquids from a lower
vf1 = Velocity of flow at inlet
to a higher level. The basic working principle of
α = Angle made by v1 at inlet with the direction
centrifugal pump is that when a certain mass of
of motion of vane
liquid is made to rotate by an external force, it is
θ = Angle made by vri at inlet with the direction
thrown away from the central axis of rotation
of motion of vane.
and a centrifucal pressure is developed which w
Wor'kdone = g Vw 1 ± Vw 2 u2
raises the liquid to higher level.
Classification of centrifugal pumps: where w = weight of the liquid per second that
1. Shape and type of casing passes through the impeller = pgQ
a) Volute or spiral casing θ = Volume of liquid = πD1 B1 × Vf 1
b) Vortex or whirlpool casing = πD2 B2 × 2
c) Volute casing with guide blades where B1 and B2 are the width of the impeller at
2. Working head inlet and outlet respectively.
a) Low head (upto 15m) Since α=90° and Vw 1 =0
b) Medium head (15m to 40m) Workdone by the impeller on water per second
c) High head (over 40m)
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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

W p1
= (Vw 2 u2 ) ⇒ Pressure head at inlet of the pump = hs
g w
v 21
Head and Efficiencies of a pump ⇒ Velocity head at inlet of the pump
2g
i) Suction head (hs):
Z1 = Vertical height of the pump inlet from the
It is the vertical height of the centre line of the
datum line
pump shaft above the liquid surface in the sump p2 v2
from which the liquid is being raised. + 2g2 and Z2 are corresponding values of
w
Delivery head (hd): pressure head, velocity head and datum head at
It is the vertical height of the liquid surface in outlet of the pump.
the tank/ reservoir to which the liquid is Efficiencies of a pump:
delivered above the centre line at the pump i) Manometric efficiency ηmano :
shade. Manometric head
ηmano = Head imparted by impeller
Static head (Hstat):
Hm gH m
The sum of suction and delivery head is known = Vw 2u2 =V
w 2 u2
g
as static head.
Power actually delivered by the pump
Hstart = hs + hd ηmano = Power imparted by the impeller
Manometric head (Hm): or
It is the head against which a centrifugal pump Output of the pump
ηmano = Power
has to work. It is given by the following imparted by the impeller

expressions. Volumetric efficiency (𝛈𝐧 ):

Hm = Head imparted by the impeller to liquid It is defined as the ratio of quantity of liquid
loss of head in the pump discharged per second from the pump to the
Vw 2 u2 quantity passing per second through the
Hm = − hLi + hLc
g impeller.
where hLi ⇒ Loss of head in the impeller Mechanical Efficiency (ηmech ):
hLc ⇒ Loss of head in the casing Power at the impeller
Vw 2 u2
ηmech = Power at the shaft
Hm = → if there is no loss in the W Vw 2u2
g
g 1000
V 2d ηmech = Shaft
b) Hm = Hstat+ Losses in pipes+ 2g power in kW
Output efficiency (h0):
V 2d
Hm = hs + hd + his + hid + 2g η0 =
Power output of the pump
Power input to the pump
where WQH m
=
hfs ⇒frictional loss in the suction pipe P

hfd ⇒ frictional loss in the delivery pipe vd ⇒ η0 = ηmano × ηv × ηmech

velocity of liquid in the delivery pipe Impeller Blade Profiles:
c) Hm = Total head at outlet of the pump - Backward curved vanes:
Total head at the inlet of the pump The blade angle ϕ <90°
p2 v2 p1 v2 Radial vane:
= + 2g2 + z2 − + 2g1 + z1
w w ϕ= 90°
where Forward curved vanes:
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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

ϕ > 90° uf2

Kf =
Specific speed for a pump (Ns): 2gHm
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is Value of K f varies from 0.1 to 0.25
defined as the speed of a geometrically similar
pump which will deliver unit quantity (i.e. 1
litre of liquid per second) against a unit head Outlet diameter of impeller (D2):
(i.e. 1 meter) 84.6K u Hm
N Q D2 =
Specific speed, Ns = 3/4
πN
Hm
Inlet diameter of impeller (D1):
The above equation gives the specific speed in D1 = 0.5 D2
terms of discharge and manometric head. Least diameter of impeller:
Sometimes another definition of the specific
97.68 Hm
speed may be used which is based on unit D2 =
N
power.
Diameter of suction pipe (Ds):
N p
Ns = 5/4
Hm 4Q
Ds =
Centrifugal pumps with the corresponding πVs
ranges of specific speeds. Diameter of delivery pipe
S.No. Types of impeller Specific 4Q
Speed, Ns Dd : πV d

1. Slow speed radial 10 - 30 Pumps in series:

flow A number of impeller are mounted on the same
2. Medium speed 30 – 50 shaft in series to obtain a high head. If n
3. High
radialspeed
flow radial 50 – 80 identical impellers are mounted on the same
4. Mixed
flow flow 80 – 160 shaft in series, then the total head developed
5. Axial flow 160 – 500 will be
Design Aspects of a centrifugal pump: Htotal = n × Hn
I) Speed ratio (Ku): The discharge passing through each impeller is
It is the ratio of peripheral speed at outlet (u2) to same. Pipes in series are employed for
the theoretical velocity of jet corresponding to delivering a relatively small quantity of liquid
manometric head Hm. against very high head.
u2
Ku = Pumps in parallel:
2gHm A number of pumps are connected in parallel for
K u varies from 0.95 to 1.25 obtaining high discharge. Here the impellers are
ii) Flow ratio (Kf): mounted on separate shafts. Each unit works
It is the ratio of the velocity of flow at exit (Vf2) separately and the discharge from various
to the theoretical velocity of the jet impellers are collected in common delivery
corresponding to manometric head (Hm). pipe.

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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials
If Q is the discharge capacity for one impeller
and there is ~ identical impellers arranged in
parallel then totai discharge will be Qtotal = n ×
Q valve before starting the pump is called priming
when a large quantity of liquid is required to be
pumped against a relatively small head, then
pump in parallel arrangement is used.
Pump characteristics:
i) Main characteristics curves (H, p, η, VSQ)
ii) Operating characteristic curves (H, p, η VSQ)
iii) Constant efficiency or Muschel curves (H
VS Q)
iv) Constant head and constant discharge curves
(Q VS N, H=const ; H VS N, Q = const)
Cavitations in Hydraulic Machines:
Hydraulic machines subjected to cavitations are
reaction turbines and centrifugal pumps.
Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of
formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid
in a region where the pressure Of the liquid falls
below its vapour pressure and the sudden
collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of
higher pressure. The collapsing pressure of
bubbles may be as high as 100 atmospheres and
this may cause a local mechanical failure of the
solid surface. The ultimate effect may be the
breakdown of the machine itself due to severe
pitting and erosion of blade surfaces in the
region of cavitation. The cavitation in a pump
can be noted by a sudden drop in efficiency,
head and more power requirement.
Harmful effects of cavitation are:
• Pitting and erosion of surface due to continuous
hammering action of the collapsing bubbles.
• Sudden drop in head, efficiency and the power
delivered to the fluid.
• Noise and vibrations produced by the collapse
of vapour bubbles.
Priming of a centrifugal pump:
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The operation of filling liquid (which is to be
pumped) in the suction pipe, casing of the pump
and a portion of the delivery pipe upto delivery
of a centrifugal pump.
Turbines:
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which
convert the energy of flowing water into
mechanical energy. The mechanical energy
developed by a turbine is used in running an
electric generator which directly couples to the
shaft of the turbine. Thus the mechanical energy
is converted into electrical energy. This
electrical power is known as hydroelectric
power.
Classification of Turbines:
1. According to the action of the-water flowing.
a) Impulse turbine - Pelton wheel
b) Reaction turbine - Francis turbine, Kaplan
turbine
2. According to the main direction of flow of
water.
a) Tangential flow turbine - Pelton wheel.
b) Radial flow turbine - Old Francis turbine.
c) Axial flow turbine - Kaplan turbine
d) Mixed flow turbine - Modern Francis turbine
3. According to the head and quantity of water
required:
a) High head (above 250 m) - Pelton wheel.
b) Medium head (60 m - 250 m) - Modern Francis
turbine
c) Low head turbine (less than 60 m - Kaplan
turbine)
4. According to the specific speed:
a) Low specific speed (10 to 35) - Pelton wheel
b) Medium specific speed (60 to 400) - Francis
turbine
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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

c) High specific speed (300 to 1000) - Kaplan 4. Hydraulic efficiency (𝛈b):

turbine It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the
Impulse turbine: runner to the power supplied by the water jet
In an impulse turbine, all the energy available Vw 1 ± Vw 2 u Hr
by water is converted into kinetic energy by ηh = =
gH H
passing it through a nozzle. The high velocity 1
The parameter, Hr = g Vw 1 + Vw 2 × u represents
jet coming out of the nozzle then impinges on a
series of buckets fixed around the aim of a the energy transfer per unit weight of the water
wheel. Thus, the runner revolves freely in air. and is referred to the ‘runner head’ or Euler
Ex: Pelton wheel head.
Reaction turbine: Hydraulic loss within the turbine,
In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both ∆H = H - Hr
potential and kinetic energies. Here only a 5. Mechanical efficiency (hm):
Shaft power
portion of a potential energy is transformed into ηm = Water power
kinetic energy before the fluid enters the turbine P
runner. As the water flows through the runner, ηm =
WQa Hr
remaining part of potential energy goes on 6. Volume efficiency:
changing into kinetic energy. Qa Q−q
ηv = =
Ex: Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine. Q Q

Head and Efficiencies of Pelton wheel: 7. Overall efficiency (h0)

Shaft power P
1. Gross head (Hg) η0 = Water = W QH
power
The gross head is the difference between the water
η0 = ηv × ηn × ηm
level at the reservoir and the level at the tailrace.
2. Effective or Net Head (H):
Design Aspects of Pelton wheel:
The head available at the inlet of the turbine is
1. Velocity of jet
known as effective or net head.
V1 = Cv 2gH
H = Hg- Hf - h
where Cv = Co-efficient of velocity = 0.98
where hf = head loss due ,o friction in penstock.
4fLV 2 -0.99
= H = Net head on turbine
2gD
h = height of the nozzle above the tailrace. 2. Velocity of wheel
3. Water and Bucket Power: u = Ku 2gH
The power supplied by the water jet is known as where Ku - speed ratio = 0.43 to 0.48
water power (wp) power supplied by the 3. Mean diameter of wheel (D)
jet=WQH = ρgQH πDN 60 u
u= ⇒D=
where Q - Discharge supplied by the water jet m3/s 60 πN

H - Effective or net head. The mean diameter is also known as pitch diameter.
The power developed by the bucket wheel is known 4. Jet ratio (m):
as bucket or actual power, B P It is defined as the ratio of mean diameter (D) of the
pelton wheel to the diameter of the jet (d).
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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

D 2. Scroll or spiral casing

m=d
3. Speed lins or stay ring
m varies b/w 11 to 15. Normally, m = 12 is adopted.
4. Guide vanes or wicket gates
5. Number of jets:
5. Runner and runner blades
Normally, Pelton wheel has one nozzle or one jet.
6. Draft tube
When more power is to be produced, No. of
Workdone and Efficiencies of Francis
nozzles or jets may be employed with the same
turbine:
wheel. Theoretically six nozzles can be used
with one Pelton wheel.
Number of jet is obtained by dividing the total rate Workdone = ρQ Vw 1 u1 ± Vw 2 u2
WQ
of flow through the turbine by the rate of flow = Vw 1 u1 ± Vw 2 u2
g
of water through a single jet. where Q = discharge through the runner
Bucket dimensions: Vw 1 and Vw 2 = velocity of whirl at inlet and
Axial width, B = 4d to 5d
outlet respectively
Radial length, L = 2d to 3d
u1 and u2 = tangential velocity of wheel at inlet
Depth, T=0.8d to 1.2d
and outlet
Angle, ϕ = 10° to 20°
Hydraulic efficiency (𝛈𝐡 ):
Number of buckets (z): Vw 1 u1
The number of buckets is decided mainly on the ηh = gH
following two principles. Mechanical efficiency (𝛈𝐦 ):
p
1. The number of buckets should be as few as ηm = WQ
Vw 1 u1
possible so that there is little loss due to friction. g

2. No water escapes without striking the buckets. Overall efficiency (𝛈𝟎 ):

p
The number of buckets is usually more than 15. η0 = W Q H
a
D
Z = 2d +15 = 0.5m +15 Or η0 = ηm × ηn
Design Aspects of Francis Turbine:
B
Francis Turbine: 1. Ratio of width to diameter is represented by
D
Francis turbine in an inward flow reaction B
n=D
turbine. It is developed by the American
Engineer James B. Francis. In the earlier stages, 2. Flow ration (Kf):
Francis turbine had a purely radial flow runner. Ratio of the velocity of flow at inlet Vf 1 to the
But the modern Francis turbine is a mixed flow theoretical velocity 2gh is known as flow
reaction turbine in which the water enters the ratio.
runner radially at its outer periphery and leaves Vf1
Kf =
axially at its centre. This arrangement provides a 2gH

larger discharge area with the prescribed value of K f varies from 0.15 to 0.3.
diameter of the runner. Speed ratio (𝐊 𝐮 ):
Parts It is the ratio of the peripheral speed at inlet to
1. Penstock the theoretical jet velocity, u
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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

u
Ku = Unit power:
2gH
It is the theoretical power of a turbine when
Kaplan Turbine:
working under a unit head.
A Kaplan turbine is an axial flow reaction P
turbine which was developed by Austrian Pu = H 3/2
engineer V. Kaplan. It is suitable for relatively Specific speed (Ns):
low heads. Hence it requires a large quality of Specific speed is the speed of a geometrically
water to develop large power. similar turbine (i.e. a turbine identical in shape,
Main components of a Kaplan turbine: dimensions, blade angles and gate openings etc.)
1. Scroll casing which will develop unit power when working
2. Stay ring under a unit head.
3. Guide vanes The specific speed is used in comparing the
4. Runner different types of turbines as every type of
5. Draft tube turbine has different specific speed.
Working properties of Kaplan turbine: N P
Specific Speed = Ns = H 5/4
D
1. In case of Kaplan turbine, the ratio n= D b Note:
o
` where Db = Diameter of the hub or boss. • Specific speed is proportional to the speed of
Do = outside diameter of the runner. rotation Evidently the high speed Kaplar
2. Discharge Q = Area of flow × Velocity of flow turbines are expected to have high specific
π
Q = 4 D20 1 − n2 × K f 2gH speed than Pelton wheel.
• Specific speed is inversely proportional to head
3. The peripheral velocity u of the runner is
obviously, the high head Pelton wheel has a low
dependent on the radius of the point under
value of specific speed than Kaplar turbine
consideration and thus varies from section to
which operates at low heads.
section along the blade.
Turbine characteristics:
4. Velocity of flow (Vf) remains constant
The curves which are plotted from the results of
throughout.
the tests performed on the turbine under
Performance of Turbines:
different working conditions are known as
Unit Speed (Nu)
characteristic curves. The purpose of these
Unit speed is the speed of a turbine when
curves is to predict the behaviour and
working under a unit head (i.e. 1m).
D performance of a furbine under different
We know that u=wr=w 2 working condtions.
∴u∝N 1. Main or constant head characteristic curves:
Since the diameter D is constant for a given These curves are obtained by maintaining a constant
turbine. head and a constant gate opening. The speed of
Unit discharge (Qu): the turbine is varied by allowing a variable
It is the theoretical discharge of a turbine when quantity of water to flow through the inlet.
working under a unit head. 2. Operating or constant speed characteristic
Q
Qu = curves:
H
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 Pumps and Turbines Study Materials

These curves are obtained by keeping speed as

constant for each gate opening. The dischange, Q
and head H may vary according to their availability.

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