Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Fall 2022-23 Semester

Case Study (for OBE assessment)

PO BNBQ Assessment
CO Domain Total marks
Indicator Indicator Technique

Cognitive Level-4
CO2 P.b.4.C4 FS.2 30 Case Study
(Analyze)

By conducting extensive literature review, analyze Profile

the performance of different electrical machines K P A
used to solve the technical issues (voltage, speed,
CO Description
frequency etc.) associated with electrical power P1
generation systems. K4 P2 -
P6

Case Study:
Wind energy is one of most available renewable energy sources that are being used over decades. In
designing the drivetrain of a wind turbine power system model, the electrical machine as generator plays
very important role. As there are many available options for selecting appropriate generator for different
types of wind power system models, your task is to research different scientific literatures for comparing
and evaluating of different electrical machines used in conventional wind power system models. Finally,
you need to prepare this case study report which must include the following four (4) design solutions.

Design solution 1: Conduct an extensive literature review on the electrical machines which are widely
used in wind energy conversion systems. [5.0]
(Hints: you may include descriptions of different electrical machines including their constructions, ease of
operation, technical advantages and disadvantages, efficiency, applications, cost etc.)

Design solution 2: Make a comparison between the electrical machines (based on your literature
review in Design solution 1) with respect to their technical advantages and disadvantages along with
their practical applications constraints. [5.0]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 (Hints: you may represent this section in terms of tabular form given in next page)
Technical advantage, Comparison between
issues and application
constraints Machine type 1 Machine type 2 Machine type 3

….
….
Design solution 3: Evaluate the expected performance of the electrical machines with respect to their
suitable wind turbine models. [5.0]
(Hints: this section may be discussed based on the comparison presented in design solution 2, also add
your recommendation (with proper justification) on efficient electrical machine for wind energy
conversion system)

Design solution 4: Mention about different stakeholders who are linked with or benefitted from wind
energy power generation system. Also, discuss on the real-world issues (technical, economic, social,
environmental etc.) that are obstructing the stakeholders on the use or implementation of wind energy
power generation system in Bangladesh. [5.0]

Rubrics for EM2 Lab Case Study report for assessment of CO2 (to be filled by the faculty)
Objectives Unsatisfactory (1) Good (2-3) Excellent (4-5) Marks
Design Solution 1 1-2 nos. of literatures are 3-5 nos. of literatures are 6-10 nos. of literatures are reviewed
(P1) reviewed. The descriptions reviewed and cited with and cited properly as per IEEE
(K8 supports P1) are either irrelevant or inadequate descriptions. referencing format. The description of
mostly inadequate for this section meets all requirements.
review.

Design Solution 2 Unable to specify any wide Few wide ranging/conflicting Most relevant types of wide
(P2) ranging/conflicting technical engineering issues ranging/conflicting technical,
technical or any other are identified and compared engineering issues are highlighted with
issues. between 3 machines. proper comparison.

Design Solution 3 Poor reflection of Moderate reflection of Different electrical machines are being
(K4) knowledge on electrical knowledge on electrical evaluated based on their expected
(also supports P1) machines. machines for performance technical performances. A
evaluation. recommendation with justification is
also presented based on evaluation.

Design Solution 4 The stakeholders are not
(P6) being defined properly.
Also, the issues related to
the wind energy system
implementation are not
mentioned.
Part of the stakeholder Stakeholder’s involvements are
Involvement is specified highlighted along with discussion on
without discussion on the the issues related to the wind energy
issues related to the wind system use or implementation.
energy system
implementation are not
mentioned.

Comments Assessed by (Name, Sign, and Date)

Total (out of 20):

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Use the next page as “COVER PAGE” of your case study report.

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

Faculty of Engineering (FE)
American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Electrical Machines 2 Laboratory

Fall 2022-23 Semester

Case Study Report

Submitted by: Ahanaf, Mahmudul Hasan

Student ID: 19-39647-1

Section: B

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Rubrics for EM2 Lab Case Study report for OBE assessment of CO2 (to be filled by the faculty)
Objectives Unsatisfactory (1) Good (2-3) Excellent (4-5) Marks
Design Solution 1 1-2 nos. of literatures are 3-5 nos. of literatures are 6-10 nos. of literatures are reviewed and
(P1) reviewed. The descriptions reviewed and cited with cited properly as per IEEE referencing
(K8 supports P1) are either irrelevant or inadequate descriptions. format. The description of this section
mostly inadequate for meets all requirements.
review.
Design Solution 2 Unable to specify any wide Few wide ranging/conflicting Most relevant types of wide
(P2) ranging/conflicting technical technical engineering issues are ranging/conflicting technical,
or any other issues. identified and compared engineering issues are highlighted with
between 3 machines. proper comparison.
Design Solution 3 Poor reflection of Moderate reflection of Different electrical machines are being
(K4) knowledge on electrical knowledge on electrical evaluated based on their expected
(also supports P1) machines. machines for performance technical performances. A
evaluation. recommendation with justification is
also presented based on evaluation.
Design Solution 4 The stakeholders are not Part of the stakeholder Stakeholder’s involvements are
(P6) being defined properly. Involvement is specified highlighted along with discussion on
Also, the issues related to without discussion on the the issues related to the wind energy
the wind energy system issues related to the wind system use or implementation.
implementation are not energy system
mentioned. implementation are not
mentioned.
Comments Assessed by (Name, Sign, and Date)

Total (out of 20):

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 “Analyzing and Contrasting Various Electrical Machines Used in Models of
Conventional Wind Energy Conversation Systems”

Design Solution 1

Abstract: Today, wind energy is the most cost-effective renewable energy source for producing
electricity. In order to achieve a few objectives, including cost reduction, power quality
enhancement and energy capture optimization, a variety of wind energy conversion systems
utilizing various electric machines have been developed over the past two decades. This is
because of the rapid advancement of technologies and the significant increase in installed wind
power capacity worldwide. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of current electric
drives and machines utilized in the production of wind energy, focusing on machine topologies,
operating theories, performance characteristics, and control systems. In order to comply with
stringent grid regulations, reduce energy costs, enhance wind energy conversion efficiency,
dependability and power density and vigorously emerge electric generators and power electronic
converters. The market-based survey's best generator-converter configurations and a few
possible topologies are discussed. The main features of electric machines and drives like torque
or power density, efficiency and cost are compared, as well as their advantages and
disadvantages. There is a discussion of the tradeoffs associated with the various methods and
fixes.

Introduction: Due to concern about energy security and the harm that fossil fuels inflict to the
environment, the world's energy generation has transitioned to renewable energy sources like
wind, sun, biofuels, and tidal streams. The area of wind energy conversion that is expanding the
fastest is the one that is attracting the most attention in both the academic and industrial realms.
The size of commercially accessible wind turbines has significantly increased over the past few
decades, as seen in Figure 1. [1]

The primary supporting technology for wind turbines is electric machinery and drives. The list
below illustrates the fundamental criteria for an electric machine-drive system to produce wind
energy. For high-power wind energy conversion systems, the back-to-back linked converters,
passive generator-side converters, converters for multiphase generators, and converters without
intermediary dc-link are explored and presented in the low and medium voltage category.
Regarding the series or parallel connection of wind turbine ac or dc output terminals and high
voltage ac or dc transmission, the onshore and offshore wind farm layouts are investigated. The
fault-ride through compliance techniques employed in the synchronous generator- and
inductionbased WECS are also covered. The mechanical and electrical technologies, integration
with power systems, and control theory of megawatt WECS are discussed together with past,
present, and projected trends.[2]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 1. High torque or power density: Because the generator system is situated at the top of the
tower, it is subject to more restrictions regarding weight and volume than those applied to
other applications.
2. High efficiency: High efficiency in wind power production systems is frequently needed
to maximize the conversion of the energy recovered from the wind source by avoiding
different electrical and mechanical losses.
3. High reliability: Due to their frequent placement in isolated areas, particularly offshore,
maintaining and repairing wind turbines is difficult and expensive.

FIGURE 1: Evolution in height and power of wind turbines.

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 FIGURE 2: Basic components of wind energy conversation system.

Various Types of Machines:

Fixed-Speed Electrical Machine: Wind speed doesn't significantly affect fixed-speed

operations because the rotor speed is controlled and determined by the grid frequency. These
systems are made up of a SCIG and a multi-stage gearbox, both of which are connected to the
grid directly by a transformer.

FIGURE 3: Scheme of a fixed speed concept with SCIG system.[3]

Advantages: 1. It has a very strong, robust, and simple

mechanical design.

2. Because of its smaller outer diameter and low specific mass (kg/kW), it is less expensive
(fewer poles).
3. It produces a constant control frequency by allowing stall-regulated devices to operate at
a constant speed.

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

Disadvantages:

1. Speed cannot be controlled. Only a pole changeable SCIG can be used for rotational
speeds.
2. The turbine speed cannot be altered in response to the wind speed to enhance aerodynamic
efficiency.
3. Variations in electromechanical torque caused by changes in wind speed are immediately
translated into mechanical stress and fatigue on the system. 4. The three-stage gearbox
for the drive train contributes significantly to the nacelle's bulk.

Variable Speed Electrical Machine: To acquire the proper tip-speed ratio and maximize wind
energy conversion efficiency over a wide range of wind speeds, the electric machine must be
able to adjust its speed in response to the wind speed. Electric machine-drive systems that are
totally and partially variable are thus getting more attention. A power converter/controller is
generally required to adhere to very complex grid limits. A specialized controller can alter the
speed of an electric machine. Variable-speed systems stand out for their superior power quality,
short response times in circumstances involving transient or dynamic power systems, and
optimum wind energy conversion efficiency. By using an electric machine with a high pole
number, a gearbox can also be eliminated. Some of its downsides include cost increases, intricate
control systems and increased losses as a result of stronger electrical components. Table 1 lists
the key differences between fixed-speed and variable-speed electric machine-drive systems.
Variable-speed systems have excelled their fixed-speed equivalents in terms of flexibility and
functionality, even though there are still many fixed-speed systems in use that were installed
decades ago. [4]

FIGURE 4: Scheme of a variable speed electrical machines.[4]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

Advantages:

1. Energy-efficient variable speed drives are available. When working at variable speeds,
VSDs are more efficient than DC drives. The drives' efficiency will be between 92% and
95%.
2. VSDs provide a more dynamic response than dc drives, which improves control.
3. Wide variety of speed, torque, and power outputs with VSDs can be obtained which aids
in improved system control. Due to its extensive control capabilities, VSDs aid in
enhancing the process system's quality.
4. Starting VSDs have lower currents than traditional dc drive systems.
5. An increase in the drive system's power factor increases the efficiency of variable speed
drives.

Disadvantages: 1. It has higher driving

system costs.

2. It has generation of harmonic currents

For energy savings and improved control, variable speed drives are used in fans, conveyors,
compressors, pumps and crushers.

FIGURE 5: Scheme of a fixed speed and variable speed.

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

Conventional Wind Energy Generators: Induction machines with a traditional design,
including SCIMs and WRIMs, were initially utilized with the electric machine-drive system for
the generation of wind energy. SCIMs are a popular option for wind turbines due to its advantages
of low cost, strong longevity, and maintenance-free operation. Figure 4 shows the robust squirrel
cage rotor of the SCIM. Shorting rings are used to seal the ends of the copper or aluminum bars
that make up the structure. (a) Heavy current flow through the rotor bars produces a magnetic
field that interacts with the rotating magnetic field of the stator windings. SCIMs used in wind
power generation have two main limitations: high starting current and low starting torque. The
rotor windings are connected to external resistance by slip rings in WRIMs.WRIMs can be started
with a low rush current and strong starting torque by controlling the external resistance. WRIMs
also have a higher power factor than SCIMs. However, WRIMs' principal shortcomings are their
complexity and need for continual upkeep regarding brushes and ship rings. SCIMs and WRIMs
are two examples of traditional induction machines that are frequently employed in fixed-speed
electric systems. drives-equipped machines. Since these machines depend on reactive electricity
from the grid to continue functioning as generators, complicated power factor correction control
processes are necessary.

FIGURE 6: Induction machines. (a) SCIM. (b) Rotor of WRIM.

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 FIGURE 7: Scheme of SCIM and Rotor of WRIM.

WRIM-based doubly fed induction machines (DFIMs) are increasingly used to generate wind
energy. Figure 5 shows the layout of a WRIM with a wound rotor and a slip ring assembly with
brushes connected to a controller in a DFIM. (a) The rotor windings of DFIMs are connected to
the controller, which regulates both the rotor and rotor currents, while the stator windings are
connected to the grid. To account for differences in the turbine's speed, the input current's
frequency and phase angle are changed in the rotor. This change also allows for the modification
of the active and reactive electricity supply on the grid. As a result, DFIMs are appropriate for
systems that operate electric machines at various speeds. Various brushless DFIM versions have
been created, including self-cascaded machines, modern DFIMs and conventional cascaded
machines.
Vernier PR Machine: Vernier PM machines have drawn more attention because of their robust
mechanical design and high torque density. The Vernier PM machine has a similar topology to a
standard floor mounted PMSM. Vernier PM machines differ from typical PMSMs in that they
have more stator poles than rotor poles as opposed to the latter, which are both equal in number.
In order to accentuate the Vernier influence, Vernier PM machines often contain a considerably
larger variation of rotor poles compared to stator poles. The flux linkage moves dramatically in
response to a minor movement of the PM rotor in the stator armature windings. Torque will rise
when the speed of the rotor decreases in comparison to the rotating area. In low-speed, hightorque
applications, Vernier PM machines are highly desired. Torque will rise when the rotor slows
down relative to the rotating region. When used in low-speed, high-torque applications like the
production of wind energy, Vernier PM machines are highly desired.

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

Due to better temperature dissipation and simpler installation, outer-rotor machines are generally
more advanced than their conventional inner-rotor equivalents, particularly in direct-power
operations. For wind, a Vernier PM system with an outside rotor was created. When the rotor
slows down in relation to the rotating zone, torque will increase. Vernier PM machines are highly
coveted when utilized in low-speed, high-torque applications like the creation of wind energy.
A permanent magnet synchronous motor is a hybrid of an induction motor and a brushless DC
motor with a higher power density than an induction motor (PMSM). Because of their
advantages, permanent synchronous motors are a very popular choice for electrical drives.
Highperformance motors need to rotate smoothly across their whole speed range, have excellent
torque control, and quickly increase their speed. The suggested design solution for motor control
drive systems, with an emphasis on battery-powered applications, aims to achieve regulation,
stability, robustness to load disturbance variation and energy saving.

FIGURE 8: Scheme of PMSM.[3]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

Advantages:

1. This motor can produce continuous torque since it has low torque ripples. Additionally,
its capacity to retain maximum torque at low speeds.
2. The full-load efficiency of a permanent magnet motor is higher than that of an AC
induction motor. Because a permanent magnet was used to create the rotor magnet, the
motor has a high efficiency. As a result of its rotor's lack of a coil, heat generation is
reduced.
3. A high-power density is produced by the smaller size and fewer coils. As a result, it
produces great speed at a quiet volume. Additionally, the heat transfer is improved, and
the cooling system is easy to use.
4. Because the permanent magnet synchronous motor has no brushes, its maintenance costs
are minimal. However, the initial cost is expensive.

Disadvantages:

1. These motors need a variable frequency power supply to start since they have a constant
magnetic rotor but a variable magnetic field requirement. Permanent magnet synchronous
motors need a driver to run; they are unable to function without one.
2. Armature current control and field current control are the main two ways to control
motors. The only source in this motor's AC supply is on the stator, making it the only
source that can be used to control the motor. Power electronics and microcontrollers are
required as part of a sophisticated control system for this.
3. Since permanent magnet motors require a larger initial investment than AC induction
motors, they are more challenging to start up.
The EESM is usually built with a wound-rotor synchronous generator and the rotor of that
generator carries the field system provided with a DC excitation.

FIGURE 9: Scheme of EESM.[3]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

The EESM is typically constructed using a wound-rotor synchronous generator, and the
generator's rotor carries the field system excited by a DC signal.

Advantages:

1. Because the excitation current may be adjusted, EESM can manage the flux for a
minimum loss in a range of power.
2. It does not call for the use of PMs, which would add significantly to the cost of the
generator.

Disadvantages:
1. The rotor winding must be excited with DC, either using slip rings and brushes or a
revolving rectifier and brushless exciter. Field losses are a given.
2. It becomes a costly and heavy solution to make room for excitation windings and pole
shoes.

In general, outer-rotor machines are more advanced than their traditional inner-rotor equivalents,
especially in direct-power operations, due to improved temperature dissipation and easier
installation. For wind strength technology, an outer rotor Vernier PM system was developed. It
consists of a toothed-pole stator, the teeth of which are divided into three little teeth at the end.
Strength technology that features a toothed-pole stator, the end of which has three tiny teeth.

Multi-segment machines have more levels of freedom in the corresponding control system, a
higher energy density and better fault tolerance than their contemporary 3-segment equivalents.
Double windings, sometimes referred to as armature and harmonic windings, are used in this
device. To reduce the harmonic content of the triggering voltage, the six-phase armature windings
are concentrated, and the harmonic windings are wound around the toothed poles of the stator.
When no load was applied, it was discovered that the harmonic windings lowered the system's
total harmonic distortion (THD) from 4.52 percent to at least 1.96 percent.

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

FIGURE 10: FRPM machines. (a) Classical FRPM machine. (b) 6/14-p FRPM machine. (c)
FRPM machine with evenly distributed PMs. (d) FRPM machine with distributed windings. (e)
Soft magnetic composite FRPM machine. (f). Outer-rotor FRPM machine.[5]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Design Solution 2

TABLE-1: Comparison of fixed-speed and variable-speed system.[5]

Variable-speed system Fixed-speed system

Speed range 0-100% 1% synchronous speed

Power rating >15MW 2.3 MW (max)

Gear box May be eliminated (direct - Necessary

drive)

Control complexity Complicated Simple

Wind energy utilization High Low

Produced power quality High due to adjustment of Low since power flicker
power converter or issues are inevitable
controller
Cost High Low

Suitable electric machines Various induction machines Limited to SCIM or WRIM

(SCIM, WRIM, doubly, fed
IM) and synchronous
machines (electrically or PM
excited)
Examples Bard 5.0 [3]; Vestas V82[1];

Vestas V66/V-112[6]; Siemens SWT 2.3-101[3]

Enercon E126 [3];

Multibird M5000[6]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

TABLE -2: Comparison among SCIM fixed or semi variable speed, WRIM fixed or semi
variable speed, DFIM variable speed, Brushless DFIM variable speed, EESM variable speed
and PMSM variable speed.[5]
SCIM WRIM EESM PMSM DFIM Brushless
DFIM

Speed range Fixed or Fixed or Variable Variable Variable Variable

semi semi speed speed speed speed
variable variable
speed speed
Gearbox Yes Yes Optional Optional Yes Yes
requirements

Torque Low Medium Low Highest Medium High

density

Maintenance Low High High Low High Relatively

requirements Low
Power Low Low High High High High
quality
Efficiency Low Low Medium Highest High High

Reliability Highest Low Low High Low Medium

Cost Lowest Low Medium Highest High Medium

Examples Vetas Vetas Enercon Aeolia Suzlon ATW-26-

V82- V80- E- d2CF- S70(1.5MW 275 kW
1.65MW 1.8MW 33(300kW) 200kW )
Siemens Suzlon Enercon Vetas V90 Vetas V80-
SWT- S88- E-82- Grid- 2.0MW
101- 2.1MW E3(MW) (2.0MW)
2.3MW

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

TABLE-3: Comparison of PMSMs in wind energy generator.[5]

Surface- Vernier PM FSPM FRPM Magnetic-

mounted machine machine machine generated
PMSM PM machine
PM location Mounted on Mounted on Sandwiched Mounted on Generally,
surface of surface of by stator surface of mounted on
rotor rotor teeth stator tooth surface of
rotor
Speed range Variable Variable Variable Variable Variable
speed, low- speed, more speed, more speed, more speed, more
speed suitable for suitable for suitable for suitable for
application low speed high-speed low speed low speed
needs more direct drive direct drive direct drive direct drive
PM poles wind turbine wind turbine wind turbine wind turbine
with gear box
due to robust
rotor
structure
Operating Attraction Flux Flux Flux Flux
principle between modulation modulation modulation modulation
magnetic
poles from
stator and
rotor
Gearbox Optional No Optional No No
requirements
Torque Relatively Higher than Higher than Higher than Highest due
density high due to PMSMs PMSMs due PMSMs to the
the high- to the flux- multiple
energy PM focusing working
effects harmonics
modulated
Power High Relatively Higher than Relatively Comparable
quality low PMSMs low to PMSMs
Efficiency Highest Relatively Low Low Relatively
low low
Maintenance Relatively Comparable Lower than Lower than Relatively

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 requirement low to PMSMs PMSMs PMSMs high
Reliability Reliability Comparable Higher than Higher than Relatively
high to PMSMs PMSMs PMSMs low
Cost Very high Comparable Lower than Lower than Lower than
to PMSMs PMSMs PMSMs PMSMs
Power rating Both low Relatively Both low Relatively Relatively
and high lower than and high lower than lower than
power PMSMs power PMSMs PMSMs
Design Solution 3

This article examined the WECS generator technology. Because excitation can be given without
the need for power input, permanent magnet synchronous generators have a higher efficiency
than dual powered induction generators. A permanent magnet synchronous generator also has the
benefit of being able to create electricity at any rate, depending on the circumstances. The latter
has a winding stator and a rotor made up of a system of permanent magnet poles. However, the
materials used to make permanent magnets are pricey and temperature-sensitive, necessitating a
cooling system. This sort of generator also has trouble starting up since it is synchronous, making
it challenging to maintain a consistent voltage. In comparison to variable speed wind turbines,
DFIG plays a significant role in the market today. Only 30% of the energy produced by DFIG
passes through the converter architecture, which contributes to the proximity converters' and
power switches' low-cost advantage.
Due to the SCIG experiencing a network-level short circuit and the huge peak current in the
DFIG, the likelihood of network failure is higher. The PMSG wind turbine without a gearbox is
the best when considering all performance, durability, dependability and market deliverability
factors. They can still be deployed offshore where there is enough wind speed despite their bigger
size. Since these machines use less mechanical stress and can absorb more energy, they are
changing at an amazing rate today. This article begins with a brief introduction before presenting
several wind turbine topologies and wind turbines from an electrical standpoint. By enhancing
stability and availability, induction and synchronous generator analyses that have enhanced
performance as a result of recent developments in power electronics offer a solution for wind
power systems. the electricity system's ability to be controlled.
The top 10 global wind turbine manufacturers in 2009 are given in Table 4, along with their used
generator designs. This table illustrates how multiple-stage gearboxes continue to dominate the
wind business and how induction generators remain the most popular form of generator. Fixed
speed and limited variable speed have virtually disappeared during the past 15 years. The use of
static magnet generators and direct drives is becoming more widespread. The key advantage of
DFIG over other variable speed systems is the small amount of generated power that is lost just
30%. Significant cost savings are achieved by the power converter, maybe even with future
lowcost power circuits. The potential for large-scale, variable-speed wind turbines with power
converters may be sparked by this development.

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

Direct-drive windmill systems have higher overall efficiencies, dependability, and availability
due to the elimination of the gearbox. Additionally, the cost and effectiveness of PMs have also
increased recently. Additionally becoming more affordable are power electronics. As a result,
variable speed direct-drive PM machines with full-scale power converters may become more and
more popular for offshore wind energy. Offshore wind power may therefore make full-scale
power converters and variable speed direct-drive PM machines more desirable.

TABLE-4: Top 10 globally wind turbine manufactures of 2009, used Generator Concepts.[6]

Manufacturer Concept
Vestas (Denmark) Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
PMSG, multiple gearboxes with full converter
Sinovel (China) Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

General Electric (US) Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

PMSG, multiple gearboxes with full converter
PMSG Direct-Drive with full converter

Enercon (Germany) EESG Direct-Drive with full converter

Gold wind (China) PMSG Direct-Drive with full converter
Gamesa (Spain) Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
PMSG, multiple gearboxes with full converter

Dongfang (Chaina) Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

Suzlon (India) IG, Fixed or limited variable speed
Siemens (Germany) IG, multiple gearboxes with full converter
Direct drive
Repower Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 Design Solution 4
Stakeholder’s Involvements: A considerable increase in wind energy is required to significantly
replace fossil fuels for the energy market transition to be effective. In terms of emissions, wind
power is up to 175 times more efficient than most contemporary gas-fired power plants.
Consequently, a successful switch to sustainable energy would be impossible without onshore
and offshore wind turbines (Belgian Offshore Platform, 2019). However, due to a lack of
permissions, most wind turbines are only intended to last 20 to 25 years, and in offshore locations,
due to severe weather, their durability is significantly lower. Therefore, a sustainable
decommissioning procedure is crucial to minimizing an offshore wind farm's overall carbon
footprint. As big petroleum tankers are compelled to deconstruct their offshore wind farms in an
inefficient, even harsh manner, the creation of green energy by avoiding CO2 emissions risks a
long-term reduction in efficiency. than if the abandoned materials were repurposed in the
following manner. When considering wind energy as a green energy source, ecological
optimization for a wind farm's life cycle must be considered. A set of stakeholder mapping ideas
was used to categorize various stakeholder types, including those interested in offshore wind
power outages and related activities. The optimal method for identifying stakeholders involves
teamwork and involves research, discussion, and argument from several angles. A significant list
of stakeholders is established as a result.
The Issues Related to The Wind Energy System Use or Implementation:

1. Technical: One of the biggest issues is the exact design of wind turbines. The wind
turbine's design must be compatible with the blade load (for lighter blades) and
aerodynamic stability. Loads such as inertia, gravity, and aerodynamics are applied to
wind turbines. In order to enhance the design of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines,
many researchers have created mathematical models to determine material and structural
stresses. A multi-objective optimization technique for HAWT design was created by
Ernesto et al. based on the coupling of an evolutionary algorithm and a propeller element
theory aerodynamic model. In order to determine the extreme reaction of a wind turbine
driven by altering the tilt angle, Bier booms employed a probability-based method. As a
result, wind turbine manufacturers can now design more dependable and efficient wind
turbines and can better represent harsh circumstances in wind turbines. As previously
mentioned, wind farms are typically found in rural locations since there is land available,
the wind is stronger there, and people can also pursue other activities like farming there.
When producing wind energy vs grid, there are two key issues. First of all, there are many
rural places with poor grid infrastructure, and secondly, even with a reliable grid, adding
wind power could cause technical issues like voltage fluctuations and other issues because
of the fluctuating nature of wind energy. [7]

2. Economical: When one considers that most expenses are incurred at the time of
investment, wind energy is a capital-extensive source of generation. The upfront costs
could be excessive up to 80% of the project's total worth. The wind turbine by itself

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

 represents the greatest value element as shown by methods of grid connection and others.
A few important factors that affect wind electricity prices are capital costs (the cost of the
turbines, the foundations, and the grid connection), variable costs (operation and
maintenance, land rent, insurance, and taxes), the exceptionally low plant ability factor,
and the investment's financial lifespan. The output of power, fixed costs (loan interest,
land rent, insurance), and variable expenses (maintenance/repair, other) are used to
calculate production costs. Due to the intermittent nature of wind and high capital
expenditures, it is not always feasible to deploy wind energy on a wide scale. Power output
is a crucial factor in determining production costs; it also depends on wind speed and is
vulnerable to barriers like houses and different types of terrain like plains and mountains.
The design and choice of the turbines as well as grid availability are additional crucial
factors. [7]

3. Social: The developer must own or obtain the huge land needed to construct a wind farm.
Typically, wind farms are found in rural locations where there is and available and the
same land may be used for other activities like farming or ranching. A wind turbine's
power output is mostly influenced by wind speed. Obstacles like geography and buildings
have a major impact on wind speed. Wind farms should be situated in rural areas with
enough elevation to fully utilize wind energy. [7]

4. Environmental: Wind energy can have both positive and negative effects on the
environment. The energy produced by wind turbines does not produce pollutants such as
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, etc. It is estimated that a 2.5 kW wind
system can save 1–2 tons of CO2 and a 6kW system can save up to 2.5–5 tons of CO2.
However, it also has some negative effects. Therefore, it is important to always study the
worst-case scenario to minimize the damage. There are significant negative impacts on
wildlife and human life (noise and visibility). [7]

Conclusion and Discussion: This study has provided a thorough review of the capabilities and
restrictions of electric drives and wind energy production equipment. The most viable alternative
to SCIMs, WRIMs, and HIMs, as well as other conventional electric wind turbines, is PMSMs.
EESMs and DFIMs. By concentrating on the fundamental requirements such as torque or power
density, efficiency, dependability, cost etc. This study's main objective is to compare advanced
PMSMs with conventional surface-mounted PMSMs, Vernier PM machines, FSPM machines,
FRPM machines, and magnetic-geared PM machines. There are still a lot though. Electric drives
and equipment have technical issues that need to be resolved. problems with electric drives and
machines as well as production and modeling issues. Researchers and engineers that are
interested in modern electric machines and drives for wind energy conversion systems can use
this article as a comprehensive design manual and reference. In a topic that is always evolving,
it may be helpful to analyze prior work and be inspired to develop new, creative notions. [7]

© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)

References:

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[2] Nouh, A., et al.: Wind energy conversion systems: classifications and trends in
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[3] www.sciencedirect.com. (n.d.). Fixed Speed System - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics.

[online] Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/fixed-speed-system.
[4] Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, S.: Review on the techno-commercial aspects of wind energy
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[5] Bhutto, D.K., et al.: Wind energy conversion systems generators: A review. In: 2nd
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[6] Md. Rejwanur Rashid Mojumdar, Mohammad Sakhawat Hossain Himel, Md. Salman
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[8] A. Hossain and R. Ahmed, “Present Energy Scenario and Potentiality of Wind Energy in
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© Dept. of EEE, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)