-Statistical significance means that you asked enough people to know that the difference in the numbers didn’t

happen merely by chance. We will

use significance level of <0.05 throughout this entire semester.

FREQUENCY (Count of 1 variable of any kind)

Valid N=number of people who answered

the question
Missing=number of people that skipped
the question

Valid Percent=percent of people who

chose that response that answered the
question.
Cumulative Percent = percent of people
that chose that response PLUS all of the
previous responses in the list.

DESCRIPTIVES (1 SCALE variable)

Valid N= number of people who

answered the question
CROSSTABS (2 nominal/ordinal variables)

N = number of people who answered

BOTH questions

% of the row=of all men that answered

this question, 63.6% said ‘No’
% of the column = of all people that said
‘No’, 64.6% were men.
CROSSTABS WITH PEARSON CHI-SQUARE & CRAMERS V TESTS (2 nominal/ordinal variables)

Pearson Chi-Square = First check if the

relationship between these 2 variables
is statistically significant. Pearson Chi-
Square should be <0.05. In this case it
is not so there is no evidence of a
statistically significant relationship.
a. Also make sure that NO cells have
less than a 5 count. Otherwise the test
may not be valid.

CRAMERS V VALUE
<.20 Too weak to matter
.20 to .25 Moderate
Cramers V = if there was a statistically .25 to .30 Moderately Strong
significant relationship above, we .30 to .35 Strong
would read this value to see how .35 to .40 Very Strong
strong it was. See chart- Too Weak To .40 to .50 Worrisomely Strong
.50 to .99 Redundant
Matter. 1.00 Perfect Relationship
COMPARE MEANS: INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T TEST (1 nominal/ordinal variable and 1 scale variable)

N = number of men that answered the

question.
Mean of all male respondents. Men rated
on average ‘the likelihood of them visiting
Palasad after 9pm’ as a 3.7. Looking in
Variable View on the dataset we would
see that this was on a scale of 1 to 5.

Levene’s test ONLY tells you whether to read the ‘Equal variances assumed’ row or the Equal variances NOT assumed row. If ABOVE 0.05,
read the ABOVE (first) row. If BELOW 0.05, read the BELOW (second) row. In this case, it tells us to read the above row as the Levene’s Test
Significance is >0.05.

The significance that matters is the Two-Sided p of the applicable row to see if it is statistically significant. <0.05. It is significant!

We would then look at the top table again to see what the mean rating for each gender was to see the difference, now that we know it is
statistically significant. So, on a scale of 1 to 5 as this question was (as we know from Variable View in the dataset), Females rated their
likelihood at 3.3 out of 5, men rated it as 3.7 out of 5. So although men are more likely, and that is STATISICALLY significant, you decide if the
difference of 0.4 on a 5-point scale is big enough to be interesting for the client.
CORRELATIONS (2 scale variables)

Significance=want this to be <0.05 to show a

significant relationship. In this case it is!
Pearson Correlation = if there was a statistically
significant relationship, we would read this value
to see how strong it was. See Correlations chart.

CORRELATIONS
-1 Perfect inverse relationship
-.99 to -.5 Strong inverse relationship
-.49 to -.3 Moderate inverse relationship
-.29 to .29 Too weak to matter
.30 to .49 Moderate positive relationship
.5 to .99 Strong positive relationship
1.00 Perfect positive relationship

In this case there is a strong positive relationship.

If people thought a loyalty program would entice
them to golf more often, they also were more
likely to think that a loyalty program would entice
them to dine more often.