TEKS

5.1
a.1, 2A.2.A
Use Properties
of Exponents
Before You evaluated powers.
Now You will simplify expressions involving powers.
Why? So you can compare the volumes of two stars, as in Example 5.

Key Vocabulary Consider what happens when you multiply two powers that have the same base:
• scientific notation 23 p 25 5 (2 p 2 p 2) p (2 p 2 p 2 p 2 p 2) 5 28
Note that the exponent 8 in the product is the sum of the exponents 3 and 5 in
the factors. This property is one of several properties of exponents shown below.

KEY CONCEPT For Your Notebook

Properties of Exponents
Let a and b be real numbers and let m and n be integers.
Property Name Definition Example
AVOID ERRORS
Product of Powers am p an 5 am 1 n 53 p 521 5 53 1 (21) 5 52 5 25
When you multiply
powers, do not multiply Power of a Power (am)n 5 amn (33)2 5 33 p 2 5 36 5 729
the bases. For example,
32 p 35 Þ 97.
Power of a Product (ab) m 5 ambm (2 p 3)4 5 24 p 34 5 1296

Negative Exponent
1 ,aÞ0
a2m 5 } 1 5 1
7 22 5 }
m }
a 2
7 49

Zero Exponent a0 5 1, a Þ 0 (289) 0 5 1

am m2n 623 23 2 (26)
5 63 5 216
Quotient of Powers }n 5a ,aÞ0 }
26
56
a 6
m 2 2
a m a ,bÞ0 4 5 16
Power of a Quotient 1 }b 2 5}
bm 1 }47 2 5}
72
}
49

EXAMPLE 1 Evaluate numerical expressions

a. (24 p 25)2 5 (24) 2 p (25)2 Power of a product property

5 16 p 25 p 2 Power of a power property

10
5 16 p 2 5 16,384 Simplify and evaluate power.
5 21 8
11 11
b. 1}
11 2
8
5} 5
11
Negative exponent property

5 118 2 5 Quotient of powers property

3
5 11 5 1331 Simplify and evaluate power.

330 Chapter 5 Polynomials and Polynomial Functions

 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION A number is expressed in scientific notation if it is in the
form c 3 10n where 1 ≤ c < 10 and n is an integer. When you work with numbers in
scientific notation, the properties of exponents can make calculations easier.

EXAMPLE 2 Use scientific notation in real life

LOCUSTS A swarm of locusts may contain as many as
85 million locusts per square kilometer and cover an area
of 1200 square kilometers. About how many locusts are in
such a swarm?

Solution

Number Locusts per Number of square

5 3
of locusts square kilometer kilometers

REVIEW SCIENTIFIC 5 85,000,000 3 1200 Substitute values.

NOTATION
5 (8.5 3 10 )(1.2 3 10 )
7 3
Write in scientific notation.
For help with scientific
notation, see p. 982. 5 (8.5 3 1.2)(107 3 103) Use multiplication properties.

5 10.2 3 1010 Product of powers property

1 10
5 1.02 3 10 3 10 Write 10.2 in scientific notation.
11
5 1.02 3 10 Product of powers property

c The number of locusts is about 1.02 3 1011, or about 102,000,000,000.

✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 1 and 2

Evaluate the expression. Tell which properties of exponents you used.

1. (42)3 2. (28)(28) 3 2 3 6 p 1024

1 2
3. }
9
4. }
9 p 107

SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS You can use the properties of exponents to simplify

algebraic expressions. A simplified expression contains only positive exponents.

EXAMPLE 3 Simplify expressions

a. b24b 6b 7 5 b24 1 6 1 7 5 b 9 Product of powers property

23 (r22)23
INTERPRET BASES r 22
In this book, it is 1 2
b. }
s3
5}
(s 3)23
Power of a quotient property

assumed that any base

with a zero or negative 5}r6 Power of a power property
exponent is nonzero. s29
5 r 6s 9 Negative exponent property

16m4n25 5 8m 4n25 2 (25)

c. } Quotient of powers property
2n25
5 8m4n0 5 8m4 Zero exponent property

"MHFCSB at classzone.com

5.1 Use Properties of Exponents 331

 EXAMPLE 4 TAKS PRACTICE: Multiple Choice

(x22y 3)3
What is the simplified form of } ?
4 9
x y

A x 2y 1
B } 1
C } 1
D }
10 2 10
x xy x y

Solution
(x22y 3)3 (x22)3(y 3)3
}5} Power of a product property
x4y9 x4y9
x26y 9
5}
4 9
Power of a power property
x y

5 x26 2 4y 9 2 9 Quotient of powers property

5 x210y 0 Simplify exponents.

210
5x p1 Zero exponent property

1
5} Negative exponent property
10
x
c The correct answer is B. A B C D

EXAMPLE 5 Compare real-life volumes

ASTRONOMY Betelgeuse is one of the stars
found in the constellation Orion. Its radius is
about 1500 times the radius of the sun. How
many times as great as the sun’s volume is "ETELGEUSE
Betelgeuse’s volume?

Solution
Let r represent the sun’s radius. Then 1500r
represents Betelgeuse’s radius.
4 3
Betelgeuse’s volume }π(1500r)
3 4
}5} The volume of a sphere is }p r3.
Sun’s volume 4 3 3
}πr
3

4 3 3
}π1500 r
3
5} Power of a product property
4 3
}πr
3

5 15003r 0 Quotient of powers property

5 15003 p 1 Zero exponent property

5 3,375,000,000 Evaluate power.

c Betelgeuse’s volume is about 3.4 billion times as great as

the sun’s volume.

332 Chapter 5 Polynomials and Polynomial Functions

 ✓ GUIDED PRACTICE for Examples 3, 4, and 5

Simplify the expression. Tell which properties of exponents you used.

3 2 x4y22 3
5. x26x5x 3 6. (7y 2z5)( y24z21) 7. 1}s
t 2
24
8. }
1
x 3y 6 2

5.1 EXERCISES HOMEWORK

KEY
5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 17, 31, and 51
5 TAKS PRACTICE AND REASONING
Exs. 36, 46, 51, 53, 55, and 56

SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY State the name of the property illustrated.

a. am p an 5 am 1 n b. a2m 5 }1 ,a?0 c. (ab) m 5 ambm

am

2. WRITING Is the number 25.2 3 1023 in scientific notation? Explain.

EXAMPLE 1 EVALUATING NUMERICAL EXPRESSIONS Evaluate the expression. Tell which

on p. 330 properties of exponents you used.
for Exs. 3–14
3. 33 p 32 4. (422)3 5. (25)(25)4 6. (24)2
4 23
52 3 2 10. 93 p 921
7. }
55
1 2
8. }
5 1 2
9. }
7
25 4 25 2
34
11. }
322
1 2 1 }23 2
2
12. }
3
13. 63 p 60 p 625 14. 1 1 }12 2 2
EXAMPLE 2 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Write the answer in scientific notation.
on p. 331
15. (4.2 3 103)(1.5 3 106) 16. (1.2 3 1023)(6.7 3 1027) 17. (6.3 3 105)(8.9 3 10212)
for Exs. 15–23
4
18. (7.2 3 109)(9.4 3 108) 19. (2.1 3 1024) 20. (4.0 3 103)
3

8.1 3 1012 1.1 3 1023 (7.5 3 108)(4.5 3 1024)

21. } 22. } 23. }
5.4 3 109 5.5 3 1028 1.5 3 107

EXAMPLES SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS Simplify the expression. Tell which

3 and 4 properties of exponents you used.
on pp. 331–332
w22
24. } 25. (22y 3)
5
26. (p3q2)
21
27. (w 3x22)(w 6x21)
for Exs. 24–39
w6
23 23 x21y 2 3c 3d
28. (5s22t 4) 29. (3a 3b5) 30. } 31. }
x2y21 9cd21

4r 4s5 2a3b24 y11 8z7 x 2y23 y2

32. } 33. } 34. }3 p } 35. } p}
24r 4s25 3a5b22 4z y7 3y 2
x24

2x2y
36. TAKS RL
EASONING W hat is the simplified form of }?
6xy21
2 2
y xy x 1
A } B } C } D }
3 3 3 3

5.1 Use Properties of Exponents 333

 ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in simplifying the expression.

37. 38. 39.

x10 5 x5 x5 p x3 5 x15 (23) 2 (23) 4 5 96
} 2
x

GEOMETRY Write an expression for the figure’s area or volume in terms of x.

}
Ï3 2
40. A 5 } s 41. V 5 πr 2h 42. V 5 lwh
4

x x
x x
3 2
5x
3
2x

REASONING Write an expression that makes the statement true.

12x 2y 5 2
43. x15y12z8 5 x4y 7z11 p ? 44. 3x 3y 2 5 } 45. (a5b4) 5 a14b21 p ?
?

46. TAKS REASONING Find three different ways to complete the following
statement so that it is true: x12y16 5 (x ?y ?)(x ?y ?).

CHALLENGE Refer to the properties of exponents on page 330.

47. Show how the negative exponent property can be derived from the quotient
of powers property and the zero exponent property.
48. Show how the quotient of powers property can be derived from the product
of powers property and the negative exponent property.

PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 2 49. OCEAN VOLUME The table shows the surface areas and average depths of
on p. 331 four oceans. Calculate the volume of each ocean by multiplying the surface
for Exs. 49–50 area of each ocean by its average depth. Write your answers in scientific
notation.

Ocean Surface area Average depth

(square meters) (meters)
Pacific 1.56 3 1014 4.03 3 103

Atlantic 7.68 3 1013 3.93 3 103

Indian 6.86 3 1013 3.96 3 103

Arctic 1.41 3 1013 1.21 3 103

5&9"4 GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

50. EARTH SCIENCE The continents of Earth move at a very slow rate. The South
American continent has been moving about 0.000022 mile per year for the
past 125,000,000 years. How far has the continent moved in that time? Write
your answer in scientific notation.
5&9"4 GPS
QSPCMFN
TPMWJOH
IFMQ
BU
DMBTT[POFDPN

5 WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS 5 TAKS PRACTICE

334 on p. WS1 AND REASONING
EXAMPLE 5 51. TAKS REASONING A typical cultured black pearl is made by placing a bead
on p. 332 with a diameter of 6 millimeters inside an oyster. The resulting pearl has a
for Exs. 51–52 diameter of about 9 millimeters. Compare the volume of the resulting pearl
with the volume of the bead.

52. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A can of tennis balls consists of three spheres of

radius r stacked vertically inside a cylinder of radius r and height h.
a. Write an expression for the total volume of the three tennis balls in
terms of r.
b. Write an expression for the volume of the cylinder in terms of r and h.
c. Write an expression for h in terms of r using the fact that the height of
the cylinder is the sum of the diameters of the three tennis balls.
d. What fraction of the can’s volume is taken up by the tennis balls?

53. TAKS REASONING You can think of a penny as a cylinder with a radius
of about 9.53 millimeters and a height of about 1.55 millimeters.
a. Calculate Approximate the volume of a penny. Give your answer in cubic
meters.
b. Estimate Approximate the volume of your classroom in cubic meters.
Explain how you obtained your answer.
c. Interpret Use your results from parts (a) and (b) to estimate how many
pennies it would take to fill your classroom. Do you think your answer
is an overestimate or an underestimate? Explain.

54. CHALLENGE Earth’s core is approximately

spherical in shape and is divided into a solid
inner core (the yellow region in the diagram
shown) and a liquid outer core (the dark
orange region in the diagram). R 
a. Earth’s radius is about 5 times as great as 
R
the radius of Earth’s inner core. Find the
ratio of Earth’s total volume to the volume
of Earth’s inner core.
b. Find the ratio of the volume of Earth’s outer
core to the volume of Earth’s inner core.

TAKS PRACTICE at classzone.com

M IXED R EVIEW FOR TAKS
REVIEW 55. TAKS PRACTICE What are the zeros of the function y 5 2x 2 1 5x 2 12?
Lesson 4.4; TAKS Obj. 5
TAKS Workbook
3 , 24
A 2} 3, 4
B 2} 3 , 24
C } 3, 4
D }
2 2 2 2

REVIEW 56.
]›
TAKS PRACTICE In the diagram, NP bisects
Skills Review ∠ MNQ and m∠ MNP is x8. Which equation can M P
Handbook p. 994; be used to find y, which represents m∠ MNQ?
TAKS Workbook TAKS Obj. 6
x8
x
F y5} G y5x
2 N P
H y 5 2x J y 5 180 2 x

EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 5.1, p. 1014 ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com 335
 Investigating
g g
Algebra ACTIVITY Use before Lesson 5.2 TEXAS
classzone.com
Keystrokes

5.2 End Behavior of

Polynomial Functions TEKS a.5, a.6, 2A.4.A; P.1.E

M AT E R I A L S • graphing calculator

QUESTION How is the end behavior of a polynomial function related to

the function’s equation?

Functions of the form f (x) 5 6xn, where n is a positive integer, are examples
of polynomial functions. The end behavior of a polynomial function’s graph is
its behavior as x approaches positive infinity (1`) or as x approaches negative
infinity (2`).

EXPLORE Investigate the end behavior of f (x) 5 6xn where n is even

Graph the function. Describe the end behavior of the graph.

a. f(x) 5 x4 b. f (x) 5 2x4

STEP 1 Graph functions Graph each function on a graphing calculator.

a. b.

STEP 2 Describe end behavior Summarize the end behavior of each function.

Function As x approaches 2` As x approaches 1`

a. f (x) 5 x 4 f (x) approaches 1` f (x) approaches 1`

b. f (x) 5 2x 4 f (x) approaches 2` f(x) approaches 2`

DR AW CONCLUSIONS Use your observations to complete these exercises

Graph the function. Then describe its end behavior as shown above.
1. f(x) 5 x 5 2. f (x) 5 2x 5 3. f(x) 5 x 6 4. f(x) 5 2x 6
5. Make a conjecture about the end behavior of each family of functions.
a. f(x) 5 xn where n is odd b. f (x) 5 2xn where n is odd
c. f(x) 5 xn where n is even d. f (x) 5 2xn where n is even
6. Make a conjecture about the end behavior of the function f (x) 5 x6 2 x.
Explain your reasoning.

336 Chapter 5 Polynomials and Polynomial Functions