Manual

2023
B.E.III CIVIL S.D.‐I Lab
AMD/FTE/M
SU
APPLIED MECHANICS & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
THE M.S. UNIVERSITY OF BARODA
VADODARA 390001
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shri/Kum ........................................................................
Roll No. ............ of Class ........................ has attended practicals in the
subject………………………………. at Cement & Concrete Laboratory of
Applied Mechanics Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering and has
carried out .................... experiments during ...................... semester of the year
2017.
Date: Signature of Teacher in charge

INDEX
PAGE
TEST TITLE DATE SIGN.
NO.
A SPECIFICATION FOR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR CEMENT
1 FINENESS TEST OF CEMENT
2 STANDARD CONSISTENCY TEST
3 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME
4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT
B INTRODUCTION TO AGGREGATE
5 BULK DENSITY OF AGGREGATES
6 SIEVE ANALYSIS
7 BULKING OF SAND
C INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
8 SLUMP TEST
9 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
10 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
11 FLEXURE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
12 TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Applied Mechanics Department, FTE, MSU, Vadodara. Structural Design-I Lab
Specification for Physical Properties for Cement
❖ Introduction
Cement is a material with adhesive and cohesive properties. Cement, when mixed with mineral
fragments and water, binds the particles into a compact whole. This description includes a large
number of cementing materials. For the purpose of construction works, the cement is used to
bind stones, sand, bricks, etc. Our study is limited to cement used for construction works,
particularly for concrete work.
Cement is the most important and costliest ingredient of concrete. It was invented by Joseph
Aspdin of U.K. in 1824. He named it Portland cement because the hardened concrete made out
of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water in definite proportions resembled the
natural stone occurring at Portland in England. The materials, which set and harden in the
presence of water are said to posses hydraulic properties. As cement gets strength due to
chemical action between cement and water (known as hydration) and its ability to harden under
water, it is also known as hydraulic cement.
❖ Manufacture of Portland Cement

Portland cement is manufactured by grinding together calcareous (limestone or chalk) and
argillaceous (shale or clay) materials in dry or wet condition. The mixture is burnt in a kiln to
1300º -1500 º C where it sinters and produces small clinkers. Clinkers (of nodular shape) are
cooled and mixed with about 2% gypsum to avoid flash setting (to delay the chemical action
when water is added). The mixture is ground to required fineness in ball mills to get the final
product as cement. One bag of cement masses to 50 Kg and is equivalent to 34.5 liters (1440
kg/m3).
❖ Types of Cement
By altering the proportions of the ingredients of cement, by adding other ingredients or by
changing the intensity of grinding, many different types of cement can be manufactured. Among
the different types of cement here only two types of cement, OPC and PPC are mention below.
1) Ordinary Portland Cement : It is widely used for most of the works. For using the
Portland cement to produce high strength concrete (M35 and above) for specialized
works, high strength cement is required. Bureau of Indian Standards has therefore
introduced three different grades of Ordinary Portland cement. Consequently, Ordinary
Portland cement is now available in three different grades.
A. Grade 33 (IS : 269 - 1989)
B. Grade 43 (IS : 8112 - 1987)
C. Grade 53 (IS : 12269 - 1987)
The grade indicates the compressive strength of cement at 28 days curing.
2) Portland Pozzolana Cement (IS : 1489-1991) : Porland-pozzolana cement shall

be manufactured either by intimately intergrinding Portland cement clinker and fly ash or
by intimately and uniformly blending Portland ement and fine fly ash. For blending of
Portland cement and fly ash, the method and equipment used shall be the one well
accepted for achieving a complete uniform and intimate blending. The blending operation
shall be a properly designed and well defined unit operation in approved blenders.
Gypsum (natural or chemical) may be added if the Portland-pozzolana cement is made by
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intergrinding Portland cement clinker with fly ash. The fly ash constituent shall be not
less than 15 percent and not more than 35 percent by mass of Portland-pozzolana cement.
The homogeneity of the mixture shall be guaranteed within ±3percent in the same
consignment.
The pozzolanous materials are an essentially silicious material which while in itself
possessing little or no cementitious properties will, in finely divided form and in the
presence of water, react with calcium hydroxide at ambient temperature to form
compounds possessing cementitious properties. The term includes natural volcanic
material having pozzolanic properties as also other natural and artificial materials, such
as diatomaceous earth, calcined clay and fly ash.
By altering proportions of ingredients of cement, various types of cements can be prepared.

Physical properties of a few types of cement are given in table I.
❖ Tests of Cement
To ensure the quality of cement, specifications are drawn in various Indian standards. Testing are
necessary to check the quantity of check the quality of cement periodically. Testing of cement
may be field-testing and/or laboratory testing. If cement satisfies field testing, it can be said that
the cement is not bad. However to conclude finally that the cement is of a good quality, the
laboratory testing are required. Some important laboratory tests are briefly discussed from in the
laboratory file, and some field tests are as follows:
The cement should look greenish grey in colour.
There should not be any presence of lumps.
The cement should give smooth feeling when rubbed between the fingers.
It should give a cool feeling when a hand is thrust into a cement bag.
If a handful of cement is thrown in water, the cement should float for a few minutes
before it sinks.
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TABLE-I SPECIFICATION FOR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

IS: 1489
IS: 269 IS: 8112 IS: 12269
SR. PORTLAND
PROPERTIES ORDINARY ORDINARY ORDINARY
NO. POZZOLONA
33 GRADE 43 GRADE 53 GRADE
CEMENT
1. FINENESS:
Residue by mass on IS
sieve 90 not to exceed, 10 10 10 10
percent.
Specific surface (m2/kg) by
air perm-eability method, 225 225 225 300
not less than
2. SETTING TIME (in min.):
Initial setting time not less

30 30 30 30
than
Final setting time not more 600
600 600 600
than
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
3.
(in N/mm2 of 1:3 cement mortar cube) :
At 1 day (24 hr + 30 min.) -

- - -
not less than -
At 3 days (72 hr + 1 hr.)
16 22 27 16
not less than
At 7 days (168 hr +2 hr.)
22 33 37 22
not less than
At 28 days (672 hr + 4 hr.)
33 43 53 33
not less than
4. SOUNDNESS:
By Le-Chatelier method
specimen shall not have an
10 10 10 10
expansion of more than,
(mm).
By Auto-clave method
specimen shall not have 0.8
0.8 0.8 0.8
expansion of more than,
(percent)
NOTE: Tests should be carried out in accordance with IS: 4031 – parts I to XV (Methods of physical tests
for hydraulic cement).
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EXPERIMENT-1
FINENESS OF CEMENT
AIM: For a given sample of cement, determine the fineness of cement.
APPARATUS: Electrical mass balance, IS test sieve of 90 micron (IS: 400 - 1962), Trowel,
Tray of size 30 cm x 30 cm, Bristle brush with 25 cm handle.
THEORY: Strength development of concrete is the result of the reaction of water with cement
particles. The reaction always starts at the surface of the particles. Thus larger the surface area
available for reaction, greater is the rate of hydration. Rapid development of strength requires
greater degree of fineness. Rapid Hardening Cement, therefore, requires greater degree of
fineness.
The cement should be uniformly fine. If the cement is not uniformly fine, the concrete made out
of it will have poor workability and will require a large quantity of water while mixing. Also
bleeding can occur i.e., even before the concrete is set, water comes out to the surface due to
settlement of concrete particles.
However, too much fineness is also undesirable, because the cost of grinding the cement to
higher fineness is considerable. Finer cement deteriorates more quickly when exposed to air and
likely to cause more shrinkage, but less prone to bleeding. Greater fineness also requires greater
amount of gypsum for proper retardation. Also, amount of water requirement for the paste of
standard consistency is greater.
Many number of particles should have size <100 . Smallest particles may have size of 1.5 .
Average size of the particles can be 10 . Particle size below 3 plays major role in one-day
strength. Particle size between 3 to 25 plays important role in 28 days strength. For the
commercial cement, 25 to 30 % particles should be less than 7 in size.
It is, hence, necessary to ensure certain amount of coarseness in the cement, but maximum limit
to this coarseness shall be as follows to obtain minimum degree of grinding.
After sieving the cement on a standard 90 micron IS test sieve, the residue by mass shall not
exceed 10% for Ordinary Portland Cement and Portland-Pozzolana Cement and 5% for rapid
hardening cement.
There are three different methods, for checking fineness of cement.

1. By dry sieving as described above,
2. Blaine air permeability method and
3. By wet sieving
To study methods 2 and 3 reference shall be made to IS: 4031.
PROCEDURE:
1. Weight accurately 100 gm of cement and place it on a standard IS sieve 90 microns.
2. Break down any air set lumps in the sample with fingers, but do not rub on the sieve.
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3. Continuously sieve the sample by holding the sieve in both hands and giving a gentle
wrist motion or mechanical sieve shaker may be used for this purpose. The sieving
should continue for 15 minutes.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The cleaning of the sieve should be done very gently with the help of a brush i.e. 25 mm
or 40 mm bristle brush with 25 cm handle.
2. After sieving, the cement must be removed from the bottom surface of the sieve gently.
3. Simple balance should be checked before use.
4. Sieving must be carried out continuously.
OBSERVATIONS:
Sample I Sample II
Types of cement & brand Name
Grade of cement
Mass of cement - gms - M 100 100
IS Sieve - Microns 90 90
Sieving time - min. 15 15
Mass retained on sieve-gms-M1
% mass retained on sieve = {M1/M}x 100
CONCLUSION:
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EXPERIMENT - 2
STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
AIM: To determine standard/normal consistency for a given sample of cement.
APPARATUS:
1. Vicat’s apparatus with plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length, 300 gm weight and
Vicat's mould.
2. Simple Balance (capacity 1 kg)
3. Trowel
4. Enamel trough
5. Standard spatula
6. Stopwatch
7. Non-porous Plate
MATERIALS: Cement (OPC and PPC) & water.
THEORY: Consistency refers to a relative mobility of a freshly mixed cement paste or

mortar. Before performing the test for initial setting time, final setting time, compressive
strength, tensile strength and soundness of cement etc., it is necessary to fix the quantity of
water to be mixed to prepare a paste of cement of standard consistency in each case. The
quantity of water to be added in each of the above-mentioned experiments bears a definite
relation with the percentage of water for standard consistency.
Standard Consistency: Cement paste of normal consistency is defined in terms of

percentage of water by mass of cement that permits a plunger of 10 mm diameter to penetrate
up to a depth 33 mm to 35 mm from the top of the Vicat's mould.
Gauging Time: It is the period observed from the time water is added to cement for making
cement paste until the commencement of mould filling.
This experiment is intended to find out for given cement, the quantity of water to be mixed to
give a cement paste of standard consistency. Percentage of water in the cement paste "P" for
standard consistency will vary from cement to cement and from batch to batch for the same
cement, and the quantities of water used in the tests will vary accordingly. Following are the
quantities of water required for various tests.
1. Quantity of water for setting time test expressed as percentage of mass of cement =
0.85 P
2. Quantity of water for soundness tests expressed as percentage of mass of cement

a) Le-Chatelier Method = 0.78 P
b) Autoclave Method =P
3. Quantity of water for compressive strength on (1:3) cement and standard sand mortar
expressed as percentage of mass of dry cement and aggregate,
Where P is the percentage of water for standard consistency = (P/4 + 3.0) %
Normal consistency generally ranges from 26 to 33 % by weight of dry cement.
Page 10
Applied Mechanics Department, FTE, MSU, Vadodara.
AMD/FTE/M
SU
AMD/FTE/
Release pin
MSU
mm
40 Indicator
50 ± 1
30
10 ± 0.5 Ø
20
10
10
7
0 Plunger, G
Clamping
screw
10 ± 0.5 Ø
Structural Design-I Lab

Vicat mould
80 Ø
40
Impervious Plate
Note: All dimensions are in mm.

Page 11
VICAT APPARATUS
AMD/FTE/M Vicat Apparatus
SU
AMD/FTE/
MSU 8
Page 12
Vicat Apparatus:
Vicat apparatus with different penetrating attachments for various tests as per Indian
standard specifications is shown in Fig.
Vicat apparatus consists of metallic frame with movable rod and cap at the top. At the
lower end, any one of the following attachments that are interchangeable may be
attached:
a) Plunger for normal consistency test
b) Needle for Initial setting time
c) Needle for Final setting time
The movable rod carries an indicator, which moves over a graduated scale attached to
the frame. The apparatus also consists of a mould in the form of the frustum of a cone,
80 mm internal diameter at the base, 60 mm at the top and 40 mm high, and with a
non-absorbent base plate. Vicat apparatus as discussed above confirms to the
specification of IS: 5513-1996.
PROCEDURE:
1. Mass about 400 gms of cement accurately and place it in the enamel trough.
2. To start with, add about 25% of clean water and mix it by means of a spatula. Care
should be taken that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes and not more than
5 minutes. The gauging shall be counted from the time of adding water to the dry
cement until commencing to fill the mould.
3. Fill the Vicat mould with this paste, the mould rests on non-porous plate.
4. Make the surface of the cement paste in level with the top of the mould with a trowel
of 210 gm mass. The mould should be slightly shaken to expel the air.
5. Place this mould together with a non-porous plate under the rod-bearing plunger.
Adjust the indicator to show 0 reading when it touches the surface of test block.
6. Release the plunger quickly, allowing it to sink into the paste.
7. Prepare trial paste with varying percentage of water and test as described above until
the needle penetrates 5 mm to 7 mm above the bottom of the mould.
8. Express this amount of water as a percent by mass of the dry cement.
9. Room temperature at the time of testing shall be 25o C to 29oC.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Clean appliances should be used for gauging.

2. The temperature of cement and water and that of the test room at the time of the test
should be from 25oC to 29oC.
3. In filling the mould, the operator's hands and the blade of the gauging trowel alone are
used.
4. For each trial fresh cement should be taken.
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OBSERVATIONS:
Quantity of cement = 400 gms.
Sr. Quantity of % of water Reading on Vicat’s Remarks

No. Water added (ml) by mass Apparatus Scale (if any)
of cement in mm
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
RESULT:
Percentage of water by mass of cement required to prepare a cement paste of standard
consistency.
Type of Cement Consistency

observed
OPC 53 GRADE
PPC 53 GRADE
CONCUSIONS:
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EXPERIMENT-3
INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME
AIM: Given a sample of cement, determine the initial and the final setting time of the
sample.
APPARATUS:
1. Vicats apparatus with mould, non-porous plate (glass or metal), Needle for Initial setting and
Final setting.
2. Balance (with mass box), capacity 1 Kg.
3. Trowel of about 210 gm mass
4. Enamel trough
5. Standard spatula.
6. Stop watch.
7. Thermometer of capacity 1000 c
8. Measuring cylinder of capacity 500 ml.
THEORY: When water is added to cement, a chemical reaction known as hydration take place
leading to setting and hardening of the cement paste. In its pure form, the finely ground cement
is extremely sensitive to water. Out of the three main compounds viz. C3A, C3S and C2S of
cement, the C3A reacts quickly with water to produce jelly like compound which starts
solidifying. This action of changing from a fluid state to a solid state is called setting. It should
not be confused with hardening, which refers to the gaining of strength of a set cement paste.
During the next stage of hydration, cement paste starts hardening owing to the reaction of C3S
and C2S and the paste gains strength. In the first few minutes, the setting action is more
predominant and after some time hardening action becomes rapid.
In practice, such solidifying action or loss of plasticity is required to be delayed because some
time is needed for mixing, transporting and placing of concrete into final position before the mix
loses its plasticity due to setting action.
It is usually specified that plastic concrete should be placed and consolidated before initial set
has occurred. Initial set is a stage at which cement paste start loosing its plasticity and after
which any crack that may appear will not re-unit. It should not then be disturbed until concrete
has hardened. This initial setting time should not be too small and therefore the standards specify
minimum initial setting time.
Once initial stiffening of concrete has taken place, it is desirable that it should harden or gain
strength as rapidly as possible, so that there is a minimum of delay before shuttering can be
removed and risk of frost damage is minimized. Standards therefore specify maximum value of
final setting time.
It is not possible, however, in practice to exactly locate the initial setting time and final setting
time. The Indian Standards have selected two arbitrary points, which relate strength of cement to
time from adding water.
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Initial setting time is defined as the period elapsing between time when the water is added to the
cement and the time at which the needle of 1.13 mm dia. section fails to pierce the test block to a
depth of about 5 mm from the bottom of the vicat mould. This test enables us to detect
deterioration of cement due to storage & to distinguish between quick setting & normal setting
types of cement. 30 minutes is the minimum initial setting time specified by BIS for ordinary and
rapid hardening cement and 60 minutes for low heat cement.
The final setting time is defined as the period elapsing between the time when the water is added
to the cement and the time at which the needle of 1mm square with 5 mm diameter attachment
makes an impression on the test block, while the attachment fails to make an impression on the
test block. 30 minutes is the minimum time specified for initial set and 600 minutes is the
maximum time specified for final set for Portland cement. For quick setting cement, the initial
setting time should not be less than 5 minutes and final setting time not more than 30 minutes.
Setting time of cement can be controlled by varying the quantity of gypsum in the cement.
PROCEDURE:
1. Mass 400 gms of the cement.
2. Prepare a neat cement paste by adding 0.85 times the percentage of water required for
standard consistency.
3. Start the stopwatch at the instant when water is added to the cement.
4. Fill the Vicat's mould with the cement paste prepared with the mould resting on the non-
porous plate. Gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes and more than 5 minutes.
5. Fill the mould completely and smooth off the surface of the paste, making it level with
the top of the mould to give a test block.
6. Place the test block confined in the mould and resting on the non-porous plate, under the
rod bearing the needle C.
7. Lower the needle gently until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and
quickly release, allowing it to penetrate into the test block and note the penetration after
every two minutes.
8. Repeat this procedure until the needle fails to pierce the block for about 5 mm 0.5 mm
measured from the bottom of the mould. Stop the stopwatch and note the time, which is
the initial setting time.
DETERMINATION OF FINAL SETTING TIME:

1. Replace the needle of Vicat apparatus by the needle with a circular attachment [fig.]
2. Go on releasing the needle as described in step 7, until the needle makes an impression,
while the attachment fails to do so.
3. The time that elapses between the moment the water is added to the cement and when the
needle only makes an impression, shall be recorded as final setting time for the cement
under test.
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AMD/FTE/M
3.5
Air vent
6.4
SU
AMD/FTE/
Release pin
0.5
1 5
Enlarged view of needle used
MSU
mm
40 Indicator
in Final Setting time
30
20
14
10
0
13
Clamping
screw
1.13
Enlarged view of needle used
in Initial Setting time
Vicat mould
80 Ø
40

Impervious Plate

VICAT APPARATUS
Page 18
OBSERVATIONS:
Quantity of cement = C = 400 gms.
Water for standard consistency for OPC P= %,
Water for standard consistency for PPC P= %,
Water to be added for OPC 0.85 P x C = ml
Water to be added for PPC 0.85 P x C = ml
Initial Setting Time

Sr. Reading on Vicat’s Reading on Vicat’s
Time, Time,
No. Apparatus Scale in Apparatus Scale in
Min Min
mm mm.
Batch I. Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC) Batch II. Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
RESULT:
CEMENT OPC PPC

INITIAL SETTING TIME
PRECAUTIONS:
(1) Needle must be cleaned each time before use.
(2) Shift the position of the mould after recording the penetration reading so that the
penetration may not be at the same place.
(3) Check up the stopwatch for accuracy.
(4) Clean appliances should be used for gauging.
(5) Test block should be kept in 90% relative humidity and at 27oC 2oC
and away from draught.
CONCLUSION:
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EXPERIMENT - 4
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT
AIM: To determine the compressive strength for the given sample of cement.
APPARATUS:
1. Vibrator
2. Cube moulds,7.06 cm. (surface area 50 cm2)
3. Trowel
4. Enamel trough
5. Measuring cylinder,1000 cc
6. Balance
7. Ennore sand and
8. Compression testing machine.
MATERIAL: Cement, standard sand and water.
THEORY:
Strength of hardened cement is the property of the material that is perhaps most obviously
required for structural use. The strength of mortar or concrete depends on the cohesion of the
cement paste, on its adhesion to the aggregate particles, and to certain extent on the strength
of the aggregate itself.
The compressive strength test is the final check on the quality of cement. The compressive
strength is measured by determining the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes of 1:3
proportions, by mass. The fine aggregate used is the standard sand specified by IS - 650 -
1991 The compression test also enables us to distinguish rapid hardening cement from low
heat and ordinary cement. The cubes are generally tested after 3 days, 7 days and 28 days.
Three cubes are tested at the end of each period and their average value is considered as
compressive strength of cement.
IS: 10262 have developed curves for strength of concrete v/s water cement ratio
corresponding to the compressive strengths of cement. This test enables us to distinguish
cements of different strength and their use in making required strength concrete.
PROCEDURE:
1. The material for each cube shall be mixed separately. Quantities of cement, standard
sand and water shall be as follows:
▪ Cement 200 gms,
▪ Standard sand 600 gms (3 equal parts from each size i.e. 200 gms each ),
▪ Water (p/4 + 3.0) % of combined mass of cement and sand.
2. Place on a non-porous plate a mixture of cement and standard sand in the proportion
of 1:3 by mass as given above.
3. Mix it dry with a trowel for 1 minute and then with water until the mix is of uniform
colour.
4. Mixing time should not be less than 3 minutes and should not exceed 4 minutes. If it
exceeds, mixture is rejected and operation is repeated.
5. Oil the interior faces of the mould.
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6. Place the assembled mould on the table of vibration machine and firmly hold it in
position by means of suitable clamps.
7. Immediately after mixing the mortar as specified above, place the entire quantity of
the mortar in the hopper of the cube mould and compact the same by vibration for a
period of about 2 minutes at speed of 1200 400 vibrations per minute.
8. Keep the cubes at room temperature for 24 hours after completion of vibration.
9. At the end of this period remove them from the mould and immediately submerge in
clean fresh water and shall be taken out just prior to testing. The water in which cubes
are submerged should be renewed after every 7 days. The cubes should not be
allowed to dry up before testing.
TESTING:
Test three cubes for compressive strength at the periods of 3, 7 and 28 days and
period being considered from the completion of vibration.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the test cube on the platform of compression testing machine without any
packing between the cube and the steel plattens of the testing machine.
2. Apply the load steadily and uniformly starting from zero at a rate of 35
N/mm2/minute till the cube fails.
3. Calculate the compressive strength as specified under computations.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. All appliances should be clean.
2. Moulds should be properly oiled before use.
3. The mixture, which takes more than 4 minutes of mixing, should be rejected.
4. In assembling the mould, cover the joints between the valves of the mould with a thin
film of petroleum jelly in order to ensure that no water escapes during vibration.
5. Apply the load on the specimen gradually.
6. The Specimen should be immediately tested as soon as it is removed from the curing
tank.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Size of sample = 7.06 x 7.06 x 7.06 cm
2. Mass of cement = 200 gms.
3. Mass of standard (Ennore) sand = 600 gms.
4. Mass of water = ((p/4)+3)/100 x (Mass of dry aggregate + cement)
= ml.
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RESULT:
Load at fracture
Cement Age at
Sample I Sample II Sample III Sample IV Avg. P/A
grade testing
P P/A P P/A P P/A P P/A N/mm2
7 days
28 days
Note: P is in Kg, P/A is in Kg/cm2 and in is N/mm2.
BIS REQUIREMENTS:
As per IS:269, IS:8112, IS:12269 the minimum average compressive strength of cement shall
be as follows-
SR. No. Grade of Minimum compressive strength

cement 3 days (N/mm2) 7 days (N/mm2) 28days (N/mm2)
1 33 16 22 33
2 43 23 33 43
3 53 27 37 53
CONCLUSION:
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B. INTRODUCTION TO AGGREGATES
Aggregate constitute approximately of about 75 percentage of volume of concrete and is
composed of well-graded gravel or crushed stone. With presence of dust, the bond
between the cementing gel and aggregate gets weakened. Therefore, for a strong and
durable concrete, aggregate used should be strong, hard, and free from harmful effects.
Aggregates were considered as an inert material dispersed throughout the concrete. It
imparts higher volume stability and better durability than the cement paste alone. The
aggregates in our country are not branded , the availability of quality aggregate is
therefore sometimes difficult. The duty of site supervisor is to check and make necessary
corrections in making quality concrete. Aggregates used shall comply with the
requirements of IS: 383, i.e., code of specification for coarse and fine aggregates from
natural sources for concrete.
Classification of aggregates
Aggregates can be classified depending upon their origin, size, shaped and weight. The
classification based upon the size is an important one. It is qualified by the size of the
square sieve opening through which it passes. For example, the aggregate is said to be
20mm size if it passes through 20 mm sieve and is retained on 16 mm sieve. According to
it, aggregates are classified as coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, all-in aggregate and
single size aggregate.
Coarse aggregate
Aggregate that are retained on 4.75 mm sieve after passing through 80 mm sieve are
known as coarse aggregate. These aggregate may be one of the following types:
➢ Crushed gravels resulting due to crushing of gravels or hard stones.
➢ Uncrushed gravels resulting from weathering and abrasion of large parent rocks.
➢ Partially crushed or uncrushed gravel resulting as product of blending of the
above two types.
These aggregates are commonly obtained from stream deposits, glacial deposits and
alluvial fans. They derive many of the properties from their parent rocks such as chemical
and mineral composition, petrographic classification, specific gravity, hardness, strength,
physical and chemical stability, pore structure, colour, etc. other properties of these
aggregates, which are not derived from the parent rocks are particle size, shape surface
texture and absorption. All these properties may have considerable effect on the quality
of concrete in fresh as well as in hardened state.
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Fine aggregate
An aggregate that passes through 4.75 mm and is retained on 75 micron sieve is known
as fine aggregate. These aggregates depending upon their nature of occurrence can be
further classified as stated:
➢ Natural sands obtained from pits, rivers, lakes or seashore. Their size is of the order
of 0.07 mm or lower. Particles between 0.06 mm to 0.02 mm are classified as silt
and further smaller particles are termed as clay.
➢ Crushed stone sands are obtained by crushing hard stone.
➢ Crushed gravel sands are obtained by crushing natural gravel.
All above fine aggregates when used for concrete mix should be properly washed and
tested to ascertain that the total percentage of clay, silt, salts and other organic matter
does not exceed the specified limit.
All-in aggregate
Those natural aggregate which contains a whole range of sizes, i.e., from the largest to
the smallest ( not in proper proportion) are known as all in aggregate. Such aggregates are
rarely used for high quality concrete because of poor gradation. These can only be used
after proper gradation, i.e., adding that fraction of aggregate which is in deficient. They
are also known as pit-run aggregate.
Single-size aggregate
Aggregates whose major portion is of single size. For example, a 20 mm single-size
aggregate means, an aggregate whose major portion passes through 20 mm sieve and
almost the same amount is retained on 16 mm sieve.
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EXPERIMENT-5
BULK DENSITY OF AGGRAGATE
AIM: To determine bulk density of loose and compacted aggregates and percentage voids.
APPARATUS:
1. Balance, sensitive up to 0.5% of the mass to be measured.
2. Cylindrical metal measures 3, 15 and 30 liters capacity according to maximum size of coarse
aggregate.
Coarse Aggregate Measure

4.75 mm and under 3 litres
3.75 mm to 40 mm 15 litres
Over 40 mm 30 litres
3. Tamping rod 16 mm diameter and 60 cm long, with one end rounded.

4. Container, trough, steel rule and measuring cylinder 250 ml.
THEORY: Bulk density is the mass of aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume. This
unit volume, therefore, consists of volume of solid material plus the volume of voids and is
measured in kg/m3. These values are required to convert the quantity of aggregate by mass to
quantities by volume when volume batching is adopted and vice-versa.
Value of the bulk density of the aggregate depends upon the amount of efforts used to fill the
container as densely as possible, size distribution, shape and specific gravity. More graded the
aggregate, greater is the bulk density. Angular and flaky shape of the aggregate reduces the bulk
density. Rounded shape of the aggregate gives higher bulk density. If this bulk density test is
carried frequently on the site, the appreciable change in the value of the bulk density at any one
time helps to detect the change in grading or the shape of the material and enables the engineer
on site to conduct further elaborate tests, if necessary.
For batching purpose where the materials are measured, the bulk density of the "loose" material
should be calculated.
When the bulk density test is carried out to detect the change in grading and shape, the rodded
bulk density test will have to be done to compare the results. Also for comparison of results, size
of two aggregates to be compared should be the same. This method helps us to find out void
content in the sample of aggregate. The sample, which contains minimum voids or maximum
bulk density, is used for making economical mix.
PROCEDURE:
Rodded or compacted density:

The test is normally carried out on dry material for determining the voids; but when bulking tests
are required, material with a given percentage of moisture may be used. The mention of the
condition must be made while noting observations.
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1. The measure selected according to the size of the aggregate is filled out 1/3rd full with
the thoroughly mixed aggregate.
2. The aggregate is now tamped with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod.
3. A further similar quantity of aggregate is added and a further tamping of 25 strokes
given.
4. The measure is now finally filled to over flowing, tamped 25 times and the surplus
aggregate struck off, using the tamping rod as straight edge.
5. The net mass of the aggregate in the measure is determined and the bulk density is
calculated in kg/liters, or kg/m3.
Loose bulk density:
1. The measure is filled to over flowing by means of a shovel or scoop, the aggregate being
discharged from height not exceeding 50 mm above the top of the measure. Care should
be taken to avoid segregation of the particles.
2. The surface of the aggregate is then leveled with a straight edge.
3. The net mass of the aggregate in the measure is determined and the bulk density
calculated in kg/liter or kg/m3.
OBSERVATIONS:
Volume of F.A. = m3; Volume of C.A. = m3
Mass (kg) Density (kg/m3)

Aggregate
Loose
F.A.
Compacted
Loose
C.A.
Compacted
Loose
1:1.5
Compacted
Combined Loose
1:2
F.A.:C.A. Compacted
Loose
1:2.5
Compacted
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RESULTS:
Loose Bulk Density Compacted Bulk Density

Material Bulk Density Ratio (L/R)
kg/m3 (L) kg/m3 (R)
F.A.
C.A.
% of Void = ((R-L)/R)*100
CONCLUSION:
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Applied Mechanics Department, FTE, MSU, Vadodara Structural Design-I Lab
EXPERIMENT- 6
SIEVE ANALYSIS
AIM: To determine the grading of aggregate and fineness modulus of coarse and fine aggregate
by sieving them dry.
THEORY: In cement mortar, aggregate contains 55% of volume of mortar. While in case of
mass concrete, aggregate contains 85% of volume of concrete. The size of aggregates used in
concrete ranges from several centimeters to fraction of millimeters. The maximum size actually
used varies but in any mix, particles of different sizes are incorporated, the particle size
distribution being referred to as grading. The grading means the art of combining various sizes of
particles composing the aggregates to produce the dense and economic mixture using minimum
cement per unit volume for a given strength. The principle of grading is that smaller particles fill
up the voids between larger particles.
Strength of the concrete depends on water/cement ratio provided that the mix is workable. Most
important factor for making concrete workable is well gradation of aggregate. Well-graded
aggregate means least voids i.e. it will require minimum paste to fill up voids. Less quantity of
water & cement is used that means it will have more strength, durability & economy.
For the making of good quality concrete it is a common practice to use aggregates at least in two
size groups, the main division being between fine aggregates, often called sand not larger than
4.75 mm, and coarse aggregates, which comprises of material at least 4.75 mm in size. 4.75mm
size sieve makes the distinction between fine and coarse aggregates.
Sieve analysis is carried out to test the grading of aggregates. The aggregates are sieved
successfully through the sieves confirming to IS 460-1962. Sieve analysis is the operation of
dividing the sample of aggregates into fraction, each consisting the particles of the same size.
The test sieve used for concrete aggregate have square opening and their properties are as per IS
460-1962. Sieves are described by size of opening (in mm) for larger sizes, and the microns for
sieves smaller than 1.18 mm size, one micron being 10-6 meters.
All sieves are mounted in frames, which can rest. The material retained on each sieve after
shaking represents the fractions of aggregate coarser than the sieve in question but finer than the
sieve used before 20 mm diameter frame is used for 4.75 mm or smaller size and 30 cm to 45 cm
diameter frames for 4.75 mm and larger sizes. 4.75 mm is the dividing line between the fine and
coarse aggregates. The sieves used for concrete aggregate consist of a series in which the clear
opening in any sieve is one-half of the opening of the next larger sieve size. Sieving can be done
either manually or mechanically. In the manual operation, the sieve is shaken giving movements
in all possible directions to give chance to all particles for passing through the sieve.
Before the sieve analysis is performed, the aggregate sample has to be air dried in order to avoid
lumps of fine particles and to prevent clogging of finer sieves.
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The aggregates are sieved successfully through each sieve given in table 1 and the percentage by
mass retained on each sieve is recorded in a tabular form. Standard gradings are given in table 2
and 3 and the aggregates shall be described as belonging to any one of the grading zones based
on the result obtained by the sieve analysis.
The results of sieve analysis are also to be recorded graphically, ordinate indicating percentage
passing and abscissa indicating sieve size on logarithmic scale. Logarithmic scale is used to
represent sieves of large variation in size.
Fineness modulus of the coarse and fine aggregates is also determined. Fineness modulus is
defined as the sum of the cumulative percentage retained on the sieves of standard series divided
by 100. The fineness modulus is an empirical factor & can be looked upon as the massed average
size of a sieve on which the material is retained, the sieves being counted from the finest. This
can be used for measuring slight variations in the aggregate from the same source as a day to day
check. The smaller the value of fineness modulus, the finer is the sand. For good grade of
concrete fineness, modulus of sand should be between 2.25 to 3.25. The fineness modulus of an
ordinary coarse aggregate for concrete ranges from 5.5-7.5. Fineness modulus does not define
grading completely, because a sand of fineness modulus between 2.25 to 3.35 may not be
satisfactory in grading. Some fraction of particles may absent, which does not define well-graded
F.A.
For high strength & durable concrete, sand from zone I to zone III can be used but mix should be
properly designed. For reinforced concrete sand of zone IV should not be used. If coarse sand is
used in concrete, it will result in harshness, bleeding & segregation (i.e. stony mix) and if fine
sand is used in concrete, water requirement will be more & it affects durability of concrete.
Sieve analysis for coarse aggregates shall be carried out on nine sieves: (40 mm, 20mm, 10mm,
4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600micron, 300micron and 150 micron). For fine aggregate six
sieves (4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150 micron) are used.
Table 1: Coarse Aggregates
Percentage passing for single size % passing for graded agg.

IS. Sieve aggregates of nominal size (mm) of nominal size (mm)
(mm)
63 40 20 10 40 20
80 100 - - - 100 -
63 85-100 100 - - - -
40 0-30 85-100 100 - 95-100 100
20 0-5 0-20 85-100 - 30-70 95-100
10 - - 0-20 85-100 10-35 25-55
4.75 - - 0-5 0-20 0-5 0-10
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Table 2: Fine Aggregates
Percentage passing for

IS Sieve Grading Grading Grading Grading
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
10.00 mm 100 100 100 100
4.75 mm 90-100 90-100 90-100 95-100
2.36 mm 60-95 75-100 85-100 95-100
1.18 mm 30-70 55-900 55-100 90-100
600 micron 15-34 35-59 60-79 80-100
300 micron 5-20 8-30 12-40 15-50
150 micron 0-10 0-10 0-10 0-15
For crushed stone sand permissible percentage passing through 150 is 20%.
APPARATUS:
Set of sieves confirming to IS 460 - 1962, known quantities of coarse & fine aggregates.
PRECAUTION:
Cleaned sieves should be arranged in proper decreasing order.
Test sample should be free from moisture.
Weigh accurately the given sample of aggregate.
Screws of the testing machine should be tightened firmly before shaking.
PROCEDURE:
➢ Weigh accurately the given air dried sample of aggregate.
➢ Place the weighted sample in the top most sieve of the nested sieve in the sieve shaker,
arranged in the order of decreasing size i.e., 80mm, 40mm, 20mm, 10mm, 4.75mm,
2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600micron, 300 micron, 150 micron and pan for coarse aggregate and
4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600micron, 300 micron, 150 micron and pan for fine
aggregate.
➢ Screw tightly the sieves on the sieve shaker.
➢ Operate the shaker for not less than 5 minutes for electrically operated sieve or for manual
operated each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray for a period of not less than
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2 minutes. The shaking shall be done with motions backwards and forwards, left to right,
circular clockwise and counter clockwise with frequent jerking, so that material is kept
moving over sieve surface.
➢ On completion of sieving, weigh the material retained on each sieve on a balance sensitive
to 0.1 % of the weight of the test sample and calculate the cumulate weight retained on each
sieve.
➢ Obtain cumulative percentage weight retained on each sieve.
➢ Add all these percentages and divide the total by 100. The resulting figure is the fineness
modulus of the given aggregate.
GRADING CURVES:
Draw standard grading curves for 20 mm sized graded coarse aggregate (one curve only) and
fine aggregates (four curves) using table 1. The grading curves of samples F.A. and C.A. shall be
drawn and superimposed on the standard grading curves to determine the grading of the sample
aggregate. For F.A. four gradings are available, viz., zone I (coarse F.A.), zone II (normal F.A.),
zone III (fine F.A.), zone IV (very fine F.A.). Zone IV F.A. shall be rejected for concrete works,
while zone I, II, & III F.A. can be used but with different proportions, as we shall see while
making concrete. For C.A., only one standard grading for given maximum size aggregate is
available. If grading curve of sample C.A. does not confirm the standard one, another material
with different grading shall be mixed in proper proportion to get the standard grading.
OBSREVATIONS:
Mass of Coarse Aggregate = kg.
Mass of Fine Aggregate = kg.
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SIEVE ANALYSIS
Mass cum. % cum. % of
Cumulative mass
Sieve size retained mass mass passing
retained gm.
gm. retained through
a) Fine aggregates :
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Below 150 micron
Total
Sum of cumulative percentage retained
Fineness Modulus
100
Coarse aggregates :
40 mm
20 mm
10 mm
4.75 mm
2.36 mm
1.18 mm
600 micron
300 micron
150 micron
Below 150 micron
Total
Sum of cumulative percentage retained
Fineness Modulus
100
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Curve:
Draw grading curves for both the materials on semi log graph paper. Discuss the grading of
sample aggregates.
DISCUSSION:
Specified limits of fineness modulus
Maximum size of Fineness modulus

aggregates Minimum Maximum
- Fine aggregates 2 3.5
- Coarse aggregates
20 mm 6 6.9
40 mm 6.9 7.5
80 mm 7.5 8.0
150 mm 8.0 8.5
It may happen that in some cases the aggregates are not uniformly graded but still may confirm
to the specified fineness modulus. Therefore, the fineness modulus shall be taken as a guide only.
RESULTS:
Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Comment

Fineness modulus
Confirm to limits?
Grading curve confirms
to specifications?
CONCLUSION:
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Page 35
EXPERIMENT-7
BULKING OF SAND
AIM: To determine bulking of sand with varying moisture contents.
THEORY: Presence of moisture in aggregate results in the increase of the volume of a given
mass and therefore occupies more space than when it is dry. This effect in the case of sand is
known as bulking and is caused by the film of moisture in between the sand particles, surface
tension force that tend to keep them apart. Bulking, as such does not affect the proportioning of
materials by weight: but in case of volume batching, bulking results in smaller weight of sand
occupying fixed volume of the measuring box. For this reason the mix becomes deficient in sand
and appears “stony”. Concrete of such mix are prone segregation and honeycombing. Also, the
yield of concrete is reduced. The remedies of course lie in increasing the apparent volume of the
sand to allow for the bulking. The presence of moisture necessitates correction of the actual mix
proportions. The mass of water added to the mix has to be decreased by the mass of the free
moisture in aggregates, and the mass of the aggregate must be increased by a like amount. In
volume batching, the volume of sand should be corrected by multiplying with bulking factor in
mix proportion.
The extent of bulking depends on the percentage of moisture present in the sand and on its
fineness. Bulking increases gradually with moisture content, the increase being 20 to 30% by
volume at 5 to 8 % moisture content by mass. Upon further addition of water the films merge
and the water moves into the voids between the particles so that the total volume of sand
decreases until when fully saturated (flooded), its volume is approximately same as the volume
of dry sand for the same method of filling the container.
Bulking is affected by the size and shape of particles. Finer sand bulks considerably more and
reaches maximum bulking at higher water content than doe’s coarse sand. Extremely fine sand
has been known to bulk as much as 40 percent at a moisture content of 10 percent, but such sand
is in any case unsuitable for the manufacturing of quality concrete.
Volume batching is not used for quality concrete. Correction has to be applied for moisture
content in case of volume batching for quality concrete. Coarse aggregate shows only a
negligible increase in volume due to presence of free water, as the thickness of moisture films is
very small compared with the particle size.
APPARATUS: 1000 cc and 100 cc measuring cylinders.
PROCEDURE:
➢ Weigh about 500gm of dry sand by mass and measure the volume of sand V1.
➢ In mixing pan add 1% of water by weight of fine sand or 2% of water by weight of coarse
sand and sand. Mix thoroughly to get uniform colour.
➢ Fill it in the measuring cylinder gently and note the volume V2.
➢ The increase in volume is (V2-V1) and percentage bulking is (V2-V1)/V1*100
➢ Repeat the above procedure using different percentage of water, till the volume remains
constant.
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OBSERVATIONS:
FINE SAND COARSE SAND

1. Initial volume of 500 gm dry
sand, V1
2. Final volume of Saturated sand
OBSERVATION TABLE:
FINE SAND COARSE SAND

% Water Volume of Bulking % Water Volume of
Sr. Bulking factor
added Moist sand factor added moist sand
No. V2/V1
by mass V2 V2/V1 by mass V2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
RESULTS:
Maximum % of Bulking = {(V2-V1)/V1} x 100 =
1. Maximum percentage of bulking of coarse sand is % and

bulking factor when moisture content is %
2. Maximum percentage of bulking of fine sand is % and
bulking factor when moisture content is %
GRAPH:
Draw graph of moisture content by percentage of dry mass verses bulking factor for coarse sand
and fine sand using same co-ordinate axes and compare them. If the volume of saturated sand is
less than that of the dry sand, make required corrections in the readings and state them.
CONCLUSION:
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Page 38
C: INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE: (IS 456-2000)

GRADE:
The concrete shall be in grades designated as below. The characteristic strength is defined
as the strength of material below which not more than 5% of the test results are expected
to fall.
GRADES OF
CONCRETE
Ordinary Concrete Standard Concrete High Strength concrete

[M25, M30, M35, M40, [M60, M65, M70, M75,
[M10, M15, M20]
M45, M50, M55] M80]
Fig. 1 GRADES OF CONCRETE
Note 1: In the designation of concrete mix, letter M refers to the mix and the number
to the specified characteristic compressive strength of 150 mm cube at 28 days
expressed in N/mm2.
Note 2: For using concretes of grade of more than M55, special literature shall be
referred.
Note 3: Grades of concrete lower than M20 shall not be used in reinforced concrete.
Note 4: With reference to durability of concrete, the concrete exposures are defined as
mild, moderate, severe, very severe and extreme. The minimum cement
content, maximum free water cement ratio and minimum grade of concrete to
be used for such exposures are given in table 5 of IS: 456-2000 and shall be
referred before fixing up the target strength of the plain and reinforced
concretes.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE:
TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE:

The flexural and split tensile strength shall be obtained as described in IS 516 -1959 and
IS 5816 - 1970 respectively. When the designer wishes to use an estimate of the tensile
strength from the comp. strength, the following formula may be used:
FlexuralStrength 0.7 fck N / mm2
Where, fck = characteristic comp. strength of concrete.
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ELASTIC DEFORMATION:
The modulus of elasticity is primarily influenced by the elastic properties of the aggregate
and to a lesser extent by the conditions of curing and age of concrete, the mixed
proportions and the type of cement. The modulus of elasticity is normally related to the
compressive strength of concrete. The modulus of elasticity for structural concrete may
be assumed as follows.
Ec 5000 fck
Where, Ec is the short-term static modulus of elasticity in N/mm2
and fck is characteristic cube strength of concrete in N/mm2
OTHER PROPERTIES:
For other properties like creep of concrete and thermal expansion of concrete, IS: 456-
2000 shall be referred.
NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE:

It may be used for concretes of grades M5, M7.5, M10, M15 & M20. The proportion of
materials for nominal mix concrete shall be in accordance with Table 1.
TABLE 1: PROPORTIONS FOR NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE

Grade of concrete Total qty. of dry Proportion of F.A. Qty. Of water per
agg. by mass per 50 to C.A. (by mass) 50 kg of cement
kg of cement, to be max., liters
taken as the sum of
the individual
masses of fine &
C.A., kg max.
1 2 3 4
M5 800 60
M 7.5 625 Generally 1:2 but 45
subject to an upper
M 10 480 34
limit of 1:1:5 & a
M 15 330 32
lower limit of 1:2:5
M 20 250 30
Note: The proportion of fine to coarse aggregates should be adjusted from upper limit to
lower limit progressively as the grading of fine aggregates becomes finer and the
maximum size of coarse aggregates becomes larger. Graded aggregates shall be used.
Example: For an average grading of fine aggregate (i.e. zone II of Table 4 of IS: 383-
1970) the proportions shall be 1:1.5; 1:2; 1:2.5 for max. size of aggregates 10 mm, 20 mm
& 40 mm respectively. Similarly, for 20 mm graded CA, the proportions shall be 1:1.5,
1:2 and 1:2.5 with zone I, zone II and zone III FA.
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M 20 CONCRETE:
A typical calculation to obtain masses of different materials to produce M20 grade
nominal concrete mix is presented here. The students shall use their own data for grading,
bulk density, etc.
Assuming an average grading of sand i.e., zone II sand, the proportion of F.A.:C.A. shall
be 1:2.
For 50 kg (1 bag) cement, maximum mass of FA+CA = 250 kg. i.e., for 1 kg cement,
FA + CA = 5.0 kg (max).
i.e., FA: CA = 1:2 = 1.67 kg: 3.33 kg
Calculations for present experiment:
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We shall see in the experiments on the concrete that the strength of concrete is inversely
proportional to the water cement ratio. As per IS table, concrete prepared by using
maximum free water cement ratio, shall give us the required strength. Thus we shall try to
use as less water cement ratio as we can. We shall also see that the workability of
concrete is directly proportional to the water cement ratio. The workers on site like to
increase the water cement ratio. We shall use the water cement ratio which compromise
with both the requirements but not more than 0.6. For higher-grade concrete, nominal mix
cannot be used but design mix shall be used. Note that if bulked sand is used, respective
corrections shall be used for water present in the fine aggregates.
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EXPERIMENT-8
SLUMP TEST
AIM: To determine slump for M 20 grade concrete with following water cement ratios:
a) w/c = 0.45 b) w/c = 0.5 c) w/c = 0.55 d) w/c = 0.60
APPARATUS:
➢ Mould in form of a frustum of a cone, called slump cone
➢ Tamping rod, 16 mm diameter, 600 mm long, rounded at one end
➢ Trough
➢ Trowel
➢ GI Plain Sheets, steel scale
THEORY: Workability is the ease with concrete mix flows to the remote corner of the
formwork. In more scientific terms, it is the property of concrete, which determines the
amount of useful internal work necessary to produce full compaction. For full compaction,
concrete mix possesses three properties: Mobility, Cohesiveness during movement of mix &
the absence of harshness in offering smooth surface finish to trowelling. Water is the most
important single factor which effects mobility, since it lubricates ingredients and reduces
internal friction. But water cannot be increased indefinitely to increase mobility. Internal
friction can be reduced by decreasing the surface area by adopting coarser grading of
aggregate. Too much coarseness may lead to segregation and loss of cohesiveness so
essential for maintaining the homogeneity of the mix. In addition to cement content, there is a
need to ensure the presence of fine particles passing through 300 micron. Harshness of
concrete can be eliminated, if there is adequate proportion of mortar to fill in the voids in the
coarse aggregate. Proper ensuring of correct fine aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio is yet
another factor in obtaining good workability.
There are no tests available which measure all these properties quantitatively. Out of various
tests available on workability, two commonly known tools viz. slump test and compacting
factor test will be dealt with in the next experiment.
SLUMP TEST:
Slump test, the conduct of which will be described in following paragraphs, gives a measure
of workability of the mix in terms of slump observed after the subsidence of a concrete mix.
One can get a fairly good idea of cohesiveness by gently tapping the platform on which the
cone stands. A good cohesive mix subsides further without coarse aggregate tending to fall
out of the mix during tapping. Harshness can be detected by trowelling the mix to obtain a
smooth surface. Harsh concrete is normally under-sanded and does not give smooth finish to
the surface even with trowelling under pressure. Adequate standard mix gives smooth finish
with normal trowelling. Over-sanded mix gives smooth finish with even light trowelling.
Limitations of Slump Test: Because of its simplicity in performing the experiment and
its sensitivity to changes in moisture content of the successive intended ingredients mixed, it
is widely used in the field for judging the workability. This test has limitations. Slump
observed strictly speaking is not related to useful internal work required for full compaction
also large variations can be obtained with the same concrete. Three types of slumps are
obtained:
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Slump Cone
a) True slump
b) Shear slump
c) Collapse slump
Collapse slump is normally obtained with lean, harsh or very wet mix. It is difficult to
measure slump when shear slump is obtained. Generally concrete giving shear or collapse
slump are considered unsatisfactory for placing. Rich mixes normally behave better than lean
dry and very wet mixes.
Choice of slump: The slump observed during test is required to be compared to some
standard value of slump considered desirably for various types of placing and vibrating
conditions. Basically higher slump is chosen when vibration is done manually, section are
small or heavily reinforced. Also greater the nominal, size of aggregate. more slump is
preferred.
DEGREE OF WORKABILITY FOR VARIOUS REQUIREMENTS (IS: 456-2000)

Degree of
Placing Conditions Slump in mm
Workability
Very low
Blinding concrete, shallow sections, pavements using Use C.F.
(slump not
pavers (0.75-0.80)
recommended)
Mass concrete, lightly reinforced sections in slabs,
beams, walls, columns, floors, hand placed pavements, Low 25-75
canal lining, strip footings
Heavily reinforced sections in slabs, beams, Medium 50-100
walls, columns, slip form work, pumped concrete Medium 75-100
Trench fill, in-situ concrete High 100-150
Tremie concrete Very high *
* Determination of flow method (IS:9103) is recommended for tremie concrete
Note: For most of the placing conditions, internal vibrators (needle vibrators) are
suitable. The diameter of the needle shall be determined based on the density and
spacing of reinforcement bars and thickness of the sections. For tremie concrete,
vibrators are not required to be used.
PROCEDURE:
1. The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and freed from superfluous
moisture and set concrete, if any, before commencing the test.
2. The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface, such as
a carefully leveled metal plate.
3. The mould is held firmly in place before the concrete is filled in
4. Concrete under test is filled in the mould in four layers and each layer is
approximately one quarter of the height of the mould. Each layer is tamped with 25
strokes of the round end of the tamping bar. The stroke should be distributed over the
entire area of the mould.
5. After the top layer has been rodded, the concrete should be struck off level with a
trowel or the tamping rod so that the mould is exactly filled. All mortar which have
leaked out between the mould and the basic plate is cleaned away.
6. The mould is immediately raised from the concrete slowly and carefully in a vertical
direction. This allows the concrete to subside and the slump is measured immediately
by determining the difference between the height of the mould and that the highest
point of specimen being tested in mm.
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(B) : To verify the effects of FA/CA ratio, total aggregate/cement ratio, observe
effects of w/c ratio on slump.
1. Assume suitable proportion say 1:2:4 and 1:2.5:3.5 by volume or by mass.
2. Calculate ingredients for 3 kg batch of cement.
3. Make three trials and measure slump and observe workability harshness and
cohesiveness.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Test shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shocks and within a period
of two minutes after mixing if it is a field test. For laboratory test, reliable results
corresponding to site conditions can be obtained if slump test is carried out 10
minutes after mixing.
2. If slump collapses of shears off laterally, test may be repeated and if again same
results are obtained, the fact should be recorded and slump measured.
AMD/FTE/M
SU
AMD/FTE/ Figure: Measurement of Slump for Concrete
MSU 37
Page 45

150 to 255
(a) Collapse
SLUMP PATTERNS
Upto 150
(a) Shear
25 to 50
(a) True slump
Upto 125
41
38
Page 46
OBSERVATIONS:
1. M - CONCRETE (NORMAL MIX ), W/C =
Cement :Agg. Water W/C
Particulars Total FA:CA FA CA Slump Workability
(1:2) Added Ratio
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Initial proportions
by volume/bag of
cement
Trial Quantity
APPROXIMATE BULK DENSITY OF AGGREGATE = 1600 KG/M3

BULK DENSITY OF CEMENT = 1400 KG/M3
39
Page 47
RESULT:
The slump for ....
1. M 20, w/c = 0.45 is =
2. M 20, w/c = 0.50 is =
3. M 20, w/c = 0.55 is =
4. M 20, w/c = 0.60 is =
CONCLUSION:
40
Page 48
EXPERIMENT-9
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
AIM: To determine, compaction factor ratio for M 20 concrete for
a) w/c = 0.45 b) w/c = 0.50 c) w/c = 0.55 d) w/c = 0.60
APPARATUS:
➢ Compacting factor apparatus as per IS: 5515-1983
➢ Two trowels
➢ Hand scoop
➢ Tamping rod
➢ Platform massing machine.
THEORY: Workability is the amount of work necessary to achieve full compaction of concrete.
In dried mixes, slump test does not give slump and a more sensitive method to detect the change
in workability is necessary. Compacting factor test works on a principle of determining the
degree of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work by allowing the concrete to fall
through a standard height. The degree of compaction, called compacting factor, is measured by
the density ratio, i.e. the ratio of the density actually achieved in the test to density of concrete
fully compacted. Thus, it is therefore rational method than slump test and is particularly suitable
to dry mixes with low slump. This is useful in laboratory testing but if possible could be
conducted on site.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the sample of concrete gently in the upper hopper with a hand scoop. Fill up the
concrete in level with the brim.
2. Open the trap door so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
3. If the concrete sticks to the sides of the hopper, push it gently with the help of rod from
top.
4. Open the trap door of the lower hopper and allow concrete to fall into the cylinder.
5. With the plane of blade of the trowel in each hand and moving them simultaneously one
from each side across the top of the cylinder and at the same time keeping them pressed
on the top edge of the cylinder, remove the excess concrete remaining above the level of
the top of the cylinder.
6. Clean the outside of the cylinder.
7. Determine the mass of the cylinder.
8. Refill the cylinder from the same samples of concrete in layers approximately 50 mm
deep. Layers being heavily rammed or preferably vibrated so as to obtain full
compaction.
9. Clean the outside of the cylinder and mass it again.
PRECAUTIONS:
To obtain strictly comparable results, the test should be carried out at constant time interval after
the mixing is completed. The convenient time for releasing the concrete from the upper hopper
has been found to be 2 minutes after the completion of mixing.
41
Page 49
OBSERVATIONS:
M 20 CONCRETE (NOMINAL MIX) W/C =

Specimens
I II III
Mass of cylinder (M1) kg
Mass of cylinder + concrete falling through standard height (M2) kg
Mass of partially compacted concrete (M2-M1) = (M3) kg
Mass of fully compacted concrete + cylinder (M4) kg
Mass of fully compacted concrete (M4-M1) = (M5) kg
Compacting factor (M3/M5)
Figure : Compaction Factor Test
42
Page 50
A Hopper clamp
Hinge
Clamp
Trap door
Cylinder clamp each side
COMPACTING FACTOR APPARATUS
43
Page 51
RESULTS:
The compacting factors are as follows:
1. M 20, W/C = 0.45, CF RATIO =
2. M 20, W/C = 0.50, CF RATIO =
3. M 20, W/C = 0.55, CF RATIO =
4. M 20, W/C = 0.60, CF RATIO =
CONCLUSION:
44
Page 52
EXPERIMENT-10
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
AIM: To determine compressive strength, for concrete having M 20 grade with
a) w/c = 0.45 b) w/c = 0.50 c) w/c = 0.55 d) w/c = 0.60
APPARATUS:
 Cube moulds 100 mm size and 150 mm size as per IS 516-1959, Cylinder mould
150 mm diameter x 300 mm high as per IS 156-1959
 Trowels
 G.I. sheet for mixing
 Tamping rod 16 cm diameter and 600 mm long bullet point at the lower end
 Glass plate thicker than 6.5 mm or machined metal plate 1.3 mm thickness and of
dimensions greater than 175 mm
 100 tons compression testing machine
THEORY: Among the various strengths of concrete, the determination of the

compressive strength has received a large amount of attention because the concrete is
primarily meant to withstand compressive stresses.
Concrete that is strong in compression is also good in other qualities. Higher the
compressive strength better is the durability. Bond strength is important in R.C.C
structures. Compressive strength also indicates extent of control exercised during
construction. Resistance to abrasion and volume stability improves with the compressive
strength. Test for compressive strength is therefore very important in quality control of
concrete.
In engineering practice, the strength of concrete at a given age and under given curing
condition at a prescribed temperature is assumed to depend primarily on two factors only
i.e. the water/cement ratio and the degree of compaction.
When concrete is fully compacted, its strength is taken to be inversely proportional to the
water/cement ratio. This relation was preceded by a so-called ‘law’, but really a rule,
established by Duff Abrams in 1919. He found strength to be equal to :
K1
fc Where, fc = Strength of concrete
K 2 w/ c
K1 and K2 = Empirical constants
The general form of the strength versus water/cement ratio is shown below.
- 45 -
Page 53
Vibration
Hand Compaction
Compressive Strength
Fully Compacted Concrete
Insufficiently Compacted
Concrete
Water / Cement Ratio

Fig. 1 The relation between strength and water/cement ratio of concrete
Preparation and conduct of compressive strength is comparatively easy and gives more
consistent results than tensile strength or flexure strength. This test for determining
compressive strength of concrete has therefore, assumed maximum importance.
Cubes and Cylinders are the three types of compression test specimen used to determine
the compressive strength. The cubes are usually of 100mm or 150mm side while the
Cylinders used are 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height. Whenever cylinders are used
for compressive strength results, the cube strength can be calculated with the following
formula:
Minimum cylinder compressive strength required = 0.8 x compressive strength specified

for 150 mm cube.
PROCEDURE:
Filling the mould:

➢ Fill concrete into the mould in layers approximately 50 mm deep by moving the
scoop around the top edge of the mould as the concrete slides form it, in order to
ensure the symmetrical distribution of the concrete within the mould.
Compaction:
➢ If compaction is done by hand tamp with the standard rod, strokes being
uniformly distributed over the cross section of the mould. For 15 cm cube, no. of
strokes should not be less than 35 per layer and 25 strokes for 10 cm cubes. For
cylindrical specimens no. of strokes shall not be less than 30 per layer. Strokes
should penetrate into the underlined layer. Tamp the sides of the mould to close
the voids left by tamping bars.
➢ If compaction is done by vibration, then each layer is compacted by means of a

suitable vibrating hammer or vibrator or vibrating table. Mode and quantum of
- 46 -
Page 54
vibration of laboratory specimen shall be as nearly the same as those adopted in

actual operations.
Capping:
➢ Cylindrical specimens are capped with a thick layer of neat cement generally 2 or
3 hours after moulding operations. Caps shall be formed by a glass plate or metal
plate. Work the plate on the mould until its lower surface rests on the top of the
mould.
➢ The cement for capping shall be mixed to a stiff paste for about 2 hours before it
is to be used in order to avoid tendency of the cap to shrink. Adhesion of the paste
to the capping plate can be avoided by coating the plate with a thin coat of oil or
grease.
Curing:
➢ Store the specimen in a place for 24 + 0.5 hour from the time of addition of water
to dry ingredients. At the end of this period remove them from the mould and
immediately submerge in clean fresh water and shall be taken out just prior to
testing. Water, in which the specimen is submerged shall be renewed every at 7
days.
➢ Test for compressive strength:

Age at test: Usually testing is done after 7 days and 28 days, the days being
measured from the time water is added to the dry ingredients.
Test at least 3 specimens at a time.
Test specimens immediately or removal from the water and while they are still
in the wet condition, wipe off the surface water. If the specimens are received
dry, keep them in water for 24 hours before testing.
Note down the dimensions nearest to 0.2 mm and note the mass also.
➢ Placing specimen in the machine:

Place the specimen in such a manner that the load shall be applied to opposite
sides of cubes as cast, i.e. not to the top and bottom.
Align carefully the center of thrust of the spherically seated plate.
Apply load slowly and at the rate of 14 N/mm2/min until the cube breaks.
Note down the maximum load and appearance of concrete failure, i.e. whether
aggregate has broken or cement paste separated from the aggregate etc.
PRECAUTIONS: See that the load is applied at the center. Even a small eccentricity can
cause serious deviations.
- 47 -
Page 55
OBSERVATIONS : (FOR SINGLE BATCH)
SPECIMENS
CUBES CYLINDERS
1 2 3 1 2 3
Concrete mix M
w/c ratio =
Identification No.
Produced on: Date
Time
Tested on: (7 days) Date
Time
Tested on: (28 days) Date
Time
Age of testing (hours)
Measurements: Length a
(mm)
Breadth
b (mm)
Height c
(mm)
Area subjected to A= a x b
compression: (mm2)
Volume subjected to V=Axc
compression: (mm3)
Mass of cube, Mc (N)
Unit weight of cube, Wc/V (kg/m3)
Breaking load, P (N)
Compressive Fck = P/A

strength: (N/mm2)
Average compressive strength, fck
(N/mm2)
Percentage deviation from average
value
- 48 -
Page 56
RESULTS:
The comp. strength of concrete at 28 days fck is
1. M , W/C = , fck =
CONCLUSION:
- 49 -
Page 57
EXPERIMENT-11
FLEXURE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
AIM: To determine the flexural strength of beam 100 x 100 x 500 mm for M 20 grade
concrete for: a) w/c = 0.45 b) w/c = 0.50 c) w/c = 0.55 d) w/c = 0.60 (IS 9399)
APPARATUS:
 Standard beam mould 150 mm x 150 mm x 700 mm. If the largest size does not
exceed 19 mm, the size may be 100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm. For detailed
specification refer IS: 516 - 1959.
 Tamping bar
 Trowels
 Hand scoop
 20-ton Universal Testing Machines
THEORY: Determination of flexural tensile strength is essential to estimate the load at

which concrete members may crack. As it is difficult to evaluate the tensile strength by
direct tension test, we go for flexure testing. . The absence of cracking is of considerable
importance in maintaining the continuity of a concrete structure and preventing corrosion
of reinforcement. The knowledge of tensile strength of concrete is vital in design of
pavement slabs and runways as the flexural tension is critical in such cases.
Tensile stresses in the concrete are likely to develop due to drying shrinkage, rusting of
steel reinforcement, temperature gradients and many other reasons. A concrete road slab
is called upon to resist tensile stresses from two principal sources - wheel loads and
volume changes in the concrete. Direct measurement of tensile strength of concrete is
difficult. Neither specimen nor testing apparatus have been designed which assume
uniform distribution of pull applied to the concrete.
The modulus of rupture is about 1.3 to 1.8 times the strength obtained from direct tension
test. This is due to following reasons.
1) Accidental eccentricity in the direct tension test results in a lower apparent tensile
strength in comparison with the other tests.
2) In direct tension test, entire specimen is subjected to maximum tensile stress while in
the flexure test, only the bottom fibers in the constant moment are subjected to
maximum tensile stresses, every where else the stresses are less. Therefore, the
probability of weak element occurring and thus resulting in failure is comparatively
high in direct tension test.
3) In the flexure test, the under stressed concrete near the neutral axis restrain the
propagation of crack thus resulting in higher failure load.
4) In the flexure test, it is assumed that the stress is proportional to the distance of fiber
from the neutral axis. Actually, the stress distribution is parabolic. The modulus of
rupture thus over estimates the tensile strength of concrete.
- 50 -
Page 58
AMD/FTE/M
SU
AMD/FTE/
MSU
200 or 133
38 mm Ø roller
- 51 -
Locating bars removed before

loading is commenced
38 mm Ø roller

Page 59
LOADING ARRANGEMENT OF FLEXURE TEST ON BEAM SPECIMEN

The value of Modulus of rupture (extreme fiber stress in bending) depends on the
dimension of the beam and manner of loading. The systems of loading used in finding out
the flexural tension are central point loading or two points loading. In centre-point-
loading, maximum fiber-stress will come below the point of loading where the bending
moment is maximum. In case of symmetrical two-point loading, the critical crack may
appear at any section, not strong enough to resist. The stresses will be more within the
middle third, where the B.M. is maximum. Two-point loading will yield a lower value of
modulus of rupture than central point loading. I.S. specified two-point loading.
Maximum tensile stress reached in the bottom fibre of the test beam is known as
"Modulus of Rupture".
Flexural Strength,Fcr 0.7 fck N / mm2
PROCEDURE:
1. Method of filling the mould, curing and measuring the dimensions is the same as done
for the compressive strength test.
2. Place the specimen in the testing machine such that load shall be applied to the upper
most surface as cast in mould, along two lines in the middle spaced 200 mm. for 700
mm beam and spacing 133.33 mm apart for 500 mm bean.
3. Apply load carefully without shock and at a rate of 4 kN/min for 150mm specimen
and at the rate of 1.80 kN/min for 100 mm specimen.
4. Modulus of rupture (fcr) = M/Z = 6M/(bd2)
Let ‘a’ be the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support.
(a) When a > 200 mm for 150 mm specimen

> 133 mm for 100 mm specimen
M = PL/6, Z = (1/6) bd2
2
fcr = (PL/6) x (6/bd )
= PL/bd2
Where P is the total load applied on the beam, L is length of the beam,
b is width of the beam, d is depth of the beam
(b) When 170 mm < a < 200 mm for 150 mm specimen

110 mm < a < 133 mm for 100 mm specimen
M = Pa/2, Z = (1/6) bd2
2
fcr = (Pa/2) x (6/bd )
= 3Pa/bd2
(c) If a < 170 mm for 150 mm specimen

a < 110 mm for 100 mm specimen
Results should be discarded.
- 52 -
Page 60
OBSERVATIONS: (FOR SINGLE BATCH)
SPECIMENS
1. 2. 3.
Concrete mix M
Prescribed modulus 3 days
of rupture 7 days
Identification No.
Produced on: Date
Time
Tested on: Date
Time
Measurements: Length a (mm)
Breadth b (mm)
Height c (mm)
Volume: V=axbxc
(mm3)
weight of beam, Wb (N)
Unit weight of beam, Wb/V (N/m3)
Breaking load, P (N)
Modulus of rupture: Fcr = M/Z
(N/mm2)
Average value of Fcr (N/mm2)
Percentage deviation from average value
RESULT:
The flexure strength of concrete at 28 days,
1. M W/C = 0.45, fcr =

2. M W/C = 0.50, fcr =
3. M W/C = 0.55, fcr =
4. M W/C = 0.60, fcr =
CONCLUSION :
- 53 -
Page 61
Page 62
EXPERIMENT-12
TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
AIM: To determine the tensile strength of cylinder by split test for M 20 Concrete for
a) w/c = 0.45 b) w/c = 0.50 c) w/c = 0.55 d) w/c = 0.60. (IS 5816)
APPARATUS:
1. Compression Testing Machine
2. Cylinders 15 cm diameter x 30 cm height
3. Plywood sheets.
THEORY: This test is sometimes referred as "Brazilian Test". It was developed in Brazil
in 1943. When a concrete cylinder is subjected to compressive loads applied along
diametrically opposite lines, i.e. when load is applied along the generatrix of the cylinder,
then an element on the vertical diameter of the cylinder is subjected to vertical
compressive stress
2P D2
c 1
LD r(D r)
& a tensile stress in the lateral direction
2P
t
LD
Where P = compressive load on cylinder,

L = length of the cylinder,
D = dia. of cylinder and
r & (D - r) = the distances of the element from the two loads respectively.
The loading condition produces a high compressive stress immediately below the two
generators to which the load is applied. But the larger portion corresponding to depth is
subjected to a uniform tensile stress acting horizontally. It is estimated that compressive
stress is acting for about 1/6 depth and remaining 5/6 depth and subjected to tension.
In order to reduce the magnitude of a high compressive stress near the points of
application of load, narrow packing strips of suitable material such as plywood are placed
between the specimen & loading plate of the testing machine. The packing strips should
be soft enough to allow distribution of load over a reasonable area. Yet narrow and thin
enough to prevent large content area.
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the cylinder with its longitudinal axis in horizontal direction between the
plates of compression testing machine.
2. Place narrow strips of packing material such as plywood between the plates &
cylinder surface.
3. Load is applied at such a rate that tensile stress acting on the vertical diameter
increases at a rate of 0.7 N/mm2/minute.
- 54 -
Page 63
PRECAUTION:
The plates of the testing machine should not be allowed to rotate in a plane perpendicular
to the axis of the cylinder, but a slight movement in the vertical plane should be permitted
in order to accommodate a possible non-parallelism of the generatrics of the cylinder.
Provision of rollers imparts this mechanism of adjustment.
OBSERVATION:
SPECIMENS
1. 2. 3.
Concrete mix M
Identification No.
Produced on: Date
Time
Tested on: Date
Time
Measurements: Length L (mm)
Diameter D (mm)
Failure load, P (N)
Tensile stress, t = 2 P/ LD (N/mm2)
Average tensile stress (N/mm2)
CONCLUSION:
- 55 -
Page 64
Dr D. R. Panchal, Applied Mechanics Department, FTE, MSU
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2023

B.E.III CIVIL S.D.‐I Lab

This is to certify that Shri/Kum ........................................................................

Roll No. ............ of Class ........................ has attended practicals in the

subject………………………………. at Cement & Concrete Laboratory of

Applied Mechanics Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering and has

carried out .................... experiments during ...................... semester of the year

Date: Signature of Teacher in charge

1 FINENESS TEST OF CEMENT

2 STANDARD CONSISTENCY TEST

3 INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

4 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT

5 BULK DENSITY OF AGGREGATES

9 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

10 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

11 FLEXURE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

12 TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Specification for Physical Properties for Cement

❖ Manufacture of Portland Cement

2) Portland Pozzolana Cement (IS : 1489-1991) : Porland-pozzolana cement shall

By altering proportions of ingredients of cement, various types of cements can be prepared.

TABLE-I SPECIFICATION FOR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

2. SETTING TIME (in min.):

Initial setting time not less

At 1 day (24 hr + 30 min.) -

There are three different methods, for checking fineness of cement.

AIM: To determine standard/normal consistency for a given sample of cement.

MATERIALS: Cement (OPC and PPC) & water.

THEORY: Consistency refers to a relative mobility of a freshly mixed cement paste or

Standard Consistency: Cement paste of normal consistency is defined in terms of

2. Quantity of water for soundness tests expressed as percentage of mass of cement

Structural Design-I Lab

Note: All dimensions are in mm.

AMD/FTE/M Vicat Apparatus

1. Clean appliances should be used for gauging.

Sr. Quantity of % of water Reading on Vicat’s Remarks

Type of Cement Consistency

DETERMINATION OF FINAL SETTING TIME:

Structural Design-I Lab

Note: All dimensions are in mm.

Initial Setting Time

CEMENT OPC PPC

MATERIAL: Cement, standard sand and water.

Note: P is in Kg, P/A is in Kg/cm2 and in is N/mm2.

SR. No. Grade of Minimum compressive strength

Coarse Aggregate Measure

3. Tamping rod 16 mm diameter and 60 cm long, with one end rounded.

Rodded or compacted density:

Loose bulk density:

Volume of F.A. = m3; Volume of C.A. = m3

Mass (kg) Density (kg/m3)

Loose Bulk Density Compacted Bulk Density

Table 1: Coarse Aggregates

Percentage passing for single size % passing for graded agg.

Table 2: Fine Aggregates

Percentage passing for

Mass of Coarse Aggregate = kg.

Mass of Fine Aggregate = kg.

Maximum size of Fineness modulus

Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate Comment

APPARATUS: 1000 cc and 100 cc measuring cylinders.

FINE SAND COARSE SAND

2. Final volume of Saturated sand

FINE SAND COARSE SAND