UAGro

UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE GUERRERO

UNIDAD ACADÉMICA PREPARATORIA N0.7

MATERIAL DE APOYO

INGLES IV
SEXTO SEMESTRE

WORKBOOK FOCUS ON IV

PROFESOR: ARTURO SANDOVAL OCAMPO

ACAPULCO GRO. ENERO DEL 2020.

1
Diagnostic.

+ Use the conditions and results to match the two columns and complete the
phrases below.
A you have a headache _______ it gets too sweet
B if you don´t wear a crash helmet ______ then the dog bites
C you heat it to 100oC ______ if she misses the last bus
D she comes home very late ______ butter melts
E if you leave the gate open ______ you take and aspirin
F if you add sugar ______ you have more chance of
Being killed while cycling.

+ complete the sentences using your personal information.

1. I won´t go to school if ________________________________________
2. My dad can´t buy that car if ____________________________________
3. You won´t stay home__________________________________________
4. Shakira can´t give a concert if __________________________________
5. If it rains hard tonight, ________________________________________
6. If I don´t pass my driving text___________________________________
7. If my mom doesn´t cook_______________________________________
8. If we don´t have money________________________________________

+ put in the present continuous the verb in brackets.

1 Please be quiet. I_____________________(try) to read my book.
1 I_______________(not/use) the computer at the moment so you can
use it.
2 Mary is ill so Sue ____________(teach) her lessons today.
3 Excuse me, I ______________(look) for a hotel, is there one near here?
4 ___________(you/wait) for someone?
5 Jack, you are very careless. You _________(always/forget) to do your
homework¡

2
 UNIDAD DE COMPETENCIA I

1 Expresa comportamientos en situaciones hipotéticas.

Lesson 1
Small talks

Discuss the following questions with your classmates.

Do you want to travel around the world, have a new car or buy a big house?

What would you like to do?

Where would you like to go?

3
+ Small group of work. Work with a group of classmates and search for
words that describe attitudes and values. Make a list

Attitudes Values

Vocabulary

 bitter      confused      fatal      genuine      graceful      honorable     
innocent      judicious     ordinary      specific      terrible      urgent  

1. Mark was charmed by the girl's   movements and her good

manners (ELEGANT).

2. This is nothing new. It's just a/an   transistor radio (USUAL)

3. Our academy admits only people with a/an   interest in art (REAL)

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 4. If you need some more   information ,ask someone who is in direct
control of our department.(PRECISE)

5. The   feeling of having been deserted by his closest friends made

John leave the city (PAINFUL)

6. The   discovery of a skeleton has provoked endless discussions

about the murder (HORRIBLE)

7. The suspect claimed he was   and that the robbery was committed
by someone else (NOT GUILTY)

8. I was so   by the chairman's reply that i didn't know what to do.
(PUZZLED)

9. Since her unexpected resignation , we have been in   need of a new

secretary (DESPARATE)

10. The poor mother went mad after she had learned about her son's   
accident (DEADLY)

Discuss the following questions with a classmate.

1 …could meet someone famous, who would you meet?

2 …were a child, what would you do?

3 …got married today, how would you do?

5
4…were an animal, what animal would you be?

5 …could live anywhere, where would you live?

2. Fill in all the gaps with the simple past (regular and irregular) of the verbs
in parentheses.
Jonathan Harker's Trip to Dracula's Castle

From Jonathan Harker's Journal

As I _________________ (look) back I _________________ (see) the steam from
the horses of the coach by the light of the lamps, and projected against it the
figures of my late companions crossing themselves. Then the driver
_________________ (crack) his whip and _________________ (call) to his
horses, and off they _________________ (sweep) on their way to Bukovina. As
they _________________ (sink) into the darkness I _________________ (feel) a
strange chill, and a lonely feeling come over me; but a cloak was thrown over my
shoulders, and a rug across my knees, and the driver _________________ (say)
in excellent German-"The night is chill, mein Herr, and my master the Count
_________________ (bid) me take all care of you. There is a flask of slivovitz (the
plum brandy of the country) underneath the seat, if you should require it."

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I _________________ (take neg.) any, but it was a comfort to know it was there all
the same. I _________________ (feel) a little strange, and not a little frightened; I
think had there been any alternative I should have taken it, instead of prosecuting
that unknown night journey. The carriage _________________ (go) at a hard pace
straight along, then we _________________ (make) a complete turn and
_________________ (go) along another straight road; It _________________
(seem) to me that we were simply going over and over the same ground again, and
so I _________________ (take) note of some salient point, and
_________________ (find) that this was so. I would have liked to have asked the
driver what this all _________________ (mean), but I really _________________
(fear) to do so, for I _________________ (think) that, placed as I was, any protest
would have had no effect in case there had been an intention to delay.
By-and-by, however, as I was curious to know how time was passing, I
_________________ (strike) a match, and by its flame _________________ (look)
at my watch; it was within a few minutes of midnight. This _________________
(give) me a sort of shock, for I suppose the general superstition about midnight
was increased by my recent experiences. I _________________ (wait) with a sick
feeling of suspense; Then a dog _________________ (begin) to howl somewhere
in a farmhouse far down the road, a long, agonized wailing, as if from fear. The
sound was taken up by another dog, and then another and another, till, borne on
the wind which now _________________ (sigh) softly through the Pass, a wild
howling _________________ (begin), which _________________ (seem) to come
from all over the country, as far as the imagination could grasp it through the gloom
of the night.

7
Activity.

You will be sent to a dessert island. Example:

You can only take 8 objects with you to If we had matches, we could
survive. Which objects would you take? make a fire.
Why?
If we took a tent, we would sleep
Make a list of the objects and the reasons in it.

OBJECT REASON

1 ______________________________ _______________________________

2 ______________________________ _______________________________

3 ______________________________ _______________________________

4 ______________________________ _______________________________

5_______________________________ _______________________________

6_______________________________ _______________________________

7_______________________________ _______________________________

8_______________________________ _______________________________

Grammar

8
The second conditional is one of the four main English conditionals. This
lesson shows you the structure, uses, and example sentence. After reading
the lesson and taking the tests, you will be ready to use it correctly in
English. 

Let’s start with the purpose.

The second conditional is called the present unreal conditional. It is for

hypothetical situations in the present. It is used to imagine, dream, and wish.

Second Conditional Structure

 If + simple past + modal verb + base verb

This conditional uses simple past, but it’s not about the past. That can be
difficult to think about. However, the key difference is “if”. When you see if
plus the simple past, you know it’s hypothetical (not real). Think about the
difference between these examples:

 I had a bicycle.
 If I had a bicycle…

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The first sentence is a statement about having something in the past. You
had a bicycle. Maybe it was last week or 20 years ago. It’s in the past. The
second sentence is not real.

 If I had a bicycle, I would ride it in the park.

You don’t have a bicycle. You don’t ride it in the park. That’s the idea of the
second conditional: it’s not real.

Let’s look at some more examples:

Examples:

 If I won the lottery, I would buy a house.

 If she studied more often, she would receive better test scores.
 I would wear the blue shoes if I were you.
 They would watch more movies if they had time.

Negative

 If I did not work, I would watch TV all day.

 If I won the lottery, I would not buy a car.
 I would not work if I had more money.
 I would sleep late every day if I didn’t work early.

 Questions

 What would you do if you were me?

 If you had $1,000, what would you buy?
 If you could live anywhere in the world, where would you want to live?
 Who would you like to meet, if you could meet anyone?

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Second Conditional Uses

1. Unreal situations in the present

 If I were the teacher, I would make class shorter.

 If I could fly, I would fly around the world.

2. Imagined events

 If I were rich, I would buy a private jet.

 I would buy a car if I won the lottery.
3. Impossible present situation

 I would go to the party, if I didn’t have to work.

 If I had more money, I would go to the restaurant.


Was vs. Were

Use “were” for all subjects.

 If I were rich, I would not work.

 If he were older, he would understand.

Directions: Put the (verbs) into the correct tense. Use 1st conditional for possible
statements and 2nd conditional for impossible/improbable statements.

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Once upon a time a cat bit a mouse's tail off. “Give me back my tail,” said the
mouse.

And the cat said, “Well, I (give) you back your tail if you fetched me some milk. But
that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”

The mouse, however, went to the cow. “The cat (give / only) me back my tail if I
fetch her some milk.”

And the cow said, “Well, I would give you milk if you (get) me some hay. But that's
impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”

The mouse, however, went to the farmer. “The cat will only give me back my tail if
the cow (give) me some milk.

And the cow (only / give) me milk if I get her some hay.”

And the farmer said, “Well, I would give you hay if you (bring) me some meat. But
that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”

The mouse, however, went to the butcher. “The cat will only give me back my tail if
the cow (give) me milk.

And the cow will only give me milk if she (get) some hay. And the farmer (only /
give) me hay if I get him some meat.”

And the butcher said, “Well, I would give you meat if you (make) the baker bake
me a bread.

But that's impossible to do for a little mouse like you.”

The mouse, however, went to the baker. “The cat (give / only) me back my tail if I
fetch her some milk.

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And the cow (give / not) me milk if I don't get her hay. And the farmer will only give
me hay if the butcher (have) some meat for him.

And the butcher will not give me meat if you (bake / not) him a bread.”

And the baker said, “Well, I (give) you bread if you promise never to steal my corn
or meal.”

The mouse promised not to steal, and so the baker gave the mouse bread, the
mouse gave the butcher bread.

The butcher gave the mouse meat, the mouse gave the farmer meat. The farmer
gave the mouse hay, the mouse gave the cow hay.

The cow gave the mouse milk, the mouse gave the cat milk. And the cat gave the
mouse her tail back.

Source: Wikispaces Classroom, CC By-SA 3.0

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Activities:

14
15
16
Now, let’s look at the way “could,” “should,” and “would” are used in
conditionals:

Could: “Could” is used to express possibility. Something that could happen is not

necessarily something that must happen. Could does not express desire or
opinion. It is simply used to state one or more things that are possible (even if they
are unlikely) or were possible in the past (even if they didn’t happen).
First conditional example: If it rains enough tomorrow, it could flood; we should be
prepared in case that happens.
Second conditional example: If I had lunch with my favorite actress, I could ask for
her autograph, or I could ask her to make a movie with me.
Third conditional example: If I had known you were going to the football game
yesterday, I could have gone with you, because I had the day off from work.

Should: “Should” is used to express an opinion on the best course of action. When

describing cause and effect, it is also used to suggest that one cause is very likely
to happen in the future, or was very likely to happen in the past.
First conditional example: If it continues to rain this hard for another hour, it should
start flooding. Start preparing for the flood right now.
Third conditional examples (suggestion; event that was likely in the past): If you
were going to the football game yesterday, you should have invited me to go with
you. You should have known I had the day off, because I emailed you to tell you I
was free.

Would: “Would” is used to describe something that is unlikely or impossible, but

definitely will happen if circumstances change in a specific way. In addition, it can
describe a past event that didn’t happen, but only because the circumstances were
not right.
Second conditional example: If you had lunch with your favorite actress, you would
ask her for her autograph and you would ask her to make a movie with you. You
wouldn’t feel like you needed to choose just one of those.

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Third conditional example: If I had known you had the day off yesterday, I would
have asked you to join me. I wanted you to join me, but I didn’t know you were
free.
There are a few things you should note. “Could,” “should,” and “would” are not
used in the zero conditional. This is because the zero conditional describes things
that always happen. “Could,” “should” and “would” only deal with things that may or
may not happen. Additionally, “should” is not generally used in the second
conditional. The second conditional deals only with things that are unlikely. If a
situation is unlikely, there is little reason to give someone advice on the best
course of action. Finally, “would” cannot be used in the first conditional, which
deals with predictions of likely and possible future events. In conditional
statements, “would” only deals with the unlikely and the impossible.

“Could,” “should,” and “would” are also used in other kinds of sentences, not just
conditionals. In future posts, I will look at other uses of these three words.

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19
20
Small goup. Work with a group of classmates, listen to the situations and
write them below.

Situation 1:

_______________________________________________________________

Situation 2:

_______________________________________________________________

Situation 3:

________________________________________________________________

Situation 4:

________________________________________________________________

Situation 5:

________________________________________________________________

21
 
2nd Conditional
Low self-steem

Peter doesn’t have much self-confidence. He always doubts himself, “If I were

smarter, I would get good grades.” “If I were taller, I could be on the basketball
team.” “If I were stronger, I could be on the wrestling team.” “If I were better
looking, I would have a girlfriend.” “If I were funnier, I’d have more friends.”One day
some guys in his class asked if he wanted to join their rock band, because they
knew Peter played guitar. He told them he didn’t have enough time, but really he
was thinking, “if only I played guitar better, I could be in a band.” On his way home,
Catherine, asked if he wanted to go to the school dance with her. Peter
lied, saying, he had to work that night. Peter was really thinking to himself, “If only I
knew how to dance, I could go with Catherine.” It seems that Peter often avoids
trying new things. If Peter didn’t doubt himself so much, he would have a lot more
fun.

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 a) NEW INSPIRATION
Grammar EXTRA!
Worksheet 2 Second conditional

1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. What would you do if you ___________ (win) lots of money?

2. If I were you I’d _______________(stay) at home tonight.
3. If I _____________(see) a crime happening, I would phone the police.
4. What would you do if you ____________(forget) something very important?
5. If I ___________(pass) all my exams, I would be so happy.
6. What would your mother____________ (think) if you didn’t go home
tonight?

2 Write sentences using the prompts.

win £1 million / go on holiday
If I won £1 million, I would go on holiday.

1 go on holiday / meet a beautiful woman or a handsome man

_______________________________________________________
2 meet a beautiful woman or a handsome man / get married
_______________________________________________________
3 get married / buy a house
_______________________________________________________
4 buy a house / need more money
_______________________________________________________
5 need more money / get a job
_______________________________________________________
6 get a job / buy a lottery ticket
_______________________________________________________
7 buy a lottery ticket / win £1 million
_______________________________________________________

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 3 Are these sentences correct (✓) or incorrect (✗)?
Rewrite the incorrect sentences.

A What would you do if you were lost?

______________________________________________________

B If you didn’t have any money, what will you do?

______________________________________________________

C If I meet a famous person I would ask them for their autograph.

_______________________________________________________

D If I were you, I’d take a map.

_______________________________________________________

E What would you do if you bitten by a snake?

_______________________________________________________

F If I broken my leg, I’d go to hospital.

_______________________________________________________

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Small group. Work with a group of classmates, listen to the situations and write
them below.

Situation 1

__________________________________________________________________

Situation 2

__________________________________________________________________

Situation 3

__________________________________________________________________

Situation 4

__________________________________________________________________

Situation 5

__________________________________________________________________

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Diagnostic

Look at the following verbs, classify them in the correct category.

Do you remember their past form?

Study, go, buy, take, work, eat, open, give, dance, drink, swim, jump, love,
put, come, listen, take, smell, look, invite.

Regular verbs Irregular verbs

Survey . find classmates who answer “yes” to the following questions.

Did you run all the time?

Did you eat a lot of candies?

Did you study very hard?

Did you goofy clothes?

Did you listen to kids songs?

Did you eat peanut butter?

Did you play hide & seek?

Did you wear glasses?

26
 UNIDAD DE COMPETENCIA II

II. Describe experiencias pasadas que trascienden en el presente.

Small group work. Work with a group of classmates and think about actions that
are related to the following categories.

FOOD PLACES

-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
--
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------

TOURISTIC ACTIVITIES LEISURE ACTIVITIES

-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------

27
New words

Work with a group of classmates and describe which activities from the
previous exercise you did last vacation?

Last

Vacation

I…

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Activity: read, listen and repeat the following verbs.

29
 Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Simple

The Present Perfect Simple is used, if an action happened in the past and there is
a connection to the present. This action has just stopped or is still going on.
There's no exact time expressed when the action happened.

Key words: already, just, yet, ever, never, for, since, so far, up to now, not

yet, lately, recently

How to form the Present Perfect Simple

I, you, we, they - have + 3rd form he, she, it - has + 3rd form They have visited
her uncle recently. - She has just baked an apple pie.

Short forms

I've never been there before. - We've studied a lot so far. He's worked in this shop
lately. - He's found his wallet.

Negation

I, you, we, they - have not (haven't) + 3rd form he, she, it - has not (hasn't) +
3rd form

They haven't tidied up their room so far. - He hasn't finished his homework yet.

Questions

Have you already done your homework? Have/Has - subject – verb

How long have you been there? Question word - have/has - subject -verb

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Use of the Present Perfect Simple

Examples:    

Past   Present

Nick has gone on holidays. Result He is not in the office.

connection with the

He has already met Sue. He likes her.
Present

He has just eaten something connection with the

He feels sick now.
bad. Present

He has lived in Spain for ten connection with the

He is still there.
days. Present

He has been in connection with the

He is still there.
Spain since Friday. Present

Have you ever been to Italy? connection with the Do you know Italy?

Present No, I've never
been there.

31
Look at the pictures and say what those people have done.

Now write your ideas in the lines below.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

32
Look at the pictures and make questions to your classmates. Use present
perfect tense

Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use Present Perfect.

1. Karen   me an e-mail. (to send)

2. Dave and Pat   the museum. (to visit)

3. I   at the pet shop. (to be)

33
 4. They   already   their rucksacks. (to pack)

5. Marcus   an accident. (to have)

6. We   the shopping for our grandmother. (to do)

7. I   just   my bike. (to clean)

8. Emily   her room. (to paint)

9. Lisa and Colin   to a concert. (to go)

10. My friends   smoking. (to give up)

Present Perfect Simple

The Present Perfect Simple is used, if an action happened in the past and there is
a connection to the present. This action has just stopped or is still going on.
There's no exact time expressed when the action happened.

Key words: already, just, yet, ever, never, for, since, so far, up to now, not

yet, lately, recently

How to form the Present Perfect Simple

I, you, we, they - have + 3rd form

he, she, it - has + 3rd form

They have visited her uncle recently. - She has just baked an apple pie.

Short forms

I've never been there before. - We've studied a lot so far.

He's worked in this shop lately. - He's found his wallet.

Negation

I, you, we, they - have not (haven't) + 3rd form

34
he, she, it - has not (hasn't) + 3rd form

They haven't tidied up their room so far. - He hasn't finished his homework yet.

Questions

Have you already done your homework?
Have/Has - subject - verb

How long have you been there?
Question word - have/has - subject -verb

Use of the Present Perfect Simple

Examples:    

Past   Present

Nick has gone on holidays. result He is not in the office.

connection with the

He has already met Sue. He likes her.
Present

He has just eaten something connection with the

He feels sick now.
bad. Present

He has lived in Spain for ten connection with the

He is still there.
days. Present

He has been in connection with the

He is still there.
Spain since Friday. Present

Have you ever been to Italy? connection with the Do you know Italy?

Present No, I've never
been there.

35
Lesson 2

Activity: Small talk

Work in a small groups and discuss the following questions.

Do you like music?

What kind of music do you like?

Who´s your favorite singer, why?

Practical language

36
37
 Unidad de competencia III
III. Expresa gustos, preferencias y desagrados

Diagnostic.

Answer the questions with your personal information.

Do you like shopping?

__________________________________________________________________
What do you like to shop?
__________________________________________________________________
How often do you go shopping?
__________________________________________________________________

38
Small talk
Small group work. Work with a group of classmates to write a list of the most
common leisure (spare time) activities people have.

Leisure activities

New words
Read the previous list to your classmates and complete the following chart
using the information your classmates say.

Outdoor activities Indoor activities

39
Classify the activities you wrote and complete the chart.

I like I don´t like

40
Reading comprehension.

I am Linda and I’m 16 years old. I am from Ireland, Today I’m writing about the
things that I like and things that I don’t like. It isn’t easy because there are too
many things that I like and some things that I don’t like. That’s why I am going to
write about  three  or four topics.
Entertainment
I really like listening to music, I like different types of music but I am crazy for
electrionic music, my favorite DJ’s are Robin Schulz and  Calvin Harris. I also like
watching TV and movies. I like drama movies and sitcoms such as two and half
men and the Bing Bang Theory. Sometimes I like to go out with my school friends. 
We go to the movie teather and the mall.
Food
First, let’s talk about food and drinks. I don’t like fish very much, but I like meat. I
really like fast food such as pizza, hamburgers and french fries
but my favorite snacks are pizza and hamburgers. Pizza is delicious with coke,
but I prefer lemonade and orange juice than coke.
I also like white coffee. I hate alcoholic drinks! When it comes to fruit. I really
adore grapes, but pears are not my cup of tea. I like apples and I love oranges! 
41
I’m not a fan of vegetables, but my parents and teachers say they’re very
important. I think they’re right. I really hate broccoli, but carrots are ok. I
detest cucumber salad, but I like mixed salad  I’m crazy for mushrooms, but I
really don’t like onions.
School Subjects
I love playing with my friends in the playground. I don’t like History very
much and I hate Maths lessons! Anyway, I like Gym and Art, but I prefer Science
because I’m crazy for animals. I really like Music and I love Portuguese
lessons, but my favorite subject is English, of course!
         And you? What are your likes and dislikes?

Expressing preference

We use prefer to say we like one thing or activity more than another. We can use a
prepositional phrase with to when we compare two things or actions:

I prefer tea to coffee.

We prefer going by ferry to flying.

We don’t use than after prefer:

She prefers books to magazines.

Not: She prefers books than magazines.

We can use a to-infinitive or an -ing form after prefer. A to-infinitive is more

common.

She’s not keen on coffee. She prefers to drink tea. (or She prefers drinking

tea to coffee.)

Would prefer

42
 We use would prefer or ’d prefer, followed by a to-infinitive or a noun, to talk about
present and future preferences:

I’d prefer to go by myself.

Would you prefer a quieter restaurant?

She’d prefer not to drive at night.

When we want to say that we would like to do one thing more than another, we can
introduce the second thing with rather than, followed by an infinitive without to:

I’d prefer to go skiing this year rather than go on a beach holiday.

When we are talking about our preferences for the actions of another person, we
can use would prefer + object pronoun + to-infinitive or would prefer it if + past
simple:

They’d prefer us to come later. (or They’d prefer it if we came later.)

Would you prefer me to drive? (or Would you prefer it if I drove?)

See also:

 Verb patterns: verb + infinitive or verb + -ing?

 Hate, like, love and prefer
 Would like

Typical errors

 We use a to-infinitive after prefer, not an infinitive without to:

I prefer to drive.

Not: I prefer drive.

Whenever I have time I like to read but I prefer not to read in the evening.

Not: … but I prefer not read in the evening.

43
 We make comparisons using to or rather than, not just than:

A lot of young people prefer computer games to football. (or A lot of young people

prefer computer games rather than football.)

Not: A lot of young people prefer computer games than football.

Would rather

We use would rather or ’d rather to talk about preferring one thing to

another. Would rather has two different constructions. (The subjects are underlined
in the examples.)

Compare

different subject (+ past simple

same subject (+ base form)
clause)

I’d rather stay at home than go out I’d rather you stayed at home

tonight. tonight.

I’d rather not go out tonight. I’d rather you didn’t go out tonight

In negative sentences with a different subject, the negative comes on the clause
that follows, not on would rather:

She’d rather you didn’t phone after 10 o’clock.

Not: She wouldn’t rather you phoned after 10 o’clock.

44
Same subject

When the subject is the same person in both clauses, we use would rather (not)
followed by the base form of the verb:

We’d rather go on Monday.

Not: We’d rather to go … or We’d rather going …

More than half the people questioned would rather have a shorter summer break
and more holidays at other times.

I’d rather not fly. I hate planes.

When we want to refer to the past we use would rather + have + -ed form (perfect

infinitive without to):

She would rather have spent the money on a holiday. (The money wasn’t spent

on a holiday.)

I’d rather have seen it at the cinema than on DVD. (I saw the film on DVD.)

Different subjects

When the subjects of the two clauses are different, we often use the past simple to
talk about the present or future, and the past perfect to talk about the past:

I would rather they did something about it instead of just talking about it. (past

simple to talk about the present or future)

Would you rather I wasn’t honest with you? (past simple to talk about the present

or future)

Not: Would you rather I’m not honest with you? or … I won’t be honest with you?

I’d rather you hadn’t rung me at work. (past perfect to talk about the past)

Much rather

45
 We can use much with would rather to make the preference stronger. In speaking,
we stress much:

I’d much rather make a phone call than send an email.

She’d much rather they didn’t know about what had happened.

Short responses: I’d rather not

We often use I’d rather not as a short response to say no to a suggestion or

request:

A: Do you want to go for a coffee?

B: I’d rather not, if you don’t mind.

Would sooner, would just as soon

We use the phrases would sooner and would just as soon when we say that we

prefer one thing to another thing. They mean approximately the same as would
rather:

I don’t really want to go back to France again this year. I’d sooner go to Spain.

Thanks for the invitation, but, if you don’t mind, we’d just as soon stay at home
and watch it all on TV.

Would sooner is more common than would just as soon. However, would rather is

more common than both of these phrases.

See also:

 Would rather

46
 Would rather, would sooner: typical errors

 We don’t use would rather or would sooner with an -ing form or a to-infinitive:

I don’t need a lift, thanks. I’d rather walk.

Not: I’d rather to walk. or I’d rather walking.

 When we use not referring to a different subject, we attach not to the second

clause, not to would rather or would sooner:

I’d rather they didn’t tell anyone

Not: I’d rather not they told anyone.

See also:

 Rather

47
Expressing likes and dislikes

To talk about your likes and dislikes, you can use these expressions.

Expressing likes:

 I like…
 I love...
 I adore…
 I ‘m crazy about…
 I’m mad about…
 I enjoy…
 I’m keen on…

Expressing dislikes:

 I don’t like…
 I dislike...
 I hate…
 I abhor…
 I can’t bear...
 I can’t stand…
 I detest...
 I loathe...

 Examples of likes and dislikes :

48
I'm mad about basketball, but I can’t bear ice hockey.
I adore reading poetry, but I loathe doing the housework.

If you neither like nor dislike something:

"I don't mind doing the housework."

Things to remember about likes and dislikes:

1. When these expressions are followed by a verb, the latter is put in the -ing form.
Examples:

"I like listening to music."

"I hate wearing sunglasses."

I like VERB+ING

I detest

I don't mind

2. Note that" very much" & " a lot" always come after the things you like.
Examples:

 "I like basketball very much/a lot. NOT" I like very much/a lot basketball."

Examples:

"Do you mind playing football?"

"No, I don't mind."(Although it's in a negative form, it means that it's ok for me. I
neither love it nor hate it.)

Dialogue:

Steve is at home. His girlfriend comes in...Notice how they express their likes
and dislikes
49
Steve: Hello, darling. Do you fancy watching a film tonight?

Girlfriend: Oh, no thanks, I don't really feel like watching a film tonight. How
about going out instead.

Steve: OK. Do you feel like going to the theater?

Girlfriend: Oh, no. I hate it. Do you like eating at the new Chinese restaurant?

Steve: I don't mind. The Chinese cuisine is alright.

Girlfriend: Well I really love it. Let's go.

50
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52
53
54
55
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57
 Unidad de competencia IV

1 Describe personas lugares y cosas.

Activity

Work with a classmate an answer the questions.

1. Let’s Review.

1. What type of pronoun introduces an adjective clause?

__________________________________________________
2. What does an adjective clause do?
_________________________________________________________________
3. Name four relative pronouns._____________________________________
4. Name two relative pronouns used when talking about people?
___________________and ____________________
5. Name two relative pronouns used when talking about things?
___________________ and ____________________
6. What is a dependent clause?
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2. Underline the relative pronouns in the following sentences.

1. Mars, which is the largest planet, is often called the red planet.
2. Dad flew the kite that I had built.
3. The neighbor, who lives behind us, mows our lawn
4. The boat that has the yellow stripe is my favorite.
5. The children whose desks are neat will go to recess first.
6. Mrs. Thompson, whom all the children like, will be the story leader.
3. Write a sentence using that and a sentence using who.

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1.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

4. That or who? Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronoun.

1. My brother, _______ likes to build model ships, won the boat-building contest.
2. The turtle ________ we keep in the aquarium is fun to watch.

5. Read the text, and fill in the lines in the exercise

that that what when

which which which which
Which who who who
whose

The paper-eater
By Lilliam Hurst
Have you ever hear about the man _________________ eats paper? This is a true
story _________________took place in Australia from _________________I
heard. It's the story of a man _________________suffers from some sort of
disease _________________makes him crave cellulose; _________________is
the material paper is made of. He used to eat newspapers,
_________________was all he could get, until his wife decided that it would be
better if she made paper for him (so he wouldn't have to eat the ink
_________________covers newspapers, you know). She didn't want to be known
as the woman _________________husband was obliged to eat inky newspapers

59
because he had no kind person to make newsprint for him. His wife is a woman
_________________loves a joke, so she makes him paper
_________________has all sorts of exotic flavors. So, now he only eats the paper
_________________his wife makes and only eats ordinary newspapers
_________________he is travelling, for instance _________________he is in New
York. He likes to visit New York, because it is _________________the newspapers
are the thickest. He is happiest on Sunday; _________________he is in New York,
because that is _________________the newspapers are really thick. Thick
newspapers, for him, are like a banquet at an excellent restaurant.

Underline the correct pronoun (who, which, that).

Example: People enjoy eating in restaurants (who, that) offer a variety of dishes.
1. Florida residents (who, that) live in populated areas can find good restaurants.
2. Some people choose restaurants (that, which) are located nearby.
3. For those (who, whom) like seafood, there is a wide variety.
4. Fred likes to go to restaurants (that, who) are located near his home.
5. He has found many local restaurants (who, that) serve delicious dinners.
6. Some people will drive to a restaurant (that, which) is located far away.
7. My best friend, (who, which) lives in Tampa, drives eighty miles to a restaurant
in Orlando.
8. She likes the Hard Rock Café, (who, which) is located near a popular tourist
attraction.
9. There are people in Florida (which, who) eat out every day!
10. In Florida, Fred is the man (who, whom) the restaurant owners love.

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A. Underline the correct pronoun (who, which, that).
B. Below each statement, write the two sentences that this sentence was
built from.
7. The first one is done as an example.

1. John loves to go to restaurants (which, that) serve spicy food.

Eleazar loves to go to restaurants.
Sanborn’s restaurants serve spicy food.
2. He likes tacos with chili’s (that, who) set his mouth on fire.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Indian curry, (which, that) is hot and spicy, makes him smile.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. If John gets a pizza, he adds red pepper, (which, who) the waiter brings to the
table.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. He must have a stomach (who, that) is very strong.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. John is a person (who, which) never gets sick from food.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. He can eat everything (that, which) the waiter brings.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
8. John also brings spicy food to work.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
9. He brought some peppers (that, who) burned our tongues.

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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
10. We love the smell (that, which) comes out of the microwave into the hall.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

8. Write the correct pronoun (who, which, that).

Example: Small pack and ship stores mail things that people need to send.
1. Some people live near the ocean mail large seashells.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
2. One couple mailed two car seats, almost did not fit in a huge box.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
3. Brian, was doing the packing, almost fell in the box.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
4. He said a guy mailed a surfboard was over five feet long.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
5. People mail clocks need special handling.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
6. One clock, was over three feet, was too big for the store to mail.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
7. Crystal containers, came from Austria, were very difficult to pack.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

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8. However, the glass made it safely. The person packed it did a great job.
__________________________________________________________________
_______________________________

9. Join the two sentences with: WHO, THAT, or WHICH clause.

1. The food called “Tex-Mex” is spicy. I like the spicy food.

Example: I like the spicy food called “Tex-Mex.”
2. Students need money for tuition. They can apply for work-study scholarships.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
3. She asked to see the dress. The dress was in the store’s window.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
4. Thomas Jefferson was an American statesman. Thomas Jefferson had many
other interests.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
5. She is the friend. The friend always gets me into trouble.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
6. My idea was simple. I shared my idea.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
7. The Civil War was an unpopular war. The war was really motivated by greed.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
8. The movie is well known over the world. The movie is Star Wars.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
9. The basket was full of newspapers. The newspapers were old.

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__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________
10. They are the people. I told you about the people.
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

Activity 2
2a) Read the following biography about this famous painter. Use your dictionary to
find new words. Write them in the box provided with its meaning.
Edouard Manet, who was an attractive, well-dressed, charming Parisian, was not
the stereotypical bohemian artist who starved in a garret. The painters with whom
Manet studied were traditionalists who usually rounded figures in paintings to give
them a realistic sculptural quality. Manet, whose art contrasted sharply with the art
of his contemporaries, painted flat figures in jewel-bright colors without shadows or
shading. This approach, which left an “unfinished” look, tried to capture what the
eye momentarily saw. Manet’s painting that most shocked the French people was
Luncheon in the Grass, which pictured a nude woman at a picnic with two fully
dressed men. In Manet’s time, paintings were usually judged by a prestigious
Parisian art establishment that was known as the Salon. The judges of the Salon,
who held an annual showcase of the Academy of Fine Arts, only included work that
conformed to their standards. The Salon always rejected Manet’s paintings, which
were full of color. Now his paintings, which were so badly received during his
lifetime, hang in the Louvre and the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.

2b) Find sentences using relative pronouns and relative clauses. How many did
you find? ________________

2c) Underline each relative pronoun with a red color ink pen or color pencil.

2d) Underline each relative sentence with a green color ink pen or color pencil.

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2e) Separate and write the text in as many sentences as you can find where the
use of relative pronouns is evident.

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

2f) Now based on the biography you just read and analyzed, search for one of your
favorite actor, actress or singer and make a biography flip chart about him or her.
Pay attention on correct use of the sentences and be sure to utilize as many
relative pronouns and relative sentences as you can.

2g) Include a picture about him or her and an example of something that he or she
has made and makes that person so special for you to choose.

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 Relative clauses

What is a relative clause?

(See a list of all the exercises about relative clauses here.)

We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to give more
information about something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.

→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

 I like the woman who lives next door.

(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which woman I
mean).

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something.

We don't need this information to understand the sentence.

 I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is
extra information).

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 Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining
relative clause.

We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for
things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence.
We can't drop the relative pronoun.

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

 I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.
 She has a son who / that is a doctor.
 We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
 I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

 The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.
 The man who / that phoned is my brother.
 The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.
 The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.

Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here.

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In
this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause

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 can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some
examples:

(Clause after the object)

 She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

 We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
 John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
 The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.

(Clause after the subject)

 The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

 The university (which / that) she likes is famous.
 The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
 The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

 Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here

 Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here
 Try another exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object
here

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which'

if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't
drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun
is the subject of the clause.

(Clause comes after the subject)

 My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

 My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
 My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.

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 My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.

(Clause comes after the object)

 Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

 The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
 Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.
 I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of
the clause:

For example:

 listen to

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.

→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

 work with

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.

→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

 go to

The country is very hot. He went to the country.

→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

 come from

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 I visited the city. John comes from the city.

→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

 apply for

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.

→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.

Whose

'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It
replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.

→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.

The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.

→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.

The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.

→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.

The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.

→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns

and prepositions.

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I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.

→ I live in the city that / which I study in.

→ I live in the city in which I study.

The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.

→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.

The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.

→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.

→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot

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18. Write relative clauses without using the relative pronoun.
Example:
1I gave you a book. It had many pictures.
The book I gave you had many pages.
_________________________________________________________________
_____________________
3. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting.
The book
__________________________________________________________________
______________________
4. Geronimo lives in a town. The town is very old.
The town
__________________________________________________________________
______________________
5. The candies are delicious. I bought them yesterday.
The sweets
__________________________________________________________________
____________________
6. The football match was very exciting. My friend Sergio played in it.
The football match
__________________________________________________________________
______________
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago.
The letter
__________________________________________________________________
______________________
7. Yolanda lives in a house. The house is not very big.
The house
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________
8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it?

72
Do you like
___________________________________________________________
__________________________
9. Juan wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it?
Did you see
__________________________________________________________________
___________________
10. Susana is going out with a boy. I don't like him.
I don't like
__________________________________________________________________
_____________________

Put in the relative who, which or whose where necessary.

Example: Peter is the boy ____ rides the blue bike.

Answer: Peter is the boy who rides the blue bike.
1) This is the teenager_____________ had an accident.
2) Yesterday I saw a car _____________ was really old.
3) Mandy is the young woman _____________ I met on Friday.
4) I haven't seen Cesar; _____________ brother is five, for a long time now.
5) The thief stole the car _____________ the lady parked in front of the store.
6) This is the gentleman _____________ house is on fire.
7) Can I talk to the girl _____________ is sitting on the bench?
8) The book _____________ you gave me is great.
9) Raquel likes hamburgers _____________ are hot.
10) Bill Clinton, _____________ was President of the USA, has only one daughter.

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Decide whether the relative pronouns must be used or not.

( ) 1. The book which is on the table belongs to Benito.

a) relative pronoun is necessary
b) relative pronoun is not necessary
( ) 2. The museum which we visited last month is closed now.
a) relative pronoun is necessary
b) relative pronoun is not necessary
( ) 3. Yes, Maria. The man who you saw in the house is my cousin.
a) relative pronoun is necessary
b) relative pronoun is not necessary
( ) 4. Francisco, who I know very well, is going out with Mary.
a) relative pronoun is necessary
b) relative pronoun is not necessary
( ) 5. I cannot forget the song which they played last night.
a) relative pronoun is necessary
b) relative pronoun is not necessary

Common verbs followed by Gerunds.

An asterisk (*) denotes a verb that can also be followed by infinitive

Abhor endure practice tolerate

acknowledge enjoy prefer try*
Admit escape prevent understand
Allow evade prohibit urge
Appreciate explain propose
Attempt fancy practice
Avoid feel like prefer*
be worth feign prevent
Began finish prohibit
*can't bear forgive propose
can't help give up (stop) quit
can't stand* hate* recall
Celebrate imagine recollect
Confess justify recommend
Consider keep (continue) regret*

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*continue like* report
Defend love* resent
Delay mention resist
Deny mind (object to) resume
Detest Miss risk
discontinue necessitate shirk
Discuss Omit shun
Dislike permit start*
Dispute picture suggest
Dread postpone support

75