TALK AND ACTION

In linguistics, a speech act is an utterance defined in terms of a speaker's intention and

the effect it has on a listener. Essentially, it is the actions which the speaker hopes to provoke
in their audience. It means that when someone talking with the interlucutor, he/she not use
word not only present information but also to carry out actions.
Description
Talk in Action examines the language, identity, and interaction of social institutions, introducing
students to the research methodology of Conversation Analysis.

 Features a unique focus on real-world applications of CA by examining four institutional

domains: calls to emergency numbers, doctor-patient interaction, courtroom trials, and
mass communication,
 Provides a theoretical and methodological overview of the roots of CA, reviewing the main
developments and findings of research on talk and social institutions conducted over the
past 25 years
 Showcases the significance of this subject to everyday events, making it ideal for students
coming to the field for the first time
 Written by two leading figures in the field of Conversation Analysis

SPEECH ACT
All speech acts as belonging to one of three categories: locutionary, illocutionary, or
perlocutionary acts.
Examples:
1.      Locutonary: it is take action to say something The act of locution contains a literal meaning.
 Example:
·         "It's hot here", the meaning of its locus relates to the air temperature in that place.
·         "I am hungry" refers to the 'empty stomach and need to be filled', without intending to ask
for food on someone.
2.      Illecutionary : it is making the speaker act in accordance with what he says. This action
contains meaning related to social function.
Example:
·         “It is hot here", the meaning of the focus may be a request to open the window.
·         when a husband says "It's almost seven o'clock." To his wife in the morning, here, it is not
only giving information about time, also contains the act of reminding the wife that the
husband should go to work immediately, so he want to breakfast. Therefore, the wife will
answer "Yes baby, breakfast is ready soon”.
3.      Perlocutionary: doing an act by saying something.it have iimpact and there are feedback
from interlucutor.
Example:
·         'I'm hungry', listeners react by offering food to speakers.
·         "It is hot here", based on a specific context (hot air, being in a room with windows and
doors are closed), then the impact is the window will be opened wide by the interlucutor

CORPORATION
Coorporation that means in communication people need to corporate with others. There
are 4 types in coorporation, such as:
1.      Maxim of quality : it means every speaker must convey something true and based on clear
evidence.
 Example:
A: How many maxims of cooperation do Grice have?
B: According to Grice's book I read, there are four maxims in the principle of cooperation.
A: What's the maxim?
B: Maximize quantity, maxim of quality, relevance and maxim manner

2.      Maxim of quantity : it is required information only.

Example:
A. The blind man is a masseuse.
B The person who can not see it turns out to be a masseur.
In sentence (A) is considered to be more effective and efficient than (B) which adds
things that are obvious and need not be explained again.

Another Example:
A: Rudi put on his raicoat, picked up his umbrella from the table near the door, turned off the
lights, put out the cat, got ready for his ten-minute walk to the bus-stop
B: Rudi went out.
In sentence (A) is too long. Therefore, to express the same concept, sentence (B) is better
used.
3.      Maxim of relevance : it means that speaker makes a relevant contribution to the topic
subject.
Example:
A: There is somebody at the door
B: I'm in the bath.
In that sentence, When A tells B that someone is coming and hopes B to open the door for
the guest, then B says that he was in the bathroom at the time. The Answer by B makes A to
understand B condition is at that moment. And A will open the door.

4.      Maxim of Manner: it means that speaker is talking directly, not blur, not exaggerated and
coherent.
Example:
A: Where is the original, Mas?
B: I am originally Purworejo, Mbak.
A: Ouch, I mean, where is my origins KTP Card?

The dialogue often occurs when (A) photocopy his KTP card at a photocopy place. After
the ID card has been photocopied, (A) ask to employee for the original KTP by saying "Mas,
where is it?" And it is misinterpreted by (B) because he thinks that (A) asks for his origins. it
can be embarrassing moment for interlucutor.

CONVERSATION

Conversations are a series of speech acts: greetings, inquiries, congratulations, comments,

invitations, requests, accusations. There are several kinds of conversations:

1. Turn taking and pausing. It means that we are usually don't all talk at once. When
we are talking about something maybe the interlucutor not focus or in other activities.
So we need to repeat the topic or pause for a while. Ex:
A: Do you know about the accident last night?
B: (silent) typing massage on the phone
A: Can you hear me?
B: (put the phone)  I’m sorry? What are you say before?
 1. Adjacency Pairs . sometimes in a conversation there are must be:
a.       Question and answer;
b.      a invitation by an acceptance or an explanation of why it can't be accepted;
c.       an assessment/problem is followed by agreement or disagreement;
d.       an apology is followed by acknowledgement of the apology:
for example:
A: Sorry about last night!
B: No problem; we were all pretty tired.

1. Opening Sequences  in the firstly meet we often to  greetings, ask general questions
or comments about the weather, sports, etc.
A: Hi, do you like the music?
B: Yes, I do like

1. Closing Sequences .
To closing the conversation, we can  summing up, using other locutions (Okay, all right then;
well, that's about it; so umh; fine, then;

Respons by interlucutors: okay, goodbye then; okay bye; nice talkin' to you; see ya soon;
thanks for calling/dropping by; good to see you! take care!