==============

Reflection API
==============

-> Using Reflecting api we can analyze our java classes

-> Reflection api is used to analyze the software

package in.ashokit;

public class Student {

private int id;

private String name;

public void display() {

System.out.println("hi");
}

public void m1() {

System.out.println("this is m1()");
}

public void m2() {

System.out.println("this is m2()");
}
}

package in.ashokit;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

public class Demo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

Class clz = Class.forName("in.ashokit.Student");

Field[] fields = clz.getDeclaredFields();

for (Field f : fields) {
System.out.println(f.getName());
}

Method[] methods = clz.getDeclaredMethods();

for (Method m : methods) {
System.out.println(m.getName());
}

Constructor[] constructors = clz.getDeclaredConstructors();

for (Constructor c : constructors) {
System.out.println(c.getName());
}

}
// Accessing private variable outside of the class using Reflection API

package in.ashokit;

public class Student {

private int age = 20;

public void getAge() {

System.out.println("Age : " + age);
}

package in.ashokit;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;

public class Demo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

// loading class into jvm

Class clz = Class.forName("in.ashokit.Student");

// creating object for the loaded class

Object obj = clz.newInstance();

// getting the filed whose name is age

Field field = clz.getDeclaredField("age");

// making variable accessible outside of the class

field.setAccessible(true);

// set value to field

field.set(obj, 35);

Student s = (Student) obj;

s.getAge();

/// Invoking the method using Reflection API

package in.ashokit;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;
public class Demo {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

Class<?> clz = Class.forName("in.ashokit.Student");

Method method = clz.getDeclaredMethod("getAge");

Object obj = clz.newInstance();

method.invoke(obj, null);
}
}

Q) What is the difference between ClassNotFoundException and NoClassDefFoundError ?

-> If we give wrong class name in Class.forName (" ") then we will get
ClassNotFoundException

-> NoClassDefFoundError will occur if jvm not able to find .class file of
particular class to load

==================
Garbage Collection
==================

-> Garbage Collection is the process of removing un-used / un-referenced objects

from JVMs heap area.

-> Garbage Collection is an in-built process in JVM

-> In JVM, garbage collector available to perform Garbage Collection.

-> Garbage Collector is a daemon thread (runs in background)

package in.ashokit;

public class Student {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Object created
Student s1 = new Student();

// nullifying (making obj eligible for GC)

s1 = null;

System.gc();

protected void finalize() throws Throwable {

System.out.println("finalize( ) called...");
}
}

=> When we assign s1=null then s1 become un-referenced object and it is elgible for
GC

=> When GC identify un-referenced obj then it will call finalize ( ) method and it
will remove that object from HEAP area (memory clean up)

========================
How to invoke GC in java?
========================

-> In java we have 2 ways to invoke GC

System.gc();

Runtime.getRuntime().gc();

Note: Even if we call above methods there is no gaurantee that JVM will start GC
immediatley.
GC execution process will be managed by JVM only.

===============================
How GC works internally in JVM ?
===============================

-> Garbage Collection works in below phases

1) Stop the world

2) Marking
3) Sweeping
4) Compaction

-> When GC starts it will trigger STOP THE WORLD (all running threads will be
stopped for few milli secs)

-> GC will go to JVM Heap area and it will identify un-referenced objects and it
will mark them for sweep.

-> GC will sweep marked objects

-> After sweeping completed memory holes will be created in Heap area to clear that
GC will perform Compaction (it will adjust memory holes).

-> After Compaction, GC will give signal to JVM to continue the execution.

Note: GC process will slow down our program execution hence Sun Microsystem didn't
give the chance for programmers to perform Garbage Collection. It will be managed
by JVM.

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Generics
Inner Classes
Enums
Class Loaders