SG 33403

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY
FIELDWORK REPORT

FACULTY : FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

TITLE : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
GROUP : 6 (PUTATAN)
LECTURER : PROF DR. BABA MUSTA
PROF. DR. RODEANO ROSLEE

NO. MATRIC STUDENTS NAME

NUMBER
1 BS20110231 LIM YAN YING
2 BS20110032 WONG YEE HUEY
3 BS20110364 ISAAC ABRAHAM JESLIS
4 BS20110317 ZULKARNAIN BIN ZAINUDDIN
5 BS20110102 MOHD NOOR IMAN BIN PAIMAN
6 BS20110025 EARL AUBRY ALBERT
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

2.0 SITE SELECTION

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

5.0 POTENTIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6.0 GEOHAZARD ASSESSMENT

7.0 MITIGATION AND ABATEMENT MEASURES

8.0 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, GEOHAZARD

ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

10.0 REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process used to evaluate the potential
environmental consequences of a proposed project or development. It is a systematic
examination of the potential environmental impacts of a project and its alternatives, with the
aim of ensuring that any adverse effects are identified and adequately mitigated.

The important parts of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) typically include the
following components:

Scope and Purpose: This section outlines the objectives and scope of the assessment,
including the proposed project, its location, and the potential environmental impacts to be
assessed.

Baseline Study: A thorough analysis of the existing environmental conditions in the project
area is conducted, including air quality, water resources, biodiversity, soil quality, noise levels,
socio-economic aspects, and cultural heritage. This step establishes a baseline against which
potential impacts can be measured.

Impact Prediction: This stage involves identifying and predicting the potential environmental,
social, and economic impacts of the proposed project. It examines both direct and indirect
effects, short-term and long-term impacts, and cumulative effects when multiple projects are
considered.

Mitigation Measures: This section outlines proposed measures to minimize or avoid adverse
impacts on the environment. It includes strategies for pollution control, waste management,
habitat restoration, resource conservation, and any other actions aimed at reducing negative
effects.
Alternatives Analysis: The EIA should consider viable alternatives to the proposed project,
assessing their potential environmental impacts. This analysis helps decision-makers compare
different options and choose the most environmentally friendly and sustainable approach.

Public Participation: EIA processes typically involve public consultation and engagement to
gather feedback, concerns, and suggestions from affected communities, NGOs, and other
stakeholders. This promotes transparency, inclusivity, and informed decision-making.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP): An EMP outlines the measures to be

implemented during project construction, operation, and decommissioning phases to manage
and monitor environmental impacts effectively. It includes monitoring protocols, contingency
plans, and reporting mechanisms.

Cumulative Impact Assessment: If multiple projects are planned in the same region, a
cumulative impact assessment evaluates the combined effects of all projects on the
environment. This analysis accounts for the potential synergistic or cumulative impacts that may
arise when multiple activities are present.

Review and Approval: The EIA report is submitted to the relevant regulatory authorities for
review and approval. The decision-makers consider the findings, recommendations, and public
feedback to make an informed judgment on the project's environmental feasibility.

Monitoring and Compliance: After the project is approved, ongoing monitoring and
compliance mechanisms are put in place to ensure that the project adheres to the proposed
mitigation measures and environmental management plan. Regular monitoring helps identify
any unexpected impacts and allows for timely corrective actions.
1.2 Description Of Project Area

Numerous components of this project are crucial for the wellness of the surrounding
environment and the residents of the project area. This project uses a variety of analyses and
measures. A measure used in engineering design to show how much a structure or component's
resistance capability is in relation to the assumed load is called the Factor of Safety (FOS). The
FOS value is determined in this measurement using the slicing method.

Additionally, using the electrometric approach, analyzes like pH tests are conducted to
ascertain the acidity and alkalinity of samples. To ascertain the area's grain size and soil type,
an investigation of grain size distribution was also carried out. To properly classify them, we
used analysis like the Proforma (Slope Proforma) taken on the slope we discovered in the
project area. We can also recommend mitigation strategies, which are ways to slow down,
reduce or control environmental effects of a project. Field observations, Google Satellite
imagery, and a land use map are used to calculate the risk of soil erosion in the study area
using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) (Renard et al., 1997).

1.3 Objective

The following are the primary project objectives that need to be archived at the project's
outcome:

1. To determine the project's environmental effects if it is carried out in the area of the slopes.

2. To investigate any potential issues related to slope stability and soil erosion as the project is
being developed.

3. To identify strategies for preventing or reducing the negative impacts on the environment.

4. To avoid negative economic effects by pushing for the implementation of workable solutions
or mitigating measures.

5. To determine soil erosion, slope stability, and any potential risks to the surrounding area, by
the slope factor of safety (FOS) value in the study area was calculated using the RUSLE and thin
slice methods.
1.4 Issues And Problem Statement

With only two main settlements, Kampung Ketiau and Taman Sri Keramat, the research
area is primarily characterized by elevated terrain. Consequently, a significant portion of the
study area consists of highlands and mountains, where unpaved roads and dense forests
prevail. This challenging landscape has made our field trip in the area quite complex. Most
locations are nestled within thick forests, making it unwise to venture without proper equipment
and companions. Despite its proximity to Sabah's main metropolitan area, Kota Kinabalu, the
region remains inadequately mapped. This is likely due to the project area not being a major
focal point in Putatan, resulting in fewer settlements. Additionally, we've discovered that there
are steep slopes without any prior mitigation measures in place, possibly due to the sparse
population and lack of infrastructure in the area.

1.5 Project Importance

Any project that has to do with environmental management requires an EIA. EIA is essentially a
process for describing, anticipating, analysing, and mitigating the biophysical, environmental,
and other applicable implications of design proposals without major decisions and commitments
being made.EIA has consequently emerged as one of the key prerequisites for permitting
investment to occur before implementation. According to this study, EIA is essential because:

Identify Potential Slope Hazards: EIA studies examine the geological and geomorphological
characteristics of an area, including slope stability. This helps identify potential slope hazards
such as landslides, rockfalls, or soil erosion, which could be triggered or exacerbated by
development activities.

Assess Environmental Impacts: EIA evaluates the potential environmental impacts of a

project, including its effects on the slope stability. It examines how construction activities,
changes in land use, or infrastructure development may impact the slope's stability and
associated ecosystems.

Mitigate and Manage Risks: EIA provides recommendations and measures to mitigate and
manage the identified risks. This may involve engineering solutions, such as slope stabilization
techniques, drainage systems, or the establishment of buffer zones to protect slopes and
prevent erosion.
Protect Human Safety: EIA considers the safety of human populations in areas susceptible to
slope-related hazards. By assessing the potential impacts on slope stability, EIA helps ensure
that development projects do not put people at risk from landslides or other slope failures.

Preserve Natural Resources: Slopes often support unique ecosystems and habitats. EIA
takes into account the potential impacts on these natural resources, ensuring their preservation
or, if impacted, the development of appropriate measures to mitigate any harm.

Stakeholder Engagement: EIA involves stakeholder engagement, including local

communities and environmental organizations. This participatory approach allows for the
consideration of local knowledge, concerns, and alternative perspectives, leading to
better-informed decisions regarding slope-related issues.

1.6 Base Map Of Project Area

Putatan is a town located in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. It is situated on the northwest coast
of Borneo, specifically in the West Coast Division of Sabah. Putatan is part of the greater urban
area around Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah.

The town of Putatan has experienced significant growth and development in recent
years, primarily due to its proximity to Kota Kinabalu and its strategic location near
transportation hubs. It is approximately 8 kilometers away from Kota Kinabalu, making it easily
accessible for commuters and visitors. Situated between latitude 5° 55' 32.88"N and longitude
116° 3' 39.24"E.

For soil sampling the location is located at Taman Sri Keramat Kampung Ketiau with
coordinates 5°52'23.4"N 116° 03' 57.4"E and 5°52'20.0"N 116°03'57.6"E. For slope observation
the location at Kg Ketiau with coordinates 5°52'15.9"N 116° 03' 55.2"E.
2.0 SITE SELECTION

2.1 Purpose of selection of the project area

The town of Putatan has experienced significant growth and development in recent years,
primarily due to its proximity to Kota Kinabalu and its strategic location near transportation
hubs. It is approximately 8 kilometers away from Kota Kinabalu, making it easily accessible for
commuters and visitors.

Putatan is known for its diverse population, which includes various ethnic groups such as
the Bumiputera (Kadazandusun and Bajau), Chinese, and India communities(Figure 1.0). Each
group contributes to the vibrant cultural tapestry of the town, enriching it with their traditions,
customs, and festivals.

In terms of attractions, Putatan offers several places of interest for visitors. The Putatan
Fish Market is well-known for its array of fresh seafood, where locals and tourists can purchase
a variety of fish, prawns, and other marine produce. Additionally, there are nearby recreational
spots such as the Tanjung Aru Beach and the Kota Kinabalu Wetland Centre, which provide
opportunities for outdoor activities and nature appreciation.As a result, human beings cut down
trees and disturb the vegetation to make way for further development in the area, which might
cause soil erosion.

These scenarios are also brought about by the phenomenon of runoff from the bare
slope surface to the stream and sea. Due to surface runoff brought on by significant rainfall,
sheet and rill erosion dominates the erosion of the land area.The erosion that takes place
surrounding the research region is strongly influenced by the effects of rain.

Figure 1.0 : The population in Putatan, Sabah

 The earth's surface will erode as a result of the effects of precipitation falling over when
it rains and hits the exposed surface of the planet. Sheets and grooves are two types of
structures that might develop as a result of the erosion caused by these water flows. Based on
figure 1.1 below, the distribution of rainfall in the Putatan area is according to NASA.

Malaysia often experiences constant temperatures all year long. Figure 1.2, which is
based on NASA data, displays annual temperature data over the ten-year period from 2012 to
2021, with an average temperature of 24.74°C. Figure 1.2 below depicts the temperature for
2016, which had the highest average temperature of 25.01°C.

Figure 1.1 : Total precipitation/rain per year in Putatan from 2012 to 2021.
 Figure 1.2 : Average temperature per year in Putatan from 2012 to 2021

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT

To analyze how the project would affect the ecology and environment, an EIA has been
conducted in this area. If the project is done, the environment may experience short-term or
long-term effects. Additionally, this aids in lowering the area's possible concerns related to soil
erosion and slope stability. Soil erosion and slope stability are studied using the RUSLE method
and the FOS method. EIA reports can provide an average assessment of environmental issues,
and it is our top responsibility to prevent any natural disasters that might have an impact on
people's daily lives and the safety of those who live nearby and along the main route.

Environmentally vulnerable regions have been invaded by development, which has

hastened soil erosion, water pollution, sedimentation. Communities close to and surrounding
the affected region are also significantly impacted. The catchment area's streams' water quality
as well as the soil productivity of upland fields are both affected by soil erosion. Uncomfortable
air was produced by the urban area's drain. The aquatic and living organisms in the nearby river
may be in danger due to the condition of the drain. Slope cuts in the study region may be
observed throughout the research where the residential area is located next to slopes .The
potential cutting slopes close to not only harm the resident could but also threaten the safety of
the road.

Due to its strategic location close to the major metropolitan center, Putatan, land
utilization developed as a result of the location of research areas involved in rapid development.
Therefore, in order to build projects, the forest will be destroyed and its slopes would be cut

4.0 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

The EIA report of the area is done to the long or short term effects of the project towards the
surrounding environment and ecology. It is also to help reduce potential risks of soil erosion and
slope stability in the area. The RUSLE and FOS methods are used to study the soil erosion and
slope stability respectively.

According to the data received from the Department of Statistics Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu
Division, as of 2021 the population of Putatan is about (105, 444) people. This information is
important as a large population will increase the land use of the area, which will also affect the
geomorphology. The examples of these effects are that bringing development to
environmentally sensitive areas, will bring forward problems such as an increase of soil erosion,
water pollution, sedimentation and finally flooding in downstream areas. Therefore, the EIA
report will be able to give an average value of the problems that are associated with the
environment.

There are three soil series that are within the research area Tanjung Aru, Dalit and
Kinabatangan soils. For the Dalit soils, the water sample was taken from puddles that
accumulate rain water. The sampling location was located near a residential area of Taman Seri
Keramat. The soil sample was collected on a slope near a cut slope above the residential area.
Meanwhile, for the Tanjung Aru soils, the water sample was also taken from puddles , while the
soil sample was taken from a minor landslide that occurred there. Next, for Kinabatangan soils,
the water sample was taken from puddles of water while the soil sample was collected at a
slope cut. The water sample was brought back to the laboratory for analysis such as
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and the soil sample was taken to the laboratory for moisture
content analysis, organic matter content analysis, pH analysis, and particle size distribution
(PSD) analysis. These analyses will be able to show the effects of land use of the area to the
environment. The results will be added to the report.

4.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY BACKGROUND

Selby (1985) mentions that geomorphology is a science that focuses on the geomorphological
processes that happen in a certain area. The study of the change in geomorphology and
drainage system can be done by observing aerial photographs and topographic maps. According
to Tija (1987), geomorphological processes is a study about the shape of the Earth’s surface
due to physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Since the research area is located on the equatorial zone, it shares a tropical climate
much like other regions that are under the equatorial zones. It also shows that the research
area has a humid and warm climate throughout the year. According to the data provided by the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the highest temperature recorded was
in 2016 with a temperature of 25.34 ℃, and the highest rainfall recorded was in 2021 with
86.19 mm of rainfall.

Topography is a study in which it explains the state of the surface of the Earth. With that
in mind, the topography of the research area is generally high as hills are commonly found in
the research area, and that one of the soil samples was taken from a slope. Tija (1987) also
states that topography highly affects the soil profile. This is because topography controls the
formation of the soil by affecting the amount of water that seeps into the soil, the water table
level, rate of erosion and mass movement.

4.2 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

According to Collenette (1958), the research area consists of the Crocker Formation. It is also
stated that the Crocker Formation is a flysh sedimentation of turbidite type. It is aged from
Eocene Late to Early Miocene. The Crocker Formation generally has three rock units known as
sandstone unit, shale unit, and sandstone interbedded shale unit.

Since the research area is located on the west of Sabah, Tongkul (1991) mentions that,
like the west side of Sabah, the direction of deformation is a trend from the Northwest to the
Southeast. The deformation was due to the active opening of the South China Sea during Late
Oligocene to Middle Miocene. Sanudin and Baba (2007) adds that the turbidite sequence of
Crocker Formation is part of the clastic sediment that underwent intense deformation during the
Middle Miocene that brought to the formation of the Crocker Range.

Another sedimentary deposition of the research area is Quaternary Alluvium. Alluvium is

known to be unconsolidated detrital material with size ranging from silt to pebbles. It is
deposited by running water such as a stream during a comparatively recent geological time
(Abdullah, 1990).

4.3 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF STUDY AREA

Based on the map provided by the Department of Agriculture Sabah (1974), the study area
consists of three types of land series which are Kinabatangan, Tanjung Aru and Dalit soils. The
landform from which Dalit soils originated are moderate hills with a slope of 0-20°. The parent
materials are mudstone and sandstone. The main soil units for Dalit soils are Orthic, Ferric and
Acrisols. On the other hand, Kinabatangan soils come from floodplains which make the parent
material is alluvium. The main soil units for Kinabatangan soils are Gleyic Acrisol, Gleyic Luvisol,
Humic, Dystric, and Eutric Gleysols. Meanwhile for Tanjung Aru soils are from beach landforms
which have the parent material of alluvium. The main soil unit for Tanjung Aru soils are Dystric,
Eutric Regosols, Humus, Eutric Gleysols and Gleyic podzol.

Soil samples were collected based on each of the aforementioned soils and also brought
back to the laboratory to conduct analyses such as pH analysis, soil moisture content analysis,
organic matter content analysis, particle size distribution (PSD), and permeability analysis. Each
analysis has its own purpose to be conducted for the research as it is able to provide answers
for the research.

The pH analysis is to determine the acidity or alkalinity of the soil sample using the
electrometric method (Chapman, 1965) which is specified in BS 1377 1990 3: 4. The moisture
content analysis is to determine the moisture content of the soil using BS 1377 1990 2: 3.2
which is the oven drying method. The organic matter content analysis is to determine the
organic matter that is present in the soil sample. Finally, the particle size distribution (PSD)
analysis is to determine the passing percentage of particle size of the soil sample. The PSD
analysis is done by two different methods, which are by sieve method, and sedimentation
method. The permeability analysis is to find out the rate of consolidation and settlement of
structures. Lokan soils have a low permeability (Leh, 2009), and Kinabatangan soils also have a
low permeability (Suhinin,2014). These soils have a low shear strength due to the high amount
of clay and silt particles in the soils.

Analysis 1: pH Analysis

Apparatus:

1. Three 50 ml beakers 5. Distilled water

2. pH meter 6. Soil sample

3. Glass rod 7. Buffer solution

4. Analytical balance

Procedure:

1. Three 50 ml beakers are prepared with a digital electrometer.

2. 10 g of soil samples are placed into the beakers, and 25 ml of distilled water is added into
the same beakers.

3. The mixtures are stirred until the soil sample is completely dissolved with the distilled water
using a glass rod.

4. The sample is left for 30 minutes at room temperature. Meanwhile, the pH meter reading is
adjusted to pH 4 to pH 7.

5. After 30 minutes, the samples are stirred with a glass rod again and the pH readings are
taken using a pH meter. The readings are recorded, and the rod is cleaned.

6. The analysis is repeated thrice to obtain an average result.

7. Steps 1 to 6 are repeated for each soil sample.

 Table 4.3: Result of pH analysis.

Sample Reading

1 2 3 Average

L1 4.67 4.74 4.75 4.72

L2 5.05 4.96 4.87 4.96

L3 4.83 3.85 4.74 4.47

Analysis 2: Soil Moisture Content Analysis

Apparatus:

1. 20 g soil samples

2. Porcelain bowl

Procedure:

1. An empty porcelain bowl is weighed and recorded as M1.

2. 20g soil samples are added into the porcelain bowls and weighed again, recorded as M2.

3. The soil samples are placed into an oven with a temperature of 105°C overnight.

4. The soil samples are taken out and left to cool in a desiccator before being weighed as

M3.

5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated for each soil sample.

6. The moisture content of the soil samples are calculated with this formula:
𝑀2−𝑀3
𝑤(%) = 𝑀2−𝑀1
× 100%
 Table 4.4: Result of moisture content analysis

Soil series Sample M1 (g) M2 (g) M3 (g) M4 (g) Moisture Average

content (%)

Tanjung Aru 1 22.48 42.48 39.77 39.62 15.70 15.30

2 23.17 43.17 40.56 40.44 14.99

3 23.22 43.22 40.58 40.27 15.21

Kinabatangan 1 23.45 43.45 39.70 39.52 23.09 22.29

2 22.28 42.28 38.73 38.51 21.57

3 22.73 42.73 39.09 38.90 22.20

Dalit 1 27.01 47.01 43.69 43.56 19.93 19.40

2 23.05 43.05 39.70 39.57 20.11

3 22.99 42.99 39.92 39.78 18.17

Analysis 3: Organic Matter Content Analysis

Apparatus:

1. Porcelain bowl

2. Analytical balance

3. Desiccator

4. Furnace

5. Soil sample from moisture content analysis

Procedure:

1. A porcelain bowl is filled with a dry soil sample from the moisture content analysis. It is
placed into the furnace with a temperature of 400°C and left overnight around 16 to 24 hours.

2. The porcelain bowl is taken out from the furnace and left to cool in a desiccator.

3. After cooling, the porcelain bowl is weighed and recorded as M4.

4. The analysis is repeated thrice to obtain an average value.

5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated for each soil sample

6. The organic matter content is calculated with this formula:

𝑀3−𝑀4
𝐵𝑂𝑇% = 𝑀3−𝑀1
× 100

7. The obtained value is compared according to the table below:

Table 4.5: Organic Matter Content Classification Using Furnace Drying Method

(Source: IndianaDepartment Of Transportation, Indot, 2012)

Average Organic Matter Content (%) Classification

1-6 With organic matter

7-12 With little organic matter

13-18 With some organic matter

19-30 Organic soil

>30 Peat soil

 Table 4.6: Result of Organic Matter Content analysis.

Soil series Sample M1 (g) M2 (g) M3 (g) M4 (g) BOT (%)

Tanjung Aru 1 22.48 42.48 39.77 39.62 0.86

23.17 43.17 40.56 40.44 0.73

23.22 43.22 40.59 40.27 1.81

Average 1.13

Kinabatangan 2 23.45 43.45 39.7 39.52 1.13

22.28 42.28 38.72 38.51 1.31

22.73 42.73 39.09 38.90 1.21

Average 1.22

Dalit 3 27.01 47.01 43.69 43.56 0.74

23.04 43.04 39.70 39.57 0.74

22.99 42.99 39.92 39.78 0.80

Average 0.76

Analysis 4: Particle Size Distribution (PSD) Analysis

Apparatus:

1. 100g dry soil 3. 60ml 5% Sodium 7. Measuring cylinder

sample Hexametaphosphate 8. 250ml conical flask

(NaPO₃)
2. 250ml Hydrogen 9. Pipette
4. Distilled water
Peroxide (H₂O₂) 10. 50ml beaker
5. 1000ml beaker
11. Stopwatch
6. Glass rod

Procedure:

A) Organic Matter Elimination

1. A 100g dry soil sample is added into a 1000ml beaker and weighed.
2. 100 ml of H₂O₂ is slowly poured into the beaker that is heated in a sand bath at a
temperature of 50℃ to 60℃.

3. Distilled water is added to control the bubble reaction as the sample is stirred quickly with a
glass rod.

4. 150ml of H₂O₂ is added little by little until the bubble reaction subsides.

5. The sample is heated and left on the sand bath until the volume reaches 200ml.

6. The sample is poured into a 250ml conical flask, and 60ml of NaPO₃ is added to the sample.

7. The mouth of the conical flask with the sample is covered with a paraffin layer and placed on
the shaker for 2 hours.

8. The sample is moved into a 1000 ml measuring cylinder, and water is added until it reaches
1000ml.

9. Steps 1 to 8 are repeated for every soil sample.

B) Silt (Zc) and Clay (C) Sampling: Pipette/Sedimentation Method

1. Two sets of 50 ml beakers are labeled as Zc (Silt) and C (Clay)

2. Both beakers are weighed and reading is recorded.

3. The temperature of the sample in the measuring cylinder is taken with a thermometer.

4. The sample is mixed with an up and down motion for 30 seconds. The stopwatch is started
and the sample is left for sedimentation.

5. The silt sample is obtained at a depth of 20cm from the suspended solution of the sample
with a pipette, and placed in a 50ml beaker labeled as Zc.

6. The beaker is placed in an oven with a temperature of 105℃ to 110℃, and left overnight.
The next day, the beaker is taken out and left to cool in a desiccator.

7. The beaker is weighed, and the reading is recorded.

8. The suspended solution in the measuring cylinder is left for 4 to 24 hours for clay sampling.

9. Steps 5 to 7 are repeated for clay sampling (C), and the depth of the sampling

C) Sand Particle Sampling: Dry Sieving Method

1. A 500ml beaker is weighed and the reading is recorded.

2. The suspended solution in the measuring cylinder is poured out until the level is left to
200ml.

3. The rest of the sample is poured into the beaker and water is added until the level is 10 cm
from the base.

4. The sample is stirred for 30 seconds with a glass rod. Afterwards, the stopwatch is started
and the sample is left for sedimentation.

5. The water is slowly poured out from the sample while making sure no sand particles are
poured out. This process is repeated until the solution is clear.

6. The water is poured out from the sample until it reaches a level of 200ml. The beaker is
placed in the oven at a temperature of 105℃ to 110℃, and left overnight for 16 to 24 hours.
The next day, the beaker is taken out and left to cool in a desiccator.

7. The beaker with the dried sample is weighed, and the reading is recorded.

8. The dry sample is sieved for about 8-10 minutes with a sieving machine and each particle
size is weighed and the reading is recorded.

Table 4.7: Particle Size Distribution Classification

Type of Particle Particle Size (mm)

Very rough sand 2.00 - 1.00

Rough sand 1.00 - 0.50

Moderate sand 0.50 - 0.25

Fine sand 0.25 - 0.125

Very fine sand 0.125 - 0.063

9. The soil texture is classified according to the USCS triangle. Afterwards, the Cu and Cc value
is determined by the particle percentage graph to obtain the grade and sorting of the soil.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Sam
ple Weight of Weight of Net Weight Weight of 2mm 1mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.125mm 0.063mm ZC Silt C clay Sand Total ZC C Sand
beaker beaker + Weight of of sample (%) (%) (%)
(g) sample sample pipette before
(g) (g) sample sieving
(g)

L1
0.03 0.33 0.58 0.14 49.58 44.34 62.25 13.25 50.66 126.16 49.34 10.5 40.15

ZC 45.44 46.97 1.53 1.25

C 26.39 26.67 0.29 0.27

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Sam
ple Weight of Weight of Net Weight Weight of 2mm 1mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.125mm 0.063mm ZC Silt C clay Sand Total ZC C Sand
beaker beaker + Weight of of sample (%) (%) (%)
(g) sample sample pipette before
(g) (g) sample sieving
(g)

L2
0.8 1.88 1.1 0.25 50.01 35.83 45.2 26.8 54.04 126.04 35.86 21.2 42.88
6
ZC 47.07 48.53 1.46 0.90

C 30.65 31.21 0.56 0.54

 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Sam
ple Weight of Weight of Net Weight Weight of 2mm 1mm 0.5mm 0.25mm 0.125mm 0.063mm ZC Silt C clay Sand Total ZC C Sand
beaker beaker + Weight of of sample (%) (%) (%)
(g) sample sample pipette before
(g) (g) sample sieving
(g)

L3 0.36 1.12 0.55 0.09 51.03 38.82 35.75 20.25 53.17 109.17 32.74 18.5 48.70

ZC 53.11 54.25 1.14 0.72

C 33.60 34.03 0.42 0.40

Table 4.8: Result of particle size distribution.

TANJUNG ARU

Grain size (mm) Sample Weight (g) Weight Percentage Passing Percentage
(%) (%)

2 0.03 0.02 99.98

1 0.33 0.26 99.71

0.5 0.58 0.46 99.25

0.25 0.14 0.11 99.14

0.125 49.58 39.29 59.84

0.01 62.25 49.34 10.50

0.001 13.25 10.50 0

Total 126.16 100

Figure 4.0: Percentage Passing Against Grain Size for location 1

 Sample 1

Sand (%) 40.15

Silt (%) 49.34

Clay (%) 10.50

D10 0.01

D30 0.0555

D60 0.1255

Uniformity Coefficient, Cu 12.55

Coefficient of gradation, Cc 2.45

Classification of soil structure (USCS,2007) Loam

Grade Well-graded

Sorting Poorly sorted

KINABATANGAN

Grain size (mm) Sample Weight (g) Weight Percentage Passing Percentage
(%) (%)

2 0.8 0.63 99.37

1 1.88 1.49 97.87

0.5 1.1 0.87 97.00

0.25 0.25 0.20 96.80

0.125 50.01 39.68 57.12

0.01 45.2 35.86 21.26

0.001 26.8 21.26 0

Total 126.04 100

Figure 4.1: Percentage Passing Against Grain Size for location 2

 Sample 2

Sand (%) 42.88

Silt (%) 35.86

Clay (%) 21.26

D10 0.0052

D30 0.0380

D60 0.1340

Uniformity Coefficient, Cu 25.62

Coefficient of gradation, Cc 2.06

Classification of soil structure (USCS,2007) Loam

Grade Well-graded

Sorting Poorly sorted

DALIT

Grain size (mm) Sample Weight (g) Weight Percentage Passing Percentage
(%) (%)

2 0.38 0.35 99.65

1 1.12 1.03 98.63

0.5 0.55 0.50 98.12

0.25 0.09 0.08 98.04

0.125 51.03 46.74 51.30

0.01 35.75 32.75 18.55

0.001 20.25 18.55 0

Total 109.17 100

Figure 4.2: Percentage Passing Against Grain Size for location 3

 Sample 3

Sand (%) 48.70

Silt (%) 32.75

Clay (%) 18.55

D10 0.0059

D30 0.0502

D60 0.15

Uniformity Coefficient, Cu 25.33

Coefficient of gradation, Cc 2.91

Classification of soil structure (USCS,2007) Loam

Grade Well-graded

Sorting Poorly-sorted
Figure 4.3: Classification of soil structure (USDA,1999)
4.4 DISCUSSION

Table 4.9 Soil characteristic of area of study.

Soil Water Soil moisture Soil organic

Soil series pH pH content (%) matter (%) Classification
Tanjung Aru 4.72 6.48 15.30 1.13 Dry with residual organic matter
Kinabatangan 4.96 6.70 22.29 1.21 Moderate with residual organic matter
Dalit 4.47 6.67 19.40 0.76 Dry with residual organic matter

4.4.1 pH

Soil samples were taken from 3 different soil series and labeled as Tanjung Aru series,
Kinabatangan series and Dalit series. A pH analysis was carried out to find out the pH reading at
each location. Based on Table 4.5, the pH reading on Tanjung Aru series shows an average
reading of 4.72. While at Kinabatangan series, the average value of the pH reading was 4.96.
Finally at Dalit series, the average pH reading was 4.47. Based on the average pH reading of the
three soil series, it can be identified that the soil and water at each location is acidic due to the
pH value being below 7.

This is because weathering, which releases ions and changes the pH of soil, helps break
down rocks and minerals. Acidic conditions can develop in the soil as a result of chemical
weathering, which involves the interaction of minerals with water and gasses in the
atmosphere. Besides, the pH of soil is influenced by its mineral makeup. When exposed to air
and water, some minerals, including pyrite (iron sulfide), can oxidize and release acidic
chemicals. Additionally, some minerals that are high in iron and aluminum might raise the
acidity of the soil.
4.4.2 Soil Moisture Content

The soil moisture content of soil samples from each soil series is analyzed and classified based
on the percentage of moisture. The moisture content of Tanjung Aru series is the lowest, at
15.30% while the moisture content of Kinabatangan series is the lowest, at 22.29%. Soil
sample of Dalit series shows moisture content of 19.40%. Both the Tanjung Aru and Dalit series
are classified as dry soil while the soil sample of Kinabatangan moderate soil.

The moisture content percentage of the soil samples can be correlated with the
percentage of clay in the soil. The higher soil moisture content of soil samples of the
Kinabatangan series may be resulted by the higher percentage of clay in the soil compared to
the Tanjung Aru and Dalit series. The higher percentage of clay in soil enables soil to hold more
water as clay minerals absorb water, which results in a higher percentage of moisture content.
On the other hand, the Tanjung Aru series has the lowest percentage of moisture content due
to its low percentage of clay. Less clay minerals are present in the soil to hold water molecules,
thus less water is absorbed.

4.4.3 Soil Organic Matter

Soil organic matter content refers to the amount of organic material that is present in the soil,
where it is composed of decaying plant and animal residues including roots, leaves, stems, and
other organic materials in various stages of decomposition. It also contributes to its physical,
chemical and biological properties that can enhance soil structure, improving its ability to hold
and release water. From the data above, we can conclude that the percentage of organic matter
content at Tanjung Aru is 1.13 percent, at Kinabatangan is 1.22 percent, and at Dalit is 0.76.
These 3 areas can be classified as residual soil, which is a type of soil that directly forms from
the weathering and decomposition of underlying bedrock or parent material. It remains in the
same location where it was formed and is typically found in areas where the weathering process
has been ongoing for a long time.
One of the main factors that contributes the most in the formation of the residual soil is
the presence of the living organisms in soil. Generally, organic matter is present in soil due to
the decomposition of animal and plant residue. This indirectly explains why the soil sample that
collected from our study area has low organic matter content and has a few plants and living
organisms.
4.4.4 Particle Size Distribution

Table 4.10 Summary table of particle size distribution of soil samples collected from all 3
locations.

Location Location 1 Location 2 Location 3 Average (%)

(Tanjung Aru) (Kinabatangan) (Dalit)

Sand (%) 40.16 42.88 48.70 43.91

Silt (%) 49.34 35.86 32.75 39.32

Clay (%) 10.50 21.26 18.55 16.77

Classification Loam Loam Loam Loam

Based on the classification of the soil samples collected, all three soil samples from different
locations and soil series fall under the same category, loam. This is due to the small amount of
clay grain size obtained with an average of 16.77%, followed by silt and sand at 39.32% and
43.91% respectively from the particle size distribution analysis. Soil texture classification is
particularly important in relation to soil engineering analysis as it influences properties such as
permeability, porosity, soil strength as well as soil compaction.

Besides, the particle size distribution can also be correlated with the weathering grade of
a soil sample, as smaller particle sizes indicate that it had undergone longer physical and
chemical weathering processes. Generally, the higher the percentage of finer particles (silt and
clay) in a soil, the higher the weathering grade of that particular soil sample. This is due to the
prolonged weathering breaking down large particles into smaller ones, leading to the
accumulation of fine particles in the soil. Thus, the small amount of clay particles found in the
soil sample collected indicates that the soil particles are still immature or have not undergone
intensive weathering.

From the grain size distribution curve, the values of coefficient of uniformity (Cu) and
coefficient of curvature (Cc) can be obtained. All three soil samples are categorized as well-
graded as the Cu value for all three samples is more than 4 (21.169) and the Cc value falls
within the range of 1 to 3 (2.47). Therefore, the soil samples from all three locations are well
graded but poorly sorted. The uniformity coefficient (Cu) indicates a wider range of particle
sizes within the soil samples which affects the permeability as the presence of particles with
various sizes may fill up pore spaces and thus decrease the water flow in the soil. Thus, a
higher uniformity coefficient (Cu) leads to a lower permeability value of soil.

While, the gradation coefficient (Cc) plays an important role in influencing the shear
strength of a soil. Well-graded soils with a higher (Cc) value have higher shear strength
compared to poorly-graded soils. This is due to the distribution of various particle sizes that
increases the contact points between particles, which then leads to enhanced friction between
particles and thus increases the soil shear strength.
5.0 Potential Impact Assessment Using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
(RUSLE) Model

The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model , derived from the USLE model, is an
empirical model that assesses soil erosion by integrating geographic information systems (GIS)
and remote sensing. The RUSLE model can be used to quantify annual soil loss (A) by using
important factors including rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope length and slope
steepness (LS), cover management (C) and support practice (P).

𝐴 = 𝑅 × 𝐾 × 𝐿𝑆 × 𝐶 × 𝑃

5.1 Rainfall erosivity factor (R-Factor)

Rainfall acts as a prerequisite for erosional processes involving water. Therefore, the amount
and intensity of rainfall of an area are crucial in determining the erosivity of rainfall on a given
area. The R-factor is used to quantify the erosive power of rainfall, which depends on its
intensity and amount (Renard & Freimund, 1994).

Manual calculation (Roose, 1976):

𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 × 0. 5 × 1. 73

𝑅 = 2913. 77 × 0. 5 × 1. 73

𝑅 = 2476. 71 𝑚𝑚/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
ArcMap generated map:

Figure 5.1 R-factor map of Putatan, Sabah generated using ArcMap.

Based on manual calculations, the rainfall erosivity factor of the area of study is 2476.71
mm/year. Figure 5.1 showed that the intensity of rainfall erosivity increases towards
southwest, indicating that the R-factor is higher in Tanjung Aru series compared to
Kinabatangan and Dalit series. This shows that the Tanjung Aru series is prone to undergo
erosion and soil loss compared to Kinabatangan and Dalit series.
5.2 Soil erodibility factor (K-Factor)

The K-factor of soils identifies the degree of resistance of different soils against water-related
erosion. Soil erodibility is important in estimating soil loss so that appropriate soil conservation
activities and management can be implemented. It is affected by the physicochemical properties
of soil which is highly dependent on the particle size distribution of particle size, permeability,
organic matter content and structure of soil (Luvai, et al., 2022).

Manual calculation:

Tanjung Aru

−4 1.14
𝐾 = [(2. 1 × 10 )(12 − 𝑂𝑀)(𝑁1 × 𝑁2) ] + [3. 25(𝑆 − 2)] + [2. 5(𝑃 − 3)]

−4 1.14
𝐾 = {(2. 1 × 10 )(12 − 1. 13)[(74. 45 + 49. 34) × (74. 45 + 49. 34 + 40. 16] }+

−8
[3. 25(10 − 2)] + {2. 5[(4. 12 × 10 ) − 3}

−1 −1
𝐾 = 183. 23 𝑀𝑔 ℎ 𝑀𝐽 𝑚𝑚

Kinabatangan

−4 1.14
𝐾 = [(2. 1 × 10 )(12 − 𝑂𝑀)(𝑁1 × 𝑁2) ] + [3. 25(𝑆 − 2)] + [2. 5(𝑃 − 3)]

−4 1.14
𝐾 = {(2. 1 × 10 )(12 − 1. 21)[(68. 11 + 35. 86) × (68. 11 + 35. 86 + 42. 88] }+

−8
[3. 25(10 − 2)] + {2. 5[(4. 12 × 10 ) − 3}

−1 −1
𝐾 = 130. 78 𝑀𝑔 ℎ 𝑀𝐽 𝑚𝑚

Dalit

−4 1.14
𝐾 = [(2. 1 × 10 )(12 − 𝑂𝑀)(𝑁1 × 𝑁2) ] + [3. 25(𝑆 − 2)] + [2. 5(𝑃 − 3)]

−4 1.14
𝐾 = {(2. 1 × 10 )(12 − 0. 76)[(32. 75 + 82. 30) × (32. 75 + 82. 30 + 48. 70] }+

−8
[3. 25(10 − 2)] + {2. 5[(4. 12 × 10 ) − 3}

−1 −1
𝐾 = 173. 93 𝑀𝑔 ℎ 𝑀𝐽 𝑚𝑚
ArcMap generated map:

Figure 5.2 K-factor map of Putatan, Sabah generated by ArcMap.

From the calculated data, the K-factor of Tanjung Aru series is the highest, followed by Dalit
series and Kinabatangan series. The generated map also indicated that Tanjung Aru series has
the highest K-factor value compared to two other soil series. This indicates that soil of the
Tanjung Aru series is more susceptible towards erosional processes.
5.3 Slope length and slope steepness ( LS-Factor)

The topography of an area influences the extent of soil erosion and the slope length and slope
steepness are the important parameters for calculating the transporting power of surface runoff
(Koirala, et al., 2019). The equations of LS-factor are generated based on the digital elevation
model (DEM) using mapping softwares which process and represent data quantitatively.

Manual calculation:

2 𝐿 𝑚
𝐿𝑆 = [0. 065 + (0. 045 × 𝑆) + (0. 0065 × 𝑆) × ( 22.13 )

2 14.5 0.5
𝐿𝑆 = [0. 065 + (0. 045 × 274. 75) + (0. 0065 × 274. 75) × ( 22.13 )

𝐿𝑆 = 15. 01

ArcGIS generated map:

Figure 5.3 LS-factor map of Putatan, Sabah generated by ArcMap.

5.4 Cover management ( C-Factor)

The presence of vegetation covers also affects the rate of soil loss and erosion. The vegetation
cover is mainly defined as ground cover and plant canopy. The C-factor can be defined as the
ratio of soil lost from cropped land under specified conditions to that lost from bare soil
(Wieschmeier & Smith, 1978). It can be determined based on observation on the land use of a
particular area and the amount of vegetated land.

Manual calculation: 0.03 (Sparsely vegetated)

ArcGIS generated map:

Figure 5.4 C-factor map of Putatan, Sabah generated by ArcMap.

5.5 Support practice (P-Factor)

The support practice is highly dependent on the cover management factor as both the factors
reflect positive impacts resulting from management interventions to control soil erosion. The
P-factor can be defined as the ratio between the rate and the amount of soil lost when a
specific support practice is used and similar soil loss when row farming is executed in an up-and
downslope manner (Merritt, et al., 2003; Alewell, et al., 2019). The P-factor is also estimated by
observing the land use of a given area and classified based on the activities of the area.

Manual calculation: 1.0 (Bare land)

ArcGIS generated map:

Figure 5.5 P-factor map of Putatan, Sabah generated by ArcMap.

5.6 Annual Soil Loss (A)

Manual calculation:

𝐴 = 𝑅 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝐾 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝐿𝑆 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝐶 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑃 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Tanjung Aru

𝐴 = 2476. 71 × 183. 23 × 15. 01 × 0. 03 × 1. 0

−1 −1
𝐴 = 204349. 5503 𝑡 ℎ𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Kinabatangan

𝐴 = 2476. 71 × 130. 78 × 15. 01 × 0. 03 × 1. 0

−1 −1
𝐴 = 145854. 0315 𝑡 ℎ𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

Dalit

𝐴 = 2476. 71 × 173. 93 × 15. 01 × 0. 03 × 1. 0

−1 −1
𝐴 = 193977. 6089 𝑡 ℎ𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
ArcGIS generated map:

Figure 5.6 RUSLE map of Putatan, Sabah generated by ArcMap.

Based on the calculations and map, it is indicated that the Tanjung Aru series has the highest
annual soil loss (A), followed by Kinabatangan and Dalit series. The higher annual soil loss may
be resulted from the higher silt content (49.34%) in the soil of Tanjung Aru series, which
increases the erodibility of the soil. This is because silt can easily detach and tend to crust and
produce high rates of runoff on soil surface (Imani & Mirzavand, 2014).
6.0 Geohazard Assessment (Factor of Safety (FOS)/ Slicing Method)

Geological hazards like landslides, rockfalls, and slope failures are assessed for stability and
possible threats as part of the geohazard assessment process. The factor of safety (FOS) is one
of the most important factors considered when assessing geohazards. The ratio between the
driving and resisting forces acting on a slope or geological feature is known as the factor of
safety. It is employed to evaluate the geological structure on slope's stability. Proforma forms
are used to collect and document data in the field. Slope stability analysis is used to assess the
equilibrium circumstances and the safe slope design. Slope stability analysis is carried out to
determine susceptible slopes, investigate probable failure, and prepare the ideal slope for safety
by putting stabilization techniques into practice.

Photo 6.1 Side view of slope in the study area.

The slicing method is a way for determining whether slopes or embankments are stable. A
potentially unstable slope is divided into a number of vertical slices using this approach, and the
equilibrium conditions of each slice are examined. For slope stability analysis, the slicing
approach offers a realistic and careful estimation of the factor of safety.
The following formula is used to calculate the factor of safety:

𝐶𝐿 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ф(Σ𝑁)
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = (Σ𝑇)

Whereby ;

C = Effective cohesion

L = Length of arc

Ф = Angle of slope

N = W cos a

T = W sin a

Figure 6.1 Slicing method fo FOS Assessment

𝑜
Slope Angle, ф : 70

Slope Length : 14.5 m

Slope Gradient : 8.5 m

No. Slice Mid-Ordinate(m) b = Width(m) Volume(𝑚 )
3 Weight(kN) α()
◦ N=W T=W sin α L=b/ cos
[MOxW] [Vx‫]ץ‬ cos α α

1 3.7 2.0 7.4 124.76 -5 35.40 119.64 7.05

2 8.9 2.0 17.8 300.11 7 226.25 197.16 2.65

3 11.4 2.0 22.8 384.41 20 156.87 350.95 4.90

4 8.8 2.0 17.6 296.74 39 79.12 286.00 7.50

Σ𝑁 = Σ𝑇 Σ𝐿=22.1
497.64 =1033.75

𝐶𝐿 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ф(Σ𝑁)
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = (Σ𝑇)
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = 0. 40 < 1 Unsafe

[17.420(22.1)] + [(497.64) 𝑡𝑎𝑛5.470]

𝐹𝑂𝑆 = 1033.75

432.64
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = 1033.75

According to a slope stability analysis, the slope in the Putatan soil series is not in a safe
condition (<1). This indicates that with an unstable and unsafe slope, development in the area
is not suitable to be carried out
7.0 Mitigation and Abatement Measures

Mitigation and abatement measures are strategies and actions taken to reduce or minimize the
negative impacts or risks associated with a particular issue or problem. In this segment of the
report, various steps and precautions that can be implemented will be thoroughly discussed to
mitigate the adverse effects of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on the natural
environment and the surrounding area. According to AMEC (2015), the main objectives of
mitigation measures are :-

1) To protect the physical, biological and human environments

2) To reduce or minimize the negative effects of a particular project, such as managing
hazardous compounds and wastes, minimizing pollution and protecting the ecosystems.
3) To promote sustainable resource management by ensuring that resources are used
efficiently and renewable resources are fully utilized
4) To provide the basis for the development of monitoring plans with environmental
regulations and standards set by the government

Thus, the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of a project should consider three key phases
that are crucial for mitigation measures as illustrated in the flowchart below.

Figure 7.1 Flow Chart of the three phases that requires proper planning of mitigation measures

Table 7.1 Brief description of the phases

Phases Description

Observation Phase ● Based on initial assessment and observation of the

project’s potential environmental impacts (short-term and
non-permanent to the environment)
 ● Provides a foundation for subsequent mitigation measures
by identifying and understanding its surrounding
environments

Development Phase ● Mitigation is emphasized during this phase to determine

the side effects and potential impacts especially those
identified in the observation phase
● Measures are taken from time to time to monitor any
changes occurred to both the project site and operations
● Mitigation measures includes pollution prevention, habitat
conservation, waste management, and sustainable
resource use

Operational Phase ● Permanent changes for the safety of long-term effect

towards the environment
● Mitigation measures are put into practice and monitoring
of the project’s activities are conducted to ensure
compliance with the established mitigation strategies
● Necessary adjustments or corrective actions are taken to
address any unforeseen impacts or to generally improve
the project’s environmental performance
 Table 7.2 Suggested mitigation measures to implement at the study area

Aspect Causes Mitigation Measure Description

Water ● Discharge of TSS ● Best Management Practices BMPs :

Quality/ (Total Suspended (BMPs) ● Sediment ponds/traps to capture
Sediment Solids) due to soil -Engineering design to limit soil and retain sediments suspended in
Accumulation erosion and sediment erosion and transport of sediments runoff water
in drainage transport from ● Natural vegetation buffers where its
systems disturbed areas roots can bind the soil together,
stabilizing the sediments, thus
prevents erosion and reduces
sedimentation
● Minimize slope length by using
earthwork methods

Land Use ● Increase rate of ● Retain existing low-lying ● Progressive revegetation shall be
(Recreational erosion due to hiking vegetation and minimize implemented to reduce the amount
Activities) activities vegetation clearing of disturbed habitat
● Disturbance to nature ● Install suitable roads and trails ● Active seeding to promote
(Flora and Fauna) specially for recreational vegetation growth, reduce potential
activities erosion and enhance natural
recovery of vegetation communities
● Hiking trails are built at suitable
places with minor vegetation
removal to reduce erosion rate

Road ● Heavy vehicles
Maintenance ● Excessive road use
● Noise Pollution
● Engine Maintenance Program
● Project personnel will be
advised not to interfere or
harass wildlife
● Restrict movement of noisy
vehicles
● Loads and cargo transported should
be covered appropriately to avoid
falling of heavy objects that could
damage the road
● Heavy machinery should be
restricted from entering the main
road at certain hours (Eg: Only

Buildings and ● Destruction of local ● Use existing infrastructure to
Construction habitat access the project area rather
● Disturbance to local than building new highways
residences and other routes
● Minimize the project footprint
to the practicable extent
● Include wildlife awareness
information in regular safety
and environmental inductions
Waste ● Foul odor in the ● Recommend systematic waste
Management surrounding disposal plan
environment ● Provide public awareness
● Attraction of wildlife regarding effective waste
● Contamination of management
water sources ● Treatment of sewage
allowed after office hours [after
6pm] to avoid road congestion and
road damage)
● Damage on roads should be quickly
repaired to prevent any further
threats/ danger.
● Advice from geologists should be
mandatory before any decisions are
made by contractors and engineers.
● A well-thought-out design that
considers the preservation of the
surrounding environment’s aesthetic
value should be proposed and
implemented.
● Strict adherence to safety guidelines
established by the authorities in
order to prevent accidents and
injuries.
● Non-systematic garbage disposal
may cause water contamination in
drainage systems nearby, causing
negative impacts to the
community’s health.
● Sewage will be treated to a
particular quality that meets federal
and provincial legislative
requirements before released to the
environment.
● Scheduled waste dumps should be
implemented.
8.0 Summary of Potential Impact Assessment, Geohazard Assessment and
Mitigation
Table 8.1 Summary table of potential impact assessment, geohazard assessment and mitigation
Potential Impacts from Planning
Soil erosion and degradation
Flooding and drainage blockage
due to sedimentation
Ecological impacts due to the
change of morphology in the
development area
Land slippage may occur near
steep slope in the development
area
Socio-economic impacts towards
the locals due to development
Mitigation Preparation Response
● Implement Best Management Practices (BMPs)
throughout construction stage
● Install silt curtain and perimeter bunding to
control the suspended sediments due to erosion
from development activities.
● Construction of permanent drains to disperse
excess rainwater
● Air Quality-> Implement general good practice
measures during construction
● Noise-> Avoid activities that produce loud noises at
night
● Revegetating open spaces wherever available
● Water Quality-> Management of water courses to
ensure no pollutants are discharged into the
waterways
● Implement slope stabilization techniques
(Eg: Strip cropping, Soil nailing, Gabions, geotextile)
Health and social well-being
● Mitigation measures for air quality and noise
Public safety
● Installation of warning signages
● Reinstatement and repairment of any damage to
public roads
● Compliance with traffic rules
Job Opportunities
● Employment opportunities for locals
9.0 Environmental Monitoring Plan

This part is a guideline for preparing an overall management plan for the proposed construction
project in order to ensure that all environmental needs and requirements are met. It involves
analysis and interpretation of data to evaluate the environmental conditions, and at the same
time to determine the effectiveness of environmental management practices. Mostly, the
project’s potential effects typically happen during any construction phase. Building and
Construction Authority, 2016, stated that the Building Control Regulations require the demolition
of any building, piling, any tunneling works, or any site formation works which includes
excavation works are to be constructed before commencing any pre construction survey. Here
are some parameters that needed to be considered:-

a. Construction Management Program

The effects that will occur during the development and operating stages are predicted to
be addressed by careful planning, adequate engineering design, adherence to suitable
building processes, and other variables.

Specific guidelines for design requirements, safety precautions, and adherence to

applicable laws and regulations for civil works, safety, and the environment should be
included in the project’s Terms of Reference. Implement the building programme that
has been created with appropriate engineering studies and plans to ensure that the
duties and responsibilities connected to environmental considerations are effectively
carried out.

b. Social Development

Consideration that recognizes the significance of engaging and benefiting local

communities and stakeholders. This act helps ensure that the monitoring activities
address the needs, concerns, and values of the affected communities.

Ways to incorporate social development includes Stakeholder Engagement in

which to identify and engage the local community, NGOs, and government agencies as
well as the industry representatives. Plus, it is better to establish clear and transparent
communication channels to share monitoring results with local communities and
stakeholders to give them better understanding. Moreover, consider ways to ensure that
it will; give benefits for the local communities and at the same time respect their cultural
values, traditions, and knowledge system.
 Therefore, it can enhance the plan’s effectiveness, credibility, and acceptance
among local communities and stakeholders.

c. Monitoring Plan

In this part, it outlines the specific details and procedures for conducting the monitoring
activities. It must be created based on the mitigation and enhancement strategies for
both substantial and moderately significant environmental impacts that if not mitigated,
could have serious consequences. It is recommended by the environmental monitoring
plan to plant trees at strategic sites, monitoring for soil erosion and sedimentation of
water bodies during construction, changes in water quality, effects on air quality, and
noise during both construction and operation. The phases of planning/pre-construction
and operation are both covered by this monitoring.

It is essential to monitor the air quality by combining the measurements of air

quality with any basic climatic information. This should include details on the
environment at the time of the monitoring, including the temperature, the speed and
direction of the wind, and some explanation of the general meteorological conditions.
This information can be useful when analyzing the air quality data.

Water quality monitoring looks for complaints regarding problems with

procedures and approaches related to environmental quality control. In particular
throughout the project development phase, the project proponent is required to closely
monitor the result of the water quality monitoring and to take corrective action
whenever and wherever the water quality gets worse and may be associated with the
project development. During the construction period, noise levels will be monitored both
during the day and at night.

9.1 Pre-Construction Guidelines/Construction Period

These guidelines help ensure that appropriate measures are taken to protect the environment
and comply with relevant regulations before construction activities begin. Figure below showing
the flowchart of EIA guidelines for building construction projects by Selvakumar (2015).
 Figure 9.1 EIA guidelines for building construction projects (Selvakumar, 2015)

During the construction period, an environmental monitoring plan is crucial to assess and
manage the potential environmental impacts associated with constructive activities. It should be
dynamic and adaptable to changing circumstances. At the same time, regular review and
evaluation of the plan’s effectiveness will help identify areas for improvement and ensure
ongoing environmental protection throughout the construction phase. Table below shows the
pre-construction/construction period plan.

Table 9.1.1 Pre-Construction/ Construction Period plan

Parameters Method Frequency

Physical Monitoring of Earthmoving Once a week during

activities construction
❖ Right of Way
Acquisition Engineering geological Once a week during
assessment of slopes construction or after heavy
❖ Excavation works rains.

❖ Foundation works Water quality tests Monthly during the active

constructions phase.
 Geo-hazard assessment Weekly

Monitoring of solid waste Monthly

disposal

Measurement of ambient Monthly

concentrations and level

Biological Site inspection or site visit Before construction

❖ Vegetation
clearing/tree cutting

❖ Balling

Socio-Economical Site inspection or site visit Daily

❖ Worker health and

safety

❖ Waste management

Table 9.1.2 During Construction Period plan

Parameters Method Frequency

Physical Source control Daily

❖ Operation and
maintenance of roads Monitoring and Compliance Weekly

❖ Measurement of Review and improvement Ongoing

ambient
Noise barriers and enclosure Ongoing
concentrations of level

❖ Noise

Biological Site inspection Weekly

❖ Tree planting

❖ Revegetation

9.2 Maintenance Period and Post Operation

During these phases, the focus shifts from construction or operational activities to monitor and
manage potential environmental impacts resulting from ongoing maintenance and the
decommissioning or closure of the project. Operator representatives will observe and record the
management of construction materials, wastes, hazardous materials, and equipment during
post-construction. Moreover, some operation that need to be done including preserving existing
trees and grass to minimize erosion, restoring the site’s vegetation as soon as possible, locating
soil piles away from streams and roadways, limiting the amount of mud that accumulates on the
roadways, removing sediments that were driven by rain nor storm, and also maintaining erosion
and sediment control through the replacement of structures and removal of sediment.

10.0 References

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https://ceaa-acee.gc.ca/050/documents/p80036/101167E.pdf on 12th June 2023.

Bartlett, R.V. and Kurian, P.A. 1999. The theory of environmental impact assessment:
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Imani, R., Ghasemieh, H., & Mirzavand, M. (2014). Determining and mapping soil erodibility
factor (case study: Yamchi Watershed in Northwest of Iran). Open Journal of Soil
Science, 2014.

Koirala, P., Thakuri, S., Joshi, S., & Chauhan, R. (2019). Estimation of soil erosion in Nepal using
a RUSLE modeling and geospatial tool. Geosciences, 9(4), 147.

Luvai, A., Obiero, J., & Omuto, C. (2022). Soil loss assessment using the revised universal soil
loss equation (RUSLE) model. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 2022.

Merritt, W. S., Letcher, R. A., & Jakeman, A. J. (2003). A review of erosion and sediment
transport models. Environmental modelling & software, 18(8-9), 761-799.
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Petts J. Environmental impact assessment versus other environmental management decision

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Blackwell; 1999a. p. 33–59.

Renard, K. G., & Freimund, J. R. (1994). Using monthly precipitation data to estimate the
R-factor in the revised USLE. Journal of hydrology, 157(1-4), 287-306.

Sadler, B. (1996). Environmental assessment in a changing world: evaluating practice to

improve performance, final report of the international study of the effectiveness of
environmental assessment, Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency and
International Association for Impact Assessment. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and
Services.

Selvakumar S. (2015). Environmental Impact Assessment of Building Construction Using Riam

Analysis, International Conference on Waste Management.

Wischmeier, W. H., & Smith, D. D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to
conservation planning (No. 537). Department of Agriculture, Science and Education
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Wood, C. (2003) Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review. 2nd Edition,

Longman, Harlow.
Appendix

Slope Proforma
Sketch A (i) (3D View)
Sketch A (ii) (Plan View)
Sketch A (iii) (Front View)
Sketch A (iv) (Cross Section)
Discontinuity Data