SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

1.3 INDICES, SURD AND LOGARITHMS

1) Rules of Indices
a) a m  a n  a mn
b) a m  a n  a mn
c) (a m ) n  a mn
d) (ab) n  a n b n
n
a an
e)    n
b b
m
f) a n  n a m  (n a ) m
1
g) a  n  n
a
h) a  1
0

i) a m  a n  m  n

2) Algebraic operations on surds

a) a  b  ab , a, b  0
a a
b)  , a  0, b  0
b b
c) a c  b c  (a  b) c
d) a c  b c  (a  b) c
e) a a a

3) Laws of logarithms
a) log a MN  log a M  log a N
M
b) log a  log a M  log a N
N
c) log a M N  N log a M
log b M
d) log a M 
log b a
1
e) log a b 
log b a
f) log a a  1
g) log a 1  0
h) a loga x  x
i) log a  log b  a  b

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

SPM 2014
(6 x 4 y 3 ) 2
1. Simplify
9x5 y

Solution

(6 x 4 y 3 ) 2 6 2 ( x 4 ) 2 ( y 3 ) 2 (ab) m  a m b m

9x5 y 9x5 y
36 x 8 y 6
 am
 a mn
9x5 y an
 4 x 85 y 61
 4x 3 y 5

SPM 2017
25 h 3
2. Given  1 , express p in terms of h .
125 p 1

Solution

25 h 3
1
125 p 1
25 h3  125 p 1
(5 2 ) h3  (53 ) p 1 (a m ) n  a mn
5 2 h  6  5 3 p 3
2h  6  3 p  3
am  an  m  n
2h  9  3 p
2h  9
p
3

UPS 2006/2007
1 2 1 2
3. Simplify  . [2 marks]
1 2 1 2

Solution

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Conjugate of a  b is
    
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 a b

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

1 2  2  2 1 2  2  2
  a a a
1 2  2  2 1 2  2  2
3 2 2 32 2 
   

1  1 
 3  2 2  3  2 2
 6

SPM 2014
4. It is given that p  2 x and q  2 y .
8 x y
a) Express in terms of p and q .
4x
4 p2
b) Find log 4 in terms of x and y .
q

Solution

8 x y 2 3( x  y )
a) x 
4 22x am
3 x 3 y  2 x  a mn
2 an
 2 x 3 y
 2 x (2 3 y )
 2 x (2 y ) 3
 pq 3

b) p  2 x  log 2 p  x
q  2 y  log 2 q  y
4 p2 log b M
2
log 2 log a M 
4p q log b a
log 4 
q log 2 4
log 2 4  log 2 p 2  log 2 q log MN  log M  log N

log 2 2 2
log 2 2 2  2 log 2 p  log 2 q M
 log M  log N
 log
2 log 2 2 N
2 log 2 2  2 x  y
 log M N  N log M
2(1)
2  2x  y
 log a a  1
2

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

EXERCISE 1.3

SPM 2016
1. Given 3 p  5 q  15r , express r in terms of p and q .

2. If a x1  b12 y and a 2 x1  b y 2 , prove that 5xy  4 x  y  1  0 .

UPS 2007/2008
1 3
3. Simplify in the form of a  b c where a, b, c  R . [2 marks]
2 3

UPS 2013/2014
1 1
4. Evaluate  . [4 marks]
3  5 1 5

UPS 2015/2016
3  3 1 3
5. Simplify  in the form a  b c where a, b and c  R . [4 marks]
2 3 3 3

PSPM 2016/2017
6. If 7  3 5  x  y , determine the values of x and y . [6 marks]

UPS 2014/2015
7 a) Simplify (3 2  1) 2 in the form a  b c . [3 marks]
b) If 2 log x  3 log y  0 , find y in terms of x . [4 marks]

UPS 2011/2012
9 x 
8. Given a  log x 2 and b  log x 3 , express log x   in terms of a and b .
 [4 marks]
 4 

PSPM 2013/2014
9. Given log 10 2  m and log 10 7  n . Express x in terms of m and n if (14 3 x1 )(8 2 x3 )  7 .
[6 marks]

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

ANSWER

pq
1) r 
pq
3) 5  3 3
4) 1
2 3
5) 3 
3
9 5
6) x  , y 
2 2
7 a) 19  6 2
2

b) y  x 3
1
8) 2b   2a
2
 10m
9) x 
9m  3n

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

SOLUTION EXERCISE 1.3

1. Let 3 p  5q  15r  m
3p  m
1

3  mp
5q  m
1

5m q

15 r  m
1
15  m r
(3)(5)  15
 1p  1q  1
 m  m   m r
  
  
1 1 1

m  mr
p q
a m  a n  a m n
1 1 1
 
p q r am  an  m  n
q p 1

pq r
pq
r
pq

2. a x1  b12 y
1 2 y

a  b x 1 (1)
a 2 x1  b y 2
y 2

a  b 2 x 1 (2)
(2)  (1) :
y 2 1 2 y

b b
2 x 1 x 1

y  2 1 2y

2x  1 x  1
( y  2)( x  1)  (1  2 y)(2 x  1)
xy  y  2 x  2  2 x  1  4 xy  2 y
5xy  4 x  y  1  0

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

1 3 1 3 2 3
3.  
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 32 33

42 3 2 3 3
53 3

1
53 3

1 1 1 3 5 1 1 5
4.     
3 5 1 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 1 5
3 5 1 5
 
9  3 5  3 5  5 1 5  5  5
3  5 1  5 
   

4  4 
3 5 1 5
   
4 4 4 4
1

3 3 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 3
5.     
2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
63 3  2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
 
42 3 2 3 3 93 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 3
   

1  6 
3
 3 3 
3
2 3
 3
3

6. 73 5  x y
( 7  3 5 )2  ( x  y )2
7  3 5  x  2 xy  y
a  a2
7  45  x  y  4 xy
x y 7

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

y 7x (1)
4 xy  45 (2)
Substitute (1) into (2)
4 x(7  x)  45
28x  4 x 2  45
4 x 2  28x  45  0
(2 x  9)(2 x  5)  0
9 5
x or x 
2 2
9 9 5
For x  , y  7  
2 2 2
5 5 9
For x  , y  7  
2 2 2
Since x  y
9 5
x , y
2 2

7 a) (3 2  1) 2  9(2)  6 2  1 (a  b) 2  a 2  2ab  b 2
 19  6 2

b) 2 log x  3 log y  0
3 log y  2 log x
2
log y   log x
3
2
 N log M  log M N
log y  log x 3

2

yx 3

9 x 
8. log x    log x 9  log x
 x  log x 4
 4  M
1 log  log M  log N
 log x 32  log x x  log x 2 2
2 N
1
 2 log x 3  log x x  2 log x 2 log M N  N log M
2
1
 2b   2a log a a  1
2

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 SM015 CHAPTER 1 NUMBER SYSTEM

9. (14 3 x 1 )(8 2 x 3 )  7 log MN  log M  log N

log 10 [(14 3 x 1 )(8 2 x 3 )]  log 10 7
log 10 14 3 x 1  log 10 8 2 x3  log 10 7 log M N  N log M
(3x  1) log 10 14  (2 x  3) log 10 8  log 10 7
(3x  1) log 10[2(7)]  (2 x  3) log 10 2 3  log 10 7
(3x  1)(log10 2  log 10 7)  3(2 x  3) log 10 2  log10 7
(3x  1)(m  n)  (6 x  9)m  n
3x(m  n)  m  n  6 xm  9m  n
3x(m  n)  6 xm  10m
x(3m  3n  6m)  10m
x(9m  3n)  10m
 10m
x
9m  3n

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