MUMBAI UNIVERSITY CBCGS

APPLIED MATHEMATICS I MAY 2019 PAPER SOLUTIONS

u
x  y x .
Q1)a) If u  log    log   , find (3M)
 
y  
x u
y

u u
x y  0.u  0
x y
Ans : u
y
 x 
u x
y

Q1)b) Find the value of tanh(logx) if x  3 . (3M)

Ans : Let

z  tanh(log 3)
 tanh 1 z  log 3
1  1 z  1
 log    log 3
2  1 z  2
 1 z 
 log    log 3
 1 z 

By componendo and dividendo

2 3 1

2 z 1  3
3 1
z 
3 1
3 1 1
 tanh log 3   .
3 1 2

 1 1 
Q1)c) Evaluate lim   . (3M)
x 3
 x  3 log( x  2) 

 1 1  log( x  2)  ( x  3) 0
Ans: lim        lim
x 3
 x  3 log( x  2)  x 3 ( x  3) log( x  2) 0
 1
1
x  2 x  3 0
 lim  lim
x 3
log(x  2) 
( x  3) x 3 ( x  2) log( x  2)  ( x  3)  0 
( x  2)

1 1
 lim  .
x 3 ( x  2) 2
 log( x  2)  1
( x  2)

(u, v)
Q1)d) If u  r 2 cos 2 , v  r 2 sin 2 , find . (3M)
 (r ,  )

( x, y ) ( x, y ) (u, v)  ( x, y ) a a
Ans: We have  . . But   2ab
(r , ) (u, v) (r ,  ) (u, v) b b

(u, v) 2r cos 2 2r 2 sin 2

And   4r 3 .
(r , ) 2r sin 2 2r cos 2
2

 2  3i 2 3i 
 
Q1)e) Express the matrix A =  2i 0 1  2i  as the sum of a Hermitian and a Skew-
 4 2  5i i 

Hermitian matrix. (4M)

Ans: We have

 2  3i 2i 4 

A'   2 0 2  5i 
 3i 1  2i i 
 2  3i 2i 4 

 A  ( A ')   2  0 2  5i 
 3i 1  2i i 
 4 2  2i 4  3i 
 
 A  A   2  2i 0 3  3i 
 4  3i 3  3i 0 
 6i 2  2i 4  3i 
 
A  A   2  2i 0 1  7i 
 4  3i 1  7i 2i 

1 1
Let P  ( A  A ).Q  (A  A ) .
2 2
But, we know that P is Hermitian and Q is Skew-Hermitian and A = P + Q .

 2 1 i (4  3i) / 2   3i 1 i ( 4  3i) / 2 

 A  P  Q   1 i 0  
(3  3i ) / 2    1  i 0 (1  7i) / 2 
.
(4  3i ) / 2 (3  3i) / 2 0  (4  3i) / 2 (1  7i) / 2 i 

 
Q1)f) Expand tan 1 x in powers of  x   . (4M)
 4

Ans: Let


f ( x)  tan 1 x, a 
4
1 2 x
 f ( x)  tan 1 x, f '( x)  , f ''( x) 
1 x 2
(1  x 2 ) 2

      1   2
 f    tan 1   , f '    , f ''     , etc
4 4  4  1    4
 
2 2
1   2

4  16 
( x  a)2
f ( x)  f(a)  (x  a) f'(a)  f ''(a )  ....
2!
       
2
1 1 1 1
 tan x  tan     x   .    x   .  ...
4  4  1 
 4  4  4 
 
2 2
1  2

 16 
Q2)a) Expand sin 7  in a series of sines of multiples of  . (6M)
x  cos   i sin 
1
  cos   i sin 
x
1
x   2 cos 
x
1
x   2i sin 
x
x  cos n  i sin n
n

1
 cos n  i sin n
xn
1
 x n  n  2 cos n
x
1
x n  n  2i sin n
x
Now, by Binomial Theorem
7
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(2i sin  )   x    x 7  7 x 6 .  21x 5 . 2  35 x 4 . 4  21x 2 . 5  7 x. 6  7
7

 x x x x x x x
35 21 7 1
 (2i sin  ) 7  x 7  7 x 5  21x 3  35 x   3  5  7
x x x x
 1   1   1  1
 (2i sin  ) 7   x 7  7   7  x 5  5   21 x 3  3   35  x  
 x   x   x   x
 (2i sin  )  2i sin 7  7.(2i sin 5 )  21.  2i sin 3   35.  2i sin  
7

26 sin 7   sin 7  7 sin 5  21sin 3  35sin 

1
 sin 7   6  sin 7  7 sin 5  21sin 3  35sin  
2

Q2)b) If y  sin 2 x cos3 x , then find yn . (6M)

Ans: We have

y  sin 2 x cos3 x
1
 y  sin 2 x cos 2 x.cos x (sin 2 x) 2 cos x
4
1 1
 y  (1  cos 4 x) cos x  (cos x  cos 4 x cos x)
8 8
1 1
 y  cos x   cos 5 x  cos 3 x 
8 16
  n 
By using the result yn  a n cos  ax  
 2 

1  n  1 n  n  1 n  n 
yn  cos  x    .5 cos  5 x    .3 cos  3 x  
8  2  16  2  16  2 

Q2)c) Find the stationary values of x3  y 3  3axy, a  0 . (8M)

Ans: We have f ( x, y)  x3  y 3  3axy.

Step 1:

f x  3 x 2  3ay, f y  3 y 2  3ax
r  f xx  6 x, s  f xy  3a, t  f yy  6 y

Step 2: We now solve,

f x  0, f y  0
 x 2  ay  0, y 2  ax  0

x2
To eliminate y, we put y  in the second equation .
a

 x 4  a3 x  0,
 x( x 3  a 3 )  0

Hence, x=0 or x=a

When x=0,y=0 and when x=a, y=a.

Hence, (0,0) and (a,a) are stationary points.

Step 3: (i) For x=0, y=0, r  f xx  0, s  f xy  3a, t  f yy  0 .

Hence, rt  s  0  9a  0 .
2

Hence, f(x,y) is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point.

(ii) For x=a,y=a,

r  f xx  6a, s  f xy  3a, t  f yy  6a
 rt  s 2  36a 2  9a 2  27a 2  0 Hence, f(x,y) is stationary at x=a, y=a .

r  f xx  6a  0, a  0
And

Hence f(x,y) is minimum at x=a, y=a .

 Putting x=a, y=a in x3  y 3  3axy , the minimum value of

f ( x, y)  a3  a3  3a3  a3 .

x
Q3)a) Compute the real root of x log10  1.2  0 correct to three places of decimals using Newton-
Raphson method. (6M)

Ans: We first note that f ( x)  x log10

x
 1.2 .

 f (1)  1log110  1.2  1.2, f (2)  2log10

2
 1.2  0.5979
f (3)  3log10
3
 1.2  0.2313

Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2 to 3, there is a root
between 2 and 3.

1 1
Now, f '( x)  x. 10
 log10x  (log10
e )  log10x  0.4343  log10x
x log e

Hence, by Newton-Raphson formula,

f ( xn )
xn 1  xn  , n  0,1, 2,3,.....
f '( xn )

x log10x  1.2
 xn 
0.4343  log10x
3
3log10  1.2
For x0 = 3, x1  3   2.74615
0.4343  log10
3

(2.74615).log(2.74615)  1.2
For x1 = 2.74615, x2  2.74615   2.7406 .
0.4343  log 2.74615

For x2=2.7406, x3  2.7406 Hence x = 2.7406 .

Q3)b) Show that the system of equations

2 x  2 y  z   x, 2 x  3 y  2 z   y,  x  2 y   z can possess a non-trivial solution only if

  1,   3 . Obtain the general solution in each case. (6M)

2 2 1   x  0 
 
Ans: We have
 2 3   2   y   0 
 1    z  0 
 2

The system has non-trivial solution if the rank of A is less than the number of unknowns.

The rank of A will be less than three if |A|=0.

 2 2 1
Now, 2 3   2 0
1 2 

 (2   )( 2  3  4)  2(2  2)  1(4  3   )  0

 (2   )(  4)(  1)  4(  1)  (  1)  0
 (  1)[2  8   2  4  4  1]  0
 (  1)( 2  2  3)  0
 (  1)(  1)(  3)  0
   1,   3
(i) If λ=1, we have,

 1 2 1   x  0 
 2 4 2   y   0  .
    
 1 2 1  z  0 

By R2→R2-2R1 , R3→R3+R1

1 2 1   x  0
0 0 0   y   0
    
0 0 0  z  0

‫؞‬x-2y+z=0. Putting z=t1 , y=t2 .

‫؞‬The solution is x  2t2  t1 , y  t2 , z  t1 .

n  1   
Q3)c) If tan(  i  )  cos   i sin  , prove that    and   log tan    .
2 4 2  4 2
(8M)

Ans: We have

tan(  i  )  cos   i sin 

 tan(  i  )  cos   i sin 
 tan 2  tan  (  i  )  (  i  ) 
tan(  i  )  tan(  i ) 2 cos 
 
1  tan(  i  ).tan(  i ) 1  (cos 2   sin 2  )
 2 cos 
 tan 2 
0

 2 
2

2  n 
2
n 
  
2 4

tan(2i  )  tan  (  i  )  (  i  ) 
tan(  i  )  tan(  i  ) 2i sin 
   i sin 
1  tan(  i  ).tan(  i  ) 11
 i tan(h 2  )  i sin 
 tan(h 2  )  sin 
1  1  sin  
 2   tanh 1 (sin  )  log  
2  1  sin  
But
      
2

1  sin    sin 2  cos 2   2sin cos   cos  sin 
 2 2 2 2  2 2
      
2

1  sin    sin 2  cos 2   2sin cos   cos  sin 
 2 2 2 2  2 2
2
         
 cos    sin     cos    sin   
1
 2   log  2  2    log  2  2 
2  cos     sin      cos     sin    
         
2  2  2  2 
  
 1  tan   
1
   log   2    1 log tan     
 
2 1  tan     2  4 2
  
 2 

 1 1
Q4)a) Using the encoding matrix as   , encode and decode the message MOVE . (6M)
 0 1
Ans: Step 1: To replace letters by numbers

M O V E

13 15 22 5

We write this in a sequence of 2 X 2 matrix

 13  22
15  5  .
  
Step 2 : To encode the message

 1 1
We now premultiply each of the above column-vectors by encoding matrix  .
 0 1

1 1 13 22 13  15 22  5  28 27 

     .
0 1 15 5   0  15 0  5  15 5 
The above message is transmitted in the following linear form taking numbers column-wise. The
message is transmitted in the linear form as

28 15 27 5

Step 3: To decode the message :

The above received message is now written in a sequence of 2 X 1 column matrix as

 28 27 
15 5  .
 
The above matrix is then premultiplied by the inverse of the coding matrix i.e., by

1 1  28 27   28  15 27  5 13 22

     .
0 1  15 5   0  15 0  5  15 5 
Step 4 : To replace numbers by letters

The columns of this matrix are written in linear form as

14 15 23 27 19 20 21 4 25 27

Now it is transformed into letters using corresponding alphabets

14 15 23 27 19 20 21 4 25 27

N O W * S T U D Y *

This is the required message.

 u u u
Q4)b) If u  f (e x  y , e y  z , e z  x ) then prove that   0 . (6M)
x y z

Ans: Let X  e x  y , Y  e y  z , Z  e z  x. . Then u = f(X,Y,Z)

u u X u Y u Z
  .  .  .
x X x Y x Z x
u u x  y u u z  x
 e (1)  (0)  e (1)
x X Y Z
u u x  y u z  x
  e  e
x X Z
u u X u Y u Z
 .  .  .
y X y Y y Z y
u u x  y u y  z u
 e (1)  e (1)  (0)
y X Y Z
u u x  y u y  z
  e  e
y X Y
u u X u Y u Z
 .  .  .
z X z Y z Z z
u u u y  z u z  x
 (0)  e (1)  e (1)
z X Y Z
u u y  z u z  x
  e  e
z Y Z

Q4)c) If y  a cos(log x)  b sin(log x) , then show that x 2 yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  (n 2  1) yn  0

(8M)

Ans: We have

y  a cos(log x)  b sin(log x)
1 1
 y1  a sin(log x).  b cos(log x).
x x
 xy1  a sin(log x)  b cos(log x)

Differentiating again w.r.t x ,

1 1
 xy2  y1  a cos(log x).  b sin(log x).
x x

 x 2 y2  xy1  y  0 .

Applying Leibnitz’s theorem to each term, we get

 n(n  1)
x 2 yn  2  n(2 x) yn 1  (2) yn  [ xyn 1  n(1) yn ]  yn  0
2!
 x 2 yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  (n 2  n  n  1) y n  0
 x 2 yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  (n 2  1) yn  0

Q5)a) If 1,  ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 are the roots of x 5  1  0 , find them and show that

(1-  )(1-  2 )(1-  3 )(1-  4 )=5. (6M)

Ans: We have

x5  1  cos 0  i sin 0
 x5  cos(2k  i sin(2k )
1
2 k 2 k
 x  (cos 2k  i sin 2k ) 5  cos  sin
5 5
Putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, we get the five roots as
x0  cos 0  i sin 0
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8
 x1  cos  i sin , x2  cos  i sin , x3  cos  i sin , x4  cos  i sin
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2 2
Putting x1  cos  i sin = we see that x2   2 , x3   3 , x4   4 .
5 5

Therefore, the roots are 1,  ,  ,  ,  and hence

2 3 4

x5  1  ( x  1)( x   )( x   2 )( x   3 )( x   4 )
x5  1
  ( x   )( x   2 )( x   3 )( x   4 )
x 1
 ( x   )( x   2 )( x   3 )( x   4 )  x 4  x3  x 2  x  1
Putting x = 1, we get

(1   )(1   2 )(1   3 )(1   4 )  5

 r2
Q5)b) If   t e n 4t
,

 1   2  
Find n which will make  r  . (6M)
t r 2 r  r 

Ans:

r 2 r 2
   r 2   1 
 nt n  1.e 4t  t ne 4t .   
t  4  t2 
 
n n  n   r2 
 .t .  t .  
t t n n 
t  4t 
2

n r2  n r2 
     
t 2  t 4t 
2
4t 
 r 2 
 
 e 4t   
 tn 
 
 

Also ,

r 2
  2r   r
 t n .e 4t .   .
r  4t  2t

r r 3
r2 
 2t
  2      r 3  1  3 1  3  
 r     . (r  )   r  3r 2 
r  r  r  2t  2t r 2t  r 
1  r 4 2  2 r
2
3
   3r    r  2  
2t  2t   4t 2t 
1   2    r 2 3 
 . r   
r 2 r  r   4t 2 2t 

Now equating we get

n 3

t 2t
3
n 
2
Q5)c) Find the root (correct to three places of decimals) of x3  4 x  9  0 lying between 2 and 3
by using Regula-Falsi method . (8M)

Ans: Let y  f ( x)  x3  4 x  9 . Here, x1 = 2 and x2 = 3.

 y1  f ( x1 )  f (2)  23  4(2)  9  8  8  9  9  0
y2  f ( x2 )  f (3)  33  4(3)  9  27  12  9  6  0

Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2 to 3 , there is a root between 2
and 3 .

The root is given by

x1 y2  x2 y1 2(6)  3(9) 39
 x3     2.6 .
y2  y1 6  (9) 15

Now, y3  f ( x3 )  f (2.6)  (2.6)3  4(2.6)  9  1.82  0

Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2.6 to 3 , there is a root between
2.6 and 3 .

First Iteration : Let

x1  2.6, x2  3, y1  1.82, y2  6
x1 y2  x2 y1 2.6(6)  3(1.82)
 x3    2.693
y2  y1 6  (1.82)
y3  f ( x3 )  (2.693)3  4(2.693)  9  0.242  0

Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2.693 to 3 , there is a root
between 2.693 to 3 .

Second Iteration : Let

x1  2.693, x2  3, y1  0.262, y2  6
x1 y2  x2 y1 2.693(6)  3(0.262)
 x3    2.7058  2.706
y2  y1 6  (0.262)
y3  f ( x3 )  (2.706)3  4(2.706)  9  0.009  0

Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2.706 to 3 , there is a root
between 2.706 to 3 .

Third Iteration : Let

 x1  3, x2  2.706, y1  6, y2  0.009
x1 y2  x2 y1 3(0.03)  2.706(6)
 x3    2.706
y2  y1 0.009  6

Hence, the root correct to three places of decimals = 2.706 .

1 2 3 2 
 
Q6)a) Find non-singular matrices P and Q such that A  2 3 5 1 is reduced to normal
 
1 3 4 5 
form. Also find its rank. (6M)

Ans: We first write A = I3 A I4

 1 2 3 2  1 0 0  1 0 0 0 
 2 3 5 1   0 1 0  A 0 1 0 0  .
     
1 3 4 5  0 0 1  0 0 0 1 

By R2  R2  2 R1 , R3  R3  R1

1 2 3 2   1 0 0  1 0 0 0 
0 1 1 3   2 1 0 A 0 1 0 0
     
0 1 1 3   1 0 1  0 0 0 1 

By

1 0 0 0   1 0 0 1 2 3 2
? 1 1 3   2 1 0 A 0 1 0 0 
0 1 1 3   1 0 1  0 0 1 0 

1 0 0 0   1 0 0 1 2 3 2
? 1 1 3   2 1 0 A 0 1 0 0 
0 0 0 0   3 1 1  0 0 1 0 

1 0 0 0  1 0 0 1 2 1 4 
? 1 0 0   2 1 0 A 0 1 1 3
0 0 0 0  3 1 0  0 0 1 0 

1 0 0 0   1 0 0  1 2 1 4 
? 1 0 0    2 1 0  A 0 1 1 3 .
0 0 0 0  3 1 0 0 0 1 0 
 I 0
 2  PAQ .
0 0 

Hence , the rank of A is 2 .

Q6)b) Find the principle value of (1  i)1i . (6M)

Ans: Let

z  (1  i)1i , log z  (1  i) log(1  i)

 log z  (1  i) log 1  1  i tan 1 1

1  1 i i 
 (1  i )  log 2  i.   log 2   log 2 
2 4 2 4 2 4
1    1 
  log 2    i   log 2   x  iy
2 4 4 2 

 z  e xiy  e x .eiy  e x (cos y  i sin y)

1  
  log 2      1   1 
 e 2  4
cos  4  2 log 2   i sin  4  2 log 2  
    

  1   1 
 2e 4 cos   log 2   i sin   log 2  
 4 2  4 2 

Q6)C) Solve the following equations by Gauss-Seidel method.

27 x  6 y  z  85
6 x  15 y  2 z  72
x  y  54 z  110

(Take three iterations) (8M)

Ans: We first write the three equations as

1
x  85  6 y  z 
27
1
y  (72  6 x  2 z )
15
1
z  (110  x  y )
54
(i) First Iteration : We start with the approximation y=0, z=0 and we get
85
 x1   3.15 .
27
We use this approximation to find y1 i.e. we put x = 3.15 , z=0 in the second equation
1
 y1  [72  6(3.15)]  3.54 .
15
We use these values of x1 and y1 to find z1 i.e. we put x=3.15 and y=3.54 in the third
equation
1
 z1  (110  3.15  3.54)  1.91 .
54
(ii) Second Iteration : We use the latest values of y and z to find x , i.e. we put y= 3.54 ,
z=1.91 in equation 1 , we get
1
x2  [85  6(3.54)  1.91]  2.43
27

We put x = 2.43 , z = 1.91 to find y from equation 2. Thus ,

1
y2  [72  6(2.43)  2(1.91)]  3.57
15
We put x = 2.43 , y = 3.57 in equation 3 to find z. Thus ,
1
z2  [110  2.43  3.57]  1.93
54
(iii) Third iteration: Putting y = 3.57 , z = 1.93 in equation (1) we get
1
x3  [85  6(3.57)  1.93]  2.43
27
Putting x = 2.43 , z = 1.93 in equation 2 we get
1
y3  [72  6(2.43)  2(1.93)]  3.57
15
Putting x=2.43 , y=3.57 in equation 3 we get
1
z3  [110  2.43  3.57]  1.93 .
54
Since the second and third iteration give the same values
x = 2.43 , y = 3.57 , z = 1.93