Neurological -main

processing area

CNS-central Nervous System

Brain- CPU, receives 9 transmits) Impulses
Spinal cord: relay impulses (acts as a highway)
PNS -

peripheral Nervous system x Pain experience

~ Nerves -

found in the extremities

is dependento n
pastexperience

autonomic
9. nervous
system
dependent
not to the brain

SNS PNS
(sympathetic nervous system Sparasymphatetic N.S7

~ T ABS (all body system) ↓ ABS

↓t GIT, GUT T GIT, T GUT
all constrict:
v Ccrasoconstuction) all dilates:UD

except: except:
-pupils: PD ·

pupils 4C :

-
Bronchus:BD ·
Bronchus:BC
Bronchodilators SE:tachycardia

hypertension

sexual
activity
BS affected technique for pharma:
1PNS (before) ~check which is DNS and SNS
SNS (after) arrow up and down it

POINT and SHOOT

-side effect
SE:unwanted effect Effect SNS =

↳ SE :SNS
common

Adverse effect AE =SNS

AE:unwanted effect effect: effect
Opposite
withdrawal
↳ Not common

↳ Life PNS
threatening
alcohol (depressant) SE: decrease BDE:
Increase urine function
b PNS:E

PNS:SE
PNS:AE
SNS:WE (Insomnia, tremors, irritable (

CNS
X Brain. Control Center

10-19%:functional area of the brain (multiple intelligence)

↑ 20%:genius (+
10-15%:mental retardation)
composed of 2 hemispheres
Deft and Right

~I *
not crossed

(): affectedin

Pyramid
neck (face not

I decoration of Newes

Q.
right handed
->
L hem, dominant:analytic -> trinkers
R hem. dominant:artistic - creative

parts of the Brain

biggestpartofthe brain
-> (Brum=big)
cerebrum 4 lobes 3
Emem
.

CB
Cerebellum-:small brain

53
DIC
--CBLM
↳
Diencephalon -
BrainStem
Brain stem medulla
oblongata
↳ middle

↳
oblong shape
1 sal
-
 cerebrum
↳
processing
~mostfunctional
a. Frontal lobe (no connection with size of forehead)
Higher Mental Process (what
makes us diff. from

!
-

nomosapiens (bigger other animals)

↓frontal lovel
mostdangerous animal in the world
·
Concentration c

Interpretation
i
·

· abstraction
Personality
I
·

Decision.
·
Making
.
analysis d

Short
term
Memory
things are
that not important

voluntary muscle
activity
-

your choice

Broca's area of speech -motor speech

↳ of
movement mouth to

create speech

b. Temporal lobe

A
auditory hearing
-

M. memory ->
long term (important):months -

years

S. sensory speech- ability to understand words

Wernicke's (Vernickes:german)
·

area

↳stroke patients/head injury

c. Parietal Lobe sensations
-

Dain
heat x stroke -
no sensation

touch
/pressure
d. Occipital:vision

i)o
E I

cereberellum
↳ no
speech
involuntary muscle
activity
balance and muscle coordination -

numberg's test

Diencephalon
↳ two heads (2)

hypothalamus I
a thalamus shared responsibility:
b. / Relay Centers
/ Regulates sleep
only
Hormones
-

thermal
-

regulation
Heat production
-

(core temperature higher than surface temp

-

36.9°C to 37.4°
(nursing mat:fever pyl
:tepid sponge bath
-
Is per hour only
 Brain stem

a. Midbrain
CoBasal Ganglia -
substancia
Nigra -> ↓ dopamine production
↳
parkinson's disease
dopamine production:

b. pons
(pneumotaxic Center)
I
respiratory rythym
Regular same depth and same interval
-

Irregular -
different
depth and interval + apnea an
- temporary cessation
u
of m
↳
cneyne stokes breathing
(dying person)
under
n Blot's stokes
↳
shallow, apnea

c. medulla Oblong ata:respiratory center

Respiratory Rate:
12-20 cpm
~Pyramid:decoration of
Nerves
↳
crossing
-↓ ↓ RR
Respi
-Depression]
x
medulla
is
↳4TRR
x TTRR:THR ->
compensatory Mechanism
 Blood Circulation in E Brain
(d)
A)
Heart ->
Aorta-Ascending (Type (or -> Carond
↓
Artery
cerebral Artery
circle of WIllIS
↓

-
ischemic:
hemmorhagic:rupture - circle of
wIIIIS
Fatty plaques:carotid
Arter

thrombus 9 embollus:circle of
Willis

protection of e Brain
>nematopoiesis
D. Skull (Hard):Flat Bone (with red bone marrow

2). Meninges:protective layers of brain and spinal cord

↳ 3
layers · hair
9 KUll
~

"Hardhis epidural
Duramater: Mother
space

laya
:

C9F E Arachnoid erF= subdural space

mater:
CSE E-

P
a "Soft ->subarachnoid space
- mother
CSF
ne
BRAIN
-

mater
-
grey
Cobrain is
floating on CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
CoBrain 9S(wrapped in CSF
3. Monroe -
Kellie Hypothesis
m skull is a closed structure with equal components of:
CSE Brain Tissue
any increase of these 3:
· ·

·
Blood will increase ICP
 ↑ ICP 02:↓ loss of consciousness (warning)
=

only cell thatNEVER a

x the regenerate are brain cells new

normalICP:
10-20
mmHg
↳ TICP ->
Cushing's Triad
h

BPT -
>
too much blood in BODY(<Brain)
x RR PR - the same
=

I
1CP
N
↓
HR RR

↓
lack of oxygen:+Brain Function

SPINAL CORD

->
relays impulses (highway) no spinal cord
a
stretches from C. to 22 (Ln-Ly or Ly-2):Lumbar
taP (CSF)

Reflexes ->
does go
not to the brain
hammer
percussion or
neurologic

~Nerves
a. Direction ↑going to Brain -
sensory
nerve2
-

~ (Afferent
Ascending:
Descending (Efferent):Motor
 b.
Covering o fastimpulses
~Myelinated:covered with Myelin sheath
Demyelinated:no myelin sheath
↳
slow impulses

-
·
multiple
sclerosis binabalatan anywhere
amyotrophic lateralt nerves -> affects muscles
·
only the motor
Sclerosis (ALS)

Spinal inwies
1.4 C,C2, (y) Death
=

2. C4- T1
~ Quadriplegia:Paralysis 4 Extremities
of

-> Complete (irreversible)

suction

Priority:RESPIRATORY
* FXN >mechventi
> oxygenation
>Diaphragm Paralysis
, facilitate lung expansion
Urinary Retention, Bladder Distention

Stool Retention: Bowel Distention

Sexual Distan, Male:Impotence (ED)
1 Lubrication
Female: -> x Bartholin's Gland

3. 12-1, 5, C
->
Paralysis of L.E.
*
Priority: ELIMINATION - ↑ Removal of urine stool

Urinary Retention, Bladder Distention

Stool Retention: Bowel Distention

Sexual Distan, Male:Impotence (ED)
1 Lubrication
Female: -> x Bartholin's Gland
Catheter
>Mgt:

4T
* Urinary Bladder
Retention: Autonomic
-> S/SX.
>C/I:Diuretics
~ Bladder Buildup Disfxn Dysreflexia. TBP
T Stool Retention:Bladder
*

Autonomic ·
1 HR
->

Disfxn Dysreflexia
>Enema, laxative
 Be in SC
carotid
9) -> Aorta. Ascending -> ->
Vertebral
Aorta Arteries
Artery
CI/A)

protection
·Vertebra=
cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, coccyx
. Irregular
cover Brain
2. Meninges: + SC

3.CSF

Cencunial Nerereg S-ensory

M-otor

B-oth

O-olfactory some
I
E.Facial Brothestibulocochlearas
-

bayoran
the

ene 6-Glossopharyngeal Big

V-vagusBrainory -

inte
-IngeminalBirt -

* H-Hypoglossal More
Matter

IO-olfactory some SMELL

:

88inmotor
VCAVD
pupil
cardinal
-5 Gaze

>Blinking
T- Trochlear Money Eye
supt down
Movements
#A-Abducens My t right
ICF+
Sweet

5
- T-Trigeminal But, S:Facial sensation - salty

·(M):Mastication -
(son
#F-Facial Brother, S:Taste (Anterior oftongue)
M Facial=

Expressions
Frowning more muscles than
smiling
A. Acoustic/v-vestibulocochlear says:
Hearing
#

Balance >Hearing
16-Glossopharyngeal Big -> Taste (posterior" of tongue)
S:
>(M) Swallowing
=
-sitter
V-vagus Brains. (S:Taste (Esophageal)
*
M):Swallowing
Major Nerve for GIT,Peristalsis, triggers HC1 in stomach

PNS::GIT9GUT but-ABS Bradypnea-> Tachypnea)(valSagal stimulation

IS-Spinal Acessory Matter

Sternum

>Movement:
Trapezius <clavicle

SCM:sternocleido mastoid
#H- Hypoglossal More
Movement:
Tongue

*
Eyes 4 CN-> II, III, IV,
=

*Tongue=3CN-> VII, IX, XII

eneie Disorders
-. Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Doloreaux)
Etiology:Unknown
SISx:
~
(9):Severe Stabbing Pain Face

· Triggered by:
-
Hot/cold Food
-
Wind/Pressure
~ (M):Facial Tics
Test:MRI
Dx
<colored b/c ink has
~C/I:Metal, Electronic Devices, Tattoo iron

↑ visualization
·Remain still-

145-60 mins.
-
It) Claustrophobia, Give sedatives

Mgt:
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) Anti-seizure meds
=

> Tics I
pain

2. Close window & door

3. Turn off electronic fans

 FOOd ROOm Temp
4. =

Facial - Damage (Bell's palsy:

2. CNVII: paralysis + 1 side of facel
~ Etiology:Idiopathic
~ Probable Cause:CVA (Stroke (
VSISX:
1.
=
Anterior 23-salt, sweet,
(S) Taste: sour

2. (M) Drooping
+
I
of side of face

Eyelid
Ptosis:
Drooping
Slurred speech
Drooling, Massage Face to atrophy
prevent
Dx
Test: CT scan wo dye (dye can cause obstruction)
C/I:Pregnancy (b/c of radiation)
·Remain Still ↑
visualization
Remove Metals

>30-45 mins

Gives sedatives if claustrophobic

~Mgt:
1. Steroids: inflammation
I

Dexamethasone: Brain

Prednisone= Body
2.Maintain Facial Muscle Tone

~ Massage Face

~new orm

3. Diet:

Soft Diet
x liquid diet b/c aspiration

use straw for H20 intake

Thick Liquid
NGT (Gastric Gavage)
~ Levine Tube (Salem Sump is for Lavage)
Assess Ist placement, aspirate 50cc Asepto
+
air
b/ct entry
4. Ptosis mgt
~ Artificial Tears (Methylcellulose)
Eyeglasses/ Sunglasses
 Sleep:
Eye Shield

conse
glaugor > Assess Arousal + (OC

1. Best Eye opening Response

4 spontaneous
-

3-Responds to voice

2 -

pain
Responds to
1 No Response
-

-> comatose

2. Best Verbal Response

5-Oriented
4 confused Delayed
- -
Answer

3. Use of (t) Delay - Wrong Answer

Inappropriate Words:
2 Incomprehensible
-

sounds
1- No Response
No
* Pain Stimuli

3. Best Motor Response

6-Obeys command
conscious

I
localize pain, pinching
-Able to
-
Withdraws to pain
-
Ab & Flexion (Decorticate) unconscious/
2- Ab1 Extension (Decerebrate) pain stimulus

1 No Response
-

15 N -

14-11 -> Mild:Monitor Respi Arrest

Blood -
10-7 -> Moderate Report=
-
#X4
6-3 severe Cardiac Arrest
Emergency
- : -

homonisemianopsia-Research