sengury Anterior

sphere shaped
A. ETES: .

>receive light
lightto
>convert impulses
> occipital lobe

ANTERIOR

cornea-transparentmembrane
#

> allows to
light pass
> If damaged - become opaque posterior
C 7

Iris colored portion

U V
*

<to block light x

=
light entry 0
8
<allows entry of light
1 l
constriction dilation
Pupil
* hole Iris
of
(space in middle)
~controlled by Iris
cornea

i
Elongate ins, pupil constriction
-

↳
2
-Shorten (is<Pupil Dilation ↓ Iris
-
Trab
indocorneal
Mea angle
Lens
# - Refracts
light cornea
4450
if pupil
↓t
~
7 over
↳ constricts
An
ins
Dark-light passes : : I

angle
Iris =C
3
- - ->

g - >450 - Open
Light -- light passes ↓-
glaucoma
IB <45°- closed angle
Lens capsule - houses lens
glaucoma
> if pupil over dilates

CiliaryBody-production of
* ** (AH) , eye drops et.

>Al-maintains Intraocular Pressure (IOPN:10-21mmHg) (ICPN:10-20)

>Drainage:Trabecular Measure

Trabecular
* Alt Drainage
Measure:
Meshwork
canal of Schlemm- if blocked -> TlOp -> Glaucoma

CB + AH- TM - CS
 posterior cornea
vitreous
* chamber TM+cOS <pupil, Iris
>Lens
& eleall
> Vitreous Humor (VH): maintains shape <B Al

⑲
30 S
-

I
, absorbs light

ontremost ↓

2
Retina -
* sensory portion - humor

>Retinal Detachment

>color:RED n- /
3
-
cataract:Nodeter
no light BS (CNI)
~
absorption

<Photoreceptors:converts to
light impulses

<Rods:Black & White

ones:Colors -> ROYGVIB
Macula (Fovea centralis) - Central vision
>Macular Degeneration -> unable see
to middle

Astigmatism -> light focus +

-> YOP- ↑ ICP
·Blind Spot ->Xphotoreceptors
Optic Nerve ((NI) <occipital
PR
· - (BS(NI) -> OL (Cerebrum)
↓
transmit interpret

choroid:
* vascular Blood -

supply
-sensory
Retina vascular
choroid=
Sclera-
*
hard layer -> Protection
Sclera=Hard/Protection
color:Bluish

Conjunctiva-transparent membrane Retinal Detachment -> Floaters bl

Blood
of clots bIC
↳ top of
i Blood vessels blood from e
sclera of

rippedchoroid

Externat structures
3
Eyebrows
* Blocks light
*
Eyelashes ~ Prevents entry
sweat etes
to

Conjunctival
* sac

3
>Upper ~ Protect
Eyeball
Lower ~ Lubricate Eyeball to prevent
·Eye drops (in middle) + press lacrimal ducts systemic
absorption
Eyelids
* (inner outer canthus)
> ete cream/ointment

Lacrimal Ducts production

* -
tears
of

~ Tears:
cleanse eyes
<Lysosomes (antimicrobial)

Diagnosis
. visualization <portable
corned -
sclerd

/Ophthalmoscopy Visualize:
-

-> lens to retina - is - TM

-

Lens
~ SlitLamp - Retina

consideration:
*

. visualize Lenst Retina

<Pupil Dilator: Mydriatics (ifconstrict:Miotics->Pilocarpine)
>Epinephrine
>
Atropine sulfate
2. Look straight
3.Wear sunglasses - protect eyes b/c pupil still dilated
A photosensitivity

2. Snellen's Chart-Assess visual Acuity

letters - Numbers
Read:
>Distance 20ft (bmeters)
=

> N 20/20

you
LegallyBlind you wear-sighted
(M+0pial
200 -> You Far-sighted
20 N
+
CH-peropia/Presbyopia)
↳ Young ↳Old

3. Ishihara Polychromatic Plates -> Assess color Blindness

>Numbers letters

>Identify =
N

x Identify = (t
color Blindness)
>Men-Haemophilia, Red Green Blindness
>X Blood Clots
 Tonometry:Assess
4. IOP, Glaucoma
Painless - Non-Invasive TONOUE

Depressor Or
5. Gonioscopy: Assess ICA- >45-0AG Blade
> <45-CAG

C. PERRLA-* Pupils Equally Round+ Reactive to

Light a Accommodation
- Penlight (Torch)
>Outer to
Inner (shouldbe round

>+) -> pupil constrict

> (t) Brain Damage
Dilated + Fixed pupil --

B. EARS ->
Hearing & Balance

1. Outer -
Hearing -> Air Conduction
Auricle
*
- to catch sound cartilage

"C-shaped"
~Pinna- pull to
align ear canal

<3 b Pull back

+
= + Down

3: Pull back Up +

middle
inner
Outer

Ear
# Canal - passage for air conduction

·Earwax -> Protection Straps foreign objects)

> Hair -> Protection filter, Earwax +
- Impactedcerumen
>Conductive HL
>Hearing Loss conductive
=

Hearing
Loss -> partial HR
otitis media (infection)

Middle-Hearing
>

2. - Bone conduction
Tympanic Membrane
# -> converts air conduction -> vibration
(Ear Drum)

3 small bones
*
of ME

allers
->

-> ncus
vibrates

-> Stapes
 #Oval Window Entry
-

vibration
of to cochlea

3. Unser >sensorineural hearing

>Temporal lobe

cochlea- snail-like structure

* -
storage of vibrations
~Organ of Corti- converts vibrations to sensorineural imprises
> AGY((N8) -
~estibulocochlear
Nerve

Labyrinth/Semicircular Canals-Balance
*

>production ofEndolymph
Menier's Disease -> ↓ Endolymph - vertigo b/c x Balance

Avicle,
<Labyrinth
De
arcanal ! O
C
Outer
* &

I⑧
I (N)-Partial ⑧ S C -
Middle
a
⑧ ① -

3
Ear -
- ↳ Acoustic
SNHL, Total
arm
Inner,
* Nerve
↳ pinna inw cochled

MS
pressure of
Auricle-EC-TM- ↳ Eustachian Regulates
TUDE Middle ear

CN8 = cochlea Oval

window
↓ Loudmusic->Organ Corti
of
Temporal Sensorineural converts
(b/c it vibrations
HL (total) to SN

Diagnosis
1. Visualization

G
~Otoscopy - visualize ear canalt drum
-> Hold like a PEN
·
Align ear canal
- 3:
Back Down
3:
Backt Up

2. HAST- Hearing Acuity Screening Tes

> Assess HL
~ Whisper test one
-

syllable word per ear

>I foot/12 inches

 ~ Watch Test - Each Ear

↳ Ticking
sound
Put
watch over ear: Analog

3. Weber's Test -> if (t) 1 abnormal ear -

> Ab Ear=R Eart

=>
(SKUll)
>vertex
> Tuning Fork > Forehead

>AbN Ear-Lord (Clear)=CHL

>Weak (Silent):SNHL

> N Ear=Equal sound on both ears

4. Rinne's Test - Assess type of HL

>2 Ab N Ears
~Tuning Fork - over ear (do touch
not ear):
Air conduction

>mastoidbone:
Bone conduction
7 Air conduction (1m)
VR Ear (imz0s)+tHL
&Bone conduction
>CHL Air-SNAL
Earnedon" Nf Bone-CHL
1 Ear ->TAir Conduction + NOHL

5.Audiometry -> BEST TEST

Audiometer Decibels (dB) =

>20 dB (whisper)
>90 dB (shouting)
Assess severity & type (CHL/SNHL)

C. Romberg's Test - Balance Test

>(t) -> loss of Balance
-) N ->
 stapes are

Office-
usually
MIS
7

Hardening
-

of
affected

↓vibrations CHL
=

Etiology:Idiopathic
Probable Cause: Genetics/Hereditary
common:women, 604
HL:conductive -> I pitched voices (use Male voice)
SISX:
1. Tinnitus->Ringing of Ears, CNVIII Imitation

2. CHL

DX:

1. HAST Whisper
->
to watch

2. Weber's ->Ab1 clear->CHL

=

TBone
3. Rinne's->Ab: conduction

Audiometry
4.

M9t:
1. Surgery -> stapedectomy -> removal of stapes
↓ stainless steel prosthesis
>Robinson's

2. Hearing Aide- louder sound only

>CHL