↑

S
Is it too late to run
away
I hide?
·Dear students,

thank for the immense trust

and love!
you
It means the world to me. You have

done
your job by showing up
here
today;
it is to deliver.
Now
my job
It is not is
exam, it OUR exam.
your
Lets do this! Whatever it takes!

Yous, Zainab
·
 o
How to make the best use this class 8

get the best rank?

·
ACTIVE RECALL

·
WRITE

REVISION
·
REVISE-ACTIVE

·
PYRs
Great

-
·God exam-skills
 BTR day 1

10-12:30: Micro
12:30-2: FMT
2:45-4:15: Derma
4:15-7: OBG
7:30-8:30: ENT
8:30-9:30: Ortho
9:30-9:45: Radiology
MICROBIOLOGY
 Toxins – A B
⑬
Ribosyk
"Binding
d

Actue

aR
Inhibit Protein Synthesis cAMP cGMP NT release Superantigen
m

L L ↓
EF-2- 60S - ②CT
E
↓ Cholera ST Strep (
c.
dipthenia (DT) Staph
·

A - AT EREC
Shigella
·

Anthrax
=
BT
Le LI L Tetanosnasmin I ptosis -
0=0
-

Pseudomonas
·

SLT/VLI ↓

Be
ree
EEC -Travellers'
A
exotes in I
⑦GABA/
- - -
-

ENEC

0 157:47 O
P -
PT alycine
⑬ Strychnine t
~relax
-
risus retained

↳s Pertussis
.

Canned food: preformed tampar 3

Honey: gauze
Wound: I spores
 T est
Catalase ⑰ re
-ed

·get
-

- a

P -> Pseudomonay- any colon

A
-
Aspergills
4202
2 ->

hyptococcus, Candida
-
120+ 02

merbaden Hu ~

-D xidase-
 bite
soluble
->

tochin
op
-

L ⑳ L

S Sagalactice
Se
=

Draughtsmann/ SBDD
--

-amering
BEA
&

Carrow in
polysacch dies me
of early recall
exculid
Quelleng
⑧
-

L Camp test: sepsis

GBS
6.54caus
- reace

S.
&

pneumonial Lanceolate Reverse camp test: C.

-

perfringes
ch
depplocoi
 -
undersurf
-

--
- -

i -
I

⑭D
Marantic
⑰ NBTE=
endocardity
LSE

wanty 0
CSLE
doc
absens
ung

treuspid
-me-
MCC in IVDU/ Hospital Acquired / Acute- S. aureus ↓
- - -

MCC in community acquired IE- S. viridas

MCC in prosthetic value IE-
coagulase neg staph-biofilms Sepidemics
/she
-v
MCC in ca colon- S. bovis
 GRAM POSITIVE
Branching
Bacilli filaments

curs- Y
Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic
SRIDIUM I I

-g()
Polypeptide capsule (D Bulging Subterminal Spores:⑪
M'Fadyean test
for
inverted Terminal- -
Nocardio
Actinomyces
Medussa head C.tertium-Tennis racquet 1
-

PLET: B. anthracis (ugicmedestructis)

d AF AF
- -
-
- >-
-

C.tetani-Drumstick no
-

MYPA:
=B. cereus (Chinese)
--

=>

LISTRIA -
mimics 3
chrom
I
au

mages
-

Cold Doc HSMX

- [
-
PID IVD
Tumbling motility
-

> ceftriaxone t -
- -

Endotoxin
-

vancomy -
- Gelagrante
mpicillin
-

DOC- ·

↓ O

depthenia
↳
C.
L I L DOC-Penicillin
Chinese letter
-- Albert stan
K tellurite agar/ Loeffler removed
⑦ nece
Bull's
- -

serum slope
-
volution ( -

Bates Erst
 -
--

See S ↑

& das
↓ L
GAS O
GANGRENE Accordion
A

I
Volcano
sign

⑪fringes
gangrene
⑮ C.
en Sign Pseudomemb

Th
NA coletis
dyfale
-

c.

Laxm edtrnace h(0

R
-

anktrotiss
=>

[cephalosp)
rat- engine
redare Doc_Fidaxomium
A/B
a

Entertain
->
cytolism
 lis

N.
mening GN
GN cocci: ·--gl
Neisscua -
C

~mannitol
-

x I -
-

violen strung
adhesions
d d ↓
Campylobacter Here
Blc adenal age
Intracellular
ai
-

Fity Carlis
-

↳
depocoi Hug

1
·skinow
⑭
en
reduce
ause
-

Waither
·
Reiter Al
in

perhepaltes GBS stary

-
-
Darting motility
Transport:
-
IR/lai
Culture:
TCBS
Amies V.parahemolyticus-Shellfish
Transport Start -

V.vulnificus-Sepsis
Culture: THAYER MARTIN Y -
 GN Bacilli Peptone
Lactose
>°

Agar
Neutral red
Lactose Fermentation LF -
-

⊝ ⊕ Taurocholate

Oxidase NLF
Fast Slow Mackoncy
⊝ ⊕ E coli Citrobacter
Klebsiella Serratia
H2S production Pseudomonas CF Enterobacter
on TSI agar Burkholderia
-

&Halleng
-

↳it
EPEC Pathogenic- Pili Pediations -

X
-

⊝ ⊕
ETEC Toxicogenic 4-CAMP-
- -

35-cGMP
travellers

-dysentery
-

Shigella
Yersinia
#°
Salmonella
Proteus
EIEC
-
-sie- -
-
-

Dysentery YUS
I EHEC
edappendicits
I
motets (60s -)
Hemorhagic SLT
-

->

Urease
swarningcalcule ~ 0157:H7

staghom
-

EAEC
-

RIF Persistentdeaines
Aggregating
-e
paun
-
-
-
 Pseudomonas
• Ecthyma gangrenosum (1)
-

*VS Ecthyma contagiosum ->

ex vines -

-
-
zoonoses

• Malignant Otitis externa

• Burns Anthral
• CF ins most
sp han
[
MC in young- Saurens
->
↓

pdammate
--

MC in adults- Burkholderin
i
->

• Contact lens whatlow

- >
Acanthomeba
• Hot tub folliculitis -
-
-

&
• Acute osteomyelitis-Nail
-
*MCC- S. aureus
-
Sickle cell- SALMONELLA &
& - -

metaphyses
-
E. coli
t I
- -

-
-

I I
Klebsulle
-
-
 CO]
de
d
·g
Diene phenomenon Satellin
Chocolate agai
I

Proteus
L
->
↳.
inferenze
-
Mycoplasma
Diene staining
Fried egg
->
↳
op 4
- -
(*/E) desac
↳
its
NCL I
Eaton, PPLO agar -

M.
funfur (SDA)
-

Hematen
-

Walking pneumonia =

Cold agglutinin -
Cold AIHA
-
 Bartonelle
SPIROCUETES
El
-

hensclie
reponemen Catscratch
-
Stellate
migrans
granulate
E.

etien Lyme
hard tick
-

bute

Relapsing
1

-
-

-- Heuer

0 espuia
0 MAT: MACROSCOPIC
LLeptospians
CAT: COLD
↳
-
icter hemontagic Mycoplasma
---
-
-
SAT: STANDARD
all E milk
-

lte
↳ -
 Gummer
->
--

↓ d L
W
↓
10
syphili
Sash patches Alopecia 3
-philes
d
CRE 7
CARS
/ N/s/B
- -
Nemo

-
CUS
--- sec
-

pamless
hard indurated
Coxsackie
A
RMSF
=°
rese
syphils
--

- Great imitator FD
Alter
vs Acuminate &
6,11
No- vesicobulladars/printes - wants
Bushke ollendorf sign
-
-

deep dermal tenderen TFLAT topped MPY

--
R. Prowazekii
-
->
Ep typhus -
LOUSE
&
FLENT
R typhi I Endemic typhus- Flea
--

Butopiaplague
R. Ricketsii -SF palms/soles
=>

R. Conori Indean track

-

typhu HARD
R. Africae Afrean trek typhus
-

71

Ehrilichia monocytes
->
Tak
GAM E"
Anaplasma
- - -

Granulocytes
-

->

R. Akari Ricktstal
I
Pox
-

MITE
R. Tsutsugumashi
2 typhiy
Coxiella -
fever alational
=

ick
↳
Flea-EnI -

B. plague E
& Be
Stick file. cy clops
Y Lyme D
·

1
-
-

D. Ctens
RMSF
·

Endenic -

L -ferer ·14/AT· Babesions

RF
Ep
-

X
-

LOUSE RF
E/A
Feene
·

Ep typhus
 I O

Anopheles Edes ex &

Mansonia
Clean water
5km
- sophisticatedArtificial water
- -

collections
Dirty water With PISTIA
-

10km
-longest plant
Single eggs 100m shatest
-

-
Hunchback at rest
Larva parallel Single eggs
Adult angle Stripes on body and legs
-

Spotted wings Adult parallel

>
0
Dengue Brugia
Malaria I EChikungunya W. Bancrofti
JE malayi
YF A strain
-

West Nile
->

DLP6
-

Zika
-
---

--
Rift valley
- -
 Malaria ONE-LINERS:
Peripheral smear stain- JSB

Sandfly species
~
Thin:
Thick: Sn + 1
-

1 microscope:
- incidence
R
>
Rk39 Ag Test Hazar Most important measure of malaria control:
Best indicator of operational efficiency:

&
ac
-
Best during outbreak:
--

slide positely
ER
ROO Pre-eradication marker of endemicity
-spleen
rate
- f
-

Pre-eradication marker of recent transmission:

HSM infant positity
rate

Optional test

&
Kinetoplast olase
-
INA
-> HRP2

By
 C ⑲ O
C ⑪
&
I P. Malanac
trophozorte merozoles Acolle
-
-

Gametocyte
-
Schizot
Schiff-V
James-O
Maurier-F
O
Ziemann-M
e
- alepai - Babesions
P. vivax/e L

tick

go
--
Hard

RY
-
maltese
cros
 Culture Media Motility
Mannitol salt, Ludlams S. aureus
-

Tumbling- Listene
Bile esculide Enterococcus
-

Darting- vibro
Thayer-Martin Neuserna
-

Bordet-Genghou/Regan-Lowe Bordetella pentnisis

-
-
- Swarming-
-
Proteus
Tellurite / Loeffler serum slope
-
c.
depthenae
-

Corkscrew- treprene
LJ/ Middlebrook M. t -

Lashing- Barelia
-

BCYE X-LEGIONELLA -> 'water

atypical
E
-

Eaton Falling leaf- Guardia

-
- -

Mycoplasma
-

CLED
EMB 7
- E.coli ⑰ CLE) better Candida -
Quivering / twitching- Tnchomonas

EMJH Leptospira
-

PALCAM -> Listena-COLD

Hot
Skirrow Campylobacter
- -

s
-

TCBS -
. chalete M
Ashdown Burkholderia
/R
-

PLET Bantacis
-

cardia
MYPA -
B. cens
Selenite F Salmonella, Shigella
-

Dames
Cetrimide Pseudomonas
- ↓

Cefoxitin agar-
c.defacele trophozorte
trophos
-

=
 MYCOLOLGY – Morphological Classification

YEAST YEAST - LIKE MOLD DIMORPHIC

some
L
·

Aspergillus COLD- Mold-culline

Candida ·

Rhizopus
- -

HEAT- yeast -> n/P

·
Mucor - -

Absidia
S

Bank
·

HSBC
Pd
⑳
-
B-Glucan Galactomannan Histoplasms paracocadeo

Sporotuchosis
&
Penice
rem /
invasive
aspergillosis, candidians

Blastomes talaronyces
e ypoco st

Coccidionycor
Ged fungus
 HIP

S Mice
e
Aberculate
manocardia
- & 08
Gorgest
HIP resi
endospores Captain's
Chicago/ culture South American Bamboo bats
North American/
↑

Disease reservoir
Gilchrist disease
Paracocadio ↓
d --
Blastanngees
-

Intercellular -Janel Talaranyes/

-
broad
Ohio/ Mississippi/ -
California/ Penicillin
Darling
Fudding
-

Valley fever ↓
artuoyscres
Hitoplasmosis Cocadlarcycons
S
Re
desertheumatism
-
-
 a&
-

adulo
unevalie
wanty

doing smass

L ↓

>
Actinonyzclama Lymphangitis
↳ --

yellow
robeof !
in S. aureus
Enmycetime - black

↳
- - -
- -

CHROMOBLASTOY 1 -

⑧tuchosis in
Aster
---

Bolyrnycons amox-claw
perpening -

-
S. aureus
Schaumann

I
Bodies
↳ --

Rose Medlar -

->
gardeneren Asterid
'Are
=
 ·L
-
polysacch *

Capsule O

ococus For
Ink
India
Aspergillus
-
obtuse

3
seplate -
nonseptate
Acute
L
L Man
Latex
->
⑲
aggluti
-
-

su
most

- -asfit
Bird seed agar
doping
 ~Cottage cherry
8 CANDIDA
-cardy
↳sendohyphal
budding,Reynold phenol (
-> Geum formation
tube

com meal
Blu MIV/AIDS
Bl
again
->

940s
m
+

Inlancy dospres ⑮
Sickle/
ball
- crusher pingpong
Come
agai ⑰ Pond/pugpong #

signature -
depressed I
 CESNDES DH-Humans
00
①
staining
Movie

staryshy -E.
It

Mana
-
opercular
L
F
-
↳diminula
Grematode
Tinea -
1:host
t I
taper
-
--

~
ileum

sagmala Dwarf
solum D. Latum
- ·

(NCC] d tapeworm
-
-
h
tapewam
↓ CATTE 1-
PIG
= cyclops
2-fish /
 NEMATODES
~Paragonemic
lungs
L ⑳ L
&O

I ↓

Sdiffar
Enterobius I Triomen's Blastomeres
Strongyladies
Fertilised
-

Pinworm -

I avo-vivi
- ↓ unfertilised dy

whephone Hokwan
Nin
~ scotch ↑
Dis
/
stone,
im
--
·
rectal
tape Necatur
'swab
-

-
test
-
prolapse -
-

ameucanes
penanal
prandis
TREMATODES & termine,
Infective form: metacercan
I
S- cercaine Lat
Transmission: fecooral
-

-
S- skin
Sexes- hermaphrodits
S- separate
sexes
Eggs- operculated No flexible
spine
S- SPINE
Ans
Definitive host-
S. Mansmi
Primary Intermediate- SNAILS
Second Intermediate- -Scien Schematotium
S-
smartAs
-
-

mesentenc L
Fasciola Opistants.
Paragonimus inf mesentanc sup
plexus vencal
the
=>
r Conorches
plexus
I
Fresh
aquatic
↳
Fish fetsl skull ↓

⑳l act
fibrous
-
 ~H. nana
NEHA NON BILE STAINED

Meat Amayana
SUIT.
Enterobus
DON’T FLOAT Trea
/
↑
1 int
strongly lordes Heperors
unfertilised
CHES Tymea Acamie
I nana Entering AUTOINFECTION
osprndum
 -

DOC-Nitazoxanide
HIV/AIDS +

↳ dianhea
0
AFQ

Kinyoun
DOC-TMP-SMX

8-10u
stang
I
0 cold za

DOC-TMP-SMX

I Isospora
pao-30a
-
 Microfilariae Morphology
~- -

A.Wuchereria bancrofti

I=
B.Brugia malayi
C.Loa loa
~

D.Onchocerca volvulus
-

E. Mansonella perstans

NO
=>>

ameris 'Wanshes LBW

-
DEC provocation test - -
--
 DNA VIRUSES
RNA VIRUSES:
ssRNA
&1
exc dSRNA-Ranis -

intssuscept
SINGLE COPY
-
-

M
dsDNA ssDNA Retrovirus
exa 2 copies
-

UNSEGMENTED HY
-
- -

Bunya-
B 8
-

S
Nonenveloped HP's Enveloped Influenza
·

Parvovines
-

Rota

I
-
=
Ar "2
-

Nonenveloped A Arena
-
-

->
Smallest
Adenwin Heapes
--
-
Nucleic acid replication
x2y/ EBU/cmy/ DNA RNA
Spaceships -nv 6/7/8 I
-

Replicates Le
~HPY papillare ⑯ through an RNA
intermediate
e Nucleus cytoplasm
exc
papora
-o Largest
↳ exc
R I M
polyoma
--

Complex

Pox-cytoph L d -
d
arrage
symmetry small
Cytoplasm trut Measte
monkey
enge
"Decoy cells m
contagione
 HSX
=>

multruded

dome moulding
margination
rodies -
umbilicating
>
Negin
↓
-Rabies Cowdry A: HAL
Lipshultz bodies-
Mollersum
contagious
Lendrum’s Phloxine Tartrazine
Seller stain

erampus/Puskege a
Torres bodies-
Cowdry B: b pow

koilocytes
L itic

⑭ - al
eye

I&
-

oesophile
~

u
waithen-
RS +
Measles Finkeldey eosinophilic
 ⑧ &
- Moospot/Paud-
Wine Helenophile agglot
-

stit -
Bunnel

-21 iBLBurkt
a
~Bull
Lu

Tells NPC I
CD8 gastic
Iiing
ce

- disease 3 feer USM

+
post 2N
+

calls
Downey
-> mononuclears
infections
First Disease Measles (Rubeola) W -
F

making
I
in +

12
me of SSPE
performance
-
a all
uprenors delayed
Second
*
Scarlet Fever
-
L I
Diseases I
Spyogenes/Grp A) Kopik Spots
-

Forscheimer spots

Third Disease ⑦
Rubella fever trash slapped
neck

(xx)
I
Fourth Disease Duke’s Disease
Fifth Disease -Erythema Infectiosum

-
Parovirus
BIS desquamatie in
ragh pastia
Sixth Disease Roseola Infantum Feuer lines
Adog
Rash

&
=

Sublim
- -

Nagayans
-
Exanthem
 OO
“Crash & Burn”
Kawasaki
Conjunctivitis
desase
Rash
Adenopathy ul carical"
↳- La

Strawberry tongue
-

Hands swelling
--

>
BURN (fever lasting > 5 days)

I
+asparin

Y
&
=- ↳esyanerical
coronary aneyre
A
steators
I
 ~
↑
0 ↓
dead-
enais
-
end

↓ ifers
Reassatment
Influenzar ⑰ --

L Point
mutation
~ sudden
SHIFT 3
=

DRIFT -
slaw
pandences
Lepidences
- ↑
-
->
 A -

0
I

Dengue Antibody -

dependent ephaly
* enhancement Cah-GM-woja
-
-
1st -Australia Ag= Epidemiological marker:
HBsAg
- HBs Anti- Anti- HBe Anti-
IgM -Acite Ag HBs HBc Ag HBe

Ig9-Chrone + - IgM ⑧
+ - Acute
hep King
O
+ - IgG 0
+ -
⑧
0 -
- Chrnep Ring
=

- - 0
+

-
-
-

-
-
IgM
-
-

IgM
-

+
I
+
0
-

-
Acute
hep ring
window
penod
-
--

- ⑧
+
-
IgG - 0
+
-
Remote past
E
Associations: Recovered
Hep B VS Hep C - ⑧
+ - - - vaccene -
Imanaus
↓ -

⑭sol.
X

-
ayog lobulencance
BIOTERRORISM AGENTS

-I
Category A: Smallpox, Anthrax, Botulism, Plague, tularemia,C
viral
hemorrhagic fever (yellow fever, KFD, Ebola, Marburg, Lassa)
-
- -
~

Category B: Brucella, C. perfringens (epsilon toxin), Salmonella,

Shigella, E. coli O157: H7, Staphylococcus (enterotoxin-B),
V. cholerae, Q fever, Typhus, fever, psittacosis, glanders, Melioidosis

Category C: Emerging infections like Nipah, Hanta virus, SARS corona

-
>

virus
Wimp-M.
**
sepsis
I
DERMATOLOGY
 ro's aganulosis
s. concer 'Las mabers
->
-
-
Parakeratosis: Psonais
-

IHyperkeratosis: Ismars, LP
-

S. Gradem
-
-

Orthokeratosis: LP
palms 8 soles
-

shyperate
e
-

~
Keratohyde gin *D=
S.granulosum-odland
space

myosi
-

bodies

etic
↳
Cfishnet)

S.
~Langerhans eczene.
Birbeck
spinosum CD 1
-

a t

grameles
(turckess) 9-100 I

Langen)
Eg-eprg
--
CD 207

③
-enocyte
Merkel
- S. basale
cell CK7-
->

Epidermal melanin unit: 1:36

Epidermal turnover time: 56d
-

colon ca
- (k20
-
 ↑

↓ L ↓ L L
TARGET

EryMenra
dosum
-genation
multiforme Emigrans
E.
-
Eggratm
⑫F
no
I ↓

tender-shin HSK
Jones' Lyme D adenoce

panniculitis
- mycoplasma k
game
&

IBD/sidious
·

- fewer t the CN

Hogren's Heerfordt
 ~-

↓ ↓ L
a
->
silvery
sales ·

putting uten Grattage

test

pencet-in
drap oil Anspitz sign

Artrates
·

me-
⑭ subungal hypeckerations
·

mutilary- Beckley
Psonasis membrane

Telescoping
doc
- Koebner :
-
LP X

isintage
&

min
Pseudo – Koebner : inoculations

HPV warts

Reverse Koebner :
Psoriasis
 :

d
~Plane
" Pterygium/puptently
cral
I
patches
-people strial
Wickham's

⑭
↓

Hypergranulosis
-
I - ↑
C

Lichen
wipe on
EBX

X
S
nitidus
wipe
~
-DIDA claw clutching
ball
 A
0
+
hypopge
kon-
sphagette

mas
↓ meatball
d Herald
patch
tree E Feicolar -
are
sea colarette/
I aganette
nnv 6/7
MD paper in

u
- Reassure
&
scales
 ↑

L L
mycusted hampeligs ipels its
metige ↓
saued
des

farmi
well-def
strep/Staph
 Follicles
-
O ...
Furrcle
Carbuncle
2
-44
NF
-
all lagers
* as
#

↑ ↳
Eit FOURNIER SANDRENE Mancy's
ganger
 - SSSS
e bullae

Campylobacter afant
+
Rieter’s syndrome VS Ritter’s syndrome -

/ - uptung
e
-

aral xx

/)
-

a Le
⑬
<10. 330%
↓ STS-FEN
armulis ↓
--
deme
en urunatantsoral
-
-

dung
-
-
 &

↓ ↓ L L
trasma
wood's coral red
mosis
wedge
negreans
re

dradentis
-

Corynebacterium minutissimum Po
-
DM supplerate
adenoce

Wood’s lamp: UV-A -365nm

=> =>
Soret's band
Barium silicate + NiO filter -
 Ca*ApPase
/ Vaca -
-Damir
-
-

C Hailey
Harley
I >
&

hop grams
ronds
crop

Longitudinal
ling
->
Usplit

Dilapidated
brick wall
appearance
-
Scarring Alopecia:
Sli

⑭
Non-scarring Alopecia: ↓ L

3months- effemi
Telogen
Chemotherapy-
Accessible areas-
estress Hender
L
roggy Scutula

FANUS
Filhotillomania KERION

nee
T. Schontensi
A To meulo
igrophyte
c I -

2
i
Hair Perforation Test:

Microtubule
-
Griseofulira
DOC -

⑦
 A
-]
0 coun
-
/frontat
↓
Haritton
swarm bees
-

of
Exclamatory mark sign
Nail: Regular
pitting
-

paleng
-
Going white overnight -

--

fecia
areata -

Ludwig
minoxidil topical
e < Finasteride
- -
 000
G
I 0
ac

Dascopy -

↓
P

nodules
apple
jetly me-Sclofulodeins
children
↳volgenis
-

Central Scarring:
-

&
Central Clearing:
& Tinea componin zen
scrofuloscum
=
X- ↳ Interculide
Central0
Crusting: Kala asan -
--
 ⑭ ⑮
2
⑬
80
&

W
E

1 3 3 10 10 -
30 30-100
1
- -

-satelete
-
nerve
lesims
absers
reverse

annular
saucer
⑬ ⑫
TT BT BB BL LL
1. Number of lesions ___________________________increase I ⑪
2. Well-defined, elevated margins______________ill-defined
-

3. Single thickened nerve________ more- nerves bilaterally ⑰

6s
-

I
4. Sit Skin Smear (SSS) negative__________________positive ↑
- -
5. Anesthetic lesions _________________ sensations present
-

6. Tuberculoid granuloma ________foam macrophages and Grenz zone

-
Granulanas
foamy mphges
&
Indeterminate: FACE P. alba
-itly CMI 44 Grengz sone
scala Route of infection - inhalation
-

Histoid: nodule ~losS-1 Virulence factor- P41L P -

Lucio: LLY MC cranial nerve--> IM CN

- Mc Nerve for biopsy--radial cut
in sural n

Lazarine: malmitation -
nodulo-vicerative Earliest sensation lost--- -

-
 PBL MBL
-
I
10000
Skin lesions 0-5 >5

Nerves 0-1 >I

Leprosy
>

SSS AFB
-
⑦ ⑰
MDT duration 6 mon 12 man
-
-
MDT
>°
·

Rifampicin Dapsone Clofazimine

(Most ↑
effective)

I
Adult
X
600mg OAMS 100mg OD 300mg OAMS+
=
=
X 50mg OD
-
 Type 1 Type 2 CEN)
⑤
#

Hysn reaction: -

typeIV Type I
Seen in: BB LL

Relation to relation
⑦
treatment: In 12 mon
of
C/F: RED new nochulen
pre-existing
-

Systemic feer
involvement:
⑦ +f
artalgia
Treatment: Stelads
st_DOC
- --

Ralidomide
NSAIDS most
effective -

-
-

↓ L

L
-
---

E
- -

-
Gray ②
-
- Ganambee -

Chlamydia
IOC - -
NAAT
Differential diagnosis of vaginitis

- Adida
Diagnosis Bacterial vaginosis Trichomoniasis Candida vaginitis

faginatio
Examination
B.
vaginosis
(Gardnerella vaginalis) Trichomonas
(trichomonas
vaginalis)
(candida albicans)

labeug
-
-
Laboratory findings CLUE
-
CELLS -

Amsel's -
-
-
0
culeire
-
-

0
-
- --

-
- -

Treatment
- Metronidazole or
=>>
clindamycin
-
Metronidazole; treat
sexual partner
Fluconazole
-
 --

⑭
-

- -
-
-> - -

I -

- I
-
>
=>

&
-
->

D
-

0 -

BAD
-DCMS -
-
 APPROACH TO GENITAL ULCERS
Painful Painless
/ L -

0
0
L
L ↓ Butoes
besicles
erosions n.
ducreie 1
syphilis -gettin I

agercators Chlamydia
ROD
-due
CHANCRE
X ↳4x
2 X

↳
-

F
e
Donovanosis
Vesico-bullous diseases
zellae
flaccid -
-

I
EPIDERMAL subconcal

(P.ecythematos
-

DSG-1: P
->

foliaceous us -

DSG-3: O
P.
vulgains 1 p.regetans -
suprabusal ⑳ -

- BP 73
ulcers
-
EB
acquisila
-

-- cral

DERMAL
Bullons
BRAg pearphigord-tense
mule*
Salt split IF:
-

Roof-
BEpidemolis
=>

Floor- Gullosa
MECHANO-BULLOUS -

Epidermolysis dullosa (ET)

hotraumal
 ~now
of fort
S stone
un

Flacid bulla oral ulcer d Dig -

3

I S P. vilgans

&
P. vulgan's re
↳a
Anti-Dag
Nikolsky sign+
 Hense 00 I
extensor printer

y peal Re

some
L ↓

194/3
Linear
A Ocollar
descase
papillar tip-
↑⑮A granular
⑬ high
manidinessthe
-

napetiforis
 -
I Epidermal pregn
-

brown y I
&
OUS
-
-

↑
V
->
⑦
wood I UX CHLOASMA/ hsign Becker's

al
MELASMA
Chikungungen
news

due
slate
gray
0
11
↓
golia of
News News of
spots Ota
= ⑰
 I L

0 j
I
- contact leukodems

I ↑
Lmicus
Nevs

Hydroquinone: rubber
Island
24 of sparing
-

Parabutyl phenol:
-
indi
-

Parabutyl catechol: hair

x= Piebaldin dyes
<waardenburg
-

- -
-

-
Leleochrome iris
 00
--

L
I

Rosacca Malar- SLE

-

telenguclavas
 d ↑
membrane I
fishnet-Ithyois Patch t
&
test
genis Lamellar
-
Abe
Fellagin ictyosis
-
Callergic intact
-

colloida membrane
4
hrs, she
 ↓ L d L
&/

Heliotrope
As
Ash Gottan
CALMS
Sebaem
leaf papules
L
e
NF 1 L 17) ⑬
*
-
↳
-
9,16
Nr2(22) -

T
-
=
H
-
-
Sirolimus
Forensic Medicine
Types of injuries
Abrasion -

epidermal
Bruise -
submit space
Contusion ⑧ solid
organ Laceratios
Incession
Laceration
I
-

Incision
=
E
Stab
i
- 2

Chop
-

depth
↳
enging Edges: sharp irregular
Floor: A clean ingucy
Tissue bridges: - ⑰
Bruise:
-
⑰
 0 O
0

L
Graze abrasion pressure enf
abrasion tram track
Gravel/Gresh design
--
Six
penny Greise
burn bruise
breye
ectopia i
(one) # I

diaprpesX
comean

melaphyseal
ARTIFICAL BRUISE:
Firtant-vesicles
witching.
 d d

↓ I d
L

retation
Defence Arborisa/
Incised
&

looking wounds

laceration
wounds
Lichetrg
-
flower
Borderlinespelling
I
igreedens
bony promiences
9/

Dialectal rening
-
-

electrical
ing
-

crocodile
Joule turns
& BT
 G
AC
-Grease
Abrasio

dwiped
Collar
I
*
-

cipe of off
⑬ -demis
ech ce ⑦

if pic
-

%o
shotgut
 L
L
of
I
L ↑
.....
Le

I I I
rec all
I
Distant
chemy
enetemedete
cruciate
-

I
-
⑯
/

e BBT
~

XBB xBBT

BBT -
inside
~GC/Ac
I -GC/A2
x
G2/Ac

I I ↳
/ -
⑥

Stun
0

E
⑳ -
0 o
⑧

00
2: O

0
06
E
-

-
C
rathole
E

-
 10-Class
Types of Bullets: fingerpraling
Bullet -

↳ ⑲ en make
-

↑
I
Piggyback/
Tandem all
Ricochet
Dumdum
--
--
Frangible
-
-
-

& -- -
-
-
-
- -
I Exit wound-Everted
-

Dermal
- nitrate test ->
Gunshot

-
Kennedy phenomenon esdie
00- -
~
↑

- iatrogenic sest
of wound
 Exhibitionism Exposing ones’s genitals to an unsuspecting person or
performing sexual acts that can be watched by others
↳294
Frotteurism Touch or rubbing against a non-consenting person

Voyeuristic disorder Observe an unsuspecting person who is naked,

-e
354C undressing or engaging in sexual activates
354D- Stalking
Sexual masochism Wanting to be humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise
disorder made to suffer for sexual pleasure
Sexual sadism disorder In which pain or humiliation of a person is sexually
pleasing
Transvestic fetishism 3 Arousal from clothing associated with members of the
-
Eonism opposite sex
--
Suffocation:
Café coronary
-

&
I
Hemlich's obese
alcohol

smothering Gagging
king
-

-
Trust
-

e
-
en

-
me
L

↓ L
*In Traumatic

Jacknife positional Overlaying

-
-

asphyxia -
asphyxia
-
Strangulation:

throttling
-
Mugging O
Bansdola -

Garolling I
Spanish windlash
Features Hanging Strangulation
Direction Oblique
-
Transverse
Continuity Non- continuous Continuous
-

Level in the neck Above thyroid At or below thyroid

-

Base
⑳
Pale, hard,
parchment-like
-
Soft and reddish
hyxia
Hyoid fracture Abduction # Adduction # d

-last
low and

dog
of
sale
Surest Sign of Antemortem Hanging:
La Faire

my sympathies
Fresh Water vs Salt –Water Drowning
-

↳Na LC- ↑NaCl

Hemodel ↑

8↳
Er
Mg
4kt
= 1/ d
r ↓
ter
Gavin
Ly

test

spasm
Dry Drowning:
=
laryngospasm M
loss
- of AAP
soindete
-

Near Drowning:
-

death-survived
>
drawing
-Sepsis
⑦ elex
-

Paltauf’s hemorrhage
Immersion syndrome:
- --

↳ ⑮ Tardeau
⑩
-

pleural uge
xieges
-
 A
-
1 D ⑧
What

p
Arch

Dactylography-Galton system Change Disease

Complete loss Burns, Celiac disease

*diff
-

Development in fetus by 24 weeks

Permanent impairment RT, Electrical injury, Leprosy,
Quelet rule: identical Fire tragerprint Change in distance Acromegaly, Rickets
-

Quetelet rule: ->

Wt Ht
=
-100 Ridge alteration Scleroderma, Eczema,
me
(eg) (cm) Acanthosis nigricans
Rugoscopy: Palate
Superimposition: Skull
 Female Pelvis Male Pelvis
Shape of the
pelvis
&Wider Narrower

-
Pelvic inlet, outlet Larger Smaller
Coccyx
anteriorly
-
Moveable and more curved Immovable and less curved
anteriorly
Public arch
-
Wider V shaped
Subpubic Angle
-
Greater than 90 o Less than 90o
Pelvic brim ⑧
Large and round Small and heart-shaped
Sciatic notch O
Wider Narrower
Obturator foramen Small and triangular-shaped
-
&
Large and oval-shaped

Sacroiliac joint
-

surface
Short, wider and curved
&
Long, narrow and straight

Pelvic acetabulum
-
Small and faced anteriorly &
Large and faced laterally

All large and wide in females

except:

frame
O
S are
e
A notch
Feature Male Female

⑧
Architecture Rugged Smooth
Plate Large, broader and U shaped Smaller and parabola
Occipital condyle
⑧
Large Small
Supra orbital ridges
Digastric groove ⑧ Prominent
More deep
Less prominent
Less deep
Mastoid process
&
Large and blunt Small and pointed
Zygomatic arch O
More prominent Less prominent
Occipital protuberance &
Well marked Less marked
Frontal eminence -
Small O
Large
Parietal eminence - Small
&
Large
Orbits - Square with smooth margin -
Rounded with sharp margin

All large and wide in males except:

Ashley site

-F/P eminence
-Nasal aperture
-Female forehead, orbit, chin round
Zim of
1
-
-
⑱

-taparecenee 1
2 mon:
3 mon:
CR1 + >12y ⑰ 3yr:
-

4yr:
- -
-

LMO
by by by by log 12y ↓ d
5-6yr:
By 15y" by 9-12yr:
(10y)
~Elbow
-
---
17- 18
· (y]
-

ESHA Ki wast
-
 M

IIIII)

&

&al
O
-
I
(III)
X
 ⑳ -
-
a
PM caloricity:

=
Heat stroke
Pontine cdte
5
hemorrhage
Sepsis
NOT BURNS
seating
XX

-
PM lividity:
CO
Cherry red-
Brick red-
Chocolate- cyanide
Marbling sigmoid
nitutes

- sulfmethHb ② platean
Linear (d) Rigor mortis
S First- myocardium
18hs Parabola
(b) First external-
Nysten’s rule
eyclid
->
Rule of 12

-
Order in autopsy:
1) Poisoning ->
canty 1st-smell
cranial
2) Newborn -> abdo 1st
3) Asphyxia -> Neck last Diaphragm
-

4)Pneumothorax Chest Ist

- ↓ ↓ L
Putrefaction ADIPOCERE MUMMIFLN

Virchow- H - T
=

Letulle- en masse
A-
-LM ①preern/faul Not hemid-Sweetish Hot/Goddu
dy
-

Ipreser
Ghon- en block -Blog Casper’s dictum
A WE
->
--
->

of viscera
Rokitansky-
--
EmetaHIV/COND 1: 2:8

Leading questions permitted in: cross -

examination

res ipsa loquitur -facts

speak themselves
for
I
left abdo

Superfetation VS Superfecundation:
Eri i Semans
->

deff cycle -
-

-houses
Barberio test- Spermine acid
--
-

picric
BSP
-
 Entange /Bastiado
& datan
wet
submarine
Telefono
I e
&

Parrot
perch jaw have atte
proding Hog lying
Declaration
Tokyo, Istanbul Protocol,
Hamburg declaration torture-bad

Hongkong -

elder abuse
Venice -
feminal illness
Oslo -
abortrai
- - -

Helsinki and Nuremberg code

- human
em
Ottawa
-> -child
abuse
Sydney death
-
train
Geneva -

Hippocratic oath

Malta
stake
Hunger
->
-
-
 1
L OPI carbamatex
-
Miosis ochronosis
Baled lobster Copioid
·

--

(oil
-
-

Estembg Phenolic and/

H2SO4 of Loic acid Carbolic acid

vituo)
chalky teeth

Corrosive Poisoning:
-Acid: coagulative necross
we both Stomach Mucosa
-

Black/ Blotting Paper- H2SO4

-Alkali: -Oz(picricand) xatoprotein
Yellow-
- Liquefacture
necrosis -

perform
=> Leather- CARBOLIC ACID
-> FGL
 * Monday morning

1) fever + chills:

chemy ↳sinosso
2) Chest tightness:
3) sickness (headache): Nitrates
down/It --

in
ty
-
Canthardin

⑳ Priapism

Seyler test, Kunkel test, 250x4Hb

Wetzel test Indian red scorpion –
* than 02 Mesobuthus
-
Autonomic storm
americ
⑳
DOC- Prazosin
anoxce

-Histox,- (IV)
 - I

0
0

Common cobra Kingcobra 1 1

- Krant/Banded
-

-- Comman
brant

-easin
ELAPIDAE
-
-> AN
->
I ASY

11 Viper lau
u
N -Sea snake

tie
N
-

- Hydrodac
 d L
Abrus lan Ricnus/
Semicarpus/ Schnine
--
-

Castor
Bhilwanol
post
synaptic
cal brine

Wenzell test, Sonnenchein test

--

TOC: Urine acidification +

Diazepam
 =

-
L
↓
ite
Mees' lines raen
drop &
Mallecan

monk's hood-root DENIC-black appie

S Marsh, Reinsch,Gutzeit test foot
Urine I
Hippotens, an

Bone
&
⑬
-

Dus
T

0
Tactile Hallucination CEA Garlic Odour:
yjaw

Cocaine
Magnum bugs
C
ALP white
-

-- toxic
↳Ergot As As yellow
 1 R ↓
lines Minamata disease Black
Claptoman -Mad Hatter’s = Glass
-
-
-

blower shakes = Danbury

Ergot a
-

Budonian ↓

I
tremors
-Erethism

hi-te
11 M cA -
-Gingivostomatitis

"apper erug
-

1 2

Pb
Fe
Menury
 AchE O
-=
Organophosphates VS Carbamates
L ↓
irreversible reversible -
miosis

mins ↓
-

↓
⑧ R ->
Atropine + R
-Alropine
Hura(
A
ximes
-

I Thorapple
Hyosine - Atop me
-
-

B -
Physostognence
FBBB
 ANTIDOTES:
PCM +N-Acetyl
cysteine Alkalinization of urine:

M
Methanol, Ethylene glycol Fomepizole ->
Barbiturate
BZD -> Flenazemit Chlorpropamide
&
TCA -
NaNCOS -- DRS >100ms
B blocker -
-(came Methotrexate
NSAIDs
salveglale
-

Glucagon
-

&>
Cyanide Sulfonamide
-

ile's
bit Nitrite
Na ->
A thiosulfate
+

- cyanocobalamine
Meth Hb
&
-

Opioid NALOXONE BAL:

methylene blue
-

Digoxin Digi-Fab Hg, As, Pb

Ligrocaine
-
a
O
- -

Heparin CI:
Protanure so,
-
-

Dabigatran
Iron
-

-
Idamcizumab
Desteioxamine
-

↳
Lead -
ED i
Copper (D-penicillarine
ferrocyanide
-

E
Organophosphate -
-

Carbamate - Atropme =oxcine (0

Datura ->
Physostigmine
IPC Sections
 Not hate
82- <Ayr -

83- Fyr-maternity
toxicated
0 McNaughten
84-
rule
s

7
12y
85- red
-

0 untersich <7y
-

86- intech
87- >18yr- consent

consent
89- </yr
- <12y
90-
-
-2
Invalid consent
-
intoxicated / insane
understand

92- Whid
⑧ consent
191-
Perying
false evidence
192- Fabricating
e
0
193- -

-
Punishment

197-
I
False certificate
x
preserve
201-
*
↳ing evidence
emtalnung ->

202- conceal evidence

228A- revealing identity
victim
of rape
299- CH

300- CH-murder

Mental
302- as me
e

304- Punesh -
CH
-
⑬ Elements of Negligence
304 A- negligency
Criminal
&
Duty

304 B- He
owry
death
Ayr
-
>
Breach of Duty

Act Must Be
Done

498A -
Damages
Harrasment
(melty
-

Res ipsa loquitur FB

wife
-

to -

&Medical maloccurence - known

complication
- -
& I

I
312: CA I consent
of
a
313: CA cant
consent
of

314:
- -

-
CA I death
of
315: Infantiude
=

317: child
-

- Abandoning
318:
-
conceal birth
-
 i. Emasculation.

E
E
ii. Permanent privation of the sight of either eye.
iii. Permanent privation of the sight of either ear.
319- MURI iv. Privation of any member or joint.
v. Destruction or permanent impairing of any
member or joint
Gr HURT
320- vi. Permanent disfiguration of the head or face
vii. Fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth
viii. Any hurt which endangers life or which causes
C
the sufferer to be during the space of twenty

C
days in severe bodily pain or unable to follow
his ordinary pursuits
&
 attach
Acid
326 A-

at attach
and
326B- Attempt
 375- RAPE dife
376 - Punishmentrape

(death
376 A ->
peem vegetative
376 B
-
- of
separation manage

& rape
Custodial
"authority
1/
376 C T

-
-

376 D I
Gang
-
rape

376 E ->
REpeat offence
377- sexual
offences
Unnatural CONSENSUNL
 CrPC
Police inquest: Minimum rank

I
53-
Exam" accused
rape 0 0
Sub-inspector-Sexual offences
Head constable-Others
53A- - Judicial magistrate-Custodial
- death
Sexual Assault case: Duties of doctor

164a -Rape
rictm exam" 1) Inform police
-

2) Consent for examination-Age:

-
-
-y
3) Psychological counselling
-

174- Police
inquest 4) Written refusal
-

5) Provide
-
diagnosis and treatment
Time limit:
Vaginal swab- 96hr) Lugol's
176- Magistrate inquest -> -
iodine)
-
Semen sample- 72hr
IEA

32-
Byaration
&
45-
Expect wither

154- witness
Hostile
-

-
OBG
 Mullerian Anomalies

IOC: 3D USG/MRI
⑨GOLD STD:
Laparoscopy Hysteroscopy
+

MC Mullerian anomaly: Septate ~

cervical
MC C/F: A ⑰NLESS incompetence
--

tester abortions -

Infertility associated with: seplate

- -
--

Worst reproductive outcome: septate

&

I
-
↳
Best reproductive outcome: Arcuate > Diadelphys
Uncommon lie in diadelphys: transverse
Max association with renal anomaly: unconiate
ij
-

--

E
DES related mc malignancy: clear cell ca vagina
-

adenosis
DES related mc malformation: Hypoplastic Her
-

DES related most specific malformation: Ishaped Hes

-
 of
&
"
L
uniconvale Diadelphys
i
Biomete Septate
L
↓

Straussman

toplasty teroscopic
septum
resection
 -
->
septate

3DUSG MRI
 INFERTILITY
Initial Investigation: semen analysis Semen
parameters
WHO 2010 WHO 2020

MCC of male factor:

↓speem count Semen 1.5 ml 1.4 ml

I
volume
APPROACH TO AZOOSPERMIA: Sperm 15 million/ml 16 million/ ml
concentration
FSU testosterone Total motility 40% 42%

LH
-Esk e
Progressive
motility
32% 30% I
I
- LA
Viability 58% 54%

&
-

am Est
↑
FSUIM Morphology 4% 4%
test
↓ testosterone important
⑯tre
=

failure
testrcular

Kallman S, e ↓
S
pit varicole/architis-D
Female infertility
MCC of female factor- Anovulation
WHO grade- ⑳I
OVULATION:
MC- Usa Follicular monitoring
-

Best- d21
progestione 2 Nul)
-

⑬
Biopsy-d21-seco -ovul/endometites
Gold standard-
OVARIAN RESERVE
MC- IS 0. >

Best-
Am
TUBAL FACTOR:
Initial- 454
-
BE
-
⑩ septate
Best-
Lap chromopentubation -
metagene Here
-
APPROACH TO AMENORRHEA

-up te
Imperforseen
mer
incisio

on
t -
Transverse

maxing
-
rag septum
me

S listen
- Mulleuan
agenci
-
SRY
=>

>
-

-
X

↳
ext
def gen
I
x 2/3
FT
x ot x
upper
- rag
oraries
 lameword

means,
WPLOD

IO ↳
Karyotyping Premature
ovarian ~

failure
-> anal
bleed
GONADAL DYSGENESIS
-
woman
Secondary sexual characteristics:
-
⑦ gameS
amenochial
D&C
I
45XO 46XY 46XX en

↓
!
HOPPR -

Tens Swyer's
- >

The
gonadal dysgenes
- >
-

----sky
L BMI <185 - anorexia
⑦breast
uter ->-Am anosmis - Kallan S
 Turner's

doblastin
- -

-
i
00 ale
CONTRACEPTIVES-NFWP
L
d

d d ↓
Cut 380A Cut 375 Male Female
d
Mulkload Condom conden

Ds
L
durethane
-
S
Mirena (LNG-1VS)
AO
- -5gr (xNewP) X NFP
no menorhagic
CONTRACEPTIVES-NFWP

as

L
Lulaefere A ↓

Oc--N
CDRI, Lucknow
150mg ⑮
⑮man
.

LMG
0.15mg
-

EE-0.03 ·non steudal

mg Oc
Fe fumarate
Female sterilization
ac

O
X

ringapplicater

-
verces needle 1.52
salisticFalse
rings 15. CO2
-
-
<15mm
CO2

MC site of ligation: Isth mas

MCC of failure: Round - ~Laparoscopic - OBC

beganient ug
s

Interval:
e-lap
->
MTP:
↳ Aymensalmy]
Post-partum:

Concurrently
Consent of spouse:
-
1st
-
~ MBBS

Not needed
CONTRACEPTIVES

E P
+

d ↓ I I
E P

⑳
+

Nura
Diaphragm Today sponge mig
- -

speiicidal
agent
-

nonoxynal- 9
CONTRACEPTIVES

↓
POP

oscopied
>

ESSURE
-

-
-34 x 2.4mm: 6 Silicone capsules

Desogestrel 36mg LNG

=->

I immed
Esug ⑭ reversible
T
I
a effecture
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES

-OCP Juzpee
-

-MIFEPRISTONE
>
Misoprostol [PGE
-

Danazol
- -

↓ Mirene
- -

⑮
effecti
LNG
1.5mg
-
-
most

↳
⑬
 Contraceptive of choice:

Woman on anticoagulation for DVT: IUD /cuT

Molar pregnancy: COCP
Post-partum: POP
> IUD

Missed pill concept:

1 pill missed 2 pills missed 3 or more pills missed

d
I ↓

In
pills
↳
Pace
wok

tree
2

1/2 314
day
next a
e

I wa
APPROACH TO ENLARGED OVARIES

- Rotterdam
Is
Omm follicles - -

L
string ofpearl
·
CIF -
t

page
Birch
·

⑬ Melforn
-
-

etility
USE

Intracepr:
&

9:
-

Letrozole) are
&
LOCP
LEOPOLD MANOUEVERS

d
↓ L L
Fundal grip hat/
-

unfilical Pelvic
-
-
PAWLICK --

grip gi
I

altitude
at
L

Hypopgrodios presenting
part
the
 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN PREGNANCY

④ ⑳ constant
Blood/plasma/RBC volume Hematocrit
-
BT, CT
-

Retic count Hb
WBC count -
Platelet EF

-3
All clotting factors F 11/13
-Fibrinogen Protein C/S
=
IRV
↓ESR RR
SHBG/TBG, Total protein
- >

not
of tryrsine* p
PVR
BP
Vital capacity
TLC
⑧
CO, HR, SV
FRC
COMPLIANCE
=

⑧
IC
I
TV
MV
Sr Urea
E-
Uric acid/Creatinine
1 -
N in

-
pregnancy
RBF, GFR e
Vaginal pH late
Early pregnancy USG

D
~

as Isac
- -
retus Pyle Double blet
↓
surest slo embryo
&
tis-4.5-5wh -

Anacon
-
IUP 6.5-Twoks
yolk
Intradeadual sign
-
-> sae

rest
~ 5.5-6whs Fr
I Double decidual 7.5-8 wis
slo viability --

sign CP Most accurate for GA: CRL

-=
 Aneuploidy screening

the
is
Nuchal translucency 3mm -

aneupl) in
anomalies

Ist
Nuchal fold thickness -and tunester -6mm
e
Dual marker: HCG f PAPP-A Down-UCaI
&
-

-
PAPPAL
-

Triple marker: HCG + AFP +

nEE
4G4
Quadruple marker: -
Unheau- ↓ L

NIPT:
sening
- CONFIRMATORY
Be Gct
ranulare

I -
Chorionic Villous Sampling Amniocentesis Cordocentesis
(c) -xx
-

-infred
felat
10-13 wks.
Trophoblasts
⑪ felat 15-20 wks.
-
-

Amniocytes, fetal
18-20 wks.
Fetal blood cells anemia
-

dermal fibroblasts
-
Molar pregnancy
Complete Partial 0
--

Generally diploid Xtriploid;

Generally
or tetraploid; X extra set of
generally all chromosomes is
chromosomes paternal -

paternal
-

L
=-
-

Snowslam
-

appearance ⑭-to
evacuation
L

Ca F/U
 >
Q. 26-year-old woman G2P1 at 12 weeks POG comes with vaginal bleeding for 2 hours. She
has soaked 2 pads fully. BP is 100/70mm Hg, pulse is 88/min. Pelvic examination reveals0open
os with vaginal bleeding. Bimanual examination reveals 6weeks uterus What is the likely
-

diagnosis? -
150 b

A. Ectopic pregnancy
B. Incomplete hydatidiform mole
-
- Incomplete
C. Missed abortion
open -
inevitable
D. Incomplete abortion -
-
E. Normal pregnancy

Incomplete
Os open
Inevitable
Os open
Complete
Os closed
malened
Os closed
-

Missed
Os closed
0
-
- -

Bleeding + Pain + Bleeding + Pain + Bleeding stopped Spotting, Pain + Spotting, Pain +/-
Uterus smaller Uterus equal Uterus smaller Uterus equal Uterus smaller
-
= -

USG: RPOC
-
USG: Fetus, no USG: Empty ET USG: Fetus, FCA +
-
USG: No FCA
-

FCA
- -
e n --

Progesterone
-

Rest
 Ectopic pregnancy

PUL
neg signtire prege UPT + Empty Uterus

-ent
i

&
Next: B-NCG
-
18h X
-
-

-- ectopic
CRITERIA:
↳abo Cervical- Rutian (Palman
Ovarian- Spielberg
Abdominal- Studdiform
Mx –Ruptured: LBP ExpCaparatory
-

- Unruptured: Medical Vs surgical

-Stable

I
-Motivated
mu,
-HCG : 5000
Day 1: MTXO im
-FCA : absent Day 4, 7 : B-HCG
- -

-Sac: <1cm Repeat if <15% decline

-

Monitor weekly till zero

-

-No CI to Mtx
 PIH
Pathophysiology: Failure of invasion of spiral artery by extra-villious trophoblasts

Condition Criteria
Chronic hypertension
>170/90 -

<20wls POG
Gestational hypertension > 140/90 -

>2001 POS

Preeclampsia § Hypertension PLUS PROTEINURIA

§ ≥300 mg/24 h, or
-

§ Urine protein: creatinine ratio ≥ 0.3, or

-

§ Dipstick 1+ persistent
Severe Preeclampsia / HELLP

Tenesse
⑰-schstosytes
-
EPC
-
-
Match
600
Eclampsia
Seizures
 Antihypertensives in pregnancy: Eclampsia:
Labetalol DOC
dong
max oral-2
-
-

~
Methyldopa
iv
-MCC of death: IC nemorhage
Nifedipine
-
Nitroprusside ng &
-DOC:
-
e
Nitroglycerine -REGIMEN Pritchard 119
Hydralazine
5g/5g M
-
ARB/ACE 49 ix t

Betablockers
Diuretics
⑳ ⑮
-Therapeutic level-
Monitoring-
Greg
I

⑰ exiest

I Antidommate
-

RR
-

& arrest
 GDM -
24-28whs oos
-

Guidelines Fasting mg/dl Glucose 1-hour mg/dL 2-hour

(mmol/L) Challenge (mmol/L) mg/dL(mmol/L)
IADPSG 0
≥ 92 75 g OGTT &
≥ 180 &
≥ 153 X

D &
DIPSI
(wro] 75 g OGTT ≥ 140
X

Congenital anomalies DM
-MC CVS - YSD
-Most specific CVS -> T4A
-Most specific overall -> caudal
regression &/ sacral
agenei
->
Macrosomia -
>Abg
Liquor: --
Neonatal:
-
-
-
Hypoglycemia
-
Pol y hydranmens
Pendled
hypothers
LIVER DISEASES IN PREGNANCY
e
HELLP
L
AFLP
I
0
ICP Viral
Hepatitis

nemolytic there tiniester its viral

⑰pe
anenue
-

Un >600 ↓glycemia
-
BANDST
↑NU3
EL Y2x El 10-50x4
& - UDCA
#3- 5x
-
-
--
-

UP < 1 lakh ↳ Heiminate

S40T/PT
at 3 Frohs
B -> terminate
immed -
-

-
-
-
 Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Sappor/sydney
Clinical Criteria Laboratory Criteria
• Vascular Thrombosis • Anti-Cardiolipin IgG/M
-

• Pregnancy Morbidity: • Lupus Anticoagulant (LAC)

-

a) Premature birth at ≤ 34 wks. due to • Anti-B2 glycoprotein

preeclampsia
- -

b) ≥3 consecutive abortions at ˂10wks. 2 x 12 wks apart

-
c) Placental insufficiency at ˂34wks.

Definite APS:1 Clinical + 1 Lab Criteria

Treatment:
syphilis
-
-

Aspirin +> repain

omits
Anticoagulation in pregnancy

⑮I
L al
are
Emwn
is
36rly
was
I 12-36 I
- -
X L
LMWH
warfa -
PR-stem
FETAL MONITORING

-
0
W m

O -
-

⑳teable
water oxytocin⑭an
odd
CTG - acc+ contro
=

re ↓ I
A
⑭Tanteparters Reache
NST
- --
-
e
- -
-
R:Repeat
NST anenig
110-1606pm
a
fever ↓X
-> 1606pm
I
acceler
150pm
-
>55
-
(prolonged Rom)
&

-
charicamnionalis
Mean
20 min ~ -
DOPPLER IN PREGNANCY
UMBILICAL ARTERY
-
UTERINE ARTERY ⑦
MCA
I

-w
predict
early
-
- meet ⑳ anemia

-absent preclampsis
sawto
Rhisolman
11.

Reversal
<3 bwhe-stands atop

whe
-
- - immediate
TOP
>1.5MOM
- -

-
 MODIFIED BISHOP SCORE ->
ripening
cervical

Cervical Feature 0 1 2 3

Cervical dilatation ˂ 1cm 1-2 cm 2-4 cm C

˃ 4cm
Cervical length 4 cm 2-4 cm 1-2 cm ⑳
˂ 1 cm
Station of presenting -3 cm -2 cm -1/0 cm &
+1/+2 cm
part -
Consistency of cervix Firm Average Soft
-
Position of cervix Posterior Mid position/
anterior
-

Induction of labour:
>6-ripe -
-
-
NUD

&
Dinoprostone: PGE2
eine
get

I
-

Misoprostol: PGEl -
Mifepristone
-
Oxytocin-
Foley’s
-
Stripping of membranes
~
 A
Active Phase
Stages of Labour CPD
Protracted N-<1.2cm/mM- < 1.5cm/hu
Arrest No
diln--> LSCS

full diln o ut madequate

Stage 1: of ax (10cm) Second stage of labour
Latent phase –Active phase
oh I tide
Average: N- Ih M-
t
Original (Friedmann): 3cm Prolonged: N- 2h M-
-
Arrest: N- 3h M-
⑭*
-

Modified WHO Partogram:

-

- Second stage of labour:

-Ritgen manouever I
WHO definition: 5em
- -Warm compress perineum Y
-

-Fundal pressure X
Definition of Labour (ACOG): 6cm -

--
-Routine episiotomy X
-Lithotomy X
Stage 2 ->
baty expulsion AMTSL: ↓ v0PPH
-10IU oxytocin within 1min
Stage 3 ->
placenta -

-Controlled cord traction Brandt-Andrews

-

h after delivery
-Intermittent assessment of uterine tone
Stage 4 -
-Delayed cord clamping
-

eptras
aneasier
TYPES OF PELVIS

MC: Gyrecord platypelld

O
Least common:
AP > transverse:
me -

Face to pubis:
-
I Antipod
-

DTA: Andrad
-
-
-
moulding

O
Infra-umbilical flattening and FHS in

&
- flank:
Op
-

Management: it
watch to

- -

Ap >trav
-
-

ASuboccipitobregmatic 9.5 cm
z
-
Complete flexion
-
-
Vertex
 -

Foley's E2
Dinoproslime
↑ ④
bimanual

pinl/nym
- -
⑭z 250
ug*
PGE,
-
=-

saibals -
-
-
-

uterene - Navian
L
storl condan

Inle
(anti)
catheter
*
~

-
~

·
UAE
PERINEAL TEAR

d Yexhus
X

I Jenn immed -
↓

-
pan
imm
&
> 6w

-Jo
repair

-
TYPES OF PLACENTA

ilobed CC urcminoiginate
Marginall -
-
--
xelamentors

Medare
Pa
-
PREVIA
NASA
&
-

asphyxia
-

centrate
-
I
⑧ urunvalate ⑪
20PP, an
I retained placente O Hb FT-ali
Qualitate Apt
 #
-

TYPES OF TWINS monochoriomety-progrostic

d

V
laser
ablation

lo
I ⑧
0

O
Ign mc
DCDA
- -

>

from peak sign 8-12d

o-nd 1 8d
A confined
-

-> -- -

prices
-
thoracopages
-
 HIGH-YIELD Autreten
-
-
-

3ys
Teratogens cat Maximum amniotic fluid: 34 was
• Valproate/ Phenytoin -
NT Major contributor: veine
• ACE / ARB -
Renal
agenins Calorie Requirement increases in
• Li -
Ebsteen pregnancy by -
• Misoprostol -Mobius S
-
6/7 (N Second trimester: + 350 Kcal/day
>
Thirst trimester: + 450 Kcal/day
• Isotretinoin
P &-Upt
->
-
2 mas Lactation (0-6m): + 600 Kcal/day
Lactation (6-12m): + 520 Kcal/day
-

• Alcohol MR/FAS- smooth

pheltin
->

• Warfarin STEROIDS
punctate...
Chondysplania
->

Methotrexate DOC- Betamethasone

• Rig x2-21m
-

skull
• Methimazole
↳ clover
leaf im
t

@plasia (Schonal tren GOI- DexameMasine

Guts -

Grg 1
•&
x
12 has
-
-

Indomethacin apart im
↳ A o ductor Reduce RDS, NEC, IVH, neonatal mortality
free Neonatal jaundice- No
--

arteries
• Tetracycline ->
• Thalidomide
enamel
hypoplana change
-

Hupper bat
 HIGH-YIELD
twin
Uterine involution pregn
48hrs: I finger breadth <
2 abor
Complete: 4 who
I
I
- -X
Grum
at
beg
the
-
of
G-No. of conceptions
P-No. of past pregnancies >28wks
-
=
issue-tem
TPAL:
--
term +
preterm + abort here issue
+

I L
45Pp
>3full d
-

28-37 20-28 wly 1

+

2
A
1
+
+

periphery
- -

Post VVF repair

Abstinence: 3 mon
-

7-12whs POS
No pregnancy:
lyr
-

Distension media in hysteroscopy

->
-
MRP S

ine
Monopolar cautery: IDw
↓ Nat alleved
Bipolar cautery:
sensor
 ⑰ D

-
d
L L
↓
Emphalocele
Caudal Homelia rephaly --

regressing ⑭ ⑬ ①a
re

So Ministic
band se
gastroschins
bond loops
 CA CERVIX screening
Screening
-Start at: Clyr
-Pap smear:-X Yearly /
PAD
-Co-testing: 5 Yearly (Age˃30yr)
+ HOX
⑮
-Immunocompromised:
->

-Vaccinated: same yoly -

>

d L
-Stop when: ⑭
65ys
-

be e

Gasadil
-

His
spalata Cenex brush/

are
broom
14,
45,5E7: p5e
HPV 3, E6:
Low-risk 31 High-risk >2/yn-2-0,6 man
⑬

settings.L
WHO SAGE
In ↓
resource
poor
loders
Acetic and ugol's 95% alcohol Fix

Papins
-

·
:Harris' hematoxylin
COLPOSCOPY CIN-LEEP
4-6
Next
-

Next Orange
·

Bx
I Mass
·

EA-50
-
ant G (Punch ↳ ·

Eosin Y (Not B(
 CA CERVIX
I ⑳ opic II
23
III IV
-
a.
Vaginal a vaginally a BB

b-dytet
mets

⑤ -clinically lecting
in
visible Atrachy ing
I -
⑯ pelvic
a
-

⑧
-

e let
b parametual
-

128
Smm-a-dum
2um
m
CT-RT
>
- 00 ⑭8-1-pelvic
b-paramortic
Stage Description
I The carcinoma is strictly confined to the cervix (extension to the uterine corpus should be disregarded)
IA Invasive carcinoma that can be diagnosed only by microscopy, with maximum depth of invasion <5mma
IA1 Measured stromal Invasion <3mm in depth
IA2 Measured stromal Invasion ≥3mm and <5mm in depth

IB Invasive carcinoma with measured deepest invasion ≥5 mm (greater than Stage IA), lesion limited to the cervix uterib
IB1 Invasive carcinoma ≥5mm depth of stromal invasion, and < 2cm in greatest dimension
IB2 Invasive carcinoma ≥2cm and < 4cm in greatest dimension
IB3 Invasive carcinoma ≥4cm in greatest dimension

IIA Involvement limited to the upper two-thirds of the vagina without parametrial involvement
IIA1 Invasive carcinoma < 4cm in greatest dimension
IIA2 Invasive carcinoma ≥4cm in greatest dimension
IIB With parametrial involvement but not to the pelvic wall

IIIA The carcinoma involves the lower third of the vagina, with no extension to the pelvic wall
IIIB Extension to the pelvic wall and/or hydronephrosis or nonfunctioning kidney (unless known to be due to another cause)
IIIC Involvement of pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes, irrespective of tumor size and extent (with r and p notations)
IIIC1 Pelvic lymph node metastasis only
IIIC2 Para-aortic lymph node metastasis

IV The carcinoma has extended beyond the true pelvis or has involved (biopsy proven) the mucosa of the bladder or rectum. (A
bullous edema, as such, does not permit a case to be allotted to Stage IV)
IVA Spread to adjacent pelvic organs
IVB Spread to distant organs
 CA OVARY: PATH

CA-125- epithelial
Pseudomyxoma peritonii- mucinous adenoce of
Walthard cell rests-
NaturalBrennette
all
AFP- YsT/EST
- L
HCG- CCA
- I L
CD30- embyonal ca 1 I

&
~
LDH, PLAP, HCG, -
SCHILLER-
OCT3/4, NANOG- syncytic I cyttroph

germiname
- -- DUVAL
Call-Exner bodies, FOXFL2-

2
=
-

Reinke crystalloids-
Meig syndrome-
2
Inhibi
↑

Itromal the come Pure Leydig

->

Granulosa call
call aplane
-
--

A
-

Huma
-

pland s
ENT
 ⑰
-
L

-
C
-
Frontal
-- Best &

Suns
-
I
sphenad
↑
(Best)
-

Mod water's view

(open month ·Caldwell view

PIERRE's view

⑭
PNS:

IOC- HRCT
GOLD STANDARD- #S
DRAINAGE:
INF MEATUS: NLD
Fronlet
-
EAFaxil ary (MM)
+ DCR
MIDDLE MEATUS: I
FrAE
(B

Haller
-
-

SUPERIOR MEATUS: 1T

S-E RECESS: Spherid sinus

ETHMOIDAL AIR CELLS: ⑧
ANTERIOR MOST- Ager nasi

⑧
LARGEST- Bulk etmadalis
all
INFARORBITAL- Haller cell
OPTIC NERVE COMPRESSION- postmost - ONadi cell
->

PNEUMATISED MT- Concha fullosa

SINUSITIS:
MC SITE CHILD- Eimrd
MC SITE ADULT- Maxillay
MC MUCOCELE, OSTEOMYELITIS- Frontal
subpenosted
e
abscess
- -

MC ORBITAL COMPLICATION- Ethmad

Pott's pyty -
tremor
- -
 - desig &

fungal
Allergic - I
Sinusitis
farm
Menefrier's
·

Terted syndime
papillarner
sezary
·

&kunN Mycoises
-

-
fungiodes
 Adolescent with epistaxis
Diagnosis: ⑰
Origin: sphenopalatine
foramen
IOC:ET &o sy CI

Staging:
Radoni EMIDE
she
Management:
Feeder:
tog face Pre-op DSA
LECA

in 0 -

Homan-
-

sign
=

- ~y

-
-

⑲
--

--
-
Sampter’s triad
polyps BK
ethmoidal

-
[
Iaspirin hysh
Trotter’s triad
NP Ca
NP CA
112 Origin: Fossa of Rossenmuler
CHL
C/F: cervical (N
Neuralgia Palatal -
- I
EBV

⑪
secous on -
-
-

I
I he
-
-
ear
 Le Fort
-
--

I
#
⑦
0
L out
iron
I GPA craniofacd
pyramidal
MCF # remalais
CSOM I
dystr
mastard ⑦ CSFRhearke
cythema sig
/

Acute mastordits
↑
Bezold ->
aSCM
&
Griesinger sign: hat sinus trombosis - CSOM
-
-
-

citelli
-
digest
Gradenigo syndrome: Petits: If neceralgia +
+
CSOM
disch
(SoM) deptopia
Grisel syndrome: ear -
⑰a
Guerin sign: GPA nerstore -
he
Fort Rose poss
 Ulrich Classification-TEMPORAL BONE #
Longitudinal
-
Transverse
Parallel to long axis of petrous Perpendicular to long axis of
temporal bone petrous temporal bone

Conductive hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss 8

- -

Ossicular injury, TM rupture Facial Nerve paralysis

--
-

Otic capsule involvement rare -Ear

Injury to labyrinth and
cochlear nerve more common

↳ I
I ↳
 FE

--CP

⑧ I
0

target
-
-

#1
Blowout
CSFrhinorhea
-

erdrop #

MC site of CSF leak: intritom plate &

MC site of traumatic CSF leak: forca exmadalis trap door -

R
IOC to confirm CSF leak: Bz
transferrin
--

&
IOC: CT cis
-

tenography
- conservalue
 /
-

Tapir/ Hebra nose

Diagnosis- Rhinosclerame
Swimmer
Diagnosis- Rhinosporiclosi
Diagnosis-
Cause-
Rhinophyme
set
Cause- 1 Whinoterations -
Cause- R. seebein
=

gland hypertropy
Russel Body / Mikulicz Cells H/P- ⑱ endospries ca
DOC: Streptomycin + tetracycline TOC: Excision + Dapsone
-
-

Roomy Nasal Cavity + Merciful Anosmia:

Diagnosis- AROPHIC RHINITS
Cause- K. ozande -
--

Mx- Mod
-
-

Sx
Young
 ⑰t children post- elderly
wrde are
Little’s area
-
Kiesselbach plexus

⑰same
--
-

L
antepistaxs -
-

700
er's Mananeuer

labial ↓x
sup
X Large
Nasal

0 -actey of
↓X

epistons PA
-

->

-
ECA
-
 wall
ant
-
-- -

roof
⑰
-

·Framesre
-
↑

of
Not great occipital nerve

TM:
Lateral-Auriculotemporal, X
--

Medial-Jacobson's nerve (IX)

=
Referred Otalgia:
X-Tonsillitis: #
-Larynx/ Pharynx: E
-Face:
13 LATS
 t
heading
->

preauncular sinus
Danum tuberle Bat ear
Boxer's/Cauliflower
-
SURFER:
-
exostosis sam
DOC

I SWIMMER:
- GOE Leftazidine
ant
-
-
-

otitis
externa L
stosis 4/DM Pseudomonas
-
-
is obturans
 fistula
↑
Ant
-
post
mastoid -

sig
TE A
-

Et

Gene -

>
-
-

Cana

of
IX
Duguien
-

E
&medial
Footplate of -ecosmon-ISOM -eacest
stapes -> otosclerosis Scutum
epitympaneers
-
I

=
⑬

-
Lenticular Chorda
process tympani
L E
I
erosion on CSOM

M-I: Saddle Es
-
I-S:
--B8S
 LR

-> C
CN
7th stapedins
E
/
O
PE E
- al
ST -

medial
-
-

↑
 T
-

mi DP

M
SS

And
plates
 Rt - 50'

2 70
7
-

I
along
quadrant

0 Legithause
0 M -
- -

me
L Bullas
Grommet Rising Cartwheel
Glue/sea ⑰ e
↳us mynagitis
& &
ayuplasms
HSY
Asa
-
- -

Braun phign
sign - -

jugular spine erosias

 Tuning Fork tests

I
Rinne’s Test: Tuning Fork: 256, 512, 1024 Hz
Positive
AC ˃BC
-
V I SNL I I

u
Air-bone gap: 15, 30, 45 dB

Negative (HL

O
->
BC ˃ AC
False Negative
Weber
Lateralized
->
ol profound
swill
Weber ↳

Renne's
an en

Same- CHL
-
-

C/L- SNAL

cross
-

ABC reduced Gelle’s test:

⑲M
-

Schwabach reduced -
Presbycusis -
↑
freq HL
Where's D

O
/U/L episodic TVS
Diplacusis
-
↳
Tulio vertigo
-

Tumarkin
-

allack
drop
-

IOC: ECO4

low
freq
CARHART Note Baler's notch

0
L
-
otosclerosis ⑭ 0
Paracusis
- -

Pregnancy
B/L gradual &
-
-

CHL
V
S

Schwartz sign

salepresente
-
-

Rx: Am
=
Stapedolony
? e
 ⑭
Lossiudan
=>
discontinents
dysf I
som I zt
-tracted
Glue
ear
O ir

-o
->
otoscleros

SUPERIOR CANAL DEHISCENCE: CHL

 &
1 I
X
-
Gentanncen #
device
Meniett
Minawick
--
-- e
Landmark for endolymphatic sac
↑
Rw
 X
0

↓
OAE confirmating
-
⑬RA 31
II
- Audity
LONC EE COLIM A
->

->
-M43
Mea
-
I

↓ b
W
screening
-
e -
- - -

8NCN olivalary
-

d1 e

⑫mens
Cochlear
- N

L N
Dix
--
Halpick
⑰ e Eplay
 E

Acoustic Schwannoms
11 Anton A

-
-
Antarc
vencay
B
He creams B

O
-> -

NF2 acellular
-
 ↑

0
1 I8D
0

O
->

Ludwig's
->

I
PP absces
swelly
- neck

argina
-

I
Qvinsy- peulinslam
abscess

& HeLestrate
VS Quinke’s edema:
-
nvula edeas
->
umpod
- E
I
poss
⑯
-
Rumb
sign Raceni
barkingsough
-
epin
Andepigolluls
-

↓ Steeple sign
b -vaccess
prev Stends coup/Acute LIB
-
strep-mee -
Parainfluenza
 evert
Met
space

is
coups Prevertebral fascia

absor
- Danger ↳
-
space
Alar fascia

diaphrag Retro space ⑧ vL

-
hanging
- Buccopharyngeal fascia

tracheal Gfurn

-
All muscles supplied by
RLN except cricothyroid

SLN :
External Internal
 Vocal cord palsy

ILN ELN SLN RLN COMPLETE

Thyroplasty
1-
2-
3- Shortening/ relaxation
4- Lengthening/ tightening
 CA LARYNX

T1 T2 T3 T4

MC: T1 glottic: Co2 laser

Best prognosis: T1/ T2: RT > PL
IOC FOR STAGING CA LARYNX-
IOC FOR CARTILAGE INVASION-
T3/T4: TL > CT-RT
 00

d I L
⑬ ↓
Recurrent Turban -

-
Omega vocal
--
& Reinke's
resp ↓ Insp stude Nodules

papillomalas edema
⑬
-

We, Laryngomiatain
-

11
-

6/1-
painless GERD
&
--
prone vocal
L
polyp
Lys-conservative
 HIGH-YIELD

Tonsillectomy:
*
Primary- paratonsillar rea

Secondary- 5-10d
-
Reactionary- <1h -
egature slip
Surgical landmarks of facial nerve in parotid surgery
=

1.Cartilaginous pointer –Tragus

2.Tympanomastoid suture
3.Styloid process
- belly of digastric
4.Posterior

Subglottic stenosis
Staging: Cotton
Treatment:
Meyer
Mitomycin
C
HIGH-YIELD

O SNHL: Ciliocytophoria:
-

disease
Inner ear- cochlear viral
implant
S W
-

8th CN- ABSI braenstin

"
-

Position- Lat recen

-
-

A stenoses/
pus/absent
 TRACHEOSTOMY

Position (MC): 2-3rd ring

High: 1st = ca all
laughs
Low: infr-RRP
Complication of cuffed: tracheal stenosis
Prevention: ally-deflate I

Tract established in: 7-10d

Block: Partial -
I
suchers
- -

Complete- remove
-
trite >