Catalyst

Uncatalysed
✓ Effect of catalyst on Rate
of
catd Reaction
s

is
I^DH catalyst a substance

which Increases the rate

( Path)
of Reaction without
itself
being consumed .

Catalyst modifies the mechanism Reaction

of
◦

by alternate path
Involving
lower Activation

energy
-

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Reaction
Catalyst
rate
the
of by
◦
% increases

decreasing
Activation
Energy .

Ea , c < Ea

Ea ti k ↑ rate ↑
,
,

:
MOTI Ea / Rt
R =
A e- ( For uncatalysed Path)

€9412T '

ki A e- ( For Path )
Catalysed
=

'
k
if
=
k

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 A e-
Ea
/ RT = A e-
Ease /
RT
/

Ea_ =
E
RT RT
'

Ee
T
=
Ea÷

Fo Ea , c < E- a

'
T < T

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Reaction can be carried out at a lower Temper at -

in to
of catalyst
maintain same
are
presence
-

Rate .

NOTE Thermodynamic
catalyst not
affect
: does
=

like DH
parameters .

[ can be seen from Graph)

Not : catalyst does not

affect value
of
Equilibrium (
constant
Keay)

keg
%-)
=
Rate constant

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Activation
Catalyst decreases
Energy of
Both
forward and Backward direction

by
same value ,

hence and Kb ( Rate )

kf constant

Increases same Factor so their Ratio

by
kf- remain
unchanged .

kb

( Inhibitor)
N0 :
Negative catalyst decreases

Reaction (
the Role
of slow down the

Reaction .

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 f on
catalysed
"" •
•

an

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 '
E. a = 200 Kcalmoé T = 37°

60 kcal / more
7- 37°
Ea , c =

Ea/ RT
e-
É
k= A
=
?
Ea '

RT
-

Ka , C = Ae

Ea
/ RT
K e-
=

Je 4RT
P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 Ease / Rp ( Ea Ease ) / RT
g-
-

¥
e
= -

=
Ea /
-

Ry
e

)
links
k
=
x

( Ea Ea c)
log #
I
-

,
=

2. 30312T

log # # (200×103 6×103)

-

2-303×2×3,0

P block
=

C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
maks20200ue-o.tt Product

A Product
catalyst
found decreased
It was

'
that Ea is
by
catalyst
30k] moi presence
of
.

un

If remain for
Rate
Unchanged Ea
,

is
catalysed Reaction _

9/75 b) 105 c) 135 d) 198

AE
P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 Catalyst
i) E- a ii ) E- a -30

700k 500

E÷ =
Ea÷

Ea 5 Ea TEA 210

Ego
-

=
=

500

E- 105 ( )
Uncatalysed
=
a

catalysed Rxn 8 E- a- 30
105-30--7--1
=

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

QUI The biochemical Reaction
.
rate
of a certain

at Temperature (T ) Occur 106 times

faster Enzyme than without

with •

The
change in activation Energy
( Ea ?)
adding
Ea
Enzyme
is =
-

upon
.

a) -
6 (2-303) RT b) -

GRT

c) 6 (2-303) RT d) + GRT

501^8 links Maim

=
=

E-p,E÷
2◦
k

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 '
06
E-r
lnlo
10g
= '

610g ' °
=

E- Ec ② 303 RT ) 106 6
log
=
=

E- Ec = 6 ( 2- 303 RT )

E e
-

E =
-
6 ( 2- 303 RT )

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Radioactivity
Nuclei and
of some elements are Unstable

Undergo Nuclear
decay distintegratron
or

(without )
Spontaneously any external means

Emission Nuclear Particles like ✗ Particle

of ,

B- emission and Y -

Rays emission .

from
Unstable is
nuclei called
Radioactivity
.

Nuclei Element
High stability of Most
of
* stable

is due to Nuclear forces that

very strong
operate within Nucleus .

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

a) ✗ He nuclei
Decay : + ve
charged
"
2
He

b) 13 :
Decay
a) B- Particle : e°
_
,

b) Positron
Decay
:
+
,e°
( Bt )

c) Y Decay
8 Neutral EM waves .

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Band
of stability Band of stability
#p=i

µfÑ⑨µ
'

n
/p I I 5
- -

n .

; stability zone

P ( Protons)

in
Isotopes which lie the Band
of stability
◦

Radioactive
are
found to be stable i -
e Non ,

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Type of Decay

a) ✗ Particle

A- 4
A "

Z
✗ →
z
He t Y
Z -
2

2 31
235
u → ✗ + ×
90
9 2

neutrons 8 143 neutrons : 231-90=141

: :
protons 92
protons 90

n
/ p
% I - 55 n
/p = In 56

Value is
alpha
n
p same
By decay
-

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 is
If n
p Value same such species are
◦ -

known as
Isodiaphers .

% Value Increases
Slightly .

⑤ B- ( B- ) ie°
Decay
-

a.
✗
A
→
p(_,e° ) +
2-11
YA

Atomic
changes
no
Mars
-

no -
= same
,

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 ✗ and Y are Isobars

◦ n
/p Value decreases

✗
y ( ntp )
A A mass no .
Same

2 2+1

↳ Protons ↑
,

neutrons ↓

% ti

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

① ( e)
Posctronecay →

2
✗ →
+ ,
e.
°
+ YA
2- 1

"
3
N' →
+,
e° +
6C
7-

7 6
p= p
=

n = 6 n = 7

Value Increases
→
n/p

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

⑥ e- Cature ( K -

capture)

stability is
gained by K shell
-

e-
capture
by nucleus
For these electronic transitions ✗
i
Rays
-

are emitted

" °
"°
°
→
iqk +
_
,
e.
, @
Are

A 40 40

18 → n↑
P 19

P block- n
/p Increases
= C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
② R After
Rays
: ✗ B Nucleus
Decay
or
-

in Excited State
is
left
.

Excited state
-
Ground state

\ [ Rays

*
✗
7- ✗

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 Summarise

-4

a) ✗
A
✗ ya
Decay
✗ -
: → +
2 2- 2

°
Isodiaphers
nlp Value Increases
Slightly
°

Bf ,e° ) Yz+
A
b) B- ✗ → +

Decay
%
2 ,

Isobars
◦

◦ n
/ Value decreases
p
◦
n -
p

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

 A

c) B+ ✗
A
→ Bt ( ,e° ) +
Yz
Decay
: +
z _
,

◦
Isobars

Value Increases
Xp
°

p→n ↑
d) K :
capture
YA
A

✗ + e° →
z ,
z _
, _

Isobars
°

◦
Xp Value Increases ,

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

?⃝
0C
226-2, 4-
.

Ra #
86
×
y z p

write Atomic and P

no and Mars no
of ✗ ,y Z
.
.

At -
No .
Mars No . At -
No .
Mass no .

for
= ✗ : 84 222 P : 81 214

218
Y : 82

2 8 80 214

A
B- B- D
0¥ .

<
✗ y c

what is Relation between a) X and Y Isodiapher

b) Isobars
Y and C

P block and D Isobars

c) C

C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲
 d) X and D Isotope

A- 4
B- CA A -4
-

A
✗
-
Y -
zD
2- 2
z -
I

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲

*
NCERT :
Complete Back Exercise
,
lntext Ques]

Examples ( Except 4.17 )

C EX

Module : INE B ( Except 1

, 2)

P block C̲ i ̲r ̲c̲l ̲e̲