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Designed By -
Bharat
Panetta ¥?
,
e Shot
9. what do you mean by equilibrium ? Write down its
types .

At It is which
the state at the composition of
a system becomes constant under given set

of conditions .

* It is dynamic in nature
"
Both forward and backward reactions are
with speed
"
in progress same .

*
presence of a catalyst doesn't affect the final
state of equilibrium . .

Types of equilibrium
an
physical Equilibrium :

µ
Ha 0cg )
-
ee )
, -

Chemical Equilibrium in +3 →
2MHz
, Ha
Cg ) Cg ) Cg )
pm Ionic
Equilibrium :

CH COOH
-

th
CHI
-

, e
Oo

Equilibrium
Rate of forward Rxh =
Rate of backward
Rxh
CLASSIFICATION OF CHEMICAL Rxh
# ON THE BASIS OF PHYSICAL STATE
HOMOGENEOUS : HETEROGENEOUS :

Both reactants and products Reactants and Products are

are in same phase in different phase

Nat 311 To 2MHz egg 9112cg , -102cg ) →
2h20 ,e ,
Cs ) Cg)

1K¥ On the Basis of Heat

Exothermic Endothermic
Reaction
involving evolution reaction
of
involving
heat
absorption
of heat

Caddy → Ca CO2
C
Cs )
tog >
Cogcg ) CS )
q,
Cg)
Alt -

393-5 KS mot ' AM =

-1177 KJ mots
¥ ON THE BASIS OF SPEED :

fast Rxn Slow Rxn

Generally ionic reactions which Molecular Rxn which

do not
require much of activation require activation energy
energy are fast reaction .
and bosses through
Hut NaOH → NaCl +
H2O breaking and making of
bond
Hs + Iz →← GHI

↳ ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION :

Reversible Rxn Irreversible Rxn

Those Rxn which takes Those Rxh which takes

place in forward as well place in one direction
as backward direction

Nat SH, 7- LNH, Calo, es

)→CaQjCOgcg ,

PHYSICAL EQUILIBRIUM It is the process which involve physical

changes only , like equilibrium between

different States of substance at a particular temperature .

"* Solid ,
-

liquid ; ice ,
i. water at 0°C

sale of melting = sale of

freezing
1¥
Liquid Gase vapour) Watfvapgatoooc
'

water
'

, :
gig;) .

rate of evaporation = sale of condensation

1¥ Solid
'

, Gas ( vapours) CO2 ootid)

'

CO2 Crapo yrs )

,

sale of sublimation = sale of condensation

2AfTfSge@
Q Explain
.
Law Of mass Action ?

And .

According
reaction
to law
is
of mass action, the rate of forward
directly proportional to the
product of molar concentrations ( active masses )
of the reactant .

ie each concentration term

raised to the their coefficients
power .

AA BB
y Y
+ xx +

Acc . to LO M A
-
-
.

'
Rate of forward Rxn ,
rt 4 CAT CB]b
" Y
Rate of backward Ran, oba ex )
Active
* mass of a
gas or
liquid is equal to its
molar concentration .

Active is
* mass
of a solid constant .

Q Explain law of Chemical Equilibrium ?

AE Acc to this law, equilibrium constant in terms
of
.

concentration ,
is
equal to product of molar conc .

Of product divided by product of molar concentration

of reactants raised to the power their coefficient .

AA + BB F- XX ty Y

[ 434
"
In terms of conc .
: Kc = EX ]
-

CB]b
a
(A)
" 't
In learns
of partial pressure Kp =
bx by
baa b:

* Kp $ Kc have no units for a reaction AM -

-
o

an c change in no .

of moles ) =

hp -
no
of
-

no moles of
no of moles
.

of
-
-

product reactant
 Calculate units of Kc for given reaction
°

PAs F- PU, t Uz
(Moll t ) (Moll ) i
-

Kc
-

Mol L
=
-
l
-

( molts )
MILI Desire a
relationship b/w Kp & Kc
Soi att + BB f- xXtyY
Reactant Product
Inez .

of forward
-
rate reaction F- rate of backward
reaction
K -
-

EX3KEt In terms of
's
CATA EBT concentration

In terms
"
of pressure
kp= Px Py 't
Paa ppb
using ideal
gas eqh
pv = n RT
,
D= RT =p - C RT
d, conc .

bx -
-

GRT , by =
Cy RT , PA -
-
CART , PB =
CBXRXT

Kp =bx×.byY- = Xx RTM ( Cy RT) 't

Daa PB b
( Ca RT )
a
CCB RT)

[ Cx
" "
'T ⇐T ) cats,
Kp Cys) Cry
' -

Kkr e)
=

¥Bb] + b

Ah

Kp =Kc(Re) K i

↳ O 082 Latin
-

mot'
Ind for the equilibrium ,

2h10 Clegg # INO

egf Cla Cg )
the value
of equilibrium constant Kc is
6 1069 K Calculate
3.75 X lo at the rn
-

Kp for
at this temp .

hp HR 3 2=1
Log An
-

=
-
=

Ah
Kp =
Kc ( RT )
( 3.75 X ) (O 0831 X 1069 )
- t
= lo .

-
4-
= 3.33×10

Practice At 450k
,
Kp = 2×10
"
bar for the given
reaction at
equilibrium
2502+02 7- 2503
what is Kc at this temp .

9. Explain the characteristics of equilibrium constant ?

AED The value reaction is

of eqm constant for a
always constant depending only upon the temp .

of reaction and its independent of cone .

of reactant
.

a) If the is reversed the value of

sin
, eqm
constant is inverse
Kei 1-
.

Kc
) If the Is written in two steps, then
eqn
o

K = KI X K
,

o
) The value of eqm constant is not affected
by the addition of a catalyst to the Rxn .
 Ide for the rn Ng -13112 →
2MHz at 400K
eg ) CS ) eg )
Kp -
- 41 , find the value of Kp for each of the
following reaction at same temperature :

it 2MHz Cg ) '
Ng -13
,
Ha
iii) IN, NHS
+
3- He F-
Lii ) 2h12 t GH # A NHS
,

Ads Ci ) Kb ' = 1-
Kp , =
1-
Kp 41

Cii , Kb -
- ITI Ciri t Kb = @ Dd

9. Applications of Equilibrium constant

a) Predicting the extent of Rxn

K large ,
forward reaction
K small, backward reaction

b.)
Predicting the direction of Rxn

* for a stale other than

eqm state .

Q C concentration Ey ] 't
"
Quotient ) = EX]
's
EAT 9 EBT
case d) & D= K
,
rn is em
eqm
case Lii ) B g > K Cf dec ran booked
, ,

in backward
case If Q SK ,
G Inc reaction proceed
,

Rn forward .

dion .

c) calculation of equilibrium concentration

e.g Ng t 311 # & NY

, Cg )
Cg) Cg)

Initiation .
A b 0

a K b 3K 2K
After eqa
-
-

K
-
- CN Hz )
Z
= -
6×12
( a -142 Cb -3×33
-

Malden.gs
Q what is the
eqm each the substance
. conc .
of of
in
eqm when the initial conc .
of Icl was 0.78M ?
IIR LIU
Cg ) F- Is Cg ) +
Ud G)
Koo .iq
BE Initial 0.78 O 0

At O 78 2K
eq
-

x x
-
.

Kc X X
±
=
-

once -
-

-
(0.78 -
2K )

K2 =
0.14 CO 78-2×72
-

x
-
= VOTE g
x
-

-
O -
167

0.78 -2k
Hence at
eqm .

O 167
( ID =
-

,
Ill = 0-78

-
210.167)
= o -

446M
Le .
Chat elier Principle
it represents the effect of
of concentration temp
,
or pressure on equilibrium
"
A a system in equilibrium is subjected to

a
of concentration temp or pressure
change ,

equilibrium shift in the direction that tends

to undo the effect of change imposed .

Effect of concentration :
increased
.

c. its conc .

of Reactant .

reaction is >

reaction is
B of Product increased
" a
conc .
,

Effect of temperature : -

* Exothermic reactions favoured low tents

are
by .

*
Endothermic reactions are favoured by high temp .

Effect of Pressure : -

e)for rxn in which np=hr , pressure has no effect

e) for ran in hp > hp Inc .

of pressure favours
,
backward ma
Inc
o
) for an hr > hp e
.

of Pressure
favours forward
Rxcr
 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM
VARIOUS CONCEPTS OF ACIDS $ BASE
Acid Base

classical : Turns Blue litmus Turns Red litmus

concept into into blue
red
Arrhenius sokn In
aqueous
:
In
aqueous
concebt ion Solan
gives
gives ht ou
-

Brons led
e
HUHNE
'S
'
OOD e.g Naoh, Koni,oLfqon
lousy Proton donors Proton
.

acceptors
concept :& e .
e.g
.

Hao F- Hoot Hut NH, F- NHI tu

-

U
-

HU + +
Brons led
conjugate Bhfonsted conjugate
Acid acid
Base
Lewis -0
base
e
deficient
concept - ed excess
or
or
e -0
acceptor ed donor
e-
I BE , Alas , Cust re
't
,
e.
g Hao : ,
Nig
R -

Nina ,
U
-

Q What do by
.

you mean poly profit acids .

Those species which can gives more than

one proton
e.g tf pop F- Ha DOE tht Ka ,
,

typo } # HP of tht
g
ka
,

HPOjd pop
-

I tht Kaz
-

ka , > Kaz >

acidic strength Kang
Q . Explain electrolyte ,
non -
electrolyte , strong -
electrolyte
and weak electrolyte with suitable example .

And ELECTROLYTE '

. .

Those substance which dissociate

into tons in their
aqueous solution on passing electricity ,

are known as electrolyte and this process is known

CHICO OH NaOH Muad etc
as electrolysis e.g .
Ha
,
,

NON ELECTROLYTE :-
,
.

µ Those substance
which doesn't dissociate ions
in their solution ,
aqueous on

passing electricity ,
are known as

non -

electrolyte .

e.g urea , glucose Sugar

,
etc .

STRONG ELECTROLYTE : -

Those substa -

which dissociate
nee
completely
-

into ions in their solution on passing

aqueous electricity
known
are as
strong electrolyte e.g HU those NaOH KOH
, , ,

WEAK ELECTROLYTE
nose substance which dissociate
partially into ions in their Solan
aqueous .

e.g Nue Ong Chez Coon etc .

Q . what do you mean by Degree of dissociation K )

Aru
dissociated
.

-
L -
.
no -

of moles
Total no .
of Moles takes

case cell for strong electrolyte s

case cues for weak electrolyte KB
write down and
Q .
examples of strong acid base .

At
strong Acid →
Has04 , strong Base → NaOH .

OSTWALD DILUTION LAW :

It represents dissociate
- ion or ionisation of a weak electrolyte na .

C Hz COOH
e.g .
 K = CH 'T EAT
HA Ht + A-
-
-

a-
THAT
Initial C o o where c → concentration
cone
dissociation
degree of
.

2 -

After C- Cd Cd Cd HA
q .

dissociation

K= Cd Cx
Cd
.

Ig 1 -
q

for weak electrolyte ,

d -10
,
19457J
K "

IIc
Cd a- ITV
-
-

,
or

"

Ostwald 's Dilution law degree of

According
dissociation
to ,

of weak electrolyte is directly proportional

to the square root of volume or inversely propositi -

al root molar
"
on to the square of conc
- .

Q .
Ionisation or dissociation of acids and bases :

AE HA # Ht + A- BOH I BT + OH
-

Ka CUTIE ( Bt ) ( OH )
-

Cd Kb
-

Ca
-

.
=
-
-

CHA ) x) ( BOH )
cc f -

= (22 '
a Cd CL
K
Cf÷
.

re
an
=
need

a -
-

YI C
2- -

VIE .

Q Relative strength of two weak acids or base :

ionisation is
Greater greater
"
the degree of ,

strength molar concentration "

for same

strength of acid HA
Ia
,

:
-
-

strength of acid HA
.

Strength of base ( Bon )

strength of base ( Bou's ,
=

IT =
ITI
Kb
,
ELIO .
What do
you mean by ionic product of water ( Kw) ?
Ami "
Product of molar "
conc of Ht and OH
-

. .

OR
"

Product of thot and

"
OH
-

of molar conc .

Kw =
[ Ht] E OH ] = 10-14
+
OR Kw =
EH, E OH ] = 10-14 .

Q .
what do you mean by pH and pH scale ?
is
AE pH It the
magnitude of negative power
to which 10 must be raised to express Ht ion
conc .
of solution .

"
if Ent
K
pH=x i. e Ent) IED
-

co then
- -

- -

pH = -
leg o
Ent)
,

In other words , pH is equal to the negative log

base so do molar conc . of Ht ions or
Hyo ?
pH -

log ,@
EH
,
0+3

pH scale : It determines the acidic and basic nature

of solution .

Case Cil & pH < 7 solution is acidic

,

( ie't & pH 77 ,
solution is basic
solution is neutral
"

Lill ) & pH o
.
=
,

# Amphoteric solution e
.
[ Solution which is both
acidic and basic ]
NCERT
Q
Id
Assuming
.
complete dissociation ,
calculate pH
of
following solution
a) 0.003 M HCl b) 0.005 M NaOH
c) 0.002 M H Br d) 0.002 M K OH

AE ca) tea H 't Ce

-

cut] =
Ence) =
3×10-3 M
pH = -

log ( 3×10-3 ) 2.52 .

(b) NaOH + → Nat + on
-

aq .

[ OUT = 5×10-3 M

we know that Kw -
-
cut) ( OH -7--10-14
( Ht ) = 10-14
Ht =
lots
( ou -
7

Ht =
to -14 = 2×10
- "
M
Ffs
.

pH = -

log cut) -
-

log
( 2×10
-
"
I =ll
Cc) Hbo tag Ba
Ht t
-

PH log .cat) log (2×10-3)

-
-
-
- - -

, ..
2.70 =
.

(d) KOU Kt
age
-

+ - + ou
.

Cut ] to -14
pH =
-

log , .
Cut )=
→
=
5×10-12

PH -
-
11.30 Ay .

If
Q Desire the relationship b/w pH and pom
# we know that
,
ionic product of water

Kw =
Cut] Cont = 10-14

Taking log both Sides ,

we get
K
log Kw dog cut] log con I log
-

+ to
-
-
- =

log Kw log cut] log on 14

-
-
e
=
-
-

9TH Derive the

'

relationship b/w pKa $ PK?

SOI HA Hzot
-

t
Hao A +

Bron sled
acid
conjugate
Base

Ka = CATCH, Ot)
-

CHAT
 A- +
H2O f- HA t on
-

Brons led
conjugate
base acid
Kb = CHAI Con )
-

CA J
-

ka X ka Kw

CATCHgot ) EMA ) [ OUT

Hbo'T
=

.
Tou I -

THAT
= Kw ( ionic product
SQ Kw ka 10-14 of water)
Xkb
=
=

Taking log both sides .

log log
'4
log Kw ka log Kb
-

=
t to
-

log Kw = -
dog Kat flog Kb ) = 14
Kw
p pka pkb
=

+ = 14 .

SALT HYDROLYSIS :
2- It is the reaction of salt with water
to produce an acid and a base

* It is the reverse of neutralization