most common

conditions
Thermochemistry
,

at cont T, P Ep = OH

A CC t DD 9
# a t b B →
at cont T, V
8µ=oU g
OE
heat change carried out in Mxn is
generally
called heat
as
of Mxn .

# Rxn may
be exothermic or endothermic

@ =
-
ve
) (f -
)
tve

② ⑥
Reactants Products
n

^
HT
HI x
products Reactants
( more stable ) @ our table)
Axn coordinate .

Mxn coordinate

# Factors affecting heat

of Mxn i

⑨ F P ,
v etc

⑤ physical slat
of reactants
/ products
② Isomeric form
or Allotropic of Components
involve in sin .

⑨ Amount components involved

of .
 Different Type of
heat
of erxn : -

The standard enthalpy of formation, or standard heat of formation, of a compound is the change
in enthalpy that accompanies the formation of one mole of the compound from its elements in
Standard
①their Enthalpy of formation.
standard states. :
@ HE ) .

( t
02cg > cozy ,
i
0HI=oHI@z④]
graphite ,

> H2O : oHI= Otto Choe ]

,
H2 go ,
t
{ 02cg ,

: Olton =oHICHygD
City q
Graphite t2Hzq
,
y

ottfi-OHICBZH.cl
,

> Bz Hog , i
2B t 3 Hag ,
1424 ) t 3 HL g , →
2MHz q,
:
Otto THI (NHS D
D
2 (
Diamond
t 3 Itza ,
→ ↳ Hogs : OHS f- Otp @ Hs D

Note :
in their natural
④ 0
Etf for elements
form )
,

most stable form @ Reference

taken as zero
is
.

Gtfo CHL D =o
 OH of @ graphite] = 0
,
0 HI KD iamond] #
Gtfo [02*3]=0 ,
0 HE ( 03GB to

Gtfo @white]=o
HE @ Rhombic)
"
•

Otto (Behzad fo
Hof (Benz @ D=
O
• ,

on tue
② OHFIE may be
- ve

Application
#
i -

DD OH orxn
① a A t b B y cc t

CA ) HE (B) OHICC )
0
HI CD)
•
HE o
*

Reactants)
oHI×n= OHI ( products -

OHFOCDD
Ottoman =
( C
HE @ It
d.

OHICA ) t b. OHICB )
)
-8

[ a .

② 0k¥
"

for isomers
,
stability .
Standard Enthalpy of combustion ⇐HE ) : -

The standard enthalpy change of combustion of a compound is the enthalpy change which
occurs when one mole of the compound is burned completely in oxygen under standard
conditions, and with everything in its standard state.

et : Cgaphitet 02g ,
> CO2 ,qioHg Hc (Graphite)
=oHI④
Hoi OH :(Head
Hug , ttzozg Hey , :O
-

,
>

=oHf @ Load

Ccs ) t
you , > cogs : OHL # Hikes ] ,

Note :

① OH } is
always exothermic .

② Oxidation substance is taking place

of
in excess

of 0243
amount .

③ SHE @ 2*3=0
form have
products after combustion Zero value

of Otto
eg
OH
:[Hz%D=o ,
OH :@ 2*1=0
Application : .

① Calculation Otten :

of
-

AA t b B > CC told :
oltoixn
'
HE @ ) otters ) Otto @ ) OHECD ) per mole

Ottosen =
Otto [ Reactants -
Products]

OH 'h×n= -

( c -

WHEE ) tdxoHIDD-faeolti.CA )tb .oHc%D .

2
Stability of isomers and allotropes : .

or

OHE
stability
*

eg Graphite and Coram and are allotropes

ett Graphite t Oz →
COLE ,
i Otto = -
x
G )

( → oHE=
t
02cg CO2 :
y
-

Diamond ,

where are the values

y
2L &

Diamond
XL y
Gnaphite ¥
Y
-

Hq
x
stable
-

more

x
x
CO2

Axn coordinate
 3CalourificValue@vJC.V
.
= OHC peg
where M = molar mass
of fuel
Tm
M
n a

CV
fuel
#
Duality of ⇐

EE City Etty f .

by mass
of #

EI EHL ( Getty ( cuts

Hess Law:-

Heat does not depend path

of by
Mxn on the

which a Mxn its carried out

,
.

Reactants
②
I> products
③

Rxn A > 2B : Oltenia =

OH

multiply ① KA S 20C B 's oHj×n= JLXOH

Direction ② 2B 7 A : oHs×n=
-

OH

③ A > B : Ohio

c > D S
0h02
Addition Atc → Bt D : oH°s×n=oHitoHE

OHIO
Subs traction At D > Ct B ; oHI×n= OHH
-

'
OE
# or

Above is also valid for ow, Oso

,
• Go .
 City q → CO2 t 2h20 @ g :
Otten
egi ,
t
202g , s
,

given
② Ccs , t2Hz ,
→
Chug ,
:O
HE @ Hug ] ,

⑧ Hug ,
t
Elka ,
→ H2O @ , ; oltff.HN @ ] ,

C02Cgsi0HffC0cDt c0t2b0-a0ottoxn-CoHE@LafoHfo@tygDt2.
Dt2.o o
Csc ,
t 02 ,
→

HE Cho D) -

HE @ * D)
Enthalpy of Atomization:-

Enthalpy required to convert Insole substance ,

completely
into atoms called
gaseous ,
is as
enthalpy of
atomization .

EI
City ,
> Cq , + UH , :oHg×n-_ Oltatom @Hu

H2O @ ,
-32 It at Og ) :
oltnxnoltatomfltzoe ) ,

(
graphite >
Ccg , ioHoxn=oHatom @graphite]

GHG @ ,
→
6cg ) t GH :
Ottoman -_
ottatom
[ Cotto @
D
# ottatoninization = tve
 (1) ④ t H2
#s
'
C) µ
-241 -3920
-

3800

✓ oHoi= [-3800--241] C- 3920) -

= -

121 KJ

oHei=[3xE68i ) -16×-44 ))
-

[11-7*0]=-280

= Lo mole Colts @ ,

-7800kcal
✓

too
DE ⑥ t@

⑨ X = 131-282-242
⑨
② -3932 ④
=

Er
} OHE 7=-396.4

#
-
130.2 =
0
Itf # soy]
=oHf€o )
-

[(-396-4)-287

GHFCHLSOY ) =
-813.9-2

# Scythes +202cg , → HIS

y
Bond Enthalpy:- CHIE ) :

Aug enthalpy required to break bond present b/w

two atoms is called Bond
as
enthalpy .

¥ H2 72 ottnxn OKIE CH H)
Hq
i = -

, ,

Cq tutty ,i0HI×n=4x0HBE@ H )
→
CI City q, ,

eq cozy ,
T
Cq , t
20cg ,
:O Hein =
2×0 Horse @ =D

oHI.me/2.oIIBE@H)eIHL0q 0cg
H2O @ , → 2 t i

epi Hq , ,

,
7 2
Hq , toy , ; Ottoman =3 >

oHIE@H)
EE Aug enthalpy required
Hemolytic bond fission → free radical will form

Reactant and products are in

gaseous slate .

Bond dissociation Enthalpy:- @ HBDE )

break bond
Enthalpy required to
,
a
particular ,

two atoms is called bond dissociation

b/w as

enthalpy @ HBDE) &

CHE Hsin
:
Hgs OHBDEC
'
> t
Chug )
-

, ,

t .

CH z q ,
t
Hye , '
Hain =
OHBDECZ )
t,

CH
,
t It '
Hain =
OHBDE (3)
t ,

Cq ,
t It
¢,
'
Hain =

OHBDECD
GHB Ed ) OHBDE ③ OHBDE @
OLTBECGH) = t
OHBDECZ ) t
4
7 t I
Application:-
⑥ Calculation ottfxn :

of
-

AA t b B s CC t DD :
oltnxn
O

0Hn×n = It + Hreleased
Required

Where

Hretuired =

Enthalpy required to convert reactants

into
gas
t
Enthalpy required to convert

molecules into atoms

gas .

Hpeeeaged Enthalpy released when

gaseous atoms
form gas molecules and further
released to
enthalpy convert

gas molecules into their final slate .

otbixn
H2O o

eg ,
7 H2 t
402 ,
:O
Hrxn

°Hu°apCt0 @ D
-

OH BICH -
H)
X

I Okie @ =D
-

Hug , 72 Hq , t
0cg ,
2. OHOBE @ -

H )

oHn°xn
CHyg 202cg >
cozy , t 2 0HIxn
Hong
'

t
eyes
-

, ,
,

2- OKIE@ =D
4. OHBOEC H ) 2. x oHiapH%
-

Is →

Ccg ) t 4 Hey , t
40cg ,
> CO2 t 2h20 ,

2. oHBe⇐D -
4. UHDE@ H) -
 %
Hzc C
CHS
-
-

4 "
( Hy
CHZCOCHZ okay ?
@ ,
t HCHO # Ccs )
④ @,

ottvapccltscoatze? oH%b⇐D
^
r
-

→
-

othapqtaqy
Cltscocttzq -33cg ,
,
t
Og ,
+ Gite
, ,→CH4④tHCHo④,
t
* G. OITBEE H )toHBE⇐o) TZOHBEE
-

)
c

-
4. oH°BE@ It )
-

oHBE⇐o )
-

2- OHBECGH)
Ottoman
eg : Nzcg , t 342cg , 72MHz

4tBE( NEN )
3 -
OLIBECH -

H)

"
→

2µg t GHG )

OHBEHCH )
,
-
G.
 enthalpy @tre )
② Calculation Resonance
of
: '

ottoman 'RE
OH
X⑧ X =
:
-

,
Normal

SHORE = -

Ve
×
Resonating
otbixn
e¥ A , B :

⑨ ⑧
^

X
OHRICA ) -

KIIREBOI
ANO s Atoms > B④
↳
Required Hpeeeased
YI GHG t
342cg ,
s GHz
ottfxn
④
ftp.EGH6ei/
13 OHBELH H
) r
G OHBELEC )
-

-
- -

⑤ Hog 12 OHBE @ H)
-

x
-

,
④ GHG )

¥H%
othap @ toed
> 6Cqst6Hg ,
) -

oltpecctt )
,
0HB°E⇐C)X3toHBE ⇐4×3 t 6.

et CCS ) t 0297 atom

> ( 029 '
@

/
on
-
H°BE⇐ )
ottgwbffcs , ]
-
-
Iott'RE cozies )
\
X

Cq ,
t
20g ,
7 CO2 ,

2. oHBE⇐o ) ④
 OH 'n°xn
+ Htt s

E
EITI X

OHBE@ =D
.ae?II3/ot rsECH-Hpa
\
-

6cg , tlottq ,
t2Hq ,

-12 - GHBECGH )
GXOHBECC C
)
-
-

OHfrxnz-2.oHB.EE -

H) -

OHBECC -

c )

@ c) 1- OHBELH
-
H )
+ OH
BE
=
124
Rj
-

Pttscg ,
>
Pq ,t3Hg ,

954 =
3. GABE @ -
H)
-

Betty →
2% tutty ,
✓ g , ,

1488 =
OHBECP -
P ) + 4. OHBECP -
H)

-
④
 SHIN 393

&# CT Ccs , t
02cg , > COLA ,
④
718 498
T -

Iottpiecodl
Egs + Io → coup ,
-2×539 NO

-393=718+498-2×539 -

IOHOREI
OH 'RE =
-531

Complete hydrogenation
¥ (1) THz -5 C) :
oHI×E -29
A

⇐y⑧t3H2④
×
/ lottroel
I
a

ED
④ -3×29

IOHOREI = -511-3×29=36
 Enthalpy of solution :@ Hsien]

Enthalpy change when

solvent
one mole
form
of
salute

is dissolved in to a son
is called solution (may )
enthalpy of .
be tire or -
ve

limited
By amount
of
solvent is then
it is
integral enthalpy of Sol ?

e¥ Asc , t 100 H2O > A (10011-20)

@,
o
Hei = 0
HEES d )

AG ) t 200 H2O 7 A (20011-20)

OH; =
OHIESCZ )

very large
then
Gf amount
of
solvent is

it is
differential enthalpy of solution .

eyi Asc ,
)
t
at Aap
OH ; ⇐
HIDES

oltopievt 'M
a

OHsign
"
af F-

GHEES

-4--0 HI Est ) OHIES

x x x

(mole Solute)
>
Solvent
#
When Solh conch having 1 mole solute
of given
is diluted to another conch
by adding more solvent
called
then
enthalpy change is as
enthalpy of
dilution ( GH
Dilution) r

EE A Coo H2o ) + too H2o 7 A

CS )
@ 0h20)

GHI = OH
Dilution =
OHIES (2) -

oHIEs4 )
 Enthalpy of Hydration :@ H hydration )
① For ion
gaseous : -

th th

Aq ,
t
at s
Aag
Hoi
hydration LAID
o = OH

= -
ve

② For
anhydrous compound : -

Choy t 5 H2O > Cus 04 5h20

.

es ,
es ,

Otto =
OH Carson se D
hydration
= -

ve

Enthalpy of solution for ionic compound :

OHH Ottoson
-

If
-

Ax
By ⇐,
At at >
KATE t
y B-
^
a

GHEE ( Ax By so )
x
94
X
Atty , x .
OH
hydration ( AIFF
*

X 94
B
-

Y ④
Y -
OH
hydration [ B- q ]
"
,

OH sign =
/ OH ie ( Aa Byes ) ,
/ t x .
OH
hydration ( ATID TY .
hydration
OH
[B-Kid
Enthalpy of Neutralization @ Howat) : .

When leg of acid reacts with leg of Base then

called
enthalpy change
neutralization
is
enthalpy of .

Acid Mac;D
× No
Eg of =

of replaceable Itt

Eg of Base No
MBan of replacaben OH
-

=
x

EI Hce t NaOH → Nau t H2O

leg Leg 0HI×n=0H°neut

He Hzsoy t 2 NaOH → Malson + 2h20

1×2=2 2×1=224 OH; 2x Oltoneut
ego -_

ELI Cltzcoo It t NaOH →

Utz Cooma t H2O

OH Ieut
off =

Note :
-

①
Hta Otta , Hice , cotton 13.7kcal
'

t s =
-

, or

-57 I -

let

② Enthalpy of Ionization for electrolytes

-

#
Reg enthalpy for the ionization
of 1 male

electrolyte

HA → Ht t A- : OH ; -
-

OHEECHA )
Gt3 Coo HEE # COOH )
→ Ht
-

Cltgcoo It t o
Hei

# for St .

electrolyte OHIE =o et St Acid St Base

.

,
-

and Salts
weak electrolyte OHIE =
tve
ee w . Acid a W - Bases
 -23.2kcal
t 6h20 Call 2.6
Q. Cactus , @,
→
Hug ,

3 -5kcal
ay X
ay
,

Call
✓ > zag
-

2321-3-5 = -

19.7 kcal

Q.

:
>
4. otto @ -

H
)
 Enthalpy of Hydration :@ H hydration )
① For ion
gaseous : -

th th

Aq ,
t
at s
Aag
Hoi
hydration LAID
o = OH

= -
ve

② For
anhydrous compound : -

Choy t 5 H2O > Cus 04 5h20

.

es ,
es ,

Otto =
OH Carson se D
hydration
= -

ve

Enthalpy of solution for ionic compound :

OHH Ottoson
-

If
-

Ax
By ⇐,
At at >
KATE t
y B-
^
a

GHEE ( Ax By so )
x
94
X
Atty , x .
OH
hydration ( AIFF
*

X 94
B
-

Y ④
Y -
OH
hydration [ B- q ]
"
,

OH sign =
/ OH ie ( Aa Byes ) ,
/ t x .
OH
hydration ( ATID TY .
hydration
OH
[B-Kid
Enthalpy of Neutralization @ Howat) : .

When leg of acid reacts with leg of Base then

called
enthalpy change
neutralization
is
enthalpy of .

Acid Mac;D
× No
Eg of =

of replaceable Itt

Eg of Base No
MBan of replacaben OH
-

=
x

EI Hce t NaOH → Nau t H2O

leg Leg 0HI×n=0H°neut

He Hzsoy t 2 NaOH → Malson + 2h20

1×2=2 2×1=224 OH; 2x Oltoneut
ego -_

ELI Cltzcoo It t NaOH →

Utz Cooma t H2O

OH Ieut
off =

Note :
-

①
Hta Otta , Hice , cotton 13.7kcal
'

t s =
-

, or

-57 I -

let

② Enthalpy of Ionization for electrolytes

-

#
Reg enthalpy for the ionization
of 1 male

electrolyte

HA → Ht t A- : OH ; -
-

OHEECHA )
Gt3 Coo HEE # COOH )
→ Ht
-

Cltgcoo It t o
Hei

# for St .

electrolyte OHIE =o et St Acid St Base

.

,
-

and Salts
weak electrolyte OHIE =
tve
ee w . Acid a W - Bases
 Calculation of ottineut [ monoprotic tmonohydr£y]
Acid

oH°neut
① HA t Bolt > BI t H2O
ay ay ay
⑦ w.BG insult
^

OHIECHAT OHIECBOH )
x x

Otto
A- + Bt

+ t -

13.7 Leaf
Ht t OH
-

M -

57.1 KJ

,
# 0
Honey =
-

137kcal t OHIECHATTOHIECBOH )
or -
571 let

② SA t WB
ottoneut 137 heat t OHEE (Bolt)
-
=

or -

57.1 KJ

③ WAT SB

ottzuut =
-

13-7 KG *
GHEE # A)
or
-57.1 KJ

④ SA t SB

Oltoheut = -

13.7kcal or -57.1 UJ
Calorimeter : .

① at cont volume

* Bomb Calorimeter

② at cont
-

heat
f- Total
Fz Capacity of
T system
T
, > t

( pen compartment
(Tz
F- mole s f Ct T )
-

4ns molar heat

I mole
§,m ,
=
> =

① at cont P
Em =
OH = I =
GCI
Klm ) mlm

④ at cont V

im = OU @ OE )
=
I = CHOTI
⑦ m ) Mlm

OH = OU t o
@ v) or out
omg RT
 Kirchhoff 's Epn : .

AA > BB

per mole HA, HB ,

at P
,
T
,
OH , =

@ HB ,
-

AHA , )
per mole Haz HB , at P , Tz oH2=(bHBz -

AHA )

Haz HA
-

,
=
Cpa @ TD H -
-
f @ T)
①
A- Cont
-

OH -_
Ncp @ T) at

HBZ HB -

,
-_

Cpbftz -

TD -

GHz -
OH ,
= b. ( Hbr -

HBD -

a( Has HAD-

a. Cpa OT
b.
Cpb @ T)
-

GHz -
OH ,
=

(b. Cpb -
a
Cpa ) OT

OHL - OH ,
=
Epoxy -
OT

fd @ H) =/ '
DT kirrechhholt 's epa

#
Id @ E) =

fcvrxsidt
where Crown = Cv ( products -

Reactants)
(
Penn =
CP(Rroducts -

Reactants)
Q.

¥
Ba@ It)z
t
ZHCN →
Badly )z t
: Otto
2h20

20mmol
{oommmmohoh zommohhommoh

Otto = -
2×57 1-2×45 =
-24 UJI mole )
20
×

24
1*4-0×10000
-

HE
Q.
=④J
e-

105 kJ = -

57×2 t 2 -
OHIECHA)
U -5 let
O HIE =