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T3 Ecuaciones Diferenciales
T3 Ecuaciones Diferenciales
Transformada de Laplace
Transformada de Laplace
In[ ]:= laplace transform of 6t^2
Input interpretation:
ℒt 6 t2 (s)
ℒ_t[f(t)](s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) with complex argument s »
Result:
12
s3
Plots:
15
10
s
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
-5
-10
-15
min max
s
-5 5
-1
-2
min max
Limit:
12
lim 0
s→±∞ s3
12
— s3
— normals
More controls
Inverse iterations:
Transformada y transporfada inversa de Laplace.nb 3
backward iterations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
show frame
Input interpretation:
Result:
s s-1 3 (s + 4)
- +
s2 + 25 (s - 1)2 + 25 (s + 4)2 + 25
Plots:
0.4
0.2
s
-30 -20 -10 10 20
-0.2
-0.4
min max
0.3
4 Transformada y transporfada inversa de Laplace.nb
0.2
0.1
s
-150 -100 -50 50 100
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
min max
Alternate forms:
1-s s 3 (s + 4)
+ +
s2 - 2 s + 26 + 25 s2 + 8 s + 41 s2
3 s5 + 5 s4 + 122 s3 + 454 s2 + 1591 s + 8825
s2 + 25 s2 - 2 s + 26 s2 + 8 s + 41
Expanded forms:
s s 3s 1 12
- + + +
s2 + 25 (s - 1)2 + 25 (s + 4)2 + 25 (s - 1)2 + 25 (s + 4)2 + 25
s s 3s 1 12
- + + +
s2 + 25 s2 - 2 s + 26 s2 + 8 s + 41 s2 - 2 s + 26 s2 + 8 s + 41
s ≈ -4.01946
s ≈ -0.6033 - 4.8921 ⅈ
s ≈ -0.6033 + 4.8921 ⅈ
s ≈ 1.7797 - 5.1918 ⅈ
s ≈ 1.7797 + 5.1918 ⅈ
0 Re(s)
-2
-4
-6
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
Transformada y transporfada inversa de Laplace.nb 5
Series expansion at s = 0:
353 146 014 s 8 771 981 s2 212 720 927 191 s3 61 236 893 287 s4
+ - + + + Os5
1066 7 102 225 605 677 748 201 766 399 802 500 344 132 771 503 144
(Taylor series)
Big-O notation »
Series expansion at s = ∞:
3 13 28 782 1 5
- - + +O
s s2 s3 s4 s
(Laurent series)
Big-O notation »
Step-by-step solution
s s-1 3 (s + 4)
max - + ≈ 0.33894 at s ≈ 0.79084
s2 + 25 (s - 1)2 + 25 (s + 4)2 + 25
Step-by-step solution
s s-1 3 (s + 4)
min - + ≈ -0.30491 at s ≈ -8.9849
s2 + 25 (s - 1)2 + 25 (s + 4)2 + 25
Limit:
-1 + s s 3 (4 + s)
lim - + + 0
s→±∞ 25 + (-1 + s)2 25 + s2 25 + (4 + s)2
s s-1 3 (s+4)
— s2 +25
- (s-1)2 +25
+ (s+4)2 +25
— normals
More controls
Input:
s
ℒ-1
s (t)
s2 + 4 s + 5
ℒ_s^(-1)[f(s)](t) is the inverse Laplace transform of f(s) with positive real variable t »
Result:
1
ⅇ(-2-ⅈ) t (1 + 2 ⅈ) ⅇ2 ⅈ t + (1 - 2 ⅈ)
2
Transformada y transporfada inversa de Laplace.nb 7
Plots:
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
t
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
-0.1 real part
imaginary part
min max
0.02
0.01
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
-0.01
-0.02
real part
-0.03 imaginary part
min max
Alternate forms:
Input:
5 3 3
ℒ-1
x + - 5× (t)
4 x2 +1 x3 2x
ℒ_s^(-1)[f(s)](t) is the inverse Laplace transform of f(s) with positive real variable t »
Result:
1 t
3 t2 + 5 sin - 15
2 2
Plots:
t
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
-2
-4
-6
real part
imaginary part
min max
100
80
60
40
20
t real part
2 4 6 8 imaginary part
min max
Alternate forms:
1 t
3 t2 + 5 sin -3
2 2
3 t2 5 5 15
+ ⅈ ⅇ-(ⅈ t)/2 - ⅈ ⅇ(ⅈ t)/2 -
2 4 4 2
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
ⅇ
ℒt (s)
2
ℒ_t[f(t)](s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) with complex argument s »
Result:
ⅇ
2s
Plots:
15
10
s
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-5
-10
-15
min max
s
-4 -2 2 4
-1
-2
-3
min max
Property as a function:
2 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
Parity:
odd
Limit:
ⅇ
lim 0
s→±∞ 2s
ⅇ
— 2s
— normals
More controls
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
Result:
2
(s + 2) s2 + 4 s + 8
Plots:
15
10
5
s
-2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0
-5
-10
-15
min max
0.6
0.4
0.2
s
-6 -4 -2 2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
min max
Alternate forms:
2
s (s (s + 6) + 16) + 16
2
(s + 2) (s (s + 4) + 8)
Expanded form:
2
s3 + 6 s2 + 16 s + 16
Series expansion at s = 0:
1 s 5 s2 5 s3 9 s4
- + - + + Os5
8 8 64 128 512
(Taylor series)
Big-O notation »
Series expansion at s = ∞:
2 12 40 80 1 7
- + - +O
s3 s4 s5 s6 s
(Laurent series)
Big-O notation »
ⅆ 2 2 3 s2 + 12 s + 16
-
ⅆs (s + 2) s2 + 4 s + 8 2
(s + 2)2 s2 + 4 s + 8
Limit:
2
lim 0
s→±∞ (2 + s) 8 + 4 s + s2
Definite integral:
More digits
∞ 2 1 5
ⅆs log ≈ 0.0557859
2 (2 + s) 8 + 4 s + s2 4 4
log(x) is the natural logarithm »
2
— — normals
(s+2) s2 +4 s+8
More controls
Inverse iterations:
backward iterations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
show frame
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
6 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
ℒt [8 π] (s)
ℒ_t[f(t)](s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) with complex argument s »
Result:
8π
s
Plots:
y
40
20
s
-5 5
-20
-40
min max
s
-40 -20 20 40
-5
min max
Property as a function:
Parity:
odd
Limit:
8π
lim 0
s→±∞ s
Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb 7
8π
— s
— normals
More controls
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
Result:
12 s2
s4 - 16
Plots:
y
6
4
2
8 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
s
-2 -1 1 2
-2
-4
-6
-8
min max
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
s
-10 -5 5 10
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
min max
Alternate form:
12 s2
(s - 2) (s + 2) s2 + 4
s0
Series expansion at s = 0:
3 s2 3 s6 3 s10
- - - + Os13
4 64 1024
(Taylor series)
Big O notation
Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb 9
Big-O notation »
Series expansion at s = ∞:
12 192 3072 1 13
+ + +O
s2 s6 s10 s
(Laurent series)
Big-O notation »
ⅆ 12 s2 24 s s4 + 16
-
ⅆs s4 - 16 s4 - 16
2
Limit:
12 s2
lim 0
s→±∞ -16 + s4
12 s2
— s4 -16
— normals
More controls
10 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
Inverse iterations:
backward iterations 1 2 3 4 5 6
show frame
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
Result:
p-3
(p - 3)2 + 1
Plots:
0.5
p
-2 2 4 6 8
Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb 11
-0.5
min max
0.4
0.2
p
-20 -10 10 20 30
-0.2
-0.4
min max
Alternate form:
p-3
(p - 6) p + 10
Expanded forms:
p-3
p2 - 6 p + 10
p 3
-
(p - 3) + 1 (p - 3)2 + 1
2
p 3
-
2 2
p - 6 p + 10 p - 6 p + 10
p3
Series expansion at p = 0:
3 2p 9 p2 7 p3 3 p4
- - - - + + O p5
10 25 500 2500 25 000
(Taylor series)
Big-O notation »
12 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
Series expansion at p = ∞:
1 3 8 18 1 5
+ + + +O
p p2 p3 p4 p
(Laurent series)
Big-O notation »
Limit:
-3 + p
lim 0
p→±∞ 1 + (-3 + p)2
p-3
— (p-3)2 +1
— normals
Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb 13
More controls
Inverse iterations:
backward iterations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
show frame
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
ℒt [π] (s)
ℒ_t[f(t)](s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) with complex argument s »
Result:
π
s
Plots:
30
20
14 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
10
s
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
-10
-20
-30
min max
6
4
2
s
-4 -2 2 4
-2
-4
-6
min max
Property as a function:
Parity:
odd
Limit:
π
lim 0
s→±∞ s
π
— s
— normals
More controls
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
Result:
4 s2 - 8
-
s4 - 16
Plots:
y
0.5
s
-4 -2 2 4
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
min max
0.10
0.05
s
16 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
s
-20 -10 10 20
-0.05
-0.10
-0.15
-0.20
min max
Alternate form:
4 s2 - 8
-
(s - 2) (s + 2) s2 + 4
Expanded forms:
32 - 4 s2
s4 - 16
32 4 s2
-
s4 - 16 s4 - 16
s -2 2
s2 2
Series expansion at s = 0:
s2 s4
-2 + - + Os6
4 8
(Taylor series)
Big-O notation »
Series expansion at s = ∞:
4 32 1 6
- + +O
s2 s4 s
Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb 17
(Laurent series)
Big-O notation »
4 s2 - 8 3
max- -1 - at s 8-4 3
s4 - 16 2
4 s2 - 8 3
max- -1 - at s - 8-4 3
s4 - 16 2
Step-by-step solution
4 s2 - 8
min- -2 at s 0
s4- 16
4 s2 - 8 1
min- 3 - 2 at s 8+4 3
s4 - 16 2
Limit:
4 -8 + s2
lim - 0
s→±∞ -16 + s4
4 s2 -8
normals
18 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
s 8
— - — normals
s4 -16
More controls
Inverse iterations:
backward iterations 1 2 3 4 5 6
show frame
Input interpretation:
Result:
log 2s + ℽ
-
s log(10)
log(x) is the natural logarithm »
Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb 19
1.0
0.5
s
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-0.5
real part
-1.0 imaginary part
min max
0.3
0.2
0.1
s
-30 -20 -10 10 20 30
-0.1
min max
Alternate form:
log(s) + ℽ - log(2)
-
s log(10)
s 2 ⅇ-ℽ
{y ∈ : 0}
s
R is the set of real numbers »
Series expansion at s = 0:
log 2s + ℽ
- + Os2
s log(10)
(Puiseux series)
Big-O notation »
Series expansion at s = ∞:
log 2s + ℽ 1 2
- +O
s log(10) s
(Puiseux series)
Big-O notation »
ⅆ log 2s + ℽ log 2s + ℽ - 1
-
ⅆs s log(10) s2 log(10)
Indefinite integral:
ℽ + log 2s t log 2s ℽt
- ⅆt - - + constant
s log(10) s log(10) s log(10)
Limit:
ℽ + log 2s
lim - 0
s→±∞ s log(10)
s
log +ℽ
— - s log(10)
2 — normals
More controls
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
Result:
Plots:
y
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
s real part
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 imaginary part
min max
8
22 Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb
s real part
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 imaginary part
min max
ⅇ3 -s ψ(0) 12 + ⅈs
4
+ s ψ(0) ⅈ4s - ⅈ 2+ πs
πs
sinh 2
2s
ⅈ ⅇ3 1 πs 1 ⅈs 1 1
- - ⅈ ⅇ3 π csch + ⅇ3 ψ(0) (ⅈ s + 2)- ψ(0)
s 2 2 2 4 2 4
ⅇ3 csch π2s s 2 sinh π2s ψ(0) ⅈ4s - ψ(0) 14 (ⅈ s + 2) - 2 ⅈ π - 4 ⅈ sinh π2s
4s
sinh(x) is the hyperbolic sine function »
Expanded form:
ⅈ ⅇ3 1 πs 1 ⅈs 1 1 ⅈs
- - ⅈ ⅇ3 π csch - ⅇ3 ψ(0) + + ⅇ3 ψ(0)
s 2 2 2 4 2 2 4
1
In[ ]:= laplace ⅇ
4
Assuming "laplace" is the Laplace transform | Use the Laplace operator instead
Input interpretation:
ⅇ
ℒt (s)
4
ℒ_t[f(t)](s) is the Laplace transform of f(t) with complex argument s »
Result:
ⅇ
4s
Plots:
s
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0
Teoremas de traslación de Laplace.nb 23
-5
min max
1.5
1.0
0.5
s
-4 -2 2 4
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
min max
Property as a function:
Parity:
odd
Limit:
ⅇ
lim 0
s→±∞ 4s
ⅇ
— 4s
— normals
More controls
DIFERENCIA ENTRE LA TRANSFORMADA DE UNA DERIVADA Y
DERIVADA DE UNA TRANSFORMADA
La función inversa Laplace son funciones senoidales, senoidales amortiguadas y exponenciales se
pueden convertir en funciones algebraicas lineales en la variable S. Sirve para reemplazar opera-
ciones como derivación e integración. Este método permite usar técnicas gráficas para predecir el
funcionamiento de un sistema cuando La Transformada de Laplace es una herramienta que per-
mite transformar los problemas anteriores en problemas algebraicos y, una vez resuelto este
problema algebraico más fácil a priori de resolver, calcular a partir de la solución del problema
algebraico la solución del problema de ecuaciones diferenciales.
Input interpretation:
Result:
∂4
s ℒt [ℒ_t sin(t)] (ω)
∂ω4
2 LAPLACE_SusanCasanova.nb
Input:
1
ℒ-1
s (t)
s+1
ℒ_s^(-1)[f(s)](t) is the inverse Laplace transform of f(s) with positive real variable t »
Result:
ⅇ-t
Plots:
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
t real part
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 imaginary part
min max
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
t real part
2 4 6 8 10 12 imaginary part
min max
APLICACIONES DE LA TRANSFORMADA DE UNA FUNCIÓN PERIÓDICA Y
DE LA FUNCIÓN DELTA DE DIRAC.
En Control, la función delta se utiliza una idealización de una perturbación muy
rápida al sistema. Por ejemplo, si volcas un balde de agua en un tanque, entonces
el “caudal” es esencialmente una función delta, una función de pico muy alto, pero
con una integral neta (la cantidad total de agua en el cubo).
FUNCIONES PERIÓDICAS
Tenga en cuenta que la integral de convolución tiene límites finitos a diferencia del
caso de la transformada de Fourier.
La operación de convolución tiene dos propiedades importantes:
Prueba. La clave es hacer una sustitución y=t−u en la integral. Esto hace f una
función simple de la variable de integración.
No obstante, como g(τ) es una función causal, tenemos que para la que se
desvanece τ<0 y podemos cambiar el intervalo de integración a[0,∞). Entonces,
después de un poco de reordenamiento, podemos proceder al resultado.
Ecuaciones diferenciales, integrales e integro-diferenciales
usando la transformada
Input:
Separable equation:
y′ (x)
1+x
1 + y(x)
ODE classification:
Alternate forms:
y′ (x) (x + 1) (y(x) + 1)
y′ (x) (x + 1) y(x) + x + 1
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
y
-1.2
-1.4
-1.6
-1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4
x
y y′
y(0) 1
x y
40
30
(sampling y(0))
20
10
x
0.5 1.0 1.5
y(0) 1.
y
000
000
y(x)
000
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
000
Initial conditions:
y(0)
More controls
Input:
y′ (x) 1 + sin(a x)
ODE names:
Separable equation:
y′ (x) 1 + sin(a x)
Exact equation:
(-1 - sin(a x)) ⅆ x + ⅆ y 0
Exact equation »
ODE classification:
Alternate forms:
ax π
y′ (x) 2 sin2 +
4 2
1 1
y′ (x) ⅈ ⅇ-ⅈ a x - ⅈ ⅇⅈ a x + 1
2 2
Input interpretation:
ℱx exp-x2 (ω)
ℱ_x[f(x)](ω) is the Fourier transform of f(x) with frequency variable ω »
Plots:
0.6
0.4
0.2
ω
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
min max
0.6
0.4
0.2
ω
-20 -10 10 20
min max
Input:
Exact result:
πs
2-s sin Γ(s)
2
Γ(x) is the gamma function »
Plots:
10
s
-2 -1 1 2 3
-5
-10
min max
20
15
10
5
s
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15
-5
-10
-15
min max
Alternate forms:
πs
2-s (s - 1)! sin
2
ⅈ 2-s-1 ⅇ-1/2 ⅈ π s Γ(s) - ⅈ 2-s-1 ⅇ(ⅈ π s)/2 Γ(s)
n! is the factorial function »
6 integral-transformada.nb
Input interpretation:
Results:
Input:
ODE names:
Autonomous equation:
y′′ (x) -y(x)
Van der Pol's equation:
y′′ (x) + y(x) 0
van der Pol's equation »
ODE classification:
Alternate form:
y y′
x y
Input:
n n4 (z)
Z_n[a](z) is the Z-transform of the sequence {a_n} with frequency variable z »
Result:
z z3 + 11 z2 + 11 z + 1
(z - 1)5
Plots:
0.2
0.1
8 integral-transformada.nb
0.1
z
-30 -20 -10 10 20 30
-0.1
-0.2
min max
0.06
0.04
0.02
z
-150 -100 -50 50 100 150
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
min max
Alternate forms:
z (z + 1) (z (z + 10) + 1)
(z - 1)5
z (z + 1) z2 + 10 z + 1
(z - 1)5
z (z (z (z + 11) + 11) + 1)
z (z (z ((z - 5) z + 10) - 10) + 5) - 1