NATIONAL DEFENSE

STRATEGY

Authors:
Suhirwan
Kasih Prihantoro
Lukman Yudho Prakoso
Sovian Aritonang
Budi Pramono
TSL Toruan
Yusuf
(University of Defense)

Editor: Avinash Pawar - Mia Kusmiati

CV. AKSARA GLOBAL AKADEMIA

i
 NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY

ISBN: 978-623-6387-14-6 (PDF)

xi + 149 pg : 15 x 23 cm

Forward:
Laksamana Muda (Purn) Prof. Dr. Ir. Supartono, M.M., CIQaR

AUTHORS:
Dr. Ir. Suhirwan, S.T., M.MT., M.Tr.Opsla., CIQaR., CIQnR., IPU
Dr. Kasih Prihantoro, S.E., M.M., M.Tr.(Han)
Dr. Lukman Yudho Prakoso, S.IP., MAP., CIQaR
Dr. Ir. Sovian Aritonang, S.Si., M.Si
Dr. Budi Pramono, S.IP., MM., MA., (GSC)., CIQaR., CIQnR
Dr. Drs. Tahan Samuel Lumban Toruan, MM., Dips.SS., CIQaR
Dr. Yusuf, S.Sos., MM

Editors:
Dr. Avinash Pawar
Mia Kusmiati, MM, CT

Cover desaigner :
Mia Aksara

Layout:
Hendra Jatnika, S.Kom., M.Kom, MOS, MTA, MTCNA, MTCRE

Publisher:
CV AKSARA GLOBAL AKADEMIA
INDONESIA
First publishing, August 2021

*The contents of the writing are outside the responsibility of the publisher

ii
 Copyright protected by law

It is prohibited to quote part or all of the contents of the book in any way,
including by using a copier, without the legal permission of the publisher

iii
 FOREWORD

Laksamana Muda TNI (Purn)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Supartono, M.M., CIQar

Assalamu’alaikum Wr.Wb

Alhamdulillah, We always give praise

to Allah SWT for His blessing and
pride and appreciation for the
publication of Defense Strategy
book.
“Civis Pacem Para Not” If we want
peace, we must be prepared for war.
The development of the global,
regional and national strategic
environment has an impact on the
emergence of factual and potential
threats, so that the nation in the
concept of people's defense must
always be vigilant. The universal people's defense system has
been built by integrating all components of the nation
Faced with all the challenges that will arise in the future where
the threat that will come is a threat in the form of a hybrid where
the threat can no longer be a military or non-military threat, the
combined threat that will occur in the future knows no boundaries
and state actors. As an example of cyber threats that can attack
various fields in this beloved country. It takes the best national
defense system to face all the challenges, obstacles and obstacles
in the present and will be handled properly.
The existence of the Indonesian Defense University is a strategic
step to produce reliable academics in contributing to defense
science. The thoughts on defense and security strategies produced
by the Indonesian Defense University. It is a matter of pride and
hope that this nation will be peaceful and secure with conditions
of defense and security that are always safe and peaceful.
Finally, I have the highest praise and gratitude for the
participation of the authors who have written the National

iv
Defense Strategy book. I am sure this book will be useful for
readers in developing knowledge, especially defense sciences.

Wassalamu Alaikum,Wr,Wb

Surabaya, 17 August 2021

Prof. Dr. Ir. Supartono, M.M., CIQar

Laksamana Muda TNI (Purn)

v
 PREFACE

P raise and gratitude the author prays to Allah SWT for the
abundance of His grace and guidance so that we can complete
the writing of this book in accordance with the time set. This book
has been prepared to be a special paper for us in our careers as
lecturers and in carrying out the Tri Dharma of Higher Education.
Welcoming the 76th Anniversary of the Republic of Indonesia,
we took the initiative to gather to collect our work into an
anthology on National Defense, which is expected to be a
contribution from our thoughts for the progress of Mother Earth
Indonesia.
Indonesia as an archipelagic country which has a very wide sea
area which has very large natural resources, however, has a large
potential threat either in the form of threats on land, sea, or air.
This is something that needs to be anticipated in addition to the
management of human resources in the military field (TNI)
needed in the establishment of the Unitary State of the Republic
of Indonesia which needs to be continuously nurtured and
maintained.
The author realizes that during the process of compiling this book,
the assistance provided by various parties is inseparable, so on
this happy occasion, the author expresses his personal
appreciation and highest gratitude, especially to the Editor and the
Publication Team, beloved family, colleagues. -colleagues,
students who have helped the author in giving spirit, direction and
prayers. Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb..!!!
Jakarta, 17 August 2021
Authors

vi
 SYNOPSIS

B This book is dedicated to the Republic of Indonesia in the

76th Indonesian Independence Day, Indonesia is Tough,
Indonesia Grows. This book discusses National Defense from
various sides including sea, air and land areas. This is intended as
an anticipation of regional threats, radicalism, and illegal drugs
which have very high potential. Some of the threats that lurk in
the defense of the Indonesian state include transnational
organized crime, terrorism, trafficking, cyber crime, cyber war,
and so on. In addition, this book mentions the importance of
improving education in producing human resources such as high-
ranking TNI officers who are needed in the establishment of the
Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. The national defense
strategy is crucial so that concentration and developments are
needed to maintain the national defense optimally.
This book is very interesting because it discusses national defense
widely, can be read by lecturers, students and the general public,
as a medium to add insight in terms of national defense in order
to foster the spirit of defending the country. Happy reading...!!!
***

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
COVER COPY RIGHT
ii
FOREWORD
iv
PREFACE
vi
SYNOPSIS
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii

Chapter 1
Sea Defense Strategy and Urgency of Forming
1
Maritime Command Center
*Suhirwan, Kasih Prihantoro, Lukman Yudho Prakoso

Chapter 2
Implementation of Defense Policy Against
Threats for Securing International Shipping 23
Lanes in the Sunda Strait
*Lukman Yudho Prakoso

Chapter 3
Defense Policy Analysis to Deal with Radicalism
and Terrorism in Indonesian Universities 39
*Lukman Yudho Prakoso, Yusuf

viii
 Title Page
Chapter 4

Political Policy for The Papua Issue in The Context

of National Defense 55
*Budi Pramono, Lukman Yudho Prakoso

Chapter 5
Defense strategy at sea handling of Transnational
OrganizedCrime (TNOC) in Nunukan Indonesia's
67
national sea border
*Suhirwan, Lukman Yudho Prakoso

Chapter 6

The Evaluation of the Program of TNI Team up to

Build Villages (TMMD) 81
*Tahan Samuel Lumban Toruan

Chapter 7

The Role of Indonesia Armed Forces to Combat

Terrorism
(The Observation Result Before and After 103
Reformation Era)
*Budi Pramono

Chapter 8

Defense Diplomacy and Country Existence

119
*Budi Pramono

ix
 Title Page
Chapter 9
Smart Factory
131
*Sovian Aritonang

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

141
ABOUT THE EDITORS
148

x
xi
 Chapter 1
SEA DEFENSE STRATEGY AND URGENCY
OF FORMING MARITIME COMMAND
CENTER
*Suhirwan, Kasih Prihantoro, Lukman Yudho Prakoso

A dagium Si Vis Pacem Para Bellum, which means who wants

peace, prepare for war. Faced with the dynamics of the
global and regional strategic environment affecting the defense
system that must be prepared by Indonesia. China's aggressive
action in the Natuna Sea is one proof that defense in the
Indonesian sea is still a serious concern that must be addressed.
The aim of this study is to find the best sea defense strategy, to
secure the New Capital, especially in the sea area. The study was
carried out in the sea area which is the responsibility of the
Makassar Navy Base VI. This study uses George Edward III's
public policy implementation theory, qualitative descriptive is the
method used with the phenomenological approach.

1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has an open sea area. Various forms of threats that must
be faced increasingly diverse. The dynamics of the strategic
environment at the global, regional and domestic levels present a
very broad spectrum of threats; ranging from threats to
environmental and resource security, maritime security, human
security at sea, to threats to state sovereignty (Suhirwan &
Prakoso, 2019a). Moreover, in interconnected seas, forms of
threat are always dynamic and difficult to predict. Therefore, the

1
 responsibility to guarantee stability and security in Indonesian
waters which is one of the tasks of the Indonesian Navy (TNI AL)
carries complex challenges. TNI AL has a task that is currently
increasingly prominent, in line with government policies to make
the maritime sector a priority in national development, or better
known as the vision of building Indonesia into a World Maritime
Fulcrum (Poros Maritim Dunia). The success of TNI AL in
realizing maritime security in Indonesia (Suhirwan & Prakoso,
2019b), is one of the preconditions for the achievement of this
vision, in the table below is one of the challenges in securing the
territorial waters of Indonesia, namely crime of ship piracies. The
table below shows data on ship robberies around the world.
Indonesia's struggle to gain international recognition as an
archipelago has an impact on its responsibility to provide the
Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Path (Alur Laut Kepulauan
Indonesia or ALKI). This path is used by various countries for
transportation of both ships and aircraft. ALKI is not only
prepared by Indonesia as a sovereign country over an island
nation's sea area but has a great responsibility to guarantee the
safety of anyone who uses ALKI. This is not so easy to be
implemented by Indonesia, given the various limitations that are
also related to the territory of neighboring countries that are not
yet fully felt safe such as ALKI III through the Philippine sea
area. The philippine sea area is currently still a concern of the
international community due to frequent piracies by hostage of
several crew members from various countries. The signing was
followed by a ransom request for a very large amount of money.
This condition makes special attention in safeguarding ALKI in
Indonesia, especially ALKI III. According to Government
Regulation No. 37 of 2002, ALKI mentioned that there are 3
(three) ALKIs in Indonesia: 1. ALKI I includes maritime lanes
from the South China Sea across the Natuna Sea, Karimata Strait,
Java Sea, and Sunda Strait to the Indian Ocean, and vice versa;
and for maritime lanes from the Singapore Strait through the

2
Natuna Sea and vice versa (Sea Path Branch I A). 2. ALKI II
maritime lanes from the Sulawesi Sea crossing the Makassar
Strait, the Flores Sea, and Lombok Strait maritime lanes to the
Indian Ocean, and vice versa. 3. ALKI-III-A maritime lanes
from the Pacific Ocean crossing the maritime lanes of the Maluku
Sea, Seram Sea, Banda Sea, Ombai Strait, and Sawu Sea. ALKI
III-A maritime lane itself has 4 branches, namely ALKI III. B
maritime lane Branch: for maritime from the Pacific Ocean across
the Maluku Sea, Seram Sea, Banda Sea, and Leti Strait maritime
lanes to the Indian Ocean and vice versa; ALKI maritime lane
Branch III C: for maritime lanes from the Pacific Ocean across
the Maluku Sea, Seram Sea, the Banda Sea to the Arafura Sea and
vice versa; ALKI maritime lane Branch III D: for maritime lanes
from the Pacific Ocean across the Maluku Sea, maritime lanes of
the Seram Sea, Banda Sea, Ombai Strait, and Sawu Sea to the
Indian Ocean and vice versa; ALKI maritime lane Branch III E:
for maritime lanes from the Indian Ocean across the Savu Sea,
Ombai Strait, Banda Sea, Seram Sea, and Maluku Sea.

Every ALKI maritime channel has a factual and potential threat.

The threat must be addressed immediately by implementing a
sea defense strategy.

Graphic 1.1. Data on Sea Piracy around the World from 2009 to 2018

Source: ICC; ICC IMB; Hellenic Maritime News. 2019

3
 Figure1.1. Map of the Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Path

(Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia or ALKI)

Source: Government Regulation No. 37, 2002

In the current research conducted in ALKI II, especially in the

territorial waters that are the authority of the Naval Main Base VI
in Makassar with the consideration that the government has
decided to move the capital to East Kalimantan. This case aims to
optimize sea defense strategies, especially on communication
factors between law enforcement entities at sea carrying out
operations in the ALKI II region, especially in waters that are
under the authority of Naval Main Base VI in Makassar.

2. DISCUSSION
The case on the implementation of sea defense strategies in the
working area of the Naval Main Base VI in Makassar uses the
theory of public policy implementation according to George C.
Edward III. According to George Edward III, four factors
determine the success of public policy implementation, namely
communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure
(Edward III, 1980). In this study, the factor that will be used to

4
analyze the problem is only the communication
factor, with its sub-factors are communication transmission,
communication clarity, and communication consistency. The
researchers only take one factor, namely communication because,
from previous studies that have been carried out by both other
people and researchers themselves, this communication factor is
the biggest inhibiting factor that has occurred in the effort to
implement sea defense strategies in each of Indonesia's
jurisdictional maritime area.
Implementation of Communication Factors between Law
Enforcement Entities at Sea
The communication factor is very important in the
implementation of the sea defense strategy in securing the
Makassar waters, especially in securing national and international
interests in using the ALKI II maritime lane. The implementation
of this communication factor guarantees the effective
implementation of ALKI II security if decision-makers know
what they are going to do (Agustino, 2006). In implementing
ALKI II, information is needed that is known by decision-makers
which can only be obtained through good communication,
internal entities involved, and between entities that have the same
task in securing the Makassar waters. A very important
communication subfactor is divided into communication
transmission subfactors, communication clarity subfactors, and
communication consistency.
Communication Transmission
In the implementation of a sea defense strategy in the Makassar
waters, a good channel of communication between law
enforcement entities will be needed to produce a good
implementation as well. There are often problems between law
enforcement entities in communication distribution, namely
misunderstanding (miscommunication) due to the many levels of

5
 bureaucracy between law enforcement entities that must be
passed in the communication process so that what is expected in
the implementation of the sea defense strategy in the Makassar
region is distorted in the middle of the road. The Operational
Assistant of Naval Main Base VI in Makassar said that the
transmission of ALKI II surveillance communications between
Lantamal VI and related agencies, in this case, the stakeholders at
sea were well maintained. This is implemented with a joint
coordination forum in each agency in turn to strengthen relations
between agencies. However, different information was obtained
by the researchers from informants in the Sea and Coast Guard
Unit that in security operations that are the area of their
responsibility, it was constrained by communication tools. If the
security area is covered by their cellular network, they can easily
contact or coordinate with other law enforcement entities, but if
it is not covered by the cellular network, the radio communication
equipment on their patrol boat cannot contact other entities.
Communication Clarity
The implementation of the sea defense strategy in the Makassar
waters area related to clarity Communication received by
statelevel bureaucrats must be clear and not confusing between
law enforcement entities at sea or unambiguous/ambiguous.
Speaking of which, the Operational Assistant of Naval Main Base
VI in Makassar said that, the clarity of monitoring information
between Naval Main Base VI with other maritime stakeholders is
positioned following the authority rules stated in the existing laws
and regulations. For example, the law enforcement authority at
sea has been regulated in a law stating that there are 7 (seven) law
enforcement entities that have the authority to enforce the law at
sea, including TNI AL, Marine Police Directorate of Indonesian
National Police, General Directorate of Maritime Transportation
of Ministry of Transportation, General Directorate of
Supervision of Marine Resources and Fisheries of Ministry of

6
Maritime and Fisheries, General Directorate of Customs of
Ministry of Finance, Indonesian Coast Guard dan Task Force 115
on Illegal Fishing Eradication.
Communication Consistency
The implementation of the sea defense strategy implemented in
Makassar waters requires that the commands given in the
implementation of communication in securing the Makassar
waters have to be consistent and clear to be established or
implemented. If the order to safeguard Makassar's maritime
territories is given to change frequently, it can confuse
implementing entities in the field. Speaking of which, the
Operational Assistant of Naval Main Base VI in Makassar related
to communication consistency between maritime law enforcers in
the working area of Naval Main Base VI in Makassar: The
consistency of ALKI II supervision between Naval Main Base VI
and related agencies in Sulawesi waters has been going well
according to the existing legal basis so that we always adhere to
the laws and regulations as paying law to act in the field. Based
on the research results of the sea defense strategy in the Makassar
region, there are several obstacles in the communication factor as
stated by Edward III relating to the implementation of a policy in
the communication transmission subfactor, namely (Winarno,
1984):
• The first obstacle, there is a conflict between the policy
implementing entity and the order issued by the policymaker.
From the Customs informant, it was conveyed that there were
individuals from certain entities who did not fully understand the
existing regulations so that conflicts in the field often occurred.
Conflicts between entities implementing a sea defense strategy
such as this will result in distortion and direct obstacles in policy
communication.

7
 • The second obstacle, there is information that is conveyed
internally by law enforcement entities, and between law
enforcement entities through layers of bureaucratic hierarchy.
Distortion of communication between law enforcement entities
can occur due to the length of the information chain which can
result in information bias.
• The third obstacle, there is the problem of capturing
information between entities is also caused by perceptions and the
inability of law enforcement entities at sea to implement in
understanding the requirements of a law enforcement policy.
In implementing the sea defense strategy in the Makassar waters,
some factors encourage this uncertainty due to the complexity of
the policy, the lack of consensus of law enforcement entities
regarding the objectives of securing the Makassar waters, there
are problems in starting a new policy related to law enforcement
at sea, and there is a tendency to avoid policy accountability.
From the results of research in Makassar, actually at the
leadership level among law enforcement entities involved in the
implementation of the sea defense strategy in Makassar has been
well established, with the existence of a communication forum for
regional leaders. However, it cannot be denied that there are
persons who have certain goals that are spared from the
leadership's supervision. This can be an obstacle considering the
vast area of Makassar's waters with various constraints and
limitations of law enforcement. The cause of this communication
distortion is in line with what Winarno said that the more layers
or implementing actors involved in implementing the policy, the
more likely the obstacles and distortions faced (Winarno, 2005).
This is also the case with the implementation of the sea defense
strategy in the Makassar waters. In implementing the sea defense
strategy it is necessary to manage good communication between
law enforcement entities, it is necessary to establish and develop
effective communication channels internally and externally. The

8
better the development of communication channels between the
entities that are built, the higher the probability of the commands
in the successful implementation of the sea defense strategy in the
Makassar area is continued correctly. In the implementation of
the sea defense strategy in the Makassar waters area, information
clarity is needed, it is found that there is a tendency to obscure the
objectives of information by individual actors of certain entities
based on their interests by interpreting information based on their
understanding. So that the implementation of the sea defense
strategy can be optimal, the way to anticipate obscuring such
actions is by making joint procedures between law enforcement
entities through clear statements about strengthening
commitment requirements, commitment to objectives,
eliminating the choice of multiple interpretations between law
enforcement entities, commitment to implement procedures with
care careful and committed reporting mechanisms in detail. In the
implementation of the sea defense strategy, the communication
factor is very influential on policy acceptance by the target group
of law enforcement entities, so that the quality of communication
will influence in achieving the effectiveness of the
implementation of the sea defense strategy. Thus, the
dissemination of policy content through a good communication
process will affect the implementation of the sea defense strategy.
In this case, the communication media used by law enforcement
entities, to disseminate the contents of the sea defense strategy
policy to the target group, will be very instrumental in securing
the Makassar waters.
Optimization of Communication Factors between Law
Enforcement at Sea
Based on the analysis and discussion of the implementation of
ALKI II safeguard communication factors carried out by the
Naval main Base VI in Makassar, linked to supporting and
inhibiting factors as well as the current and expected

9
 implementation conditions, the researcher formulate the strategy
by building Maritime Command Center by positioning
Indonesian Naval Base in each Indonesian Maritime Territory as
the Command Center. Maritime Command Centre can be seen in
Figure 2. Based on Figure 2, departing from the results of the
analysis and discussion of the implementation of the sea defense
strategy currently in the working area Naval Main Base VI in
Makassar, it can be explained that the current condition of the
prominent threat is related to drug smuggling, especially those
that are already

The current condition of law Conditions expected by the

enforcement at sea is still running
separately in carrying out the
pattern of operations
Indonesian Navy to become a
command center within the maritime
command center in each Lantamal
area, particularly in the supervision
and control of the ALKI

Figure 1.2. Maritime Command Center Strategy in Supervision and Control of ALKI Source:
Authors’ Data 2020

very prevalent, this smuggling entered from various sea and land
areas. With the condition of a very open area of South Sulawesi
being a region that has a high vulnerability. If this is not
immediately taken concrete steps, likely, other crimes will also
develop so that strategic steps need to be taken to immediately
resolve the problem of surveillance and control of marine areas,
especially ALKI II in the Naval Main Base VI in Makasar.
Factual and potential threats that occur in Makassar waters that

10
still dominate are transnational organized crime (TNOC), illegal
drug trafficking of seepage from the Sebati-Tawau border region
of Malaysia, some of which is smuggled on the coasts of the
Western Region of South Sulawesi. Besides, the smuggling of
used clothing is also still common. The findings in this study are
new patterns found related to drug smuggling and used clothing,
namely the route from Timor Leste. The smuggling route from
Tawau into Timor Leste, then from Timor Leste transported by
wooden ships to several regions of Indonesia including into the
waters of Makassar. Regarding drugs, one of the informants
believes that in the Makassar region it is possible to have a drug
factory, this is indicated by the large variety of drug products in
the Makassar area, the informant believes that the drug products
in Makassar are not only to be circulated in Makassar but also to
be sent various regions. It can easily be followed by news in
online media about the rampant arrests of drug cases in Makassar
and other South Sulawesi regions. Another problem related to
threats occurring at sea is the rampant fish bombing case,
according to an informant from the Untia Makassar port head,
who is unique that many of these actors are underage so that they
are not continued in legal proceedings, they are fostered in the
Makassar social shelter near the Untia Fishing Port Makassar, at
one time the number was quite large to more than 50 people. Law
enforcement entities at sea continue to take action against fish
bombers. The number is currently decreasing considerably, but
there are still several cases. At present, 6 law enforcers can
conduct law enforcement patrols at sea operating in the Naval
Main Base VI in Makassar. Each has its operating pattern. Based
on the analysis and discussion it was revealed that in fact, each
entity has the same limitations, especially human resources and
facilities to carry out patrols. For example, General Directorate of
Supervision of Marine Resources and Fisheries of Ministry of
Maritime and Fisheries Office in Makassar, according to its
authority, has the task of overseeing the waters in terms of fishing

11
 outside the district and provincial boundaries above 12 nautical
miles. But only has a small speedboat, which is only capable of
patrolling along the coast, as well as Marine Police, Customs, and
Sea and Coast Guard Unit. Patrol ships that are quite adequate in
the Makassar area are owned by Naval Main Base VI in
Makassar, and that too is currently being constrained by
government policy to use B20. This policy is quite an obstacle
because ships from TNI AL have not yet received equipment that
can convert B20 to become the fuel that can be used for operations
at sea. Navy ship engines when using B20 there must be
additional equipment so that B20 can be used to operate the ship's
engine. The Makassar waters are very important with the
existence of the ALKI II shipping lane that crosses the Makassar
Strait. This shipping channel has a strategic role in Indonesia.
Opportunities for Makassar to utilize ALKI II are very potential
for economic interests. So far, Makassar has been seen as a
gateway to the economy of eastern Indonesia, where trade flows
through Makassar before entering eastern Indonesia. Makassar's
current strategic position has also become prominent because the
Government decided to move the Capital City to the Kalimantan
Region in Penajam Regency, East Kalimantan. The closest force
of TNI AL is Makassar's Naval Main Base VI, so the current
research is very much related to how to optimize the sea defense
strategy in the Makassar waters which is the working area of
Makassar's Naval Main Base VI. The new Capital Territory is
directly confronted with ALKI II, where the channel is traversed
by international interests. Vulnerability will arise with potential
threats that must be anticipated as early as possible. The current
policy of the Indonesian Minister of Defense that national defense
is the responsibility of all layers (universal defense), means that
the issue of defense is not only the responsibility of the military
but all state entities, and all levels of society must share
responsibility for maintaining the upholding of Indonesia's
sovereignty. Budget constraints are indeed a major obstacle, but

12
because of this reasoning is needed, a concept of how each
defense strategy implemented can be carried out effectively and
efficiently. With all the limitations that exist must be able to find
the best strategy, especially in securing sea areas. In this study,
the communication factor becomes very important, with the hope
that if the communication factor between law enforcers at sea can
find the best solution, it is hoped that there will be further
solutions for other factors. Operational synergy is the goal
expected in the current research by promoting communication
factors, both in terms of communication transmission,
communication clarity, and communication transmission
between law enforcement entities at sea that support the
implementation of a reliable sea defense strategy. Regarding the
current national public policy, the Omnibus Law is being
initiated, currently preceded by policies related to the economy,
namely taxation. One of the objectives of this policy is to simplify
the many overlapping regulations so that they become obstacles
in economic development. The spirit of this regulation can be
applied in various fields such as law enforcement at sea. The
existence of authorized entities in law enforcement at sea creates
obstacles in terms of communication because each entity has its
policy base. Research related to the implementation of the sea
defense strategy carried out in Makassar waters can be a model to
be applied in various territorial waters of Indonesia so that
Indonesia's sea defense becomes stronger. The synergy of law
enforcement at sea will also have an impact on the economy, as a
small example that sea transportation businesses are often
troubled by repeated checks by different law enforcement entities,
complaints of these entrepreneurs must be considered because
they are very detrimental to business actors. They lost a lot of
time, whereas they already commit with the user regarding the
delivery time. Policies that form the basis of operational law
enforcement entities at sea, which are the main force of the sea
defense strategy, on the ground are often constraints due to

13
 overlapping authority in the field. Both law enforcement entities
and those affected by the policy as described above, often sea
transportation business actors are repeatedly examined with
different entities. The overlapping policy makes ambiguous some
implementing parties or those affected by the policy, this policy
ambiguity arises as has been stated by Matland (Matland, 1995).
Following are the basic regulations used by each law enforcement
entity at sea that often overlaps:
a. Naval Commander, Commander of State Warship, Naval
Airbase, Shipmaster of the Directorate General of Perla,
people who are under the command of the commander,
commanders, officers of the Directorate General of Maritime
Transportation, harbormaster, sea scouts, and the captain of
the area of the Territorial Sea Ordinance and the Prohibited
Sea Environment (TZMKO 1939 Staatsblad 1939 No. 442 )
b. Polri officials, certain civil servant officials who are given
special authority by law, Navy, and other investigating
officials determined by the applicable law Law No. 8 of 1981
(Law Number 8, 1981) concerning the Criminal Procedure
Code or KUHAP
c. Navy officers appointed by the Commander in Chief as law
enforcement officers in the field of investigation of violations
of the provisions of Law No. 5/83 of Law Number 5 of 1983
(Law Number 5/83, 1983) concerning Indonesian Exclusive
Economic Zone.
d. Investigating officials as stipulated in Law Number 5/83 of
Law Number 9 of 1985 (Law Number 9, 1985) Concerning
Fisheries.
e. Related officials, warships, and government vessels to carry
out law enforcement at sea Act Number 17 of 1985
concerning Ratification of UNCLOS 1982.

14
f. Police Investigators, certain Civil Servants in a department
environment whose scope of duties and responsibilities
includes fostering the conservation of biological natural
resources and ecosystems, without reducing the authority of
the investigator as stipulated in Law Number 5/83 of Law
Number 5 of 1990 (Law Number 5, 1990) concerning
Conservation of Resources Biodiversity and Ecosystems.
g. Indonesian National Police officers, certain civil servants in
the Ministry of Health who were granted special authority as
referred to in Law Number 6 of 1981 concerning Criminal
Procedure Code, and Law Number 23 of 1992 concerning
Health (Law Number 23, 1992).
h. Police Officer Investigators, certain Civil Servants within the
department whose scope of duties and responsibilities are in
the field of shipping, Navy officers to conduct criminal
investigations in the field of shipping Law Number 21 of
1992 concerning Voyage (Law Number 21, 1992).
i. Indonesian National Police Officers, certain Civil Servants in
the Department whose scope of duties and responsibilities
include immigration guidance are given the authority of
investigators vide Law Number 6 of 1981 concerning the
Criminal Procedure Code to investigate immigration
criminal acts Act Number 9 of 1992 (Law Number 9, 1992)
concerning Immigration.
j. Certain Civil Servants within the Directorate General of
Customs and Excise who are given special authority as vide
investigators of Law Number 6 of 1981 concerning the
Criminal Procedure Code to investigate criminal acts of
customs Act Number 10 of 1995 (Law Number 10, 1995)
concerning Customs.

15
 k. Indonesian Navy, Department of Agriculture, Department of
Transportation, Department of Finance, and Department of
Justice following the respective authorities of the Republic of
Indonesia Law Number 6 of 1996 (Law Number 6, 1996)
concerning Indonesian Waters.
l. Investigators according to the applicable laws and
regulations Act Number 23 of 1997 concerning the
Environment.
m. The Indonesian National Police plays a major role in the
investigation & investigation of all criminal acts, without
prejudice to the authority of other investigators following the
applicable laws and regulations Law Number 2 of 2002
concerning the Indonesian National Police.
n. Indonesian Armed Force; Law Number 3 of 2002 concerning
State’s Defense.
o. Fisheries Civil Servant Investigators, Navy Officers, and
Indonesian National Police Officials; Law Number 31 of
2004 concerning Fisheries.
It is undeniable that the TNI AL, among law enforcement entities
at sea, is the entity that has the most complete and most ready
bureaucratic structure if it becomes a Command Center for sea
surveillance and control. So that in the strategy of building a
Maritime Command Center 2 things become significant:
a. Changed the network that originally used the Star Network
to become a Wheel Network. From the star network picture,
it can be seen that the current network takes a long time and
process because each law enforcement entity coordinates
with each other law enforcement entity. Meanwhile, if we
consider the Wheel Network. It will be very effective with
the Command Center because all the needs will be a
movement controlled by one party. With the hope that there

16
 will be no overlapping patrol areas and effectiveness and
efficiency can be obtained. From this strategy patrol zoning
can also be built for supervision and control.
b. At present each entity that has to patrol in the context of law
enforcement at sea has its policy base, so the next step in
implementing the Maritime Command Center strategy is
synchronizing policies. If this step is considered to take a
long time and high difficulty can be taken by issuing a new
policy to support the implementation of the Maritime
Command Center strategy by stating that if the existing
regulation contradicts the new policy, the Navy in the
relevant area acts as Command Center decides.
The findings of this study which put the TNI AL as the Command
Center for maritime control in optimizing sea defense strategies
in Makassar waters are in line with Ken Booth's (Booth, 1977)
theory which says in his book entitled “Navies and Foreign
Policy” that the Navy has a universal role which is not owned by
other law enforcement officers at seas such as Marine Police,
Customs, Indonesian Coast Guard and other entities in carrying
out their duties, the roles are:
a. The military role of the Navy. That the Navy has a role in
upholding the sovereignty of a country using its military
power, from all forms of threats in the sea area which
becomes its jurisdiction.
b. Constabulary role of the Navy. That the Navy has the
authority to enforce the law at sea, conduct activities in the
context of protecting national marine resources and wealth,
take action to maintain order at sea and carry out activities
in the framework of supporting national development by
carrying out activities that contribute to national stability
and development.

17
 c. Diplomatic role of the Navy. That the Navy can use sea
power as a means of diplomacy, to support the foreign
policy of a country's government, and is designed to be able
to influence the country's leadership or decisions of several
countries in a state of peace or hostile situations.
These three roles cannot be separated from the duties of the Navy
universally so that in the selection and determination of the
national defense strategy at sea must also be able to reflect a
strategy to deal with security disturbances. National maritime
security cannot be separated from regional or global regional
security, because the ALKI maritime lanes in the Indonesian seas
are used for international purposes, such as the theory of complex
regional security presented by Barry Buzan and Ole Waiver in
“Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security”
(2003).

5. CONCLUSIONS
The implementation of ALKI II security by the Naval Main Base
IV in Makassar has so far been going well. The existence of a
communication forum between entities is still the mainstay to
carry out the supervision and control of sea areas, especially
related to ALKI II. Handling threats at sea is still dominated by
criminal acts both traditional such as the use of fish bombs and
those that are transnational crimes related to drug smuggling and
Ball Press. Overcoming inhibiting factors the implementation of
ALKI II security by the Indonesian Naval Main Base IV in
Makassar is an urgent need that must be met immediately by the
central government in cooperation with the relevant Regional
Governments, in the context of preparing the transfer of the New
Capital City.

18
Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, the
formulation of a strategy to guarantee the security of ALKI II and
can be applied to each ALKI pathway for optimization of
communication factors in this study is by building Maritime
Command Center by positioning Indonesian Naval Base in each
Indonesian Maritime Territory as the Command Center.
Strengthening the Maritime Command Center strategy requires
government policy support as an operational basis by
synchronizing all existing regulations or making new regulations
with a single strengthening placing the Naval Base as a Command
Center in each sea area that is its responsibility. As a
recommendation of the current research with the momentum of
the government to implement the omnibus law, now is the right
time to implement the findings of this study, making a law
enforcement policy at sea to strengthen the sea defense strategy
by placing the TNI AL as Maritime Command Center.

19
 References:
Agustino, L. (2006). Dasar-Dasar Kebijakan Publik. CV.
Alfabeta.
Booth, K. (1977). Navies and Foreign Policy. Croom Helm.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research
design: Choosing among five traditions. In Qualitative
Health Research.
Edward III, G. C. (1980). Implementing Public Policy.
Congressional Quarterly Press.
Government Regulation No. 37, Pub. L. No. 37 (2002).
Law Number 8, Pub. L. No. 8 (1981).
Law Number 5/83, Pub. L. No. 5 (1983).
Law Number 9, Pub. L. No. 9 (1985).
Law Number 5, Pub. L. No. 5 (1990).
Law Number 21, Pub. L. No. 21 (1992).
Law Number 23, Pub. L. No. 23 (1992).
Law Number 9, Pub. L. No. 9 (1992).
Law Number 10, Pub. L. No. 10 (1995).
Law Number 6, Pub. L. No. 6 (1996).
Matland, R. E. (1995). Syntesing the Implementation Literature:
The Ambiguity-Conflict Model of Policy Implementation.
Journal of Pubic Administration Research and Theory,
5(2).
Suhirwan, & Prakoso, L. Y. (2019a). Defense strategy at sea
handling of Transnational Organized Crime (TNOC) in
Nunukan Indonesia’s national sea border. IOP Conference

20
 Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
https://doi.org/10.1088/17551315/339/1/012043
Suhirwan, S., & Prakoso, L. Y. (2019b). Forum Maritim Kunci
Sukses Penanggulangan Ancaman Asimetris di Selat
Sunda. https://doi.org/10.33510/slki.2019.1320
Winarno. (1984). Pengantar Teknologi Pangan. PT. Gramedia.
Winarno, B. (2005). Teori dan Proses Kebijakan Publik. Media
Pressindo.

21
22
 Chapter 2
Implementation of Defense Policy
Against Threats for Securing
International Shipping Lanes in the
Sunda Strait
*Lukman Yudho Prakoso

T he Sunda Strait is one of the areas in the Indonesian

Archipelago Sea Channel (ALKI) I. The flow of this
voyage is used for international interests. Facing the factual and
potential threats that occur today, the Sunda Strait waters has an
important role for international interest, particularly in
Indonesia, since the position of its capital city is relatively
close. This study is using a qualitative descriptive method of
phenomenology and using the theory of George Edward III.

1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia as an archipelagic country that has a vast sea area has
the advantage of having extraordinary natural resources, as
well as a large potential threat, the potential threat in the
Indonesian sea is one of Indonesia's five biggest threats at this
time, as stated by Marshal TNI Hadi when carry out feasibility
tests as TNI Commander. The consequence of having a vast sea
area, the state must be able to protect the region from factual
threats and potential ones, Marshal TNI Hadi said that
"Vulnerability in the sea as an archipelagic country, Indonesia
is responsible for safety and security in the sea area which is
the jurisdiction the free sea which borders the region".

23
 The Indonesian Sea Area not only has an important meaning
for Indonesia, it also has a very important meaning for the
international world, because the Indonesian sea area is located
in a cross position of the world which is often passed by sea
transportation of other countries. One of the consequences of
world recognition for Indonesia as an archipelagic country,
Indonesia must create and establish several international lanes
that pass through Indonesia's national jurisdiction to be used by
various countries to cross the Indonesian sea.
In 1996, the Indonesian Government proposed to the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) regarding the
establishment of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Flow (ALKI)
and its branches in Indonesian waters. In accordance with
Article 1 paragraph 8 of Law No. 6/1996 concerning
Indonesian Waters, Islands Sea Flow is a sea channel that is
passed by foreign ships or aircraft above the channel, to carry
out shipping and flights in a normal way solely for continuous
transit, directly, and as quickly as possible and not hindered
through or above the archipelagic waters and adjacent
territorial seas between one part of the Indonesian high seas or
EEZ and in the other part of the high seas or the Indonesian
Exclusive Economic Zone.
Each ALKI has a potential threat that is considered relevant and
requires more serious coordination. Based on the author's
interview with the speakers from the Sea Security Coordination
Agency (Bakorkamla), each ALKI has different potential
threats. The potential threat in ALKI I is related to the impact
of conflict over territorial claims over the Spratly and Paracel
Islands in the South China Sea, such as the use of the ALKI I
region for the activities of the state army involved in
maneuvering. In addition, the impact of traffic congestion in the
Malacca Strait, such as the use of ALKI I areas by pirates to
avoid the pursuit of Indonesian security forces and joint

24
security forces (Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore) or
smuggling. The impact of the centers of growth and economy
of Asia and Southeast Asia in the People's Republic of China
(PRC) and Singapore, such as the smuggling of illegal goods
and also human trafficking, is also a potential threat in ALKI I,
including the effects of the danger of natural disasters and
tsunamis in the Sunda Strait, such as the threat of volcanic
earthquakes / volcanic eruptions (Anak Krakatau) and the
impact of Malaysia's expansionary politics, such as the
possibility of claiming new territorial territories.
The factual threat that occurred in July 2017 shocked the Sunda
Strait region, namely the arrest of smuggling of shabu-shabu 1
(one) ton in Banten waters (Yandhi, 2017). This shows that the
existence of access to the waters of the Indonesian sea area is
still very vulnerable and has the potential for warfare
asymmetric threats, if only the methamphetamine is not caught
can kill five million according to the Head of National
Narcotics Agency Budi Waseso (Budi, 2018). After the
incident, successively captured again smuggling by sea in the
amount of Ton.
In this study, the place of this case taken was in the Sunda
Strait. One of the strongest reasons for taking place in the
Sunda Strait is the position that is very close to the State Capital
so that it has a very high escalation of potential threats, if the
potential threat of defense that might occur in the Sunda Strait
is not anticipated. The policy on national defense has been
made by the Indonesian Ministry of Defense to protect all
nations, but it is considered important to always be vigilant by
incessantly conducting this case on how the implementation of
this defense policy is carried out especially in locations that
have the highest potential level.

25
 Based on the background above, the formulation of the
problem in this study is how is the Defense Policy
Implementation in the face of the threat of asymmetric warefare
especially in the dimensions of sea defense in the Sunda Strait,
to secure international shipping lanes?

2. DISCUSSION
The Sunda Strait is part of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea
Channel (ALKI) I, which connects the waters of the Indian
Ocean through the Karimata Strait to the South China Sea or vice
versa. ALKI is a consequence of Indonesia as an archipelagic
country after the Indonesian government ratified the UNCLOS
1982 International Sea Law through Republic of Indonesia
Law Number 17 of 1985. Indonesia has designated three
ALKIs as crossing lines of foreign ships in shipping from an
open sea (ZEE) to other free seas. covers the air path above it
(Buntoro, 2012: 95). The Sunda Strait is a route commonly used
for international shipping. In these waters there are also
crossing lines from Java Island (Merak port) to Sumatra Island
(Bakauheni port), operated by the Transportation Ministry of
Lake and Crossing Transportation (ASDP) (Lukman Yudo
Prakoso et al., 2021).
Asymmetric warfare is a war that has a pattern that is different
from the pattern of warfare that we generally know. Asymmetric
warfare is carried out not militarily; mobilize troops; use
defense equipment or invade a country. Asymmetric warfare is
carried out non-military (without military force), even the range
of war areas is wider than military warfare, and can be carried
out without declaring war or deploying troops (Harris et al.,
2019). Aspects that can be reached are not just military or
political. More broadly Asymmetric War has the power to
influence all aspects of life. The principle used in Asymmetric

26
War is to use the minimum resources to get maximum results.
The implementation of Defense Policy in dealing with potential
asymmetric warefare threats especially in the dimensions of sea
defense in the Sunda Strait is as follows:

• Communication
Communication in policy implementation includes
several important dimensions, namely information
transformation (transmission), information clarity
(clarity) and information consistency (consistency).
Submission of information regarding the contents of the
policy to the implementor is very important, so that the
policy can be implemented properly and the main tasks
can be carried out.
Transmission of communication / delivery regarding
national defense in the face of the potential threat of
asymmetric warefare especially in the dimensions of sea
defense in the Sunda Strait. Based on the this case
informations from the interview to the resource person
regarding the field of transmission / communication
transmission, that: the national defense policy has been
understood and has been implemented and described in
the programs, informed and constraints and differences
in perceptions can be resolved properly, and delivered by
utilizing activities formal or through official
announcements. Clarity of communication regarding
national defense in the face of the potential threat of
asymmetric warefare especially in the dimensions of sea
defense in the Sunda Strait.
Implementation in the Sunda Strait of the Banten
Province. Based on the this case informations from the
interview to the informants in the field of policy content,

27
 that: the contents of the national defense policy can be
understood and described in programs and actions in
accordance with the fields of duties and responsibilities
of each maritime implementor, implemented in sea patrol
activities (Risahdi et al., 2020). Consistency regarding
national defense in the face of potential asymmetric
warfare threats especially in the dimensions of sea
defense in the Sunda Strait. Based on the this case
informations from the interview to the resource person
regarding the consistency factor of communication, that:
there is consistency from each implementor in the
implementation of their duties and functions that are
carried out continuously in the form of programs and
evaluated according to the rules and work programs of
each implementor (Kurniawan et al., 2018).

• Resources
Staff / executive staff resources from the parties involved
in the implementation of national defense in the face of
the potential threat of asymmetric warefare especially in
the dimensions of sea defense in the Sunda Strait. Based
on this case informations from interviews to resource
persons on the factors of staff / personnel implementing
resources, that: there is a limited number of personnel in
carrying out their main tasks and responsibilities
compared to the broad scope of supervision, however the
implementation of the main tasks and responsibilities can
still be implemented. Use of personnel in the
implementation of duties and functions so that they are
able to always carry out improvement in the quality of
human resources through education and training
(Prihantoro et al., 2021).
Budget support in the implementation of the goals,

28
objectives and contents of policies regarding national
defense in the face of potential asymmetric warfare
threats especially in the dimensions of sea defense in the
Sunda Strait. Based on the this case informations from the
interview to the resource person on the budget support
factor, that: there is budget support but the budget support
is insufficient and the amount is minimal, its use is
optimal in carrying out the main tasks and
responsibilities according to the task fields of each
implementor. If there is a development of a strategic
environment in accordance with the dynamics in the
field, the use of the budget is adjusted to the scale of
priorities (Suhirwan et al., 2020).
Information on port governance in the implementation of
the goals, objectives and contents of policies regarding
national defense in the face of potential asymmetric
warfare threats especially in the dimensions of sea
defense in the Sunda Strait. Based on the this case
informations from the interview to the resource person on
the information resource factor regarding port
governance, that: at present there is clarity of information
and port governance. However, there are private ports
that have not been included in the supervision of
government port authorities, this will create vulnerability
in terms of supervision, so that it can allow crime in the
asymmetric field of warfare to occur there (Dipua et al.,
2020).
The executive authority of the parties involved in
implementing the goals, objectives and contents of the
policy regarding national defense in the face of warfare
asymmetric potential especially in the dimensions of sea
defense in the Sunda Strait. Based on the this case
informations from the interview to the informant on the

29
 resource authority's executor, that: there is already the
authority of the main duties and responsibilities of each
implementor in the maritime field and carried out in
accordance with the laws and functions of each, however,
there is a need for socialization and education to parties
outside of each agency. The implementation of the
implementation is carried out in a mutually assisting and
supportive manner in preventing crime (Sartono et al.,
2020).
Physical facilities or infrastructure and facilities in
implementing the objectives, objectives and contents of
policies regarding national defense in the face of
potential asymmetric warfare threats especially in the
dimensions of sea defense in the Sunda Strait. Based on
the this case informations from the interview to the
resource persons on the field of physical facilities /
infrastructure and facilities, that there are sufficient
facilities and infrastructure to carry out support in the sea
defense but still need additions according to the ideal
needs. In the case of the Navy and lack of facilities and
infrastructure, the Indonesian Navy coordinated with the
implementor related to their use, so that the
implementation of their respective duties and functions
could be carried out properly (Ali et al., 2021).
Support of Defense and Security Equipment in
implementing the goals, objectives and contents of
policies regarding national defense in the face of potential
asymmetric warfare threats especially in the dimensions
of sea defense in the Sunda Strait. Based on this case
informations from interviews with resource persons
(Defense and Security Equipment Tools), that: there are
limitations (Defense and Security Equipment Tools) and
if there are inadequate, both in the number and ability to

30
 carry out supervision in their respective working areas.
In the case of the Indonesian Navy's limitations (Defense
and Security Equipment), it will coordinate with the
maritime implementer with involvement (Under
Operation Control) of ships from other maritime agencies
and coordinate with the unit regarding support (Defense
and Security Equipment Tools) for marine security
operations (Kusuma et al., 2021).
• Disposition
Disposition or attitude of the parties involved in
implementing the implementation of national defense in
the face of potential asymmetric warfare threats,
especially in the dimensions of sea defense in the Sunda
Strait (Hermawan et al., 2020). Based on the
informations from the interview this case on the resource
persons in the field of implementing attitudes, that: there
is / the attitude of the maritime sector implementor
strongly supports the implementation of the maritime
defense sector and is described in the main tasks and
responsibilities of each maritime implementor.
Implementation in the field is carried out by coordinating
with each other (Listiyono et al., 2019b).
Commitment from the parties involved in implementing
the implementation of national defense in the face of
potential asymmetric warfare threats, especially in the
dimensions of the sea defense in the Sunda Strait. Based
on informations from interviews with informants on the
attitude factor of the implementers related to
commitment, that: there is / there is a high commitment
of maritime implementors to carry out tasks in the face of
the threat of asymmetry warfare, which is manifested in
written regulations and verbal instructions, so that

31
 implementation the main tasks and responsibilities can be
carried out properly (Supriyono et al., 2019)
• Bureaucratic Structure
The organizational structure in charge of implementing
the policy has a significant influence on policy
implementation. The aspect of organizational structure is
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and fragmentation.
Organizational structures that are too long will tend to
weaken supervision and lead to complex and complex
bureaucratic procedures.
Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) on the
implementation of the implementation of national
defense in the face of potential asymmetric warfare
threats, especially in the dimensions of sea defense in the
Sunda Strait. Based on informations from this case
interviews to SOP resource persons in carrying out the
task of facing asymmetric warfare, that: there are SOPs
for each maritime sector stakeholder in accordance with
their respective areas of main duties and responsibilities,
but still need shared perception so that implementation
can be carried out well (Arto et al., 2019). The
implementation of existing SOPs has been carried out as
part of the standard in carrying out tasks, so that members
in the field can know what their main tasks are and what
they do (Kusuma et al., 2019).
Fragmentation (division of roles) of organizational
structures implementing implementation of national
defense in the face of potential asymmetric warfare
threats especially in the dimensions of sea defense in the
Sunda Strait. From the interview informations to the
resource person regarding the fragmentation factor
(division of roles) of the organizational structure, that

32
 there are already roles for each maritime field
implementor in accordance with their respective duties
and functions outlined in the implementation instructions
and supervision, the division of roles for tasks internal and
external tasks carried out in stages (Sartono, Prakoso, &
Suseto, 2019).
Synergy or relationship between one work unit and
various other work units in the implementation of the
objectives, objectives and contents of the policy on the
implementation of national defense in the face of
potential asymmetric warfare threats especially in the
dimensions of sea defense in the Sunda Strait. From the
interview informations to the resource person regarding
the synergy factor, that there has been a synergy in the
implementation of the main tasks and responsibilities of
each of the implementers in the maritime field, although
it is still running separately, this can be proven in the
absence of information exchange. Others seek
information on their own. Combined official forums are
needed that can bring together the implementers to
exchange information that can be used for the benefit of
tackling asymmetric warfare in the Sunda Strait in
accordance with the potential of their respective task
fields and functions (Sartono, Prakoso, & Suseto, 2019).
3. CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion of Defense Policy Implementation in the face of
potential asymmetric warfare threats especially in the
dimensions of sea defense in the Sunda Strait to secure
international shipping lanes.
• Communications
Information transformation (transmission), has been

33
 conveyed to the implementer and has provided
understanding. The implementation of the acceptance of
this policy has been translated into programs and
informed to the implementer through formal activities
and official announcements. Clarity of information
(clarity), has been clearly understood, this can be seen by
the elaboration into programs and actions in accordance
with the tasks and responsibilities of each maritime field
houlder stake. The implementation of the clarity of the
acceptance of defense policy is implemented in the
activities of security patrols at sea. Information
consistency (consistency), the consistency of the
implementation of defense policies that have been carried
out continuously in the form of programs and evaluated
in accordance with the fields of duties and responsibilities
of each maritime sector stakeholder. The implementation
of duties and functions is carried out in accordance with
the regulations in each implementer and carried out
continuously and continuously, if it changes according to
the dynamics in the field, it will seek approval from the
head office.
• Resources
Staff or implementers, have not run effectively because
there are limitations in the number of personnel in
carrying out their main duties and responsibilities when
compared to the extent of the coverage area that must be
implemented, however the implementation of the main
tasks and responsibilities can still be implemented. In
order to improve the ability of personnel to be able to
carry out their duties and functions, quality improvement
is carried out through education and training. By having
trained personnel, the tasks given will be completed
according to the duties and functions of each

34
implementor.
Budget support, does not work effectively because there
is budget support, but the budget support is insufficient,
its use is optimal in carrying out the main tasks and
responsibilities according to the respective task fields of
stakeholders with a scale of priorities, thus defense policy
in the sea in the Sunda Strait will not work effectively in
achieving goals and objectives.
Information on port governance is not effective because
there is information about domestic port informations
that has not been integrated in the port governance
information system. This condition will make the
implementation of the policy ineffective because the
government port authority cannot carry out supervision,
so that it can enable the occurrence of crime in the
asymmetric warfare field in the sea of the Sunda Strait
region.
Authority, has been effective. The implementation of the
implementation is outlined in the regulations.
Implementation of these regulations is carried out by
means of socialization and education to the implementor
and to parties outside of each agency. The
implementation of the duties and functions of each
implementor is carried out based on the rules of each
implementor, in the event of problems in the
implementation, then each implementor will coordinate
and help each other so that the crime does not occur.
Facilities or Infrastructure facilities, not yet effective,
because there are still a lack of facilities and
infrastructure, for additions it becomes a problem itself
with limited budget support. In the case of one
implementor does not have the facilities and

35
 infrastructure so that coordination between implementors
is carried out by carrying out loans, so that the duties and
functions of the implementor can be carried out properly.
Alpalhankam support, there is a shortage of defense and
security and if there is inadequate both the number and
ability to carry out supervision in their respective
working areas. In the case if Indonesia Navy lacking
Alpalhankam, it will coordinate with maritime
implementers by involving BKO ships from other
maritime agencies as well as coordinating with the top
unit regarding al-Khalam support for Sea Security
operations.
• Disposition
The attitude, the attitude of the implementers of the
policy has been effective, because the implementor
strongly supports defense policies in the Sunda Strait sea,
this is a good attitude for the implementor. For the
success of the implementation, the implementation is
carried out by copying the coordination in accordance
with the respective task areas and functions.
Commitment, there is a high commitment from the
implementor in carrying out their respective duties and
functions. The implementation of this commitment is in
the form of written regulations and verbal instructions, so
that the implementation of the main tasks and
responsibilities can be carried out properly.
• Organizational Structure
SOP, that there is already an SOP for each implementor
as a guide for all members in carrying out their duties and
functions in the field. The implementation of this SOP is
to achieve the implementation of defense policy so that

36
 its implementation can be carried out properly.
Organizational structure, that the organizational structure
of each implementor is flexible in carrying out their
duties and functions. The implementation of this activity
is that it can be implemented to adjust the SOP in
accordance with the development of the dynamics in the
field, the SOP conformers are requested to approve the
head office.
The synergy between one work unit and various other
work units, is that there is no optimal synergy, because
the implementation of defense policy is still running on
its own, so that there is no information sharing
implemented, the acquisition of information is obtained
individually. Given the importance of information in the
implementation of the duties and functions of defense
policy, a joint forum is needed which is used as a meeting
place for implementors in terms of exchanging
information to carry out tasks on each implementor.

References:
Prakoso, Lukman Yudho. (2021), Implementation of Defense
Policy Against Threats for Securing International
Shipping Lanes in the Sunda Strait. In: Journal of Social
and Political Sciences, Vol.4, No.1, 176-185. ISSN
2615-3718. DOI: 10.31014/aior.1991.04.01.263.
https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/

37
38
 Chapter 3
Defense Policy Analysis to Deal with
Radicalism and Terrorism in
Indonesian Universities
*Lukman Yudho Prakoso, Yusuf

I ndonesia has a diversity of ethnic groups, as well as the

various religions practiced by its people. The impact of the
development of the global and regional strategic environment.
Indonesia also cannot remove the influence of the development
of ideologies from outside which threatens the unity of the
state. The this caseh currently being carried out is to determine
the extent to which state policy programs regarding state
defense can be implemented in universities in Indonesia. This
is interesting given the vulnerability of students to be
influenced by radical understandings currently developing.
Authors analyzed the implementation of this state defense
policy using the theory of Gerorge Edward III, which analyzes
the focus under study using factors, Communication,
Resources, Disposition and Bureaucratic Structure.

1. INTRODUCTION

Based on the 2015 National Defense White Paper, terrorists are

still a threat to the Indonesian people in the future. This is
evidenced by the development of terrorist networks after the
destruction of Al-Qaeda by the United States. Seeing from this
condition, the government needs to immediately determine its
position and take anticipatory actions to prevent acts of terror.

39
 In addition to making persuasive efforts, the law enforcement
side must also be given a balanced portion. Citing the Routine
Activities theory proposed by Marcus Felson and Lawrence E.
Cohen in 1979, crime will arise if there are three components
in the same space and time, namely: motivated offenders,
suitable targets (appropriate targets) and the absence of capable
guardians or protectors (no guards or protectors).
The perpetrators of acts of terrorism and radicalism in
Indonesia mostly come from students and students (BNPT,
2012). Based on this caseh on 110 perpetrators of terrorism in
2012, most were in the age range of 21-30 years (47.3 percent),
after that in the age range of 31-40 years (29.1 percent) and 11.8
percent under age 21 years old, as shown in the following
picture:

Based Jihad with violence=

on age= %

Figure 3.1: Potential of Radicalism in the Student Environment

Source: BNPT, 2016

40
7
0

6
0

5
0
S SM SM DROP OUT
D P A UNIV

Figure 3.2. Facts: Terrorists are from educated circles

Source: BNPT, 2016

Seeing the cases that have existed lately, the fact that more
young terrorists are hard to disprove. The same year survey of
potential radicalism in the student environment showed 26.7
percent agreed to jihad with the use of violence, while those
who did not agree 68.4 percent. Besides that the facts also prove
the results of a survey from the BNPT in 2016 saying that
terrorists came from educated circles, such as the graph below:
The ease of students and students to become sympathizers of
radical groups affiliated with ISIS is because they are still in
the search phase of identity, emotionally immature, so that they
are easily influenced by new ideas. In addition, their
adventurous spirit is still large so they tend to try something
new and full of challenges.
The phenomenon of the number of students becoming
sympathizers of radical groups is strengthened by the results of

41
 a recent survey from the this caseh institute Alvara This caseh
Center in 2017 stating that radicalism has been among students
and students. The Alvara This caseh Center conducted a survey
of the attitudes and views of students and students about
religious radicalization, khilafah, jihad and Islamic states in
Indonesia. The result is that students agree with the Islamic
state by 23.5% and for students agree with the amount of
16.3%. Furthermore, the state ideology, the result is that the
majority of students and students choose the Pancasila ideology.
The percentage of students choosing Islamic ideology is 18.6%
and students are 16.8%. (Faqif, 2017)
From the description above, it can be seen that the threat of
terrorism in 2017 in Indonesia is still very strong. Therefore,
integrated steps are needed from the government and the
community so that there are no vulnerabilities utilized by
radical groups to carry out their actions. One effort to counter
radicalism is a state defense program, which among others is
carried out by the Ministry of Defense. Defense Minister
Ryamizard Ryacudu said, the Bela Negara program was
launched and became the Ministry of Defense's priority
program, one of the goals and objectives was to establish the
identity and personality of the Indonesian nation (Lukman
Yudo Prakoso et al., 2021).
The State Defense Program is a form of mental revolution as
well as to develop the nation's deterrence in facing the
complexity of the threat dynamics as well as to realize national
resilience. Martial arts are actualized in the roles and
professions of every citizen. The state defense program is one
of the government's policy efforts in empowering national
defense which is regulated in Presidential Regulation number
97 of 2015 concerning General Policy on National Defense.

42
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The acts of terrorism and radicalism that occurred in Indonesia
especially those involving students were of particular concern
in this study, because students are the generation that
determines the future of the nation in time, so that in this study
the formulation of the problem presented is how to implement
government policies on defense Which countries are currently
implemented in universities especially those in urban areas?

3. DISCUSSION
According to the results of the 2017 National Intelligence
Agency (BIN) survey, 39 (thirty nine) percent of students have
been exposed to radical movements, there are 15 (fifteen)
provinces that have now become BIN's attention and continue
to receive attention. Of the 15 (fifteen) provinces there are three
universities which are the main concern because they are the
basis for the spread of radicalism. The phenomenon of radical
teaching among students utilizes psychological innocence in
students who are still in the process of finding identity (Rivai,
2018). BIN gave an example that Bahrun Naim was a young
man who began to engage with radical activities while studying
at Sebelas Maret University in Surakarta (Madrohim &
Prakoso, 2021)
Judging from the legislation, the obligation to defend the
country can be traced to the provisions of the 1945 Constitution
and law number 3 of 2002 concerning national defense. In the
1945 Constitution Article 30 paragraph 1, it is affirmed that
"each citizen has the right and obligation to participate in the
defense and security efforts of the state." Whereas in paragraph
2 it is stated that "the defense and security efforts of the state
are carried out through a system of defense and public security

43
 by the TNI and POLRI as the main force, and the people as
supporting forces"
The concept stipulated in Article 30 is the concept of defense
and state security. While the concept of defending the state is
regulated in Article 27 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution
that "Every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in
efforts to defend the state." Participating in the defense of the
country is manifested in the implementation of national defense
activities, as stated in Law No.3 of 2002 Article 9 paragraph (1)
that "Every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in
efforts to defend the state which is manifested in the
implementation of national defense." Then in Republic of
Indonesia Law number 3 of 2002 the section weighing letters
(c) is affirmed among other things "in the implementation of
national defense every citizen has the right and obligation to
participate in efforts to defend the state ..."
Our problem now is how to manifest the participation of
citizens in efforts to defend the country. According to Article 9
paragraph (2) Law number 3 of 2002 concerning National
Defense, the participation of citizens in efforts to defend the
country is carried out through:
a. Civic education;

b. Mandatory military basic training;

c. Devotion as an Indonesian National Army soldier
voluntarily or compulsorily; and
d. Dedication in accordance with the profession.
Based on these provisions, students who take Citizenship
Education subjects in schools can be said to have participated
in the state's defense efforts. One of the study materials /
materials that must be contained in the basic and secondary

44
education curriculum and higher education is Citizenship
Education (Article 37 paragraph (1) and
(2) Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education
System). The problem that we want to explore is why can state
defense efforts be carried out through civic education?
In the explanation of Article 37 paragraph (1) of the law, it is
explained that citizenship education is intended to form
students to become human beings who have a sense of
nationality and love for the country. From the description
above, it is clear that the formation of a sense of nationality and
love for the homeland of students can be fostered through
citizenship education.
The concept of nationalism and love of homeland is closely
related to the meaning of the country's defense efforts. Note the
phrase ".. in the spirit of his love to the united state of
Indonesian Republic .." in the definition of state defense efforts
that have been disclosed above. The sentence of love for the
unitary state of Indonesia is the realization of the concept of
nationalism (a sense of nationality) and the love of the country
(patriotism). Whereas love for the homeland and national
awareness is a feature of awareness in defending the country.
Darmawan (2004) asserts that the concept of state defense is a
moral conception that is implemented in the attitudes, behavior
and actions of citizens based on: love of the homeland,
awareness of nation and state, belief in Pancasila as a state
ideology, and willingness to sacrifice for the nation and state of
Indonesia. Thus, in relation to defending the country,
citizenship education is a vehicle to foster awareness of
students participating in the defense of the state (Risahdi et al.,
2020).
In addition, we can see by tracing the juridical provisions of
Article 9 paragraph 2 (letter a) of Law Number 3 of 2002 which

45
 states that "in citizenship education there is an understanding
of the awareness of defending the country." This means that
one way to gain an understanding of awareness of defending
the state can be achieved by taking citizenship education.
Darmawan (2004) emphasizes that citizenship education, in
addition to teaching citizens' rights and obligations, has
included an understanding of the state's defense awareness for
national defense. Then he stressed that the obligation to include
citizenship education in the basic, secondary and high education
curriculum is a manifestation of the participation of citizens in
efforts to defend the country in the context of the
implementation of National Defense.
Thus, fostering awareness of defending the country through
citizenship education is intended to foster and improve national
defense efforts. Malik Fajar (2004) asserts that Citizenship
Education has the duty to instill national commitment,
including developing democratic values and behavior and
being responsible as Indonesian citizens.
Radicalism and terrorism in universities such as the results of
this caseh conducted by BIN is a big question, how has the
implementation of state defense implemented in universities,
the following are the results of this caseh related to the
implementation of defense in higher education from variable
analysis of George Edward's public policy implementation
theory III, the location of this caseh in retrieving secondary
informations and primary informations is carried out based on
past bases of radicalism and terrorism movements, the locus
covers Lampung Province in Bandar Lampung City and its
surroundings, in West Java Province in the cities of Purwakarta
and Bandung, in East Java in the City of Surabaya, in South
Sulawesi in the City of Makassar and in the Jakarta Special
Capital Region (DKI) as a Center of Gravity (COG) for

46
 terrorism:
• Communication. Based on George Edward III,
communication greatly determines the success of
achieving the objectives of the implementation. Effective
implementation occurs when decision makers already
know what will be done. Communication is further
divided into 3 determinants of successful policy
implementation, including:
• Transmission. Transmission is the main factor in terms
of communication of implementing policies. According
to Agustino, the distribution of good communication
will result in a good implementation (Leo, 2008). There
is often a problem in channeling communication that is
misunderstanding, so that what is expected is distorted
in the middle of the road.
• Transmission on the implementation of the State
Defense is carried out by the Ministry of Defense in this
case represented by the Directorate General of Defense
Potential to the regional government as the
implementing policy then forwarded to the local
government work unit through direct or verbal orders
(Redita et al., 2020).

The results of the team's findings in the field found that almost
all this caseh locus occurred miscommunication and
miscoordination of the implementation of State Defense in the
regions. The causes of miscommunication and miscoordination
are because the delivery of messages to the regions is done in a
hurry then from the center to the regions not through appropriate
procedures in the area.

• Clarity. According to George Edward III,

communication received by policy makers (street-level-

47
 bureaucrats) must be clear and not confusing or
unambiguous. The implementation of the National
Defense program in the regions from the results of
interviews with several informants said that local
governments need clarity related to this program, they
need a legal umbrella for implementing the State
Defense so that local governments can work optimally.
the legal basis referred to here is the existence of
derivative regulations from the Defense Law specifically
regulating State Defense Kurniawan et al., 2018).
• Consistency. According to George Edward III, the orders
given in the implementation of a communication must be
consistent and clear to be determined or executed. If the
order given often changes, it can cause confusion for the
implementer in the field. Therefore consistency must
also get attention in a communication. Consistency in the
implementation of the State Defense in the regions has
been going very well so far, the regional government is
very consistent in supporting the State Defense program
(Prihantoro et al., 2021).
• Resource. Resources are important factors for the
implementation of policies well, so that sufficient human
resources (HR) are needed and enhanced capabilities
possessed by policy implementers. The resources here
are divided into two, namely in the form of human (staff)
and non-human resources (infrastructure facilities or
advice).
• Staff. Implementation of policy will not succeed without
the support of qualified human resources, quality in this
case is from education, experience, competence and
professionalism and also besides quality is the quantity
of the staff themselves who will implement the policy.
Human resources are very influential on the success of

48
 implementation, because without reliable human
resources policy implementation will not run smoothly.
The human resources (staff) referred to in terms of
implementing the State Defense policy in the regions in
order to prevent terrorism, especially being a foreign
terrorist fighters, are the availability of official Martial
Arts instructors or instructors from the Ministry of
Defense (Suhirwan et al., 2020).
The findings in the field at the time of the interviews in
several regions found that there were a shortage of
teaching staff to provide materials for State Defense,
teachers who had been using teachers from outside the
Ministry of Defense so far, such as Kodam, Korem and
Kodim. One example that was considered successful in
overcoming the shortcomings of competent teaching
staff was in Purwakarta Regency, where the Purwakarta
Regent employed a former terrorist named Agus Marshal
to teach at the ideology school formed by the Purwakarta
Regent.

• Facilities. Facilities are a very necessary factor in

implementing a policy. Facilities here can mean in the
form of buildings, educational materials, curriculum and
so on. The facilities in implementing the National
Defense policy in the regions as a result of the findings
and interviews are the unavailability of special Martial
Arts training centers for regions, so far the participants
deposited in Rindam in the area meanwhile the Ministry
of Defense is currently only available in Bogor Rumpin
Training Center which was just inaugurated in February
2017. In addition to the building facilities that are needed
there is also a need for a basic Bela Negara curriculum
that has standardized from the Ministry of Defense. This

49
 curriculum contains the types or subjects that should be
given to participants especially in relation to this this
caseh for students in order to prevent becoming foreign
terrorist fighters (Dipua, et al., 2020).
• Disposition. Disposition or attitude of implementing
policies is an important factor in the approach to
implementation or public policy. If the implementation
of a policy wants to be effective, then the implementers
of the policy must not only know what will be done but
also must have the ability to implement it, so that in
practice there is no bias (Lukman Yudho Prakoso et al.,
2020).
The attitude of implementing the policy will be very
influential in implementing the policy. From the findings
in the field during interviews with informants such as the
Head of the East Java Provincial Kesbangpol, Director
of Student Affairs, Airlangga Regional Head of East Java
supported the Bela Negara program, they saw the Bela
Negara program very good and important in order to
foster a sense of love for the country and fight terrorism
(Lukman Yudho Prakoso & Aprilliyani, 2021).
In addition, the results of interviews with Unair's Student
Director and Unila's Vice-Chancellor III also supported
that the State Defense be included in the education
curriculum in higher education and there was a need to
modify the delivery of materials for students to the State.
From a number of informants, they said that they
supported the State Defense for students not in a
militaristic form, but could be in the form of public
lectures, field work practices, museum visits, and other
positive activities.

50
• Bureaucratic Structure. Bureaucratic structure has a
significant influence on policy implementation. This
aspect of bureaucratic structure includes two things,
namely mechanism and fragmentation Rifqi & Prakoso,
2020).
• Mechanism. The mechanism meant in the bureaucratic
structure of policy implementation is the existence of a
Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) (Sartono,
Prakoso, & Sianturi, 2019). In relation to the
implementation of the State Defense, what is needed now
is a guideline for the implementation of the State Defense
program which is endorsed by the Ministry of Defense,
besides that the Ministry of Defense must initiate the
submission of a presidential decree regarding the
implementation of regional defense (Listiyono et al.,
2019a).
This presidential decree is deemed necessary in the
regions because the regions need a clear legal umbrella
related to this State Defense, in addition to that, it is also
necessary to regulate the mechanism for the inclusion of
special Martial Arts material into the student curriculum.
This is in accordance with the statement from Minister of
Technology This caseh and Higher Education
Muhammad Nasir that in order to prevent radicalism in
the campus, the National Defense program for students
will be implemented, this program is in the form of
general education in which there are national insight
material (Yulida, 2018) to introduce back to students
about the country of Indonesia.

• Fragmentation. Fragmentation according to George

Edward III is the division of responsibility for a policy
area among organizational units. Responsibility for a

51
 policy area is often spread among various organizations,
this responsibility can be in the form of socialization,
training and services.
In the implementation of the National Defense in the
regions, the results of informations collection in
Mataram, Lampung, Surabaya, Purwakarta, Bandung
and Bogor found that coordination in the implementation
of State Defense actually had gone well, as evidenced by
the results of hearings with the Head of the East Java
Province Kesbangpol which explained Kesbangpol East
Java Province with the Representative of the Ministry of
Defense (PPTP) in East Java has often coordinated and
implemented the Martial Arts program in East Java, but
one thing that has not been implemented is the entry of
State Defense into universities in East Java, especially in
Surabaya (Sartono, Prakoso, & Suseto, 2019).

4. CONCLUSION
The conclusion of this case was faced with the results of the
analysis of the implementation of state defense policies in higher
education. It was found that the State Defense in higher
education applied to the tertiary education curriculum, which
was specifically in urban areas, was not enough to counteract
radicalism and terrorism that entered universities. It was found
that the stake holders related to defending the country did not
have good communication, so that the utilization of resources
was not optimal, communication that was not well established
also had an impact on the attitude of implementing state defense
in higher education. Communication problems between
stakeholders also have an impact on the system that is still not
well integrated, the bureaucratic structure related to the model of
the national defense model through the civic education model

52
currently being implemented at the beginning of the semester is
also felt to be lacking so that the national defense model in
universities must be reevaluated and together with other stake
holders must have strong communication so that the
phenomenon of higher education especially in urban areas is
exposed to radicalism and terrorism can be overcome.

References:
Prakoso, Lukman Yudho. (2021), Defense Policy Analysis to
Deal with Radicalism and Terrorism in Indonesian
Universities. In: Journal of Social and Political Sciences,
Vol.4, No.1, 202-210, ISSN 2615-3718, DOI:
10.31014/aior.1991.04.01.265,
https://www.asianinstituteofthis caseh.org/.

53
54
 Chapter 4
POLITICAL POLICY FOR THE PAPUA
ISSUE IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL
DEFENSE
• Budi Pramono, Lukman Yudho Prakoso

P apua currently has never been separated from the news

related to the dissatisfaction of its people with the
rampant activities demanding independence, these activities
both at home and abroad, have never been separated from the
current news about Papua. Departing from the root causes of
existing problems, this paper analyzes the current
conditions, the expected conditions so that solutions are
found that are believed to be solutions to solve Papua's
current problems.

1. INTRODUCTION
The current condition of Papua cannot be separated from the
existence of an armed separatist group movement in Papua
which in fact and has the potential to continue to be a threat to
Indonesian sovereignty. Papua until now has continued to
bloom with the existence of a separatist movement, even though
we consider it only an armed civilian movement, armed civilian
groups. The Indonesian government has so far taken a legal
approach in order to curb this movement. This was done
because the state has a duty to protect and maintain the
integrity of the ideology and territory of the unitary state of the
Republic of Indonesia (Arto et al., 2019).
The authors in this article have collected several facts that are

55
 considered to be the root causes of the conflict in Papua. The
problems that have often been raised in the media are issues
related to discrimination. This problem is often expressed by
Papuan figures who are currently the main reason for separating
themselves from Indonesia (Dipua et al., 2020).
Another problem that arises when we study the Papua problem
is apart from the problem of discrimination, namely the
resolution of the problem of human rights violations that have
occurred in Papua. This problem has dragged on from the New
Order to the current reform era. This problem is the impact of
the past government, which adopted a repressive approach in
the New Order. Although at this time it has been withdrawn, but
until now.
The next problem, namely the failure of development. The
results of LIPI's research show that poverty conditions are
getting higher in areas where the majority of the people are
indigenous Papuans. This is an irony, because special autonomy
has been running for almost 20 years (Saputro & Prakoso,
2021).
The next problem is related to the political status of Papua and
the political history of Papua. The Indonesian government often
avoids this big issue that should be taken into account. To
informations, there are different views on the political status and
integration of Papua into Indonesia (Kurniawan et al., 2021).
The existence of the Papus Special Autonomy Law already
exists which regulates this by establishing a Truth and
Reconciliation Commission. But unfortunately until now it has
been repealed by the Constitutional Court and there has been no
historical rectification to informations (Harris et al, 2021).
Authors in this paper will provide solutions to Papua's problems
from a review of public policy science, especially from
government political decisions which according to authors will

56
be a very strong recommendation so that the settlement of the
Papus problem can be resolved immediately, does not drag on
because it greatly impacts the condition of Indonesia's defense
and security (Hermawan et al., 2021)

2. DISCUSSION
Several approaches in the implementation of the public policy for
solving the Papua problem are top-down approaches, namely a
one-sided, top-down approach. In the process of implementing
the role of government is very large, in this approach the
assumption is that decision makers are key actors in successful
implementation, while other parties involved in the
implementation process are considered to be obstacles, so that
decision makers underestimate strategic initiatives originating
from the bureaucratic level low and other policy subsystems.
The second is a bottom-up approach, namely an approach that
comes from below (the community). The bottom-up approach
is based on a type of public policy that encourages people to do
the implementation of their own policies or still involves
government officials but only at a low level. The assumption
underlying this approach is that implementation takes place in
a decentralized decision-making environment. This model
provides a mechanism for moving from the lowest level of the
bureaucracy to the highest level of decision making in the public
and private sectors.
In its implementation, the implementation of public policies to
solve Papua's problems requires a different implementation
model, because there are public policies that need to be
implemented top-down or bottom-up. Top- down policies are
policies that are strategic in nature and related to state safety,
such as policies on anti-terrorism, which are different from

57
 policies that are more effective when implemented bottom-up,
which usually deal with matters that are not directly related to
with national security, such as policies, superior varieties of
rice, fishermen's economic development and the like.
In implementing a policy in solving the Papua problem, the most
effective choice is if we can make a combination of
participatory public policy implementation, meaning that it is
top-down and bottom-up. This model is usually more effective,
sustainable and inexpensive, and can even be implemented for
matters of a national nature, especially related to the Papua
problem.
In this case related to the Papua problem, the most appropriate
approach is a participatory approach where the policies that
have been made by the government can be responded to well by
the community. One thing that is most important is that the
implementation of the policy must show the effectiveness of the
policy itself. Nugroho (2011), basically there are "five points"
that need to be fulfilled in terms of the effectiveness of policy
implementation, namely:
Is the policy in itself correct? The accuracy of policies is judged
by the extent to which existing policies contain matters that
solve the problems to be solved. Execution accuracy.
Implementation actors are not only the government, there are
three institutions that can be the implementers, namely the
government, cooperation between the public/private
government or the implementation of privatized policies
(privatization or contracting out).
The accuracy of the implementation target. Accuracy relates to
three things, namely: a) Is the target being intervened as
planned, is it not overlapping with other interventions, or is it
not in conflict with other policy interventions; b) Whether the
target is ready for intervention or not, readiness is not only in a

58
natural sense, but also whether the target's condition is in
conflict or harmony, whether the target's condition is in a
condition of support or resistance; c) Whether the policy
implementation intervention is new or updates the previous
policy implementation.
Is the implementation environment right? There are two most
decisive environments, namely a) the policy environment,
which is the interaction between the policy making and
implementing agencies and other related institutions;
b) external policy environment consisting of public opinion,
namely public perception of policy and policy implementation,
interpretive institutions with regard to the interpretation of
strategic institutions in society.
Right process. In general, the implementation of public policy
consists of three processes, namely: a) policy acceptance, here
the public understands policy as a rule of the game that is
necessary for the future, on the other hand, the government
understands policy as a task that must be carried out; b) policy
adoption, the public accepts policy as a rule of the game
necessary for the future, on the other hand, the government
accepts policy as a task that must be carried out; c) strategic
readiness, the public is ready to implement or become part of
the policy, on the other hand the implementing bureaucrats are
ready to implement the policies.
The political decision to impose special autonomy on Papua is
actually a very good decision to spur Papua's backwardness
from other provinces in Indonesia. However, the current
implementation of public policies is still not going well, it is
evident that until now Papua is still a region that has lagged
behind other preventions.
The basis for the cost of special autonomy for Papua is still not

59
 having a significant impact on the welfare of the Papuan people,
this is what makes Papua still rife. Movements are dissatisfied
with what has been done for Papua so far. Corruption cases
against the special autonomy fund are still prominent incidents
that we often encounter.
The accountability of the performance in handling Papua,
especially related to the special autonomy fund, needs to be
enforced in accordance with Lukman Yudho Prakoso's policy
implementation theory, which states that policy implementation
can be achieved maximally if the policy is implemented in an
integrated, interactive, transparent, well- controlled and
accountable manner (Prakoso, 2016).
Political apostasy related to the Papua issue, which is currently
problematic in the implementation of public policies granting
special autonomy when referring to the theory of Lukman
Yudho Prakoso Policy Implementation, which includes IITCA
(Integrative, Interactive, Transparency, Controlling,
Accountability) (Prakoso, 2016). In formulating policies, it is
necessary to adhere to the following principles:
Integrative. This means that it is integrated between all existing
national resources. The Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches
must be able to integrate all national resources at both the central
government level and the regional government level and other
related institutions to be equally determined to advance the
Papuan people by optimizing the public silence on the special
autonomy of Papua.
Interactive. There is a need for interactive communication
between entities related to the Papua issue. The existence of
movements that are dissatisfied with the current condition of
Papua shows clearly that you are barriers to communication that
are not embarrassed properly, between the government and the
people who until now think that government programs are still

60
not able to bring prosperity to the Papuan people.
Transparency. Commitment in formulating a special
transparency system in order to avoid leakage of the budgets
that have been used to build Papua with autonomy in particular
can be monitored together with its designation.
Controlling. An entity is needed as a driver force to avoid abuse
of authority, especially in the use of special autonomy funds.
when the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) announced some time
ago that it had discovered the misuse of Special Autonomy
funds for Papua and West Papua worth Rp. 4.281 trillion from
the total funds channeled by the central government of Rp.
28.842 trillion from 2002-2010.
The details are as follows: First, Rp. 566 billion in the Special
Autonomy fund disbursement is not supported by valid
evidence. In examinations in 2010 and 2011, it was found that
Rp. 211 billion was not supported by evidence, including the
realization of spending for PT TV Mandiri Papua from 2006-
2009 worth Rp. 54 billion, which did not comply with the
provisions. And Rp. 1.1 billion for the responsibility of official
travel using fake tickets. As well as the previous findings have
not been fully followed up by Rp 354 billion (Wakum, 2011).
Accountability. Accountability is an ethical concept related to
the ability to explain decisions taken and activities undertaken.
In accounting, the concept of accountability must be separated
from the term responsibility because it has differences.
According to Adisasmita (2011:30), accountability is an
instrument of responsibility for the concept of success and
failure of main tasks and organizational functions.
From some of the explanations above, it can be concluded that
the meaning of accountability in Papua’s special autonomy
policy is especially related to the very large use of the

61
 responsibility control system for the duties and functions of
each position. Have the special Autonomy funds used so far
been accounted for? And if it can't be accounted for, then the
government must firmly give the toughest action and
punishment.
The seriousness of the government is needed very immediately
to realize a prosperous Papuan society, because the threat of
disintegration will become real if the government is late in
taking more realistic steps and does not continue to take it and
only sees it from political this case and top-down public policy
decisions. The struggle of the Papuan people to get better
human rights is a priority need that must be resolved at this time.
If these needs can be resolved by the government, the desire for
independence will subside because the Papuan people are
satisfied with the current government's handling (Prakoso et al.,
2021).
Create the Melanesia Nation Center as a Proud Identity Melanesia
is rooted in the Greek language of the black island, which means
a row of islands that line up from the Papua region to the western
Pacific, then to the Western Australian Sea and also the
northeastern region. This title was first used by adventurers from
Europe, to be more precise in the country of France, namely J.
Dumont d'Urville around the 19th century to mark races or
ethnicities and to classify a group of islands from Polynesia and
Micronesia. But now, this racist and colonial categorization of J.
D. D'Urville is considered inappropriate because it houses diverse
cultures, languages, and ethnicities, so that Melanesian ethnicity
is now only used for geographic designations.
Melanesian racial communities initially wandered from their
core area around New Guinea, including in the Bismarck
Archipelago on the northeastern coast of New Guinea, the
Pacific Ocean, to southeastern Australia. This community

62
flourished in Australia until about 30,000 years ago. Starting
from there, eventually some migrated and arrived in Nusa
Tenggara, Java and Kalimantan between 15,000 and 5,000 years
ago. They belong to the Australomelanesid race.
The term Melanesia may still sound foreign to some
Indonesians, especially those who live in western regions such
as Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Bali, which generally belong
to the Mongoloid race. But for the eastern part of Indonesia, the
inhabitants are of the Melanesian race, although they are more
popularly known as Eastern Indonesians. Many of the
Melanesian ethnic groups in Indonesia are from Maluku Island
to Fiji Island. Generally, the Melanesian race group has dark
skin, curly hair, a large and sturdy bone structure, and a body
that looks athletic.
According to the Ministry of Education and Culture, currently
Indonesia is one of the regions with the largest Melanesian race
when compared to other countries that are also inhabited by this
ethnicity. The latest information is that the population of the
Melanesian race in the Indonesian region reaches 13 million,
which includes Papua, the Maluku Islands, and Nusa Tenggara.
Abroad, the Melanesian race reaches 9 million people, in the
regions of Papua New Guinea, Timor Leste, Vanuatu, New
Caledonia, Solomon Islands, and Fiji.
The facts above are a strategic condition that must be seen by
the Indonesian Government, that Indonesia must be able to take
advantage of this situation for the benefit of Indonesia, so far
the problems of Papuans who feel there is discrimination cannot
be allowed to drag on, the fact that the Papuan people need self-
actualization with their Melanesian nation can be realized by
establishing the Melanesia Nation Center in Indonesia (Lebo et
al, 2021).
The fact that most of the Melanesians live in the Indonesian

63
 Territory, this is a political advantage that the Indonesian
government should be able to take advantage of. The
government as soon as possible must be able to turn the
Melanesian people of Papua into the leaders of the Melanesian
Nation in the world. With the presence of the Melanesia Nation
Center in Indonesia, this has become a political vehicle for the
Papuan people in Indonesia to be able to actualize themselves in
the world (Madrohim et al., 2021).
Self-actualization is the peak of one's maturity. This is marked
by how a person can realize and utilize the various potentials
that exist within him to achieve a goal in life. Self-actualization
is part of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. This
theory describes human needs in the form of a pyramid, with
self-actualization at the 5th level being the highest. Starting
from the most basic, human needs that need to be met are the
need for clothing, food and shelter, the need for security, the
need to be loved, and the need for self-respect. According to this
theory, before being able to achieve self-actualization, a person
needs to fulfill these four needs first.
The current development of various issues regarding Papua
related to the issue of racism and demonstrations in various
regions to the flying of the Morning Star flag has made many
people ask how the state's sovereignty in the land of Papua
(Palupi et al., 2021). With regard to defense issues, state
sovereignty is not only the responsibility of the Ministry of
Defense and the Indonesian National Armed Forces alone, but
requires the integration of various parties. Because from the
explanation above, the root of Papua's problems is more caused
by other entities outside the Indonesian Ministry of Defense and
the Indonesian Armed Forces (Suhirwan & Prakoso, 2019).
Discussions related to the best political policy solutions to solve
the Papua problem in the framework of national defense in

64
accordance with political theory according to Roger F. Solau.
According to Roger F. Solau, Politics is the study of the State,
the objectives of the State, and State institutions that will carry
out these objectives and the relationship between the State and
its citizens and other countries. The current condition shows that
the government has serious problems with the Papuan people
that must be resolved immediately. Resolving the Papus a
problem, such as the discussion of the immediate need for the
government to realize the Melanesia Nation Center, is the
political interest of our nation in the future, both with the
Melanesian nation states and with other countries in the world
(Prihantoro et al., 2021).

3. CONCLUSION
The discussion of the article on the best political policy
solutions to solve the Papua problem in the context of national
defense shows how the current conditions are and the conditions
that are expected to completely resolve the Papua problem.
There are two solutions offered in this paper that first, the
government must take political decisions with a combined
approach between top-down and Bottom-up public policies by
adhering to the Prakoso theory (2016), that political decisions
through public policies that apply Integrative, interactive
factors. , Transparency, Control and Accountability. Second, the
government must immediately create the Melanesia Nation
Center as a proud identity for the Papuan people as leaders of
the Indonesian nation in the world.
References:
Pramono, Budi. Lukman Yudho Prakoso, 2019, Political Policy
for the Papuan Issue in the Context of National Defense,
Universitas Pertahanan RI, Bogor.

65
66
 Chapter 5
Defense Strategy at Sea Handling of Transnational
OrganizedCrime (TNOC) in Nunukan Indonesia's
National Sea Border
*Suhirwan, Lukman Yudho Prakoso

T he development of the global and regional strategic

environment has an impact on the development of the
national strategic environment. The Territory of the Republic of
Indonesia (NKRI) region which is a world crossing position is
the world's maritime axis where the flow of world transportation
and world telecommunications is passed. The negative impact
that is felt at this time is the tip of increasing the number of
transnational organized crime (TNOC) that occurred in the
NKRI. So it is necessary to do case on how the implementation
of handling transnational crime at this time, especially in
locations that are factual or potential occur such as in the waters
of Nunukan-North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia which is
directly adjacent to the City of Tawau-District Sabah, Malaysia.
From the conditions of implementation of the handling it can be
found the root of the problem so that a strategy can be formulated
to improve the handling of transnational crime in the territorial
waters of the Republic of Indonesia with other countries.

1. INTRODUCTION
Transnational organized crime (TNOC) today has become one
of the threats to defense and security stability in Indonesia, by
definition transnational crime is an organized transnational
crime involving groups or networks in more than one country to
plan and carrying out illegal business, whereas according to the

67
 2000 United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized
Crime in Palermo, crime can be said to be transnational if it
consists of: crossing national borders, more than one perpetrator,
having an effect on a country's sovereignty and breaking the law
in more than one country.
Transnational crime was first introduced internationally in the
1990s during a meeting of nations discussing crime prevention.
In 1995, the United Nations (UN) has identified 18 types of
transnational crime, namely money laundering, terrorism, theft
of art and cultural objects, theft of intellectual property (theft).
intellectual property), illicit arms trafficking (army and weapons
illicit trade), aircraft hijacking, sea piracy, fraud insurance
(insurance fraud), computer crime (cyber-crime), environmental
crime , trafficking in persons (human smuggling), trade in
human body parts (trade in human body parts), illicit drug
trafficking (drug trafficking), fraudulent bankruptcy (fake
bankruptcy), infiltration of legal business (legal business
infiltration), corruption (corruption ), bribery of public (bribing
public officials), and bribery of party officials.
In Law Number 5 of 2009 concerning the Ratification of the
United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized
Crime in Palermo, 2000 (United Nations Convention Against
Organized Transnational Crimes) mentions a number of crimes
included in the category of transnational organized crime,
namely laundering money, corruption, illegal trade in protected
plants and wildlife, crime against cultural artifacts, human
trafficking, migrant smuggling and the illegal production and
trading of firearms. The Convention also recognizes the close
link between transnational crime organized with terrorism
crime, although its characteristics are very different. Although
drug trafficking crimes are not referred to in the convention,
these crimes are categorized as transnational organized crime
and have even been regulated far more fully in three drug-related

68
conventions.
Indonesia feels the need to ratify the Palermo Convention
considering the potential threat of TNOC is increasingly
developing dynamically, and faced with Indonesia's strategic
position which is directly adjacent to 10 neighboring countries
namely Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, India, Thailand,
Vietnam, Republic of Palau , Australia, Timor Leste and Papua
New Guinea and three of them have land borders, namely
Indonesia-Malaysia, Indonesia Papua New Guinea and
Indonesia Timor Leste. This condition makes Indonesia very
vulnerable to TNOC which can directly threaten the sovereignty
of the Republic of Indonesia.
In the mechanism of handling the threat of TNOC, Indonesia has
sought various ways to deal with it both domestically and
internationally, in addition to ratifying the Palermo Convention
in 2000, Indonesia is active internationally in combating TNOC,
one of them is Indonesia related to Bali Process on People
Smuggling, Trafficking in Person and Related Transnational
Crimes (Bali Process). Indonesia and Australia are the founders
and Co-chairs of the Bali Process. Since its establishment in
2002 until now, the Bali Process has become the oldest and
largest Regional Consultative Process in the region. Within the
framework of the Bali Process, Indonesia has conducted various
initiatives that gather authorities, practitioners and experts in the
region to enhance cooperation in handling irregular migration
through better border management.
In Indonesia itself, Indonesia takes strategic steps by issuing
several laws [4], including Law Number 5 of 2001 concerning
Transnational Crime, then issuing Law Number 21 of 2007
concerning the Eradication of Crimes on Trafficking in Persons
and the Eradication of Criminal Trafficking People, then the
issuance of Law No. 15 of 2009 concerning Smuggling of

69
 Migrants Through Land, Sea and Air, Completing the United
Nations Convention Against Organized Transnational Crimes
and the subsequent issuance of Law Number 8 of 2010
concerning Money Laundering, which categorize as TNOC. Not
only that in 2014, the Indonesian government issued Law No. 32
of 2014 concerning Marine Affairs, one of which was aimed at
safeguarding the country's sovereignty from various threats of
crime and violations at sea, in which the law has been designated
by 12 agencies that have the authority under the control of the
Marine Security Agency (Bakamla).
Along with the issuance of several laws is in an effort to
minimize the occurrence of TNOC, but not directly proportional
to the number of TNOC numbers that continue to increase from
year to year in Indonesia. According to police informations in
2016 TNOC that occurred in 2010 totaled 10,444 crime cases
and in 2015 it increased significantly by 40,938 crime cases,
continued to increase in 2016 a number of 41,033 crime cases.

Figure 5.1. Chart of transnational crime figures in

Indonesia from 2010-2016

70
With the phenomenon of increasing TNOC in Indonesia, it
needs to get more serious attention, if not immediately
addressed further as described above which would endanger
the sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). At
present there are six agencies that have the means in their
authority to take action against crimes at sea, namely the
Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Navy, Polair, Bakamla, KPLP,
and Customs. The six law enforcement agencies have their
respective policy bases in carrying out patrols related to
security at sea.
Taking into account the informations of TNOC which
increases every year, it is deemed necessary to be investigated
related to TNOC at the sea border. This case is expected to
contribute to efforts to suppress as much as possible the number
of TNOC in order to maintain the sovereignty of the Unitary
Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). As an analytical tool, this study
uses policy implementation theory developed by George C.
Edwards III. According to him, there are four variables in
public policy, namely communications, resources, attitudes
(dispositions or attitudes), and bureaucratic structure [7].

2. DISCUSSION

2.1. General description of Nunukan Regency, North

Kalimantan Province
Nunukan Regency is one of the districts in North Kalimantan,
Indonesia. The district capital is located in the city of Nunukan.
This regency has an area of 14,493 km² and has a population of
140,842 inhabitants. Nunukan Regency is a division area of
Bulungan Regency, which is formed based on the
consideration of area size, improvement of development, and
improvement of services to the community. Bulungan Regency

71
 is pioneered by R.A. Besing, who at the time served as
Bulungan Regent.
This district division is legally regulated in Law Number 47 of
1999 concerning the Establishment of Nunukan District,
Malinau District, East Kutai Regency, West Kutai Regency and
Bontang City on October 4, 1999. Based on Law Number 47
of 1999, Nunukan officially became regency with 5
administrative districts namely: District of Lumbis, District of
Sembakung, District of Nunukan, District of Sebatik, District
of Krayan.
Since 2012, this district is part of the Province of North
Kalimantan, along with the expansion of the new province
from East Kalimantan Province [8]. While the boundaries of
Nunukan Regency are as follows:
1) North side with East Malaysia – Sabah;
2) East side with Makassar Strait and Sulawesi Sea;
3) South side with Bulungan Regency and Malinau Regency
4) West side with East Malaysia – Sarawak.
Nunukan Regency has great potential to be developed, among
others in the mining sector, with its mining products in the form
of petroleum which is managed by PT. Perkasa Equatorial
Sembakung and coal which are managed by PT. Inti Mandiri
Perkasa. In the primary sector, for agricultural activities in the
Nunukan area, the results of cultivation of food crops are the
main source of livelihood for the population, with agricultural
products in the form of rice, horticulture and secondary crops.
In addition to being a farmer, quite a lot of laborers rely on
forests to turn the wheels of the family economy, the main
products of primary businesses that are in the form of logs,
round logs the official business results are sent to Java and

72
Sumatra into raw materials for the wood processing industry.
In the plantation sector the main commodities produced by this
region in 2006 were cocoa (17,702 tons), deep coconut (1,864
tons), and robusta coffee (214 tons).
In the context of safeguarding the border area, the slogan
becomes very important, becauseNunukan Regency, especially
on Sebatik Island, is one of the outer islands of the Republic of
Indonesia and is the gateway to Indonesia in the North
Kalimantan region, which is directly adjacent to Sabah,
Malaysia from and out of the Republic of Indonesia.
2.2. Transnational organized crime in Nunukan, North
Kalimantan.
In the context of safeguarding the border area of Nunukan
Regency, it has quite complex problems, in addition to being
bordered by Malaysia and the Philippines, Nunukan Regency
has historically also had a long-standing emotional connection
that is connected in a land to be separated in two countries, not
to mention the lack of infrastructure. and available facilities and
infrastructure.
Various problems occurred in Nunukan Regency due to the
impact of the island's direct border with the Malaysian State.
Like cross-border problems, many people who enter and enter
the borders of the two countries without having legal
documents, then the residence time exceeds the stipulated time.
Smuggling of daily necessities through traditional ports.
The close access to distribution of goods from Malaysia to
Indonesia has made the Nunukan community prefer to take
goods or buy goods to Malaysia through Tawau. In addition, in
Nunukan Regency, especially in Sebatik Island, it is the
entrance to international drug crossings. in the border region on
Sebatik Island, the problem of terrorism infiltration arises from

73
 the vulnerability of various separatist movements and terrorism
from Malaysia and the Philippines. With the number of
traditional ports that also trigger illegal activities in the border
region, considering that the crossing doors in the border area
of Nunukan Regency are quite open, mainly for illegal human
entry and trading activities in traditional and other social
activities given the kinship in the border area. .
With the number of entrances that allow the rise of TNOC
in the Nunukan Regency, various efforts have been carried out
in monitoring, prosecuting and punishing these transnational
criminals, one of which is by placing cross-border posts as well
as security forces and the TNI as at points considered
vulnerable. Considering the area coverage that there are still
many traditional ports, it is expected that law enforcement
officers in the sea will increase their strength in the future,
especially in facilities and infrastructure, or increase in
international cross-border posts such as in Sebatik region.
trigger economic growth around it.
Another factor that is also very decisive in handling
TNOC is by eroding the root causes of economic inequality that
occurs with neighboring countries, with the acceleration of
people's economic growth is expected to stimulate the
community not to get involved in illegal activities.
2.3. Implementation Policy Handling of TONC in Nunukan
District, North Kalimantan Province.
➢ Communication. Good communication can result in a
good implementation. There is often a problem in
communication channeling, namely misunderstanding
caused by the many bureaucratic levels that must be
passed in the communication process, so that what is
expected is transmitted in the middle of the road.

74
 Basically the communication of institutions that have
authority in the sea in Nunukan Regency seems to work
well. However, sometimes the sectoral ego owned by
each agency will be seen clearly when seen further, as
experienced by the National Narcotics Agency (BNN)
Nunukan who proposes police personnel to become
investigators from 2014, but the submission has not been
accommodated until now.
➢ Staff and facility resources. The main resource in policy
implementation is staff or employees (street-level
bureaucrats). Failures that often occur in the
implementation of policies, one of which is caused by
staff / employees who are not sufficient or not competent
in their fields.
Especially in the border region of Nunukan Regency,
facing the problem of lack of personnel, especially
agencies related to handling transnational crimes,
especially the Naval Base (Lanal) Nunukan-Koarmada
II, the Navy has less than half of the requerment standart
personnel needed, while the police have 523 personnel
out of 1000s are needed, not to mention a BNN that is
only 4 personnel, with personnel shortage problems that
should get more attention by adding personnel to
strategic agencies that deal with TNOC in Nunukan
Regency.
In facing the threat of TNOC, especially in the sea border area,
facilities and infrastructure have become a priority requirement
in handling both as an early detection and for enforcement.
Early detection is the initial activity in carrying out observations
of all activities that occur. Detection failures often occur due to
lack or lack of facilities and infrastructure. In this activity,
supporting tools such as binoculars or long range cameras with

75
 high technology (infrared) with the ability to detect targets at
night are needed and it is time to be added and equipped.
Enforcement, the need for sea patrol vessels for agencies related
to supervision is quite urgent, not to mention that if faced with
the development of shipping technology that is owned is far from
expectations, sometimes the perpetrators of crimes in front
of the eyes just leave when they are arrested for patrolling
ships the sea owned by law enforcement officials in Indonesia is
less modern than the perpetrator of the crime. With the
phenomenon of the lack of limited number of sea patrol vessels
it should be added to its strength by complementing medium and
small sea patrol boats to be affordable when entering the rivers
in Nunukan Regency with large and fast thrust to be able to carry
out internal pursuits relatively fast time.
➢ Disposition. Disposition that becomes a problem as
happened in the District Government of Nunukan is quite
difficult in the implementation of the budget allocation
of the General Allocation Fund (DAU) and Special
Allocation Fund (DAK) which is managed directly by
the central government, and directed its development in
the border region. Due to the lack of synchronization
between regional and central will cause obstacles in
completing the work, even though the program
submission is planned through submission from
Nunukan District, but when it goes down the allocation
is not in accordance with the needs in the field. This
requires a decision policy taken by the central
government to authorize the regions to determine their
own regional needs.
➢ Bureaucratic structure. Implementation of complex
policies requires the cooperation of many parties. When
the bureaucratic structure is not conducive to the
implementation of a policy, this will cause

76
 ineffectiveness and hamper the implementation of
policies.
The problem of this bureaucratic structure occurring in
several Nunukan District agencies that are related to
transnational crime law enforcement (TNOC) has a few
obstacles with the length of the bureaucracy, such as the
TK high court. II Nunukan who does not have full
authority in managing his own institution, whether it is
an organization or the needs of employees who are still
dependent on the TK State High Court. I in Tarakan, not
to mention the obstacles to the lack of transportation
facilities. So that it is necessary to increase the status of
the TK district court. II Nunukan became a TK I to be
more optimal in organizational performance.
➢ The source of the problem of the occurrence of TNOC.
Analysis of informations through interviews with
informants related to handling TNOC in Nunukan can
be found problems that make TNOC rampant are as
follows:
a. Inequality of economic growth with the
Malaysian State;
b. lack of infrastructure facilities in handling TNOC,
and
c. Public relations on the border have historically
had an emotional connection so as tolegalize
TNOC.
➢ Strategies that must be applied
Based on the discussion related to the implementation
of TNOC in Nunukan and paying attention to the root
causes of TNOC, the following strategies can be

77
 formulated:
a. Accelerate the economic growth of the people in
the border by developing an economy based on
natural and marine resources owned by Nunukan
Regency,
b. Increasing the number of personnel, facilities and
infrastructure, as well as transportation,
especially to agencies that have authority in
handling TNOC in the Nunukan Regency, and
c. Tighten supervision at traditional ports which are
often used as distribution channels for illegal
goods from other countries.

3. CONCLUSION

The handling of transnational crime (TNOC) in the Indonesia-

Malaysia Sea Border in the Nunukan Regency has some good
communication problems between law enforcement agencies
in the Indonesian territory and communication between
Indonesian and Malaysian law enforcement. Resources for
infrastructure facilities owned by Indonesian law enforcement
agencies are also still minimal to handle TNOC. Regarding the
disposition or attitude of the law enforcement executor, there
are still persons involved. Regarding the bureaucratic structure
regarding standard operating procedures, local parties (district-
level officials) do not have standard standards for
implementing instructions and technical guidelines for
handling TNOC, for example the National Police, the handling
of the TNOC is directly handled by the center.
Nunukan Regency has a considerable threat to the occurrence
of transnational crime, especially from the open sea lanes. The

78
 root of the problem that occurred was economic inequality
between the two border regions between Indonesia in Nunukan
/ Sebatik and Malaysia in Tawau. There needs to be an
integrated handling of law enforcement with the completeness
of theStandard Operating Procedure (SOP) that can be directly
handled in the border area to cut the lengthy process if handled
by by the central government.
The mechanism for handling transnational crime (TNOC)
requires a special regulation in the form of a government
regulation as a reference for the authorized agencies in carrying
out actions, which can be done directly by the regional
apparatus. Adding integrated international border control posts
to monitor the entry of goods and people, as well as trigger
economic growth in the surrounding area.

References:
Suhirwan. Prakoso L Y. Defense strategy at sea handling of
Transnational OrganizedCrime (TNOC) in Nunukan Indonesia's
national sea border, Universitas Pertahanan (Unhan)

79
80
 Chapter 6
The Evaluation of the Program of TNI
Team up to Build Villages (TMMD)
*Tahan Samuel Lumban Toruan

T his writing aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the

implementation of the Program of The Indonesia National
Army (TNI) Team Up to Build Village (TMMD) as the
civic mission of TNI in order to identify the rate of togetherness
between Indonesian National Army (TNI) Personnels and the
citizen the the capital city of Indonesia as Jakarta, and the
surrounding regions. This cases applied qualitative method with
CIPP evaluation model that consists of four evaluation
components, those are: (1) context; (2) input; (3) process; and (4)
product. All the data was collected through interview,
observation, questionnaire, group discussion, and documentation
study. The scoring towards the evaluation result is divided into
three levels of category: high/effective, medium/effective
enough, and low/less effective. This category was applied in
accordance with the comparison of goal standard in every
evaluation stage upon either the physical or non-physical activity
in the field. These activities were obtained based on the summary
which was sum up using Case Order Effect Matrix. The findings
present that the efficacy of the program “Indonesia National
Army (TNI) Team Up to Build Village” in enhancing the
togetherness between Indonesian National Army Personnels and
the citizen was considered as “medium”. Thus, the program
“Indonesia National Army (TNI) Team Up to Build Village” in
Jakarta and the surrounding regions in 2012 period was effective
enough to enhance the togetherness between TNI and the
citizens.

81
 1. INTRODUCTION:
History told that the teamwork between TNI-Citizens had
resulted into great achievements to secure the sovereignity of
country and support the development. One of the attempts to
preserve or even improve the relationship between TNI-
Citizens was through the implementation of the program
“Indonesia National Army (TNI) Team Up to Build Village” or
known as “TNI Manunggal Membangun Desa” abbreviated as
TMMD. This program is one of the “civic missions” of TNI to
improve the togetherness between TNI and citizens under the
motto of “Together with People, TNI is strong”. The attitude of
TNI which always struggle to work together and get close to
the people is the reflection of the philosophy of “winning the
hearts and minds of people”. This is such an essential
philosophy in assisting the army, including TNI, during
executing their duties and fuctions. TMMD program is
conducted as physical program (such as the construction or
maintenence of: infrastructure, public facilities, religious
buildings; citizen’s house, etc) and also non-physical program
(socialization about law, health, nationalism, nationality,
entrepreneirship training, etc). Both programs above aimed to
improve the unity between TNI and the citizens and accelerate
the development in rural, remote, unfortunate, isolated,
frontier, slu m, and other areas effected by natural disaster. This
is and integrated program that involves multiple sectors, such
as TNI, Ministry/ Non-Ministry Institution, Local Government,
and other national components that have involved in the
program since the initial foundation in 1981 up to the moment.

2. TMMD PROGRAM
Knowing that the program have conducted for more that 3
(three) decades, there should have been some improvements in

82
the unity between TNI and Citizens based on several indicators,
like: increasing trust from the citizens to TNI; improving the
citizen’s awareness in the social life; enhancing civic and
citizenship knowledge; raising the spirit of unity, mutual
cooperation, as well as improving the citizen’s active
participation in developing their areas. Unfortunately, despite
of the long run of program of TMMD, especially in area of DKI
Jakarta and the surroundings regions, a study showed that there
are disparities in the execution. Stakeholder who mostly
involved are the low class society, while those who are in
middle to high class citizens who live pretty far from the
TMMD location nearly never participate in the program.
Furthermore, there are still many cases of brawl either between
group of communities of citizens or between groups of
students, increasing amount of drug abuse cases, and the
disobedience attitude of the society and their lack of awareness
towards the traffic policy. There are also many people who do
not care about the environment cleanliness and safety. In
Jakarta, the existance of slum areas with people who live in a
very unfortunate situation seems to be an everyday sight. And
knowing that all the problems above are actually the target of
TMMD program, to eradicate or at least decrease the cases
through physical and non-physical ation, is something to be
considered about.
The orientation to conduct the program “Indonesia National
Army (TNI) Team Up to Build Village” (TMMD) is to create
sphere of struggle; instrument of struggle; condition of struggle
and the unity of TNI-Citizens in order to assist the Government
to improve the nation’s prosperity through either physical or
nonphysical development that could also establish condusive
situation to realize safety stability in the nation (Indonesian
National Army Headquoters, 2012). The main target of TMMD
are: (a) the growth and development of common vision and

83
 mission among the government staffs and social leaders in an
integrated manner to empower the society along with the
environment; (b) the development of the life and prosperity of
the society to build a prosperous and independent nations that
can overcome any threats possible; (c) the development of
social awareness of the society that reflected from their attitude
in obeying the law and national discipline during their social
activities; (d) the improvement of society’s civic and
citizenship knowledge regarding to their every field of
profession; and (e) the growth of the spirit of togetherness,
mutual cooperation, sense of belonging, and active
participation in developing the areas in order to achieve strong
unity in the society and unity between TNI-Citizen (Indonesian
National Army Headquoters, 2012). Therefore, the
implementation of TMMD program need to be evaluated in the
sense of its effect towards the spirit of togetherness, mutual
cooperation, sense of belonging, and the active participation of
the society. This way, the effectiveness of the program in
Jakarta Capital Special Region Province and the surrounding
regions to improve the togetherness between TNI-Citizens can
be identified. Since this program has been conducted for a long
period of time, this cases will only focus on 2012-2013 period
of the program to ease the study.
According to C.H Weiss (1998), evaluation is a systematic
scoring system for a certain program or policy based on the
statutory explisit and implisit standard to fix a program or
policy. Fort, Martinez, Mukhopadhyay (2001) in Donna M.
Mertens defined evaluation as a gradual scoring towards the
relevance, performance, and either expected or not expected
effect from a project according to the objective that has been
set. Based on James C. McDavid, et.al (2005) evaluation
can be considered as a structurized process that
can produce and synthesis information to reduce the

84
uncertainty about an enacted program of policy for the
stakeholders. Kristi D, Menix (2007) added that evaluation is a
scoring process that requires criteria or expected outcomes.
Song and Nick Letch (2012) stated that evaluation is a process
used to identify, measure, and value an object in a certain
context.
Regarding to “program”, Joan L. Herman et.al. (1987) in Farida
said that program is anything that someone tries to do to create
a particular result or influence. Smith (1989) in John M. Owen
defined a program as a set of planned- activities, conducted to
create specific changes that can be identified by the public.
Similarly, James C.Mc David et.al (2005) added that a program
is an integrated set of activities to achieve one or several goals.
Kathryn E Newcomer et.al. (2010) explained that program is a
set of resources and ativities that aims to achieve communal
goal directed by a manager of management team. Meanwhile
according to Thomas L.Wheelen & J.David Hunger (2012),
program is the statement from activities or stages required to
create a program planning using action-based strategy.
Furthermore, regarding to “program evaluation”, Robson
(2002) in Sylvia A. Metcalfe et.al. explicated that program
evaluation intended to determne the effect and the result from
a certain event, intervension, policy, practice, service or
innovasion that is implemented in every program. According to
James C.Mc David, et.al. (2005) program evaluation is a
combination and variation of theory and practice that is applied
for a large scale either in public, non- profit, and in private
organization sector that aims to gain information for the future
planning, designing, and implementation. On the other hand,
Huey-Tsyh Chen (2005) defined program evaluation as the
implementation of evaluation approach, implementation
approach, and knowledge approach in a systematic manner to
judge and improve the planning, implementation, and the

85
 effectiveness of the programs. Kathryn E Newcomer (2010)
that program evaluation provides the process and instrument
that can be applied by any agency to gain valid, reliable, and
credible data to solve any problems related to the public sector
performance and non-profit programs.
Addditionally, Richard L. Daft (2000) stated that effectiveness
is about how well an organization manage to reach their
expected goals. James McDavid (2006) said that effectiveness
is about how consistent the result towards the expected goals is
Relationship according to AS Hornby (2005) is the way in
which two people, groups or countries behave towards each
other or deal with each other. The in which two or more things
are connected.
This cases implemented CIPP evaluation model (context, input,
process, product) that is developed by Stufflebeam, et.al. (1967)
in Ohio State University. Stufflebeam developed a framework by
providing four different kinds of decision, those are: (1) context
evaluation to analyze the needs to be managed by one or several
programs than can help to determine the goals of the program;
(2) input evaluation helps to determine the available resources,
the strategies or alternatives that must be considered and decide
which strategy has the best potential to fulfill the needs to
facilitize the designed procedure of the program; (3) process
evaluation functions during the decision making stage by raising
several questions like “what hinders the implementation?” and
“which parts need to be revised?”and (4) product evaluation
helps during the preparation for the new cycle by analyzing what
are the results gain and what should be done after the program
has been conducted All in all, this study about “TNI Team-Up to
build Villages” in period of year 2012 meant to evaluate about:
(a) need assessment in formulating the objective and the target of
this program, especial in the stage of planning; (b) the
preparation, accuracy, and the completeness of the activities
program based on the program planning, procedure and

86
mechanism, structure of organization, monitoring and control,
support from the resources ( such as: human resources, facilities,
and financial fund) according to the goals and target of the
program in input stage; (c) the program implementation that
includes program planning, procedure and mechanism, structure
of organization, monitoring and control, support from the
resources ( such as: human resources, facilities, and financial
fund) during the stage of process; and (d) The result of the
program implementation in the sence of closeness between TNI
members and the citizen in Jakarta Capital Special Region
Province and the surrounding regions at the stage of product. This
observation took place in the locations where TMMD program
was located during period of year 2012 in Jakarta Capital Special
Region Province (North Jakarta Municipality, South Jakarta
Municipality, East Jakarta Municipality and West Jakarta
Municipality) and the surrounding regions (Bekasi District,
Bogor District, Depok District and Tangerang District). The
study through the documentation analysis is began in the Jaya
Military Commando Base in Jakarta as the as the Control of
Operational Activity (PKO) if the program TNI Team Up to
Build Villages in Jakarta Capital Special Region Province and its
Surrounding Region as well as the Indonesian Military
Headquoters as the Party in Charge for the Operational (PJO) of
the TMMD program. The respondents of the study consist of
three levels: (a) in the level of man in charge on the process of
TMMD program consist of the Commander of TNI represented
by the Territorial Assistant of Commander of TNI and the Head
of Staff of Army that represented by the Territorial Assistant of
Head of Staff of Army. (b) In the level of executor of TMMD
Program, it consists of Commander of Military of Jaya Region
represented by the Territorial Assistant of the Commander of
Military of Jaya Region; Commandant of Region Command
051/WKT; Commandant of Region Command 052/WKR;
Commandant of Military District Command of Northern Jakarta,
Commandant of Military District Command of Southern Jakarta;
Commandant of Military District Command of Depok,

87
 Commandant of Military District Command of Bekasi;
Commandant of Military District Command of Tangerang;
Commandant of Company Equivalent Unit of Depok Task Force
Unit; Commandant of Company Equivalent Unit of Bekasi Task
Force Unit; Commandant of Company Equivalent Unit of
Northern Jakarta Task Force Unit; Commandant of Company
Equivalent Unit of Southern Jakarta Task Force Unit. (c) While
in the level of receiver for the TMMD Program, there are the
Head of Social, Women and Family Planning Empowerment of
Jakarta Capital Special Region Province, City Government of:
Bekasi; Depok; Tangerang; Northern Jakarta; and Southern
Jakarta, Regency Government of: Tangerang; and Bogor,
Government of Sub-District of: Blendung; Benda; Jatiluhur; Jati
Asih; Sukmajaya; Bojonggede; Semper Timur; Tanjung Barat;
Jagakarsa; Cilincing Sub-District, and Village Head of Ragajaya,
all the society from the six Sub-District/Village mentioned
above, such as: Head of Civil Association, Head of
Neighborhood Association, the religious figure, cultural figure,
youth icon, and the common citizens. This activity is done in 6
(six) months from the June 2014 to December 2014.
This study used the evaluative cases method to test the
successfulness of the TMMD program on 2012 period in the
Jakarta Capital Special Region Province and the Surrounding
Region as well as to test the effectiveness of a policy in
improving the closeness between TNI and Society to be used
as the strategic recommendation about the success of the
TMMD program in the future in the Jakarta Capital Special
Region Province and its Surrounding Region. In this study, the
technique for data collecting used is through the documentation
process from the written sources, interview, observation,
questionnaires and Focused Group Discussion (FGD). The
technique for data analysis used in evaluating the TMMD
program in the Jakarta Capital Special Region Province and its
Surrounding Region is the statistics descriptive data analysis

88
with the model developed by Matthew B. Miles and A. Michael
Huberman (1994) which cover: (a) data collection; (b) data
reduction; (c) data display; and (d) conclusion
drawing/verification,
According to the description and the definition of the program,
the criteria of evaluation is determined to be used as the
parameter of effectiveness of the implementation of TMMD
period of year 2012 program in the Jakarta Capital Special
Region Province and its Surrounding Region. These criteria
becomes the standard to measure the accomplishment of the
TMMD program period of year 2012 in the Jakarta Capital
Special Region Province and its Surrounding Region.
Meanwhile, those criteria are composed in the in the form of a
table which cover the phase of evaluation (context, input,
process and output), aspect that is evaluated in every
component as well as the standard/criteria of evaluation that is
expected is shown in the table below.

89
 Table 6.1: Criteria for The Evaluation Program of TMMD Period
of year 2012 in Jakarta Capital Special Region Province and its
Surrounding

EVALUATI EVALUAT CRITERIA/EVALUATION

ON ED STANDARD
COMPON ASPECTS
ENT
1. The formulation for the
Evaluation context Goal and goal of the program is
- Formulation of target of clear, realistic, useful, can
goal and target TMMD be achieved as well as has
of program Program gone through the need
analysis process and
referring to the evaluation
result of the previous
program.
2. The formulation for the
target of the program is
clear, realistic, significant,
measurable, achievable,
and useful.
1. Activity 1. The activity plan has been
Evaluation Input Plan composed in detail, and is
- Preparation for relevant, achievable and
the activity of specific.
the program
2. Mechanis 2. The mechanism of the
m of the procedure is clear,
procedure detailed, effective, and
relevant.

3. DISCUSSION
a. Planning Components (Context):
The effectiveness of goal and target accomplishment on the

90
TMMD TA Program of 2012 in the Jakarta Capital Special
Regon Province and the Surrounding Region that based on the
scoring of the need analysis and the result of the evaluation
from the previous TMMD Program is in category of
“moderate”, which in other word is “fairly effective”. This is
due to the accomplishment of the goal has not fully adjusted
with the geographical characteristics and the demography of
the Jakarta Capital Special Regon Province and the
Surrounding Region, especially in the physical activity
program. In addition, the determining of target done by the
committee of TMMD period of year 2012 in the Jakarta Capital
Special Regon Province and the Surrounding Region tend to go
monotonous and having less variety from time to time.
b. Components of Preparation (Input):
The effectiveness of formulation, accuracy, completeness and
the readiness from the planning of the activity program,
procedure and mechanism, organization structure, human
resources support, and support of budgeting in promoting the
goal and target accomplishment of the TMMD program in the
Jakarta Capital Special Regon Province and its Surrounding
Region was in the category of “moderate” or in other word is
“fairly effective”. This is because that in planning the activity
specifically in determining the target located in the sub-urban
still become the difficulty because the target in this location is
commonly, its development, programmed by the City/Regency
Government.
In the same case, the determination of the mechanism
procedure of the program of activity has not designed
specifically according to the characteristics of the Jakarta
Capital Special Regon Province and it Surrounding Region.
The structure of organization of the TMMD program is seen to
be prioritizing the participant from the internal party of the TNI

91
 and is not much of involving the Civilian Institution such as the
Technical Agencies of Provincial as well as Regency/City
Government according to their competence to help holding the
TMMD program. In relation with the support upon the human
resources, the response of the society is good, yet only in places
where the physical activity done. While the response of the
society live relatively for the target location of the physical
activity showed lack of enthusiasm in participating. In the same
case, the society, in the physical activity, are commonly unable
to participate in the TMMD program especially those
permanent employees. The same thing with the society of
middle-upper class also not involved in the program since the
physical activity commonly held in the urban area even in the
slum one. The budgeting support in the TMMD program of
2012 period in the Jakarta Capital Special Regon Province and
its Surrounding Region also has not been effective for the
budgeting that become the duty of the Region Governmental in
providing this is unable to accommodate the many regions that
needs to be the target for the physical activity. This becomes a
harder situation since the budgeting support from the TMMD
in the Jakarta Capital Special Regon Province has not been
added from time to time, while the price of all the materials
increased every year. The monitoring control and the support
provision in facilities in the TMMD program in the Jakarta
Capital Special Regon Province and its Surrounding Region is
in the category scoring of “high” or in other word “effective”.
This is because that in the monitoring and control, it is based
on the hierarchy and the command structure of the TMMD
organization that regularly contributing significantly in
monitoring the practice of the TMMD program.
c. Component of Implementation:
Effectiveness and usefulness of the physical and non-physical
activities as well as the mix of the two in the TMMD program

92
of 2012 period upon the attempt to gain more closeness
between the TNI and the people of the Jakarta Capital Special
Regon Province and its Surrounding Region is in the category
of “moderate” on other word is “fairly effective”. This can be
seen from the activities that are physical, where the
togetherness and cooperation has built between the TNI and
society in the target location of the TMMD program. Then,
there are attitude and willingness of the society to deliver the
problem found in their environment to the apparatus of local
TNI. Furthermore, the physical activity also help the local
government in building infrastructure that the benefit of the
result can be felt directly by the people.
However, the practice of physical activity still indicate that the
involvement of society mostly came from those who are from the
“low class society” especially the people that do not have a
permanent employment and are the people whose places are
target of the physical activity. On the opposite, the people from
the “middle class society” and the people who live relatively far
from the target location of physical activity has shown lack of
involvement in the program. The volume of activity is also seen
to be less broad and there should be much more to do so that the
physical activity still can only classified as not optimal. Besides,
the time for the physical activity that is relatively short in the
schedule is seen less effective in creating the closeness between
the TNI and the people. The result from non-physical activity is
still showing a less optimal result in increasing the independence
of the people considering that the materials in the non-physical
activity is tend to be monotonous, has not much of variation,
especially in facing the development of environment that is very
dynamic specifically in the Jakarta Capital Special Regon
Province and its Surrounding Region. Then, the implementation
of non-physical activity is not effective either because the
frequent non-synchronized schedule and activity with the people
living there. The non-physical activity will only be participated

93
 by many locals only if it is done also while giving them free
groceries or free entertainment. In the same thing, the non-
physical activity is not yet effective in helping the local
government in educating about the safety and security of society.
This can be seen from the phenomena of frequent cases of locals
involved in the case of drugs abuse, brawl between locals and the
ignorance of traffic rules by the locals.
d. Result Accomplishment Component (Product):
In the aspect of benefit and effectiveness of TMMD program,
in physical activity found some improvement in the closeness
between TNI and Society that is in the category of “high” or on
other words “effective”. That condition can happen considering
that the result of physical activity of TMMD program in the
form of infrastructure building not only that the benefit can be
felt directly by the locals but also because it is really needed
and it is not available so far.
However, also found some aspect of it that is categorized as
“moderate” or in other word “fairly effective”. That can happen
considering that there are still many people and its environment
that is still untouched by the TMMD program. That happened
because the wide area of coverage and the huge number of
people living in Jakarta Capital Special Regon Province and its
Surrounding Region that need it. The effectiveness of practice
of the physical activity is still frequently hindered by the time
of the program because there are a lot of people that are busy
working so that they feel difficult in moving them for the
program even though basically the society are enthusiastic
upon it.
In the aspect of benefit and effectiveness, the TMMD program,
the non-physical, upon the improvement of closeness between
TNI and Society, is in the category of score of “high” or it also
means “effective”. That can happened if the non-physical

94
activity is followed with the free groceries and free
entertainment so that it may be followed by more locals.
On the opposite, some of it are also categorized as “moderate”
or in other word “fairly effective”. That condition can be seen
from the response from the society upon the non-physical
activity that is less enthusiast due to the non- physical materials
that is tend no be monotonous, having less variations when
facing the development in the environment that is dynamic
specifically in the Jakarta Capital Special Regon Province and
its Surrounding Region.

4 CONCLUSION
Referring to the result of the cases and the discussion mentioned
above then the effectiveness of the progress of the TMMD
Program of the 2012 period in the Jakarta Capital Special Regon
Province, generally, in the aspect of physical and non-physical is
fairly effective in creating the closeness between TNI and Society
including in helping the local or regional government to build
their respective regions. However, for the society who directly
feel the benefit of the physical work in the TMMD program, it
seemed that it give an effective in improving the closeness
between the TNI and Society whether in the aspect of physical as
well as non-physical activity. Hence, the TMMD program can be
continued considering that this program is highly needed by the
most society, especially the society that live in an untouched
location by the national development as well as the regional
development. In this case, it needs corrections in the aspects of
the program activity that is less effective so that the
implementation of the program can be more effective and useful.

95
 a. In order to improve the effectiveness of TMMD program
in the Jakarta Capital Special Regon Province and its
Surrounding Region, then some points of
recommendations are proposed In the aspect of context
components:-
(a) an activity needs to be designed that is more creative and
innovative that can involve participation of the society widely
and optimally especially the working society, the middle class
society as well as the society outside the location of physical
activity of TMMD program that is adjusted with the dynamic and
he characteristics of social life in the Capital City of the Nation
and its Surrounding Region. (b) Improvement of budget
allocation needs to be expanded in term of volume and the range
of target along with time that is longer so that it becomes more
effective in improving the closeness of TNI and Society;
b. In the aspect of process component:
(a) a more creative and innovative needed to be designed that can
improve the participation of society widely and optimally
especially the society who are working, middle-class as well as
the society outside of the target location of the physical activity
in the TMMD program that is adjusted with the dynamic and the
characteristics of social life in the Capital City of Nation and its
Surrounding Region. (b) in determining the target and the
arrangement of schedule of activity, coordination needed to be
improved to be more intensive with the other parties from the
local government in order to accommodate the importance of
locals as the accomplishment goal for the TMMD program that
can be more optimal. (c) The optimal involvement of the big
family of The Indonesian National Army other youth
organization to optimize the result from the TMMD program; and

96
c. In the aspect of product component:
a more creative and innovative needed to be designed that can
improve the independence and the economic empowerment of
the society in order to improve the prosperity of the people
accordingly to the dynamic and the characteristics of social life
in the Capital City of Nation and its Surrounding Region. (b)
Intensive and wide socialization needed to be done about the
activities in TMMD program especially the goal and target of the
TMMD program long before the day TMMD program started,
such as through meeting with the public figure, religious
leader/figure, cultural icon, and youth figure as well as through
other mass media. Also, (c) evaluation needed to be done in the
TMMD program comprehensively based on the fact and
condition objectively in the field every year to be able be used as
the material of planning for the next year of period of the TMMD
program.

97
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102
 CHAPTER 7
The Role of Indonesia Armed Forces to
Combat Terrorism
(The Observation Result Before and After
Reformation Era)
*Budi Pramono

I ndonesia Armed Forces (TNI) through war model becomes the

frontline in dealing with terrorism in New Order era. Along
with development the time, in Reformation Order today, TNI has
two main functions of Military Operation for War (MOW) and a
supporting force role in scope of Military Operations Other Than
War (MOOTW). MOOTW has 14 points as a legal umbrella for
the TNI in Carry out the duties, including in dealing terrorist
threats by TNI. After the policy to separate the police from TNI,
there has been a paradigm shift from a war model to a criminal
justice model by placing the police at the forefront. This creates
a dilemma on the ground. This case uses qualitative methods and
Miles and Huberman analysis technique. A phenomenological
qualitative approach is done to get the conditions in field. The
primary data was collected by interviews with state officials of
the BIN, BNPT, TNI Commander, and the Staff related to role of
TNI. TNI's involvement to combat terrorism lately must go
through state political decisions that are formulated with
indicators that are consistent with democratic principles.

1. INTRODUCTION
The report of Tempo.co (2016) refer to BNPT data of January
2016 stated that 2.7 million Indonesians were involved in a series

103
 of terrorist attacks. This number did not include followers and
sympathizers of terrorist networks whose number was estimated
at 0.004 per cent or equivalent to 1000 people. It is not surprising
that Indonesia become an important element for observers of
world terrorism and radicalism.
The Global Terrorism Database notes that terrorism in Indonesia
has existed since 1977 and increased in 1996. The highest number
of terrorisms was in 2000 and 2001, marked by a number of
terrorism attacks cases: 101 cases and 105 cases, respectively.
Meanwhile, the largest victims of terrorism were 781 people in
2002; among them, 246 people died and 535 were injured. In
following year, total number of victims was 482 people, with 46
people killed and 336 injured (Garnesia, 2018). The targets and
victims of terrorism also vary widely, both local and international
community. For example, Bali Bombings I attacked many foreign
citizens. There are four history phases of Indonesia's terrorism
movement. The first phase was marked by establishment of
DI/TII, pioneered by Imam Kartosuwiryo in 1950s. The second
phase was in 1970-1980s with Komando Jihad group's terror
movement, some of the important figures were former of DI/ TII
leaders. The third phase was terror and violence action within and
post-reformation in mid-1990s until now. The fourth phase was
the development of third phase, radical ideology in Islamic
groups. This ideology's development was also encouraged and
motivated by global phenomena, including the emergence of
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in 2014 (Mubarak, 2015:
78). Consistent with above description, intensity of terrorism
action in Indonesia has increased, especially within and post-
reformation era. This phenomenon also coincides with a
paradigm shift or transition to counter terrorism in Indonesia from
authoritarianism to democracy and using a law enforcement
approach to tackle terrorism from previous war model.

104
Every country or regime generally has a different approach to
respond the terrorism, divided into two approaches, war models
and criminal justice systems (Mengko, 2017: 102). The first
model considers terrorism as a threat to the state's defense and
existence. The military forces have an important role to combat
terrorism. On other hand, the second model considers terrorism
as a law violation and the law enforcers and police become the
forefront. The military force does not really involve in combating
terrorism. Mengko stated that there is no country adopts the pure
model. Many democratic countries use the second approach, but
it is possible to involve the army. The difference was occurred in
definition and conditions when the military can be involved to
combat terrorism.
Since the early days of Indonesian independence, several groups
of terrorism and separatism have emerged, including DI/TII,
Revolutionary Government of Republic of Indonesia (PRRI),
People's Struggle for Universe (Permesta), and Ratu Adil Armed
Forces (APRA). These movements had the spirit to establish a
new country or at least separate themselves from Indonesia. These
movements of terrorism and separatism were based on
dissatisfaction with central government. The terrorism and
separatism also had various backgrounds; DI/TII was based on
Islamic ideology whose ideological traces can still be felt today.
Meanwhile, PRRI and APRA based their movements on non-
religious ideologies.
The style of terrorism movement in Indonesia had changed during
the New Order era. The religious sentiment-based backgrounds
had colored the terrorism movement in Indonesia. The most
concern of terrorism action were the Woyla incident in 1981 and
Borobudur Temple bombing on January 21, 1985. Indonesia
Armed Forces (TNI) was appointed as the spearhead to deal with
terrorism in these two incidents. This reality was consistent with
political system and centralized government system and the TNI

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 placement becomes an important instrument to maintain the
political stability and state security. It can be said firmly that state
prioritizes the war model in dealing with terrorism.
The fall of New Order in 1998 became the starting point of
significant paradigm change in TNI role to counter terrorism. One
important reform in security sector is the separation of POLRI
from TNI with TAP MPR number VI/MPR/2000 on the
separation of TNI and POLRI, and TAP MPR number
VII/MPR/2000 on the role of TNI and POLRI. This separation
put TNI as secondary instrument to counter terrorism in
Indonesia. On other hand, Polri become the leading force to
counter terrorism. The involvement of TNI to deal with terrorism
is stated in Law No. 34 of 2004 on the TNI to carry out Military
Operations Other Than War (MOOTW), which also contains the
obligation to overcome terrorism.

2. THE TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES

This case was conducted by phenomenological qualitative
approach. A phenomenological qualitative approach is done to
get the conditions as they are. The basic sample sources were
obtained through interviews with state officials BIN, BNPT, TNI
Commander, and the Staff related to role of TNI in facing the
terrorism actions. Secondary sample sources were obtained
through open sources and personal sources during interviews. The
data analysis technique uses the data analysis model of Miles.
which starts with data collection, data condensation, data display,
and verification/conclusion. The technique of testing the validity
of data was done by triangulating the source.
3. DISCUSSION
Reformation becomes the starting point of this case because the
political events have changed the policy map, from a centralized

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and authoritarian government to become democracy. The changes
in political system during the reformation are referred as
revolution, not reformation, by many observers of terrorism. This
fact is due to a series of amendments to the 1945 Constitution that
have changed its political structure, including changes to the
highest state power. For example, before the amendment, People's
Consultative Assembly (MPR) had the authority to elect and
appoint a president/vice president, but after the amendment, he
became a high state institution (Article 3 of amended 1945
Constitution). The president and vice president are directly
elected by people. This amendment also affects the main duties
and functions of TNI, especially in responding to internal security
disturbances.
A. The Role of TNI in Dealing with Terrorism at Beginning
of Indonesian Independence
Indonesia still had various unresolved problems in early days of
independence. Some of them were unity, where at that time still
has a real challenge. This condition was motivated by the
existence of groups with different views and dissatisfied with the
shape and direction of the new independent state. These groups
show their disapproval in various ways, from rebellion,
separatism, until terrorism. One example of this resistance
movement was DI/TII that declared by Kartosuwiryo at West
Java in 1949. This group was born and guerrilla as a rebellion
movement against the Indonesian government (Minarva, 2017).
This group carried a mission to make Indonesia a country based
on Islamic teachings. Therefore, it is not surprising that DI/TII
group could immediately spread to several provinces, including
Central Java, Aceh, South Sulawesi, and South Kalimantan.
The widespread of DI/TII group became the most massive
rebellion in Indonesia at that time. TNI played a central role to
overcome the separatist movement by adopting various

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 operational tactics that ended successfully. TNI did the
Bharatayudha operation in West Java using the Betis Fence tactic
to carry out an operation to suppress DI/TII. This tactic involved
collaboration between the TNI and people to narrow the DI/TII
rebellion space. This success was evidenced by the arrest of
DI/TII top leader, Kartosuwiryo, on June 4, 1962.
TNI formed a special force called the Banteng Raiders to defeat
DI/TII in Central Java. These troops implement the State Fortress
Movement Operation under the leadership of Lieutenant Colonel
Sarbini, which ended up in leadership of Lieutenant Colonel
Ahmad Yani (Setyawan, 2016). Furthermore, to defeat DI/TII in
South Sulawesi, TNI launched a military operation by sending
troops from Siliwangi Division. This operation was quite difficult
because Kahar Muzakar's troops controlled the field and the
rebellion was defeated in July 1965.
The DI/TII in Aceh was defeated by different way, not involving
weapons. Colonel Yasin held the Aceh People's Harmony
Conference on 17-21 December 1962. The results were, granting
special regional status to Aceh and substantial autonomy rights
from central government. This fact made the DI/TII rebellion in
Aceh ended with a peace agreement. The DI/TII group's separatist
movement was defeated successfully. However, the Indonesian
nation's struggle to face the threat of terrorism did not stop. A new
terrorism group called Komando Jihad (KomJi) was emerged in
1970s. Some main actors of Komando Jihad were former of
Kartosuwiryo DI/TII, including Abdullah Sungkar, Aceng
Kurnia, Haji Ismail Pranoto, Danu Muhammad Hasan, Dodo
Muhammad Darda, Ateng Djaelani, Warman, and Abu Bakar
Ba'asyir. The Komando Jihad group starts the terror in Java and
Sumatra (Mubarak, 2015: 81-82). The most phenomenal terror
movement was the hijacking of Garuda Indonesia flight number
206. It travels from Soekarno-Hatta Airport to Polonia Airport,
Medan, in 1981.

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This group hijacked and took hostage a Garuda DC-9 Woyla
plane at Don Muang Airport, Thailand, after forcing the pilot to
direct the plane to Colombo, Sri Lanka. The Indonesian
intelligence said that the five hijackers were members of
Komando Jihad. They were Sofyan Effendy, Wendy Mohammad
Zein, Zulfikar T Djohan Mirza, Mulyono, and Mahrizal. The
hijackers demanded the release of 80 Komando Jihad members
who were jailed for carrying out acts of terror during 1978-1980.
In addition, hijackers also demanded a ransom of USD 1.5
million. Responding to this incident, Indonesian government
launched a military operation by deploying the Sandi Yudha
Forces Command (Kopassandha) led by Lieutenant Colonel
Sintong Panjaitan (Fadilah, 2015). These troops managed to
defeat hijacker that lasted 65 hours. The operation was success
and well-known as Operation Woyla, popularizing the TNI and
Kopassandha troops, which later became KOPASSUS.
The TNI has vital role in dealing with terrorism in Indonesia
during the New Order era, it cannot be separated from political
situation at that time. Indonesia's analysts stated that New Order
system was colored and even dominated by military, bureaucracy,
and technocrats. The strong emphasis on political stability to
pursue development inevitably pushed the New Order
government to give a more significant role to the military,
including to overcome the terrorism. However, it cannot be
denied that New Order's authoritarianism has generated civil
society antipathy, which led to the 1998 reform movement.
Therefore, Reform Order political system must be seen as an
attempt to reverse the event during the New Order era.
B. Countering Terrorism in Post-Reformation Indonesia:
TNI in Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW)
The reformation era in Indonesia was marked by the fall of
authoritarianism. At same time, democracy becomes the basis of

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 life of nation and state in Indonesia. Law enforcement and
upholding human rights (HAM) are the community's demands
and also affecting the patterns of terrorism dealing in Indonesia.
At the beginning of independence until near reformation, TNI
became the leading force to combat terrorism. This role starts to
change today. The TNI Law, passed in 2004, provides guidelines
for main roles, functions, and duties of TNI. Article 5 of Law
Number 34 of 2004 on the TNI stated that TNI is a state
instrument in defense sector. Then, article 6 states that TNI is a
means of defense functions : (1) to become forefront against any
form of military threats and armed threats from outside and within
country against territorial sovereignty and national safety; (2) to
take action against every form of threat, and (3) to restore the state
security condition which was disturbed due to security chaos.
TNI does these main tasks with two methods: Military Operations
for WAR (MOW) and Military Operations Other Than War
(MOOTW). MOW and MOOTW are a division of military roles
based on their mission. MOOTW is a type of military operation
outside the war context. Therefore, these operations are more
aimed at maintaining world peace or preventing the war. In
addition, the MOOTW operations can also take the form of
natural disasters handling, humanity, and eradicating armed
movements. Related to above description, MOOTW has 14
points, one of them is to overcome terrorism and facilitating the
Indonesian National Police (POLRI) to keep the security task and
public order as regulated in the law. Careful observation shows,
especially referring to Law no. 34 of 2004 concerning the TNI,
even though not key actor, TNI still has the legitimacy to handle
terrorism through MOOTW. However, in its implementation,
especially MOOTW in dealing with terrorism, it still creates a lot
of debate. The debate is based on two reasons. The first is related
to the legality aspect, issuance of Perpu No.1/2002 concerning
"Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism," which later became

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Law No.15/2003 on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of
Terrorism. The law states that terrorism is a criminal act that the
handling process must be done by law enforcement officials, in
this case, Police. In other words, involvement of TNI to tackle
terrorism is considered problematic because the TNI is not part of
law enforcement apparatus, such as the Police. The second is
related to the socio-political aspect, which response to the spirit
of Indonesian reform. This aspect has pushed the law enforcement
agenda (pro-Justicia) in dealing with terrorism and abandoned the
military approach.
The two aspects mentioned above make the National Police
legitimacy becomes the leading institution to tackle terrorism at
this time. It can be seen clearly the shift in handling of terrorism,
from a war model to a criminal justice model. Considering that
law enforcement takes precedence over war, National Police has
a greater mandate to tackle terrorism than the previous era. It is
undeniable that by prioritizing criminal justice, police will
actually bear a much heavier task burden, especially when viewed
from terrorism movement, which in its operations is increasingly
organized, has a wide network, and takes advantage of
technological developments. For examples are the attack on
Cirebon Police Headquarters in 2011 and attack on church in Solo
in 2012. The two attacks are manifestations of terrorism action
with a background of religious sentiment. This new pattern is
characteristic of early extremist movements. 2000. Referring to
previous condition of Bali Bombing I incident, which occurred
on October 12 2002, prompted the Indonesian government to
issue Perpu No.1/2002 on the Crime of Terrorism, which was
later passed into Law No.15 / 2003 on the Crime of Terrorism.
Meanwhile, concept adopted by Perpu No. 15/2003 on Criminal
Acts of Terrorism is consistent with definition of terrorism
adopted by United Nations (UN), the terrorism action is defined

111
 as criminal acts. In other words, this definition defines terrorism
limited to the activities done by non-government actors.
The terrorism handling with a criminal justice approach is indeed
more relevant today. This approach is more consistent with a
democratic system that respects civil supremacy. Moreover, this
second approach also received more support from civil society
than the first approach, which emphasized the “war” dimension
in countering terrorism in Indonesia. The involvement and
success of TNI to combat terrorism in one case can be seen from
success of Tinombala Operations Task Force in hunting down
Santoso and his men in Poso. The operation in 2016 succeeded in
paralyzing the leader of East Indonesia Mujahidin (MIT),
Santoso, otherwise known as Abu Wardah. Santoso died after
being involved in a firefight with TNI in mountainous region of
Poso. The Tinombala Operations Task Force combines elements
of National Police, in this case, Anti-terror Special Detachment
88 and TNI. The TNI's experience in fighting terrorism
movements in mountainous and forest areas, such as when
defeating the DI/TII group, made a positive contribution to the
operation to suppress the Santoso group.
The Head of Public Relations Division of Police, Inspector
General Police Setyo Wasisto, said in one occasion that
involvement of TNI to combat terrorism in Poso was very
necessary.
“We have seen Tinambola Operation in Poso, where it was
'beyond police capacity.' So, if it exceeds the capacity of
police, TNI must play a role there. Who shot Santoso? It
was the TNI who shot Santoso. So, there is no problem with
TNI being involved." (Quoted from tribunews.com)
Careful examination shows there were 18 (eighteen) acts of terror
in several areas in 2018, including May 8, riots at Mobile Brigade
Command Headquarters in Kelapa Dua, Depok, West Java; May

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10, attack at Bhayangkara Hospital Kelapa Dua, Depok, West
Java; July 15, throwing of a pot bomb at Indramayu Police
Headquarters, Cirebon, West Java; August 20, attacks members
of Sat Sabhara Police, Cirebon City Police, West Java; August
24, shooting of members of PJR Toll Kanci-Pejagan, West Java.
Subsequently, January 24, attack on Pasir Putih prison,
Nusakambangan; February 11, attack on Lidwina Church,
Sleman, D.I. Yogyakarta; being May 13, suicide bombings
exploded in 3 churches in Surabaya, East Java; May 13, a bomb
explosion at Wonocolo Flats, Sidoarjo District, East Java; May
14, a suicide bomb explosion at Police Headquarters in Surabaya,
East Java; July 5, an explosion at a house in Bangil, East Java;
September 7, an explosion in Cemanis Hamlet, Sumenep, East
Java; November 20, stone-throwing at Lamongan Marine
Tourism Traffic Post, Lamongan District, East Java; (2018-2019
BNPT Report Infographics).
In May 14, there was an attack on police members at Riau Police
Headquarters; in May 22, attack the members of Maro Sebo
Sectoral Police Office, Kab. Muaro Jambi, Jambi; and January 1,
bombing of Bantoala Police, South Sulawesi; (2018-2019 BNPT
Report Infographics). In 2019, there were also acts of terrorism in
several provinces, including June 7, attacks on a member of Pam
in Pandeglang Regency, Banten; October 10, there was an attack
on TNI General (Purn) in Pandeglang Regency, Banten; May 25,
persecution of residents in Sukabumi Regency, West Java; June
3, an explosion at Police Station in Kartasura area, Sukoharjo,
Central Java; July 4, shooting of Traffic Monitor Post in Kulon
Progo Regency, D.I. Yogyakarta; August 17, attack on
Wonokromo Police Headquarters, Surabaya, East Java; March
12, there was an explosion at a house in Sibolga, North Sumatra;
March 13, a suicide bombing in Sibolga, North Sumatera;
November 13, a suicide bomb explosion at Medan Police, North
Sumatera; December 18, attacks on members of Special

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 Detachment 88 AT, in Tebo District, Jambi; August 26, attacks
on members of Police in North Tarakan District, North
Kalimantan; and June 22, and June 22, attacks in Kebun Torue
Subdistrict, Central Sulawesi; (2018-2019 BNPT Report
Infographics).
The various terrorism incidents in 2018-2019 received direct
responses from Bilveer Singh, Head of Center of Excellence for
National Security (CENS) from Rajaratnam School of
International Studies (RSIS) in an interview with author on
November 14, 2017. He stated that in current era, MOOTW is
very important, especially because wars are rare. Moreover,
currently, there are many domestic crises, and TNI is no longer
always at forefront to solve them. According to him, public's view
of TNI tends to continue to improve, so the TNI must always be
ready to implement MOOTW, because the biggest threat
currently is internal threats, including terrorism. He added, by
looking at role of TNI to tackle terrorism from beginning of
Indonesia's independence, TNI has been implementing MOOTW
for a long time.
C. Military Operations Other Than War (MOOTW) of TNI
Seen from a Defense Diplomacy Perspective
The development of military tasks in democratic era creates a
concept called Defense Diplomacy. Cottey and Forster (2004: 5-
6) explained defense diplomacy as a role change of military.
Previous military role was limited to traditional functions such as
war, defense, deterrence, intervention and other aggressive forms.
The concept of defense diplomacy today has emerged which
includes the military role in peacetime cooperation. This role can
be done through various activities, such as defense cooperation,
military assistance, and peacekeeping operations. Even in another
definition, Cottey and Forster emphasized the military role to
support the democracy creation, good governance, human rights

114
(HAM), conflict prevention, and enabling the state to overcome
all forms of security problems itself (Cottey and Forster, 2004: 8).
TNI’s MOOTW in defense diplomacy also has a broad spectrum
and does not only talk about the aggressive use of force.
Another definition of defense diplomacy also touches on
involvement of defense diplomacy actors. K.A Muthana (2011:
1-2) said that defense diplomacy activities involve not only
military actors or defense officials, but also include other
institutions that can become supporters, including research
institutes, academics, and universities. Furthermore, he added that
defense diplomacy aims to achieve national interests in defense
sector, both at domestic and abroad. It can be concluded that
military role in current democratic era has become very broad.
The close attention shows that TNI’s MOOTW and concept of
defense diplomacy have the same essence, regarding the military
role in democratic era. These two elements can help the
community at large to view to change military role when the
democratic climate in Indonesia develops. Society can begin to
remove the negative stigma about the military and/or the use of
military force in democratic times. Moreover, current defense and
security challenges are very diverse and very dynamic. Therefore,
it cannot be denied that involvement of all elements of state,
including the TNI, is urgently needed, including in dealing with
terrorism. Related to above explanation and borrowed K.A.
Muthana statement, it is time for all elements of nation to sit back
together to determine firmly, precisely and directed, a legal
umbrella in what conditions and in what kind of conditions the
TNI is fully involved to counter terrorism without violating the
principles of good democracy today.

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 4. CONCLUSION
The terror action in past three years have no longer been aimed
only at destroying public facilities, causing casualties and loss of
life, but also the loss of sense of security in society by exploiting
religious teachings for political purposes, which is one of
distinctive forms of terrorism. Furthermore, political setting
changes in Indonesia have also led to a shift in counter-terrorism
paradigm which no longer emphasizes on the war model, but puts
forward the criminal justice model to put the National Police to
response it. Countering terrorism, reformation and
implementation of democracy require a reduction in use of
military force which is considered part of authoritarianism of
New Order. However, this does not mean that TNI does not have
a role to protect the nation's unity from threat of terrorism.
TNI can still play an active role in MOOTW strategy, even though
there are frequent polemics. Therefore, based on terrorism data in
Indonesia, it is time for all elements of nation to sit down together
to determine firmly, precisely and with direction the legal
umbrella to determines when TNI is fully involved in dealing with
terrorism. TNI has also adopted the concept of defense diplomacy
which enables this institution not only to carry out traditional
functions in form of war, defense, deterrence, intervention and
other aggressive forms but also includes the military role in
peacetime cooperation, including defense cooperation, military
assistance, and peacekeeping operations.
***

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References:
Cottey, Andrew and Forster, Anthony, 2004. Reshaping Defense
Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and
Assistance. London: Routledge.
Garnesia, Irma, 2018. “Terorisme Indonesia: Dari Separatisme
hingga Teror atas Nama Agama”,
https://tirto.id/terorisme-indonesia-dari-separatisme-
hingga-teror-atas-nama-agama-cKUK, diakses 7 Januari
2020.
Miles, M.B. dan Huberman, M.A., 1992, Analisis Data Kualitatif,
terjemahan Tjejep Suhendi, Penerbit Universitas
Indonesia, Jakarta.
Mengko, Diandra Megaputri, 2017. “Pelibatan TNI dalam Kontra
Terorisme di Indonesia Military Involvement in
Counter-Terrorism in Indonesia”, Jurnal Penelitian
Politik, Volume 14, No. 2 Desember 2017, pp. 197-208.
Mengko, Diandra Megaputri, 2015. “Problematika Tugas
Perbantuan TNI”. Jurnal Keamanan Nasional Vol. I No.
2.
Mubarak, Zaki M, 2015. “DARI NII KE ISIS: Transformasi
Ideologi dan Gerakan dalam Islam Radikal di Indonesia
Kontemporer”, Epistemé, Vol. 10 No. 1, Juni 2015.
Mubarak, Zulfi, 2012. “Fenomena Terorisme di Indonesia:
Kajian Aspek Teologi, Ideologi dan Gerakan”, SALAM:
Jurnal Studi Masyarakat Islam, Volume 15 Nomor 2,
Desember 2012.
Minarva, Junian Hijry, 2017. “Inisiasi Gerakan Darul Islam/
Tentara Islam Indonesia (DI/TII) Aceh Tahun 1950-
1953 Dalam Perspektif Pergerakan Sosial”, Jurnal
Ilmiah Mahasiswa FISIP Unsyiah Volume 1, Nomor: 10.
Muthanna, KA., 2011. “Military Diplomacy”, Journal of Defense
Studies, Vol 5. No 1. January 2011.

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 Putri, Puri Kencana, 2014. “Dinamika Hak Asasi Manusia dan
Reformasi Sektor Keamanan di Indonesia 2008-2013”.
Almanak Hak Asasi Manusia di Sektor Keamanan
Indonesia, 2014.
Setyawan, Dony, 2016. “Penumpasan DI/TII”,
http://www.donisetyawan.com/penumpasan-ditii/,
diakses tanggal, 12 Juli 2019.
Singh, Bilveer, Head of Centre of Excellence for National
Security (CENS) di the S. Rajaratnam School of
International Studies (RSIS), Singapura. Wawancara
tanggal 14 November 2017 di Jakarta.
Wibisono, Ali Abdullah, 2018. “Melegitimasi Pelibatan TNI
dalam Penanggulangan Terorisme di Indonesia” Kajian
Kontra Terorisme dan Kebijakan, pp. 15-28, Habibie
Center edisi 1 Tahun 2018.
-----------------“Tidak Mampu di Hutan, Polri Dukung Pelibatan
TNI dalam Revisi UU Terorisme”,
https://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2017/06/03/tidak
-mampu-di-hutan-polri-dukung-pelibatan-tni-dalam-
revisi-uu-terorisme, diaksestanggal 21 Juli 2019.
------------------ “BNPT Sebut Ada 2,7 Juta Orang Indonesia
Terlibat Terorisme”.
https://nasional.tempo.co/read/737905/bnpt-sebutada-27-juta-
orang-indonesia-terlibat-terorisme/full&view=ok, 20 Januari
2016, 17:51 WIB, January 10, 2020.

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 Chapter 8
Defense Diplomacy and Country
Existence
*Budi Pramono

T his chapter aims to discuss defense diplomacy efforts by TNI

to strengthen the country existence. The world
multiploidization put foreign policy into new challenges of world
power distribution, non-boundary and not centered on two
classical blocs (East and West). This condition requires the TNI
to have an adaptive capacity related to the role and ability in
responding to challenges in defense diplomacy tasks. There are 3
conclusions related to defense diplomacy in strengthening the
existence of country. First, world multiploidization creates
challenges to provide an opportunity for Indonesia to use it as an
opportunity to build more constructive relationships in
developing the country interests from the economic, socio-
cultural and defense sectors. Second, actualization of defense
diplomacy as a national policy must be consistent with country
interests, especially in effort to maintain domestic stability which
is closely related to regional situation. Third, several strategic
partner countries of Indonesia need to receive comprehensively a
systematic and programmed treatment in according with
character of defense diplomacy, namely Confidence Building
Measure (CBM), enhancement of defense capabilities and
development of defense industry. Therefore, government needs to
develop its relevance by exploring defense diplomacy as the
spearhead to strengthen the existence of Indonesian nation and
country.

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 1. INTRODUCTION
The complexity of nation’s problems today creates various
challenges, both from within and outside the country. This
condition requires the TNI to have an adaptive capacity to deal.
This situation is sufficient to emphasize aspects of role and ability
of TNI in responding to the challenges of defense diplomacy
tasks. This capability is based on formal legal aspects referring to
Law 37 of 1999 on Foreign Relations that every diplomatic effort
is always aimed at national interests and has a strategic function.
As we know, all national interests that are accommodated in any
international diplomacy must be based on a constitutional politics
of “free and active” and not follow certain blocs. Figure 1 shows
the classic world powers/ blocs formed after the Second World
War. The strategic environment in multipolarization world has
brought the “free and active” foreign policy into new challenges
where the international constellation shows that distribution of
world power has spread to several countries, non-boundary and
no longer centered on two classical blocs (East and West).
However, this challenge becomes an opportunity for Indonesia to
take advantage to build a more constructive relationship in order
to create a kind of mutualism symbiosis with many countries in
developing the country’s interests from the economic,
sociocultural and defense sectors. The reality shows that issues
raised in international constellation are growing from political
and security issues to strategic problems in economic, social,
cultural, energy and environmental development fields. The
emergence of these problems cannot be separated from the fact
that without proper handling, it will have an effect on
vulnerabilities of fundamentalism, poverty, social inequality and
drugs. This condition becomes a kind of latent danger to threaten
regional security and world stability. It should be anticipated early
through a constructive approach and comprehensive diplomacy.

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 Fig. 7.1. Classical Powers / Blocks of Post-World War II World
Description:Green: Coalition countries, Black: Axis Power, Yellow: Neutral
countries, Source: study.com

2. THE TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES

This case is a case study and observation on defense diplomacy
conducted by Indonesia. The case time was January to June 2020.
The study type is descriptive case to describe the case object to
describe the object under study. The method used by the author is
qualitative. Informants are individuals who have a direct
relationship with the implementation of Indonesia’s defense
diplomacy. This case data collection method consists of literature
and field studies. Literature study is the process to get data or
information by studying the books, journals, other written works,
and internet sources. Field study is data or information collection
through direct case activities at case location using three case
instruments used, namely observation, interviews and

121
 documentation. Data analysis in this study used a qualitative
method. It is done by examining all available data from various
data sources, studying the data, analyzing, compiling in a unit,
which was then categorized at the next stage and checking the
validity of the data and analyzing to get case findings from the
data.

3. DISCUSSION
A. Defense Diplomacy Scheme
The dynamics trend of political and security threat accompanied
by fluctuating stability in economic, social and cultural fields
make the international diplomacy patterns play an important role
for a country. For Indonesia, referring to “Defense White Paper
2008”, there are two levels of cooperation “layers” which can be
derived into a defense diplomacy format. The first layer is
military cooperation with ASEAN member countries, while the
second layer is defense cooperation with “external powers” such
as China, Australia, United Countries and South Korea. Judging
from the development of above cooperation patterns, in principle
everything can be classified into two levels of international
relations institutions or what is known as “Track”. Track is a form
of international cooperation trafficking, and cyber security and so
on. The transnational maritime crime prevention uses the patterns
such as joint exercises and patrols as a continuation of Track-1,
while academic forums, scientific discussions, workshops are
examples of Track-2 applications. The two tracks basically move
in a system that provides mutual input so that formulated
agreement can be accepted by all countries.
B. Character of Defense Diplomacy and its Implementation
The projection of multipolar international political constellation
encourages Indonesia’s defense diplomacy to move to create

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strategic partnerships in defense sector with several developed
countries. Countries such as the US, France, Russia and China are
currently considered to have a fairly progressive level of military
modernization in world. The construction of Indonesia’s strategic
partnership, especially in defense sector, should be able to catch
up and bench mark itself with the countries for sake of
strengthening, modernizing and professionalism in building
existing military structures.

Fig. 7.2. Conceptualization of Defense

Diplomacy Source: Winger (2014), Velvet Gauntlet: A Theory of Defense
Diplomacy

The position of defense diplomacy for a country will also become

the determinant at this point. It is needed to provide direction for
development of its defense forces in order to secure national
interests in Avery dynamic strategic environment. In accordance
with national defense policy, modernization of defense forces
does not only rely on domestic national resources, but is also
supported by cooperation with friendly countries. Mertz (2015)
described defense diplomacy as an art of “playing” the tension

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 between the bashing and bargaining. It can mean a strategic
partnership with a number of countries in order to create
opportunities and especially for Indonesia to strengthen its
defense diplomacy construction to achieve the optimal benefits in
defense sector. It contains the value of a partnership. This essence
must be as effective as possible to avoid the counterproductive
impression of a negative dependencies and unnecessary
dependence on foreign countries. To achieve this aim, Indonesian
government needs to pay careful attention to character of defense
diplomacy in an effort to build a defense diplomacy mechanism
that beneficial for nation interests. Therefore, the defense
diplomacy should have character below:
a. Defense diplomacy should increase in Confidence
Building Measure (CBM).
The defense diplomacy should create a conducive strategic
environment for Indonesia. For this reason, it is time for
defense diplomacy to be prepared as a policy study in national
defense projections. Confidence Building Measure has a close
relationship with condition of national defense because this
character determines the nature of cooperation developed with
other countries. The focus is a series of efforts to build good
relations with other countries in order to share perceptions,
creating a conducive climate bilaterally and transparently.
These steps will reduce the tension of mutual suspicion,
mutual threat so that development of a country’s military
capability is not misinterpreted as a threat to other countries.
The scope of defense diplomacy for CBM includes
communication, constraints, transparency and verification. If
the objectives of CBM are achieved, globally it will create
security and stability at national, regional and regional levels
to support domestic and regional welfare development
programs. CBM’s current concrete efforts can be seen in
various diplomatic activities such as communication forums at

124
the bilateral and multilateral levels, country visits, information
exchange, cooperation agreements, and educational exchanges
to training and joint security patrols.
b. Defense diplomacy should increase the Defense
Capabilities.
The emergence of military power elements in pattern of
international diplomacy is an important variable to affect the
bargaining aspect. Schelling (1980) stated that in a realist
perspective, diplomacy is interpreted as a bargaining chip, and
then the presence of military power becomes a separate
element of intervention for this concept. Therefore, national
interest of a country in today’s modern era increasingly
requires the existence of its defense capability. This situation
put the defense diplomacy as a transformation tool to increase
the defense capability of a country which of course still takes
into account the elements of limited resources, threats,
challenges, vulned abilities and opportunities. For example,
that limited resources in an effort to increase defense capability
can be a starting point to exploit the defense diplomacy
through an economic and arms trade approach. The Export
Credit (KE) mechanism in purchasing Alutsista can be
categorized as defense diplomacy with a character of defense
capabilities.
c. Defense diplomacy should increase Defense Industry
Capability Development.
Defense policy through developing forces to achieve
Minimum Essential Force (MEF) is implemented in form of
modernization of military equipment. The priority for
domestic production is the main program to meet this need.
Referring to Law No.16 of 2012 on the Defense Industry,
format for procuring military weaponry needs from foreign
countries is permitted if it is not maximally fulfilled

125
 domestically. Therefore, character of defense diplomacy
specifically emphasizes the role of diplomacy in developing
the capability of defense industry. Technically, this
cooperation mechanism can be regulated in more detail at
several systems, including the structure of counter trade,
transfer of technology and others to produce the high
technology defense equipment required by TNI. The defense
diplomacy in developing the capability of defense industry
should be used to “hold” other countries contribution. There is
a demand for Indonesia to continue to proactively increase
cooperation in defense industry with strategic partners; the
effective defense diplomacy becomes the main foothold. The
steps should take to be built mutual benefits, among others,
through the mechanisms of joint production, joint
development, training and case and development in an effort
to increase the capacity of human resources. The strategic
setting of defense industry development with a defense
diplomacy platform has broader opportunities to increase
capabilities in terms of quality of human resources,
technology, production and marketing. The outcome of this is
the creation of jobs which in turn will improve the welf are of
people, streng then the capability of domestic defense industry
and creating synergies with defense industry abroad. The three
characters of defense diplomacy above will ultimately be
useful to strengthen the existence of a country with a military
capability approach. For Indonesia, of course the TNI
professionalism is a key component to create a defense force
capability to secure national interests.
Therefore, the defense diplomacy can become the main gate
for military as one variable to show the existence of country to
continue the capabilities development. The cooperation to
improve the professionalism of soldiers with other countries
has been established, in form of joint training, education and

126
 training, exchange visits and others. This diplomacy creates an
opportunity for TNI to improve the professionalism of its
soldiers. Strategic partnership through defense diplomacy is a
great opportunity for a country by increasing its military
professionalism. Several countries, such as the US, Australia,
Japan, Korea and China, are strategic partners in Indonesia and
have a long history of military experience, which has
influenced the current doctrinal and defense strategy.
Although the doctrinal and defense strategies adopted by
Indonesia’s strategic partner countries are not the same as
Indonesia’s defense doctrines and strategies, they can enrich
TNI’s insights to improve its professionalism.

4. CONCLUSIONS
✓ World multipolarization brings foreign policy to new
challenges, namely the distribution of world power, non-
boundary that no longer centered on two classical blocs
(East and West). This presents a challenge that provides
opportunity for Indonesia to build more constructive
relationships in developing the country interests from the
economic, socio-cultural and defense sectors.
✓ The actualization of defense diplomacy as a national
policy must be consistent with country interests,
especially in effort to maintain domestic stability which is
closely related to regional situation. This is a diplomatic
ability of Indonesia as a country entity that can
communicate effectively to make relationship between
countries.
✓ Third, several strategic partner countries of Indonesia
need to receive comprehensively a systematic and
programmed treatment in according with character of
defense diplomacy, namely Confidence Building Measure

127
 (CBM), enhancement of defense capabilities and
development of defense industry.
✓ For the three characteristics, government needs to develop
its relevance by exploring defense diplomacy as the
spearhead to streng then the existence of Indonesian
nation and country.
***

128
References:
Barbara Myslika, Agnieszka Turska-Kawab, Sofiya Tarasevichc,
and Spiro Kiousisa. (2020). He who pays the piper, calls
the tune? Examining Russia’s and Poland’s public
diplomacy efforts to shape the international coverage of
the Smolensk crash. Liudmila Khalitovaa. Public
Relations Review, Volume 46, Issue 2.
Berridge, G., James, A. (2003). A Dictionary of Diplomacy. UK:
Palgrave Macmillan.
ClilMagena and Ephraim Lapid. (2018). Israel’s military public
diplomacy evolution: Historical and conceptual
dimensions. Public Relations Review. Volume 44, Issue2,
Pages 287-298.
Ghozali, Imam. 2016. Aplikasi Analisis Multivariete dengan
Program IBM SPSS 23 (Edisi 8). Cetakan ke VIII.
Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
Guy J. Golan and Terrance R. Carroll. (2012). The op-ed as a
strategic tool of public diplomacy: Framing of the 2011
Egyptian revolution. Public Relations Review Vol. 38,
Pages: 630– 632
Mertz N.T. (2015). Theoretical frameworks in qualitative case
(2nd ed). Los Angeles: Sage
Pramono, Budi (2021) "Defense Diplomacy And Country
Existence". Journal of Defense Resources Management
(JoDRM) 2:186-194. Romania, CEEOL.
Maleong, Lexy J. (2017). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, cetakan
ke-36, Bandung: PT. RemajaRosdakaryaOff set.
Sanghamitra Nath. (2014). Strategic Partnership for Economic
Development: India’s New ‘Inclusive Trade Diplomacy’.

129
 International Relations Conference on India and
Development Partnerships in Asia and Africa: Towards a
New Paradigm (IRC-2013). Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences 157, Pages:236 – 243
Scheling (1980). The Strategy of Conflict. USA: Havard
University Press.
Strategic practices of public diplomacy policies in educational
field and Turkey’s potential forcultural diplomacy .
Abdullah ÖZKAN. (2015). Procedia – Social and
Behavioral Sciences, Volume176, Pages: 35 – 43
Winger (2014). The Velvet Gauntlet: A Theory of Defense
Diplomacy. Institute for Human Science.

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 Chapter 9
Smart Factory
*Sovian Aritonang

H eard Industry 4.0 in conceptual terms is a smart factory

(Figure 7.1) and everything around the business model
entity center. If we look at how Industry 4.0 will work in theory
we will see everything from supply chains, models and
processing to support smart business (smart factory). In the same
way, all the external interfaces of supply chain pairs, smart grids,
and social media are conceptually a smart factory. What is a smart
factory and why is it so important to the future of manufacturing?

1. INTRODUCTION
A Smart factory is a collection of smart manufacturing processes,
which we call them. Smart Factory is the future in manufacturing
and delivery productivity that we expect. If we look at how this is
possible, we will see smart factories bringing technological
changes that provide optimum methods and techniques in
manufacturing. Next, we will see that smart factories are not just
machine intelligence and communicate robots through advanced
software products. Of course this machine has advantages, namely
communication between M2M machines and not only
collaboration but also communicating through advanced software,
algorithms and industrial processes. However it is important to
realize smart factories, such as smart homes, but the vision for the
future is not the same as today and less than a decade.
In essence, the so-called smart factory uses the main technology
from Industry 4.0 in an integrated manner, starting from material

131
 handling for raw materials, production processes, to the logistics
system and distribution of finished products that are monitored
and controlled autonomously. For example, to monitor the
condition of raw materials, components, work in process
components, and finished goods, their presence can be monitored
using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID).

Pg 8.1 Smart Factory (Gilchrist, 2016)

2. ESSENTIAL TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART

FACTORY
Smart Factory is defined as a new approach in multi-scale
manufacturing using Internet of Things and Industrial Internet
technologies, which are smart sensors and sensing, computing
and predictive analytics and resilient control technologies. In
addition, the most important technology applied in smart
factories is cyber-physical systems (CPS), whose
implementation is divided into 5 levels of CPS structure which
can be seen in Figure 7.2 provides a step-by-step guide for the
development and deployment of cyber-physical systems in Smart

132
Factory.

Figure 8.2 Implementation Architecture of Cyber-Physical

Systems

3. SMART FACTORY ACTION

In this scenario, we will describe the action of a Smart Factory
that manufactures its products. For example, the Smart Factory
is engaged in the Consumer Goods business. Namely producing
various types of shampoo. To control and monitor their
production process they use RFID technology. RFID is installed
starting from raw materials, semi-finished materials, finished
products, until the distribution of their products to consumers
can be monitored.
To start, remember how the bottles differ from the shampoos
that would be produced on the traditional Industry 3.0
production line. This will require three sources, one setting; and
a control system Figure 7.3 shows the three levels of the
production line. At the bottom is production resources, above is
the Manufacturing Execution System (MES) and one layer
above is the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system.

133
 Figure 8.3 Production Line Diagram (Gilchrist, 2016)

From Figure 8.3, we can see the three sources of production

needed to make shampoo products. R1's first source makes a save
potion. The second source of the recipe's R2 regulates the amount
of liquid, which is mixed with additional color, fragrance and
chemical/nutrient variants. The R3 source stores the mixture of
R2 and the bottle is filled properly.
The ERP system will control the level of production as well as
monitor sales orders, sales chain and supermarkets and send
instructions to the MES to fill the number of orders to be
produced. MES proposes the quantity to be produced to fulfill
the order and serves the return of the production status on the
ERP system.
Industry 4.0 will reduce some of the weaknesses. The work of
Industry 4.0, namely supervising the previous inside sources
which were replaced by CPSs, can be seen in Figure 8.4.

134
 Figure 8.4 production line reviewed by CPS (Gilchrist, 2016)

The creation of several significant collaborating companies

requires a revolution in manufacturing, government, and
academic institutions. For example in the Europe Union (EU) and
the United States, they took the initiative to fund and encourage
smart manufacturing. The EU in its statement is working hard to
re-industrialize and create a level of manufacturing capability of
its member countries. Germany and Italy are modernizing their
power generation industry which is being developed into an
industry 4.0 program. UK and France deindustrialized for more
than three decades and massive work needs to re-industrialize
steel, it is also France and UK take advantage of Smart Factory,
they will bring manufacturing back to the beginning and can make
savings in cost and efficiency.
A global initiative, the Industrial Internet consortium is
sponsoring a number of pilot collaborative projects, called
tesbeds, which focus on different stages of a manufacturing
process. For example, Infosys, exploits with Bosh, PTC and Intel,
the collaboration testbeds asset efficiency, asset efficiency
terminology to reduce waste and increase maintenance and

135
 increase the time of a number of industrial assets in operation,
maintenance, service, information and energy. The testbeds
project is focused on passing user data from equipment and
processes to provide information to engineers for aircraft landing
gear maintenance which will accurately predict potential failures.
With the adaptation of Industry 4.0 or Industrial Internet and the
consequent steps of smart manufacturing, supply chain
optimization, and smart factories end up with winners and
losers. Characteristically, countries such as the United States
and member states of Western Europe will make more use of
smart manufacturing and Smart Factory initiatives. This is the
beginning of the dominance of reducing operational costs,
increasing efficiency, and increasing productivity.
Furthermore, manufacturing countries seeking to increase the
effective cost of spending on manufacturing sources for China,
India, Brazil, Russia or for Eastern European countries will now
take a different Industry 4.0 approach, from countries such as
the United States, United Kingdom, and France. who are about
to start re-industrializing and bringing many home, they are
implementing scattered outsourcing.
Computers Producing Computers
Smart Factory's goal is always to guarantee automated
production by machine and computer-handled as much as 75%
of the autonomous value chain. For example all production line
tasks are performed by autonomous machines, controlled by a
Program Logic Controller (PLC) arrangement. It's just the start
of the manufacturing process, and in fact it is still handled by
human hands, and when the initial component workers place (the
circuit board is empty) on the conveyor belt of the production
line. However from the point of still running automatically and
autonomously.

136
4. CONCLUTION
Manufacturing is a vital component in the economy in
developing countries. However, an industry has an overview
of areas of change, bringing new opportunities and challenges
to business leaders and policy makers.

137
 Referensi:

Digital Factories: The End of Defects - Industry & Automation -

Pictures of the Future - Innovation - Home - Siemens Global
Website
Gilchrist, Alasdair, 2016. Industri 4.0, The Industrial Internet of
Things. Apress.
Lee J, Bagheri B, Kao H-A., 2014. A Cyber Physical Systems
Architecture for Industry 4.0-based Manufacturing
Systems. Manuf Lett 3:18–23.
Lee, E.A., 2008. Cyber physical systems: Design challenges.
In Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing
(ISORC), 11th IEEE International Symposium.
Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W., and Helbig, J., 2013.
Recommendation for Implememting The Strategic
Initiative Industrie 4.0-Securing The Future of German
Manufacturing Industry. Acatech-National Academy of
Science and Engineering, Final Report of The Industrie
4.0 Working Group.
https://www.ge.com/digital/brilliant-manufacturing
http://www.airbusgroup.com/int/en/story- overview/factory-
ofthe-future.html
https://www.accenture.com/us-en/labs-insight- industrial-
internet-of-things.aspx
https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insight-industrial- internetof-
things.aspx
https://theconsultantlounge.com/2015/07/accenture- report-
internet-ofthings-driving-new-era-of-living- services/

138
http://www.airbusgroup.com/int/en/story- overview/factory-
ofthe-future.html SAP - The Technical and Operational
Solutions for Industry4.0 in ERP.

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140
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Laksamana Muda TNI Dr. Ir. Suhirwan, S.T., M.MT.,

CIQaR., CIQnR., IPU. Born in the city of Sejuk Curup, Rejang
Lebong Regency, he is the son of a native of the Rejang tribe of
Bengkulu Province. Spent his childhood and youth in his
hometown. Military career began when he entered the TNI AL
Academy (AAL) Surabaya in 1983, and was inaugurated as a
Young Navy Officer with the rank of Second Lieutenant (E) in
1987 known as the '87 Force or "LAJU". Various Military
Education and Higher Education in Science and Technology
(General) have been carried out, armed with military and general
knowledge, many assignments have been carried out both
domestically and abroad. As the “BEST GRADUATE” STTAL
XVII Electronics Department in 1999 with the “DHARMA
VIDYA ADHIGUNA” Award, Graduated from Masters in
Industrial Management ITS in 2007 and completed his doctoral
education in Administrative Sciences at the University of 17
August Surabaya in 2016. In December 2019, Officers This TNI
AL officer was given the mandate to serve as Vice Chancellor III
for Cooperation, Defense University (Unhan) in Sentul Bogor-
West Java.. ***

141
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Laksamana Muda TNI Dr. Kasih Prihantoro, S.E., M.M.,

M.Tr.(Han). Born in Purbalingga, January 6, 1965. He currently
serves as the Dean of the Faculty of Defense Management of the
Republic of Indonesia. His previous positions include: Aslog
Guskamla iKoarmatim, Aslog Lantamal 1 Belawan Koarmabar,
Kadismatbek Koarmabar, Danpuspeknubika Kobangdikal,
Aslog Dankodikdukkum Kobangdikal, Aslog Koarmatim,
Director of Seskoal, Kadismatal TNI AL Headquarters, Head of
Research and Development Headquarters. General Education S1
Management, Masters Degree in Management and Masters
Degree in Military Strategy and Campaign of the Defense
University, Doctoral Degree in Administration, University of 17
August 1945 Surabaya. Military Education, 33/1988 Naval
Academy (AAL) Seskoal batch 41/2003, Military Education
Sesko Force 39 in 2012 and PPRA Force 56 Lemhanas RI
Directorate in 2017. Service mark owned by BT. Jalasena
Nararya, SL. Seroja, SL. Loyalty VIII SL. Allegiance XVI, SL.
Loyalty XXIV, Sl. Dwidya Sistha, Sl. Social Service. SL. Wira
Dharma (Border). SL. Wira Nusa SL. Dharma Nusa.***

142
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Kolonel iLaut i(E) iDr. iLukman iYudho iPrakoso., iS.IP., IMAP,

CIQaR. Currently, he is the Department of Defense
Management at the Indonesian Defense University. The author
is also a Permanent Lecturer in the Marine Defense Strategy
Study Program - Faculty of Defense Strategy - RI Defense
University. Born in Cirebon, July 9, 1973, Graduated from the
Indonesian Navy Academy (AAL) in 1994, Seskoal Force
47/2009. S1 education at the Open University majoring in State
Administration, Masters degree at Hang Tuah University
majoring in Master of Public Administration and Doctoral
Degree from 17 August 1945 University Surabaya Department
of Administration. Assignment experiences include the
Koatmatim Satkor, Dishisroos Satsurvey, Diskomlek TNI AL
Headquarters, KRI DPN-365 Corvette Class Task Force -
Disadal TNI AL, Disenlek TNI AL Armaments, AAL Surabaya,
MLM Task Force KRI Fatahila-361 - Disadal TNI AL, Research
and Development Center Strahan- Research and Development
Ministry of Defense iRI, Pokgadik Kodiklat TNI AL, LP3M-
Indonesian Defense University. Academic achievements include
the best graduate of Dikpafung II Hidroos 2002, Graduated with
Masters degree with Cumlaude 2013 predicate, Graduated with
Doctoral Degree with Cumlaude 2016 predicate, Best Online
Tutor Lecturer at the Open University 2019. Merit held by
Loyalty VIII, XVI, XXIV Years and Jalsena Nararya.***

143
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Kolonel (Kes) Dr. Ir. Sovian Aritonang, S.Si., M.Si, Currently,

the author serves as the Department of Motion Power Technology
Study Program, Faculty of Defense Technology, Defense
University, previously served as the Department of Energy
Security and Defense Industry Study Program Department,
Defense University. For the current military position as a Middle
Officer with the rank of Colonel Kes, in the Air Force of the
Republic of Indonesia. The author has an educational background
in Physics from USU (1993), Master of Science (M.Si) in Physics
of Bio Materials from the University of Indonesia, and Doctor (Dr)
of Bio Materials Engineering from the University of Indonesia
(UI). In addition to general education, military education that has
been taken are: Human Centrifuge (HC) equipment course at Late
Coere France in 2000, Physiologycal Training Officer Course at
Lakespra Saryanto, SEKKAU batch 80, SESKOAU batch 48 in
Lembang Bandung, West Java. In addition to the above
experiences, several overseas service assignments are to France,
Brunei, Cambodia, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, India, USA,
Switzerland, and South Korea..***

144
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Dr. Budi Pramono, SIP., M.M., M.A., (GSC)., CIQar.,

CIQnR. Born in Sidoarjo in 1967. He holds two Masters
degrees, at Hull University, UK in the Field of Security and
Strategy Studies (1998) and the Veterans National Development
University, Jakarta (2005). After graduating from the Magelang
Military Academy in 1988, he served in the TNI AD strategic
forces (KOSTRAD) for ten years, then took part in the
intelligence world (BAIS). The author has a lot of experience
taking various Military Education courses, some of which are:
Austfamil Course (SUSLAPA II-ART) Australia (1996),
National Security Intelligence Training Course in Taiwan
(1999), Command and General Staff College, School of General
Staff and Command in Manila (2001), best graduate with awards
(Honor Graduate): United Nations logistics Course at Port
Dickson (2002), Austfamil Course at Lavertoon Australia
(2003), and Emergency Management in Australia, UN Military
Observer Course, Port Dickson (2004).
Besides being a frequent speaker at national and international
conferences, as well as conducting scientific research, the author
has also been active in producing many books, including::
“Transformation of Indonesia Counter-Terrorism”. (Terrorism
and Disarter, Rajawali Pers, 2018), “The Role of Indonesia in
Asean Security”, (Terrorism and Disarter, Rajawali Pers, 2018),

145
 “Tanpa Senjata, Konsep dan Praktik Operasi Militer selain
Perang di Indonesia” (Unhan Press, 2021), “Politics &
National Defense” (Aksara Global Akademia, 2021).
“Indonesian Politics” (Aksara Global Akademia, 2021).
Currently the author works as a Permanent Lecturer at the
University of defense.***

Brigjen TNI (Purn) Dr. Yusuf,

S.Sos., MM, Born in Bandung in
1963, completed his AKMIL
studies and worked as the
Indonesian Army, and completed
his doctoral studies at the
Postgraduate Program at the
Faculty of Social and Political
Sciences at Padjadjaran University,
graduating in 2017. His enthusiasm
in disseminating knowledge about
state defense and leadership
continues to be reflected in his participation as a Lecturer at the
University of defense. Currently, he is actively writing books and
articles to develop his scientific fields in the social and military
sciences for academics and the general public. ***

146
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Mayjen TNI (Purn) Dr. Drs.

Tahan Samuel Lumban
Toruan,MM.,Dipl.SS., CIQaR,
born in Lintong Nihuta on June 3,
1958, Attended General Military
Education, among others: Akabri
Army Graduated in 1981; Seskoad in
Bandung Graduated in 1995; Sesko
TNI in Bandung Graduated in 2005;
Lemhannas in Australia (Australia
Center for Defense and Strategic Studies/CDDS-Australia)
graduated in 2007. The author has attended a lot of Military
Development/Specialization Education, the Indonesian Defense
Assistant General Auxiliary Course; Intelligence Analyst Course
(Germany); TNI Tk-II Strategic Intelligence Officer Course;
Indonesian Defense Attache English Course; Defense Attache
Course; ADC. Prep. Courses (Australia); ADC Advance English
Course (Australia). The author currently serves as a Permanent
Lecturer at the Defense Strategy Faculty of the Indonesian
National Defense University. In addition, the author also helps
members of Commission I DPR RI as Experts. Awards/Signs of
Service received include: -Satya Lencana (S.L); -S.L. Loyalty
VIII THN; -S.L. Loyalty XVI YEARS; -S.L. XXIV yr allegiance;
-S.L. Loyalty XXXII yr; -S.L. Dharma Beara; -Star Kartika Eka
Paksi Nararya; -Star Kartika Eka Paksi Pratama; -Star Yudha
Dharma Naraya; -Star Yudha Dharma Pratama. Academic awards
that have been received include: Recipient of “Karya Wira
Nugraha” Best Taskap Writing of Sesko TNI in 2005; and
Graduates Cum laude of the UNJ MSDM Doctoral Program in
2015. In addition, the author is also a holder of a Professional
Educator Certificate.***

147
 ABOUT THE EDITOR

Dr. Avinash Pawar, is a faculty

of Organisational Management.
He is a multifaceted academician
and researcher with wide
academic and research experience
across multiple disciplines of
management and technology.
He is a lifelong learner,
enthusiastic educator with an
interdisciplinary approach towards teaching and research.He has
published numerous research papers in international conferences
and journals. He serves on the editorial and reviewer board of
esteemed academic journals.***

Mia Kusmiati, MM, CT: she is a

permanent lecturer at one of the
Colleges of Economics in West Java
with the functional position of
Lector, an enthusiastic teacher with
various approaches to teaching
methods and literacy activist in the
academic community. In supporting
his professionalism, in addition to
having a Pekerti certificate from
Dikti, he also has a competency certificate as a trainer from
BNSP. Books that have been published include: Entrepreneurship
Development Management (2020), Manajemen Operasi dan
Produksi (2021), Buku Bilingulal “The enterpreneur toll road
routes” (2021), as Editor books “Strategic Management in
Organization (2020), Leadership Management & Personality
Development (2021), Omnichannel Marketing (2021), Metode
SWOT AHP, dalam Merencanakan Strategi Pertahanan (2021),
Operasionalisasi KRI TNI, Pendekatan Model Matematis (2021),
et.el***

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149